PT J
AU CALLAHAN, CA
   MURALIDHAR, MG
   LUNDGREN, SE
   SCULLY, AL
   THOMAS, JB
AF CALLAHAN, CA
   MURALIDHAR, MG
   LUNDGREN, SE
   SCULLY, AL
   THOMAS, JB
TI CONTROL OF NEURONAL PATHWAY SELECTION BY A DROSOPHILA RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE FAMILY MEMBER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-adhesion molecule; gene; domain; elegans; embryos; muscles; encodes; homolog; subset; ryk
AB DURING development, neurons are capable of selecting specific pathways that lead them to their appropriate target areas. A variety of molecular mechanisms are thought to be involved in pathway recognition, including cell adhesion(1), repulsion(2,3) and chemotropism(4). However, apart from a few genes whose involvement has been shown genetically(5-8), the mechanisms underlying neuronal pathway selection are largely unknown. Here we report the isolation of the Drosophila derailed (drl) gene, which encodes a novel member of the receptor protein-tyrosine kinase family. Using a newly developed axon-targeted reporter gene(9) we find that drl is expressed by a small subset of embryonic interneurons whose growth cones choose common pathways during development. In drl mutant embryos these neurons fail to make the correct pathway choices. Our results provide evidence for receptor protein-tyrosine kinase involvement in key aspects of neuronal pathway recognition.
C1 SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,MOLEC NEUROBIOL LAB,SAN DIEGO,CA 92186.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT NEUROSCI,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 Salk Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego
NR 30
TC 153
Z9 175
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6536
BP 171
EP 174
DI 10.1038/376171a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RJ028
UT WOS:A1995RJ02800060
PM 7603568
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TRANQUADA, JM
   STERNLIEB, BJ
   AXE, JD
   NAKAMURA, Y
   UCHIDA, S
AF TRANQUADA, JM
   STERNLIEB, BJ
   AXE, JD
   NAKAMURA, Y
   UCHIDA, S
TI EVIDENCE FOR STRIPE CORRELATIONS OF SPINS AND HOLES IN COPPER-OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID structural phase-transition; neutron-scattering; fermi-liquid; la2-xbaxcuo4; approximation; fluctuations; separation; nmr
AB ONE Of the long-standing mysteries associated with the high-temperature copper oxide superconductors concerns the anomalous suppression(1) of superconductivity in La2-xBaxCuO4 (and certain related compounds) when the hole concentration x is near 1/8. Here we examine the possibility that this effect is related to dynamical two-dimensional spin correlations, incommensurate with the crystal lattice, that have been observed in La2-xSrxCuO4 by neutron scattering(2-4). A possible explanation for the incommensurability involves a coupled, dynamical modulation of spin and charge in which antiferromagnetic 'stripes' of copper spins are separated by periodically spaced domain walls to which the holes segregate(5-9). An ordered stripe phase of this type has recently been observed in hole-doped La2NiO4 (refs 10-12). We present evidence from neutron diffraction that in the copper oxide material La1.6-xNd0.4SrxCuO4, with x=0.12, a static analogue of the dynamical stripe phase is present, and is associated with an anomalous suppression of superconductivity(13,14). Our results thus provide an explanation of the '1/8' conundrum, and also support the suggestion(15) that spatial modulations of spin and charge density are related to superconductivity in the copper oxides.
C1 UNIV TOKYO,SUPERCOND RES COURSE,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP TRANQUADA, JM (corresponding author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT PHYS,UPTON,NY 11973, USA.
NR 27
TC 2982
Z9 3157
U1 6
U2 487
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6532
BP 561
EP 563
DI 10.1038/375561a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RD287
UT WOS:A1995RD28700043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LAND, M
   HORWOOD, J
AF LAND, M
   HORWOOD, J
TI WHICH PARTS OF THE ROAD GUIDE STEERING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB A DRIVER Steering a car on a twisting road has two distinct tasks: to match the road curvature, and to keep a proper distance from the lane edges. Both are achieved by turning the steering wheel, but it is not dear which part or parts of the road ahead supply the visual information needed, or how it is used. Current models of the behaviour of real drivers(1,2) or 'co-driver' simulators(3-5) vary greatly in their implementation of these tasks, but all agree that successful steering requires the driver to monitor the angular deviation of the road from the vehicle's present heading at some 'preview' distance ahead, typically about Is into the future. Eye movement recordings generally support this view(6-9). Here we have used a simple road simulator, in which only certain parts of the road are displayed, to show that at moderate to high speeds accurate driving requires that both a distant and a near region of the road are visible. The former is used to estimate road curvature and the latter to provide position-in-lane feedback. At lower speeds only the near region is necessary, These results support a two-stage model(1) of driver behaviour.
RP LAND, M (corresponding author), UNIV SUSSEX,SCH BIOL SCI,SUSSEX CTR NEUROSCI,BRIGHTON BN1 9QG,E SUSSEX,ENGLAND.
NR 12
TC 294
Z9 342
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 339
EP 340
DI 10.1038/377339a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100056
PM 7566087
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU REID, RC
   ALONSO, JM
AF REID, RC
   ALONSO, JM
TI SPECIFICITY OF MONOSYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS FROM THALAMUS TO VISUAL-CORTEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID simple receptive-fields; cat striate cortex; spatial structure; inputs; cells
AB In cortical area 17 of the cat, simple receptive fields are arranged in elongated subregions that respond best to bright (on) or dark (off) oriented contours, whereas the receptive fields of their thalamic inputs have a concentric on and off organization(1). This dramatic transformation suggests that there are specific rules governing the connections made between thalamic and cortical neurons(1-3) (see ref. 4). Here we report a study of these rules in which we recorded from thalamic (lateral geniculate nucleus; LGN) and cortical neurons simultaneously and related their receptive fields to their connectivity, as measured by cross-correlation analysis(5,6). The probability of finding a monosynaptic connection was high when a geniculate receptive field was superimposed anywhere over an elongated simple-cell subregion of the same signature (on or off). However, 'inappropriate' connections from geniculate cells of the opposite receptive field signature were extremely rare. Together, these findings imply that the outline of the elongated, simple receptive field, and thus of cortical orientation selectivity, is laid down at the level of the first synapse from the thalamic afferents.
RP REID, RC (corresponding author), ROCKEFELLER UNIV, NEUROBIOL LAB, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
NR 15
TC 579
Z9 696
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 281
EP 284
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800049
PM 7477347
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ASHWELL, GJ
   JEFFERIES, G
   HAMILTON, DG
   LYNCH, DE
   ROBERTS, MPS
   BAHRA, GS
   BROWN, CR
AF ASHWELL, GJ
   JEFFERIES, G
   HAMILTON, DG
   LYNCH, DE
   ROBERTS, MPS
   BAHRA, GS
   BROWN, CR
TI STRONG 2ND-HARMONIC GENERATION FROM CENTROSYMMETRIC DYES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID langmuir-blodgett-films; 2nd-harmonic generation; squarylium dye; nitrogen isotopes; mixed system; solar
AB SECOND-harmonic generation (SHG)-the frequency doubling of light-requires materials with a non-centrosymmetric structure that gives rise to a large second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility, For molecular materials, it is widely assumed that the molecular structure, as well as the packing arrangement, must also be non-centrosymmetric, unless a magnetic dipole(1-3) or an electric quadrupole(4) contributes to the bulk susceptibility. Consequently, most studies have focused on dipolar molecular systems in which the optical nonlinearities arise from intramolecular charge transfer(5-8). But the criteria for SHG may also be satisfied by centrosymmetric molecules if they aggregate in a non-centrosymmetric manner and there is a contribution to the bulk susceptibility from intermolecular charge transfer. Here we report the nonlinear optical properties of a series of centrosymmetric dyes based on a squaraine template, which we ascribe to such an effect. Monolayer films of these molecules deposited by the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique show surprisingly large SHG, which compares favourably with the highest hitherto reported for LB monolayers of noncentrosymmetric molecules.
C1 DEF RES AGCY,SEVENOAKS TN14 7BP,KENT,ENGLAND.
RP ASHWELL, GJ (corresponding author), CRANFIELD UNIV,CTR MOLEC ELECTR,CRANFIELD MK43 0AL,BEDS,ENGLAND.
NR 46
TC 216
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 61
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6530
BP 385
EP 388
DI 10.1038/375385a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RB101
UT WOS:A1995RB10100047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COLLURA, RV
   STEWART, CB
AF COLLURA, RV
   STEWART, CB
TI INSERTIONS AND DUPLICATIONS OF MTDNA IN THE NUCLEAR GENOMES OF OLD-WORLD MONKEYS AND HOMINOIDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitochondrial-dna; evolution; sequences; amplification; primates
AB USING oligonucleotide primers designed to match conserved regions of mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)(1), we have amplified and sequenced two divergent cytochrome b nuclear pseudogenes from orangutan cellular DNA. Evolutionary analysis suggests that a nuclear transfer occurred about 30 million years ago on the lineage leading to the catarrhines (Old World monkeys and hominoids), and involved a long (at least 3 kilobases), probably damaged, piece of mtDNA. After this transfer, the pseudogene duplicated, giving rise to the two copies that are probably present in all hominoids, including humans. More recent transfers involving the entire cytochrome b gene have also occurred in the Old World monkeys. Such nuclear copies of mtDNA can confound phylogenetic and population genetic studies(2-4), and be an insidious source of DNA contamination of 'ancient'(3,5) and forensic DNA. Indeed, contamination with these anciently transferred human pseudogenes(5) is almost certainly the source of the cytochrome b sequences recently reported from 'dinosaur bone DNA'(6).
C1 SUNY ALBANY,DEPT BIOL SCI,ALBANY,NY 12222.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY
NR 29
TC 172
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 485
EP 489
DI 10.1038/378485a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400069
PM 7477403
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TANAKA, Y
   NANDRA, K
   FABIAN, AC
   INOUE, H
   OTANI, C
   DOTANI, T
   HAYASHIDA, K
   IWASAWA, K
   KII, T
   KUNIEDA, H
   MAKINO, F
   MATSUOKA, M
AF TANAKA, Y
   NANDRA, K
   FABIAN, AC
   INOUE, H
   OTANI, C
   DOTANI, T
   HAYASHIDA, K
   IWASAWA, K
   KII, T
   KUNIEDA, H
   MAKINO, F
   MATSUOKA, M
TI GRAVITATIONALLY REDSHIFTED EMISSION IMPLYING AN ACCRETION DISK AND MASSIVE BLACK-HOLE IN THE ACTIVE GALAXY MCG-6-30-15
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray reflection; galactic nuclei; line-profiles; cold matter
AB ACTIVE galactic nuclei and quasars are probably powered by the accretion of gas onto a supermassive black hole at the centre of the host galaxy(1), but direct confirmation of the presence of a black hole is hard to obtain. As the gas nears the event horizon, its velocity should approach the speed of light; the resulting relativistic effects, and a gravitational redshift arising from the proximity to the black hole, should be observable, allowing us to test specific predictions of the models with the observations. Here we report the detection of these relativistic effects in an X-ray emission line (the K alpha line) from ionized iron in the galaxy MCG-6-30-15. The line is extremely broad, corresponding to a velocity of similar to 100,000 km s(-1), and asymmetric, with most of the line flux being redshifted, These features indicate that the line mast probably arises in a region between three and ten Schwarzschild radii from the centre, so that we are observing the innermost region of the accretion disk.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERR PHYS,D-85740 GARCHING,GERMANY.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,INST ASTRON,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HA,ENGLAND.
   OSAKA UNIV,OSAKA,JAPAN.
   NAGOYA UNIV,DEPT ASTROPHYS,CHIKUSA KU,NAGOYA,AICHI 46401,JAPAN.
   RIKEN,WAKO,SAITAMA 35101,JAPAN.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Cambridge; University of Osaka; Nagoya University; RIKEN
RP TANAKA, Y (corresponding author), INST SPACE & ASTRONAUT SCI,3-1-1 YOSHINODAI,SAGAMIHARA,KANAGAWA 229,JAPAN.
NR 29
TC 999
Z9 1039
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6533
BP 659
EP 661
DI 10.1038/375659a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RE576
UT WOS:A1995RE57600052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BIZEBARD, T
   GIGANT, B
   RIGOLET, P
   RASMUSSEN, B
   DIAT, O
   BOSECKE, P
   WHARTON, SA
   SKEHEL, JJ
   KNOSSOW, M
AF BIZEBARD, T
   GIGANT, B
   RIGOLET, P
   RASMUSSEN, B
   DIAT, O
   BOSECKE, P
   WHARTON, SA
   SKEHEL, JJ
   KNOSSOW, M
TI STRUCTURE OF INFLUENZA-VIRUS HEMAGGLUTININ COMPLEXED WITH A NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hemagglutinin membrane glycoprotein; fusion; recognition; mechanism; receptor; mutant; acid
AB HAEMAGGLUTININ (HA) is the influenza surface glycoprotein that interacts with infectivity-neutralizing antibodies. As a consequence of this immune pressure it is the variable virus component, which is important in antigenic drift, that results in recurrent epidemics of influenza. We have determined the crystallographic structure of a complex formed between the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of a neutralizing antibody tend the membrane-distal domain ((HA top') of a HA subunit prepared from HA in its membrane-fusion-active conformation. A dramatic change is seen in the structure of the Fab-combining site on complex formation. Our results indicate that neutralization of infectivity by this antibody involves the inhibition of receptor binding, and demonstrate how influenza virus can maintain its conserved receptor-binding site despite the immune selective pressure for change in this region of the molecule; they also contribute to a complete description of the endosomal pH-induced fusion-active HA structure.
C1 EUROPEAN SYNCHROTRON RADIAT FACIL,F-38043 GRENOBLE,FRANCE.
   ILL GRENOBLE,EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,GRENOBLE OUTSTN,F-38042 GRENOBLE,FRANCE.
   NATL INST MED RES,MRC,DIV VIROL,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
C3 European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL); European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP BIZEBARD, T (corresponding author), UNIV PARIS SUD,BIOL STRUCT LAB,CNRS,UMR 9920,BAT 34,F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
NR 30
TC 210
Z9 251
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6535
BP 92
EP 94
DI 10.1038/376092a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RH111
UT WOS:A1995RH11100069
PM 7596443
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SAKAI, H
   MEDRANO, LJ
   MEYEROWITZ, EM
AF SAKAI, H
   MEDRANO, LJ
   MEYEROWITZ, EM
TI ROLE OF SUPERMAN IN MAINTAINING ARABIDOPSIS FLORAL WHORL BOUNDARIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor-iiia; homeotic genes; protein; thaliana; product; domain; plants; petals
AB THE Arabidopsis gene SUPERMAN (SUP) is necessary for the proper spatial development of reproductive floral tissues(1-3) Recessive mutations cause extra stamens to form interior to the normal third whorl stamens, at the expense of fourth whorl carpel development(1-3). The mutant phenotype is associated with the ectopic expression of the B function genes, AP3 and PI, in the altered floral region, closer to the centre of the flower than in the wild type(3), and ap3 sup and pi sup double mutants exhibit a phenotype similar to ap3 and pi single mutants. These findings led to SUP being interpreted as an upstream negative regulator of the B function organ-identity genes, acting in the fourth whorl(2,3), to establish a boundary between stamen and carpel whorls. Here we show, using molecular cloning and analysis, that it is expressed in the third whorl and acts to maintain this boundary in developing flowers. The putative SUPERMAN protein contains one zinc-finger and a region resembling a basic leucine zipper motif, suggesting a function in transcriptional regulation.
RP SAKAI, H (corresponding author), CALTECH, DIV BIOL, 156-29, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
NR 29
TC 358
Z9 426
U1 1
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 199
EP 203
DI 10.1038/378199a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900058
PM 7477325
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HILL, A
   JUGOVIC, P
   YORK, I
   RUSS, G
   BENNINK, J
   YEWDELL, J
   PLOEGH, H
   JOHNSON, D
AF HILL, A
   JUGOVIC, P
   YORK, I
   RUSS, G
   BENNINK, J
   YEWDELL, J
   PLOEGH, H
   JOHNSON, D
TI HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS TURNS OFF THE TAP TO EVADE HOST IMMUNITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peptide translocation; endoplasmic-reticulum; transporter; chains; construction; expression; molecules; variants; heavy
AB MANY viruses have evolved mechanisms to avoid detection by the host immune system, Herpes simplex virus (HSV) expresses an immediate early protein, ICP47, which blocks presentation of viral peptides to MHC class I-restricted cells(1). The properties of the newly synthesized class I molecules in HSV-infected cells resemble those of cell lines deficient in the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) in that class I molecules are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum(1,2), and the heavy chain and beta(2)-microglubulin subunits dissociate in detergent extracts but the complex can be stabilized by peptides(1). We show here that ICP47 binds to TAP and prevents peptide translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum.
C1 MCMASTER UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,HAMILTON,ON L8N 325,CANADA.
   NIAID,VIRAL DIS LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 McMaster University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP HILL, A (corresponding author), MIT,CTR CANC RES,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 29
TC 751
Z9 862
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6530
BP 411
EP 415
DI 10.1038/375411a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RB101
UT WOS:A1995RB10100055
PM 7760935
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LABARCA, C
   NOWAK, MW
   ZHANG, HY
   TANG, LX
   DESHPANDE, P
   LESTER, HA
AF LABARCA, C
   NOWAK, MW
   ZHANG, HY
   TANG, LX
   DESHPANDE, P
   LESTER, HA
TI CHANNEL GATING GOVERNED SYMMETRICALLY BY CONSERVED LEUCINE RESIDUES IN THE M2 DOMAIN OF NICOTINIC RECEPTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID desensitization
AB IN nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), as well as glycine, GABA(A) (gamma-aminobutyric acid), serotonin (5-HT3), and GluCl glutamate receptors, a leucine residue at the approximate midpoint of the M2 transmembrane domain (the 9' position(1)) is conserved across most known subunits(2). Structural data for the nAChR suggest that the Leu 9' residues occupy a 'kink' in each of the five M2 helices and point into the closed channel; in the opening step, the M2 helices rotate so that Leu 9' side chains no longer occlude the conduction pathway(3), Mutation of Leu 9' to one of several other residues slows desensitization and increases sensitivity to agonist(4-6). We have exploited the alpha(2) beta gamma delta stoichiometry of muscle nAChR to express receptors with m(s)* = 0 to 5 Leu 9'Scr mutated subunits. Strikingly, each Leu 9'Ser mutation shifts the dose-response relation for ACh to the left by similar to 10-fold; a nAChR with m(s)* = 4 is 10(4)-fold more sensitive than the wild type, The results suggest that each of the five Leu 9' residues participates independently and symmetrically in a key step in the structural transition between the closed and open states.
RP LABARCA, C (corresponding author), CALTECH,DIV BIOL,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 15
TC 273
Z9 311
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6540
BP 514
EP 516
DI 10.1038/376514a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RN622
UT WOS:A1995RN62200044
PM 7637783
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BORJIGIN, J
   WANG, MM
   SNYDER, SH
AF BORJIGIN, J
   WANG, MM
   SNYDER, SH
TI DIURNAL-VARIATION IN MESSENGER-RNA ENCODING SEROTONIN N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE IN PINEAL-GLAND
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID melatonin; expression; repressor; hamster; crem
AB FORMATION Of the pineal gland hormone melatonin increases markedly at night in response to light-dark environmental alterations(1-5). Melatonin is synthesized from serotonin by an initial N-acetylation followed by methylation of the 5-hydroxy moiety by hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase(6,7). Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT; EC2. 3.1.87), which catalyses the first reaction, is the rate-limiting enzyme in this process, and its activity increases dramatically with the onset of darkness. Because melatonin may play important biological roles in reproduction(1,2,8), ageing(1,2,9) and sleep(1,2,9), understanding the molecular factors that regulate NAT is of particular importance. To identify proteins that regulate light-dark variations in pineal function, we used a subtractive hybridization technique based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to isolate rat pineal gland messages that are differentially expressed by day and night. Here we report the molecular cloning of NAT and dramatic diurnal variations in its transcription. Independently, Klein and associates have cloned NAT from sheep pineal glands(10).
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL & MOLEC SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
NR 24
TC 241
Z9 255
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6559
BP 783
EP 785
DI 10.1038/378783a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TL419
UT WOS:A1995TL41900027
PM 8524412
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SILLITO, AM
   GRIEVE, KL
   JONES, HE
   CUDEIRO, J
   DAVIS, J
AF SILLITO, AM
   GRIEVE, KL
   JONES, HE
   CUDEIRO, J
   DAVIS, J
TI VISUAL CORTICAL MECHANISMS DETECTING FOCAL ORIENTATION DISCONTINUITIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent neuronal oscillations; cross-correlation analysis; cat striate cortex; receptive-fields; hypercomplex cells; patterns; responses; discrimination; inhibition
AB NEURONS in the primary visual cortex (V1) respond in well defined ways to stimuli within their classical receptive field, but these responses can be modified by stimuli overlying the surrounding area(1-7). For example patch-suppressed cells respond to gratings of a specific orientation within their classical receptive field, but the response diminishes if the grating is expanded to cover the surrounding area(1-7). We report here more complex effects in many such cells. When stimulated at their optimal orientation, introducing a surrounding field at a significantly different (for example, orthogonal) orientation enhanced their output by both a disinhibitory mechanism and an active facilitatory mechanism producing 'supra-optimal' responses. Importantly, some cells responded well if the orientations of centre and surround stimuli were swapped. The output reflected the discontinuity because neither stimulus component alone was effective. Under these stimulus conditions simultaneously recorded cells with orthogonally oriented receptive fields showed correlated firing consistent with neuronal binding to the configuration. We propose a mechanism integrating orientation-dependent information over adjacent areas of visual space to represent focal orientation discontinuities such as junctions or corners.
C1 UNIV LA CORUNA,HOSP JUAN CANALEJO,UNIDAD CIRUGAI,DEPT CIENCAS SALUD 1,EL FERROL,SPAIN.
C3 Universidade da Coruna; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruna
RP SILLITO, AM (corresponding author), INST OPHTHALMOL,DEPT VISUAL SCI,BATH ST,LONDON EC1V 9EL,ENGLAND.
NR 24
TC 499
Z9 544
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 492
EP 496
DI 10.1038/378492a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400071
PM 7477405
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HILL, CL
   ZHANG, X
AF HILL, CL
   ZHANG, X
TI A SMART CATALYST THAT SELF-ASSEMBLES UNDER TURNOVER CONDITIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID asymmetric epoxidation; oxidation; mechanism; metalloporphyrins; heteropolyanions; chemistry; cleavage; analogs
AB VIRTUALLY all synthetic materials with a dynamic function, from catalysts to integrated circuit elements, degrade irreversibly with time. The inevitability of decay is an implicit consideration in the design of materials or molecules that serve these functions, and fabrication methods tend to aim simply at minimizing the rate of decay. Here, by contrast, we describe a molecular catalyst that experiences a thermodynamic and kinetic driving force for its own reassembly and repair under the conditions of catalysis. We show that the multicomponent polyanion cluster alpha-[(Co-11)PW11O39](5-) self-assembles from four precursor species, containing a total of 28 molecules, and that as it assembles it starts simultaneously to catalyse the epoxidation of alkenes with high selectivity. This conclusion follows from the observation that the kinetics of self-assembly and those of catalysis are closely correlated as the reactions proceed. Should it be fragmented during operation, this polyanion catalyst will therefore experience a thermodynamic and kinetic driving force for its own repair.
RP HILL, CL (corresponding author), EMORY UNIV, DEPT CHEM, ATLANTA, GA 30322 USA.
NR 29
TC 129
Z9 130
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 324
EP 326
DI 10.1038/373324a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LOMBILLO, VA
   STEWART, RJ
   MCINTOSH, JR
AF LOMBILLO, VA
   STEWART, RJ
   MCINTOSH, JR
TI MINUS-END-DIRECTED MOTION OF KINESIN-COATED MICROSPHERES DRIVEN BY MICROTUBULE DEPOLYMERIZATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytoplasmic dynein; mitotic spindle; movement; identification; microscopy; invitro; protein
AB DYNAMIC changes in microtubule (MT) length have long been thought to contribute to intracellular motility(1). Both the polymerization(2) and depolymerization(3-5) of tubulin have been shown to do work in vitro, but the biochemical complexity of objects moved, such as chromosomes, has complicated the identification of proteins that couple MT dynamics with motility. Work with MTs grown from and tethered to pellicles of lysed Tetrahymena has shown that disassembly-dependent movement of chromosomes in vitro can be inhibited with antibodies against the motor domain of kinesin(6). To study proteins that can function in disassembly-dependent motion, we have refined this motility assay, replacing chromosomes with protein-coated latex microspheres. We report here the ability of several enzymes, including kinesin, to support in vitro motility of latex microspheres on disassembling Mts (Fig. 1a). The polarity of kinesin's motor activity can be reversed by MT disassembly and interactions between a motor and a MT end can either slow or speed the rate of tubulin depolymerization.
C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT MOLEC CELLULAR & DEV BIOL,BOULDER,CO 80309.
   ROWLAND INST SCI INC,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
NR 16
TC 167
Z9 185
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6510
BP 161
EP 164
DI 10.1038/373161a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QB063
UT WOS:A1995QB06300062
PM 7816099
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STRUTT, DI
   WIERSDORFF, V
   MLODZIK, M
AF STRUTT, DI
   WIERSDORFF, V
   MLODZIK, M
TI REGULATION OF FURROW PROGRESSION IN THE DROSOPHILA EYE BY CAMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN-KINASE-A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polarity gene hedgehog; decapentaplegic gene; patched gene; beta family; melanogaster; expression; retina
AB THE earliest physical sign of differentiation in the Drosophila retina is the passage of the morphogenetic furrow across the epithelium of the eye disc(1,2). Secreted factors encoded by hedgehog (hh)(3-7) and decapentaplegic (dpp)(8-10) have been implicated in propagation of the furrow(11,12) and the subsequent initiation of photoreceptor differentiation. The morphogenetic furrow initiates at the posterior edge of the third larval instar eye imaginal disc, Its continued progression towards the anterior is believed to depend upon secretion of Hh protein by the differentiating clusters of photoreceptors that emerge posterior to the moving furrow(11,12). This progression is marked by the initiation of expression of the transforming growth factor-beta homologue Dpp in cells entering the furrow anteriorly, and loss of dpp expression in cells emerging posteriorly(16,17). Although the transmembrane protein encoded by the patched gene has been genetically implicated as the Hh receptor(12,18-20), the intercellular signalling pathways involved in these inductive processes remain uncharacterized. Here we show that the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (Pka-C1)(13-15) is required for the correct spatial regulation of dpp expression during eye development. Loss of Pka-C1 function is sufficient to produce an ectopic morphogenetic wave marked by premature ectopic photoreceptor differentiation and non-autonomous propagation of dpp expression. Our results indicate that Pka-C1 lies in a signalling pathway that controls the orderly temporal progression of differentiation across the eye imaginal disc.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,DIFFERENTIAT PROGRAMME,D-69117 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
NR 28
TC 117
Z9 128
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 705
EP 709
DI 10.1038/373705a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800056
PM 7854454
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHECOVICH, WJ
   BOLGER, RE
   BURKE, T
AF CHECOVICH, WJ
   BOLGER, RE
   BURKE, T
TI FLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION - A NEW TOOL FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR-BIOLOGY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-plasma
RP CHECOVICH, WJ (corresponding author), PANVERA CORP,MADISON,WI 53711, USA.
NR 10
TC 164
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 254
EP 256
DI 10.1038/375254a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100072
PM 7746330
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SPRAY, JG
   THOMPSON, LM
AF SPRAY, JG
   THOMPSON, LM
TI FRICTION MELT DISTRIBUTION IN A MULTIRING IMPACT BASIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sudbury structure; vredefort dome; coesite
AB IT is generally accepted that multi-ring basins are the consequence of very large impacts, but the mechanism by which they form is still a matter of contention(1,2). Most of what is currently known about multi-ring basins is based on remote studies of the Moon(3-5) and, to a lesser extent, Mars and Mercury(4,6). But at least two multi-ring impact basins have been recognized on Earth(7)-the Sudbury(8) (Canada) and Vredefort(9) (South Africa) impact structures-providing an opportunity to study their properties directly. Here we describe the distribution of friction melt (pseudotachylyte) in the floor of the Sudbury impact basin. Although the veins and dykes of pseudotachylyte decrease in both thickness and frequency of occurrence towards the basin periphery, the greatest volumes of friction melt appear to define four rings around the central impact melt sheet. Field evidence indicates that the rings originated as zones of large displacement, which facilitated localized frictional melting of the basin floor during the modification (collapse) stage of the cratering process. By analogy, we argue that the rings of other multi-ring impact basins are also likely to be the remnants of such large-displacement fault zones.
RP SPRAY, JG (corresponding author), UNIV NEW BRUNSWICK,DEPT GEOL,FREDERICTON,NB E3B 5A3,CANADA.
NR 37
TC 124
Z9 134
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6510
BP 130
EP 132
DI 10.1038/373130a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QB063
UT WOS:A1995QB06300051
PM 7816095
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GANESHRAM, RS
   PEDERSEN, TF
   CALVERT, SE
   MURRAY, JW
AF GANESHRAM, RS
   PEDERSEN, TF
   CALVERT, SE
   MURRAY, JW
TI LARGE CHANGES IN OCEANIC NUTRIENT INVENTORIES FROM GLACIAL TO INTERGLACIAL PERIODS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tropical pacific; nitrogen; denitrification
AB CHANGES in ocean chemistry and circulation have been invoked to explain the lower atmospheric CO2 concentrations of glacial periods observed in ice-core records'. The processes that modulate these concentrations are not well understood, but an increase in the nutrient inventory of the ocean is one mechanism that could lower atmospheric CO2 levels by enhancing oceanic biological productivity and CO2 storage(1-3). The oceanic concentrations of one such nutrient, nitrate, may be regulated by changes in the rate at which it is degraded by bacteria (denitrification) in oxygen-deficient subsurface waters. Denitrification constitutes a significant global sink for oceanic nitrate(4) and the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean is particularly important in this respect as it accounts for at least a third of global oceanic fixed-nitrogen removal by water-column denitrification(4,5). Here we present N-15/N-14 records from marine sediment cores, which show that water-column denitrification in the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean was greatly diminished during glacial periods. We suggest that, because nitrate limits biological productivity in much of the modern ocean, a consequent increase in the oceanic nitrate inventory during glacial periods could have contributed to the observed decrease in atmospheric CO2 concentration.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON, SCH OCEANOG, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP GANESHRAM, RS (corresponding author), UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA, DEPT OCEANOG, VANCOUVER, BC V6T 1Z4, CANADA.
NR 31
TC 261
Z9 289
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6543
BP 755
EP 758
DI 10.1038/376755a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RR836
UT WOS:A1995RR83600034
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HARRIS, JM
   PARKER, AJ
AF HARRIS, JM
   PARKER, AJ
TI INDEPENDENT NEURAL MECHANISMS FOR BRIGHT AND DARK INFORMATION IN BINOCULAR STEREOPSIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spatial-interval discrimination; visual-system; efficiency; segregation; afferents; disparity; channels; vision; cortex
AB EARLY visual processing is organized into a number of independent channels. In the retina, increments and decrements of brightness are processed independently by different groups of neurons', For psychophysical measurements of human vision, independence can be tested statistically, Using this criterion in a depth judgement task, we show here that, for binocular stereo vision, increments and decrements are treated independently, at least as far as the level at which information from the left and right eyes is first combined, At later stages of stereo processing, the information from the two channels is no longer independent, Because the signals for stereo vision are first combined at the visual cortex, these results suggest that the neural 'on' and 'off' channels remain independent right up to early cortical stages, Theoretical studies of stereo vision have proposed that visual features in the views of the two eyes are matched on the basis of 'similarity'(2). Our results show that stereo matching treats features as statistically independent (and therefore dissimilar) if they appear perceptually bright and dark relative to the background, If features differ perceptually but only in the degree of brightness or darkness, human stereo vision treats them as similar.
C1 SMITH KETTLEWELL EYE RES INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94115.
C3 The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute
RP HARRIS, JM (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,PHYSIOL LAB,PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PT,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 39
Z9 41
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6525
BP 808
EP 811
DI 10.1038/374808a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QV315
UT WOS:A1995QV31500046
PM 7723825
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BOND, RA
   LEFF, P
   JOHNSON, TD
   MILANO, CA
   ROCKMAN, HA
   MCMINN, TR
   APPARSUNDARAM, S
   HYEK, MF
   KENAKIN, TP
   ALLEN, LF
   LEFKOWITZ, RJ
AF BOND, RA
   LEFF, P
   JOHNSON, TD
   MILANO, CA
   ROCKMAN, HA
   MCMINN, TR
   APPARSUNDARAM, S
   HYEK, MF
   KENAKIN, TP
   ALLEN, LF
   LEFKOWITZ, RJ
TI PHYSIOLOGICAL-EFFECTS OF INVERSE AGONISTS IN TRANSGENIC MICE WITH MYOCARDIAL OVEREXPRESSION OF THE BETA(2)-ADRENOCEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide binding-protein; ternary complex model; regulatory proteins; intrinsic activity; beta-adrenoceptor; opioid receptors; antagonists; mutation
AB G-PROTEIN-COUPLED receptors are thought to have an inactive conformation (R), requiring an agonist-induced conformational change for receptor/G-protein coupling(1-3). But new evidence suggests a two-state model(4-19) in which receptors are in equilibrium between the inactive conformation (R), and a spontaneously active conformation (R*) that can couple to G protein in the absence of ligand (Fig, 1). Classic agonists have a high affinity for R* and increase the concentration of R*, whereas inverse agonists have a high affinity for R and decrease the concentration of R*. Neutral competitive antagonists have equal affinity for R and R* and do not displace the equilibrium, but can competitively antagonize the effects both of agonists and of inverse agonists. The lack of suitable in vivo model systems has restricted the evidence for the existence of inverse agonists to computer simulations(7,8) and in vitro systems(5,9-12,20-23). We have used a transgenic mouse model in which there is such marked myocardial overexpression of beta(2)-adrenoceptors that a significant population of spontaneously activated receptor (R*) is present, inducing a maximal response without agonist(24). We show that the beta(2)-adrenoceptor ligand ICI-118,551 functions as an inverse agonist, providing evidence supporting the existence of inverse agonists and validating the two-state model of G-protein-coupled receptor activation.
C1 FISONS PLC,DEPT PHARMACOL,LOUGHBOROUGH LE11 0RH,LEICS,ENGLAND.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT ANESTHESIOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT SURG,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT CARDIOL,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT HEMATOL ONCOL,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCH MED,DEPT MED,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   GLAXO INC,RES,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA
RP BOND, RA (corresponding author), UNIV HOUSTON,DEPT PHARMACOL & PHARMACEUT SCI,HOUSTON,TX 77204, USA.
NR 29
TC 415
Z9 461
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6519
BP 272
EP 276
DI 10.1038/374272a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QM387
UT WOS:A1995QM38700053
PM 7885448
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ELLIOT, JL
   OLKIN, CB
   DUNHAM, EW
   FORD, CH
   GILMORE, DK
   KURTZ, D
   LAZZARO, D
   RANK, DM
   TEMI, P
   BANDYOPADHYAY, RM
   BARROSO, J
   BARUCCI, A
   BOSH, AS
   BUIE, MW
   BUS, SJ
   DAHN, CC
   FORYTA, DW
   HUBBARD, WB
   LOPES, DF
   MARCIALIS, RL
   MCDONALD, SW
   MILLIS, RL
   REITSEMA, H
   SCHLEICHER, DG
   SICARDY, B
   STONE, RPS
   WASSERMAN, LH
AF ELLIOT, JL
   OLKIN, CB
   DUNHAM, EW
   FORD, CH
   GILMORE, DK
   KURTZ, D
   LAZZARO, D
   RANK, DM
   TEMI, P
   BANDYOPADHYAY, RM
   BARROSO, J
   BARUCCI, A
   BOSH, AS
   BUIE, MW
   BUS, SJ
   DAHN, CC
   FORYTA, DW
   HUBBARD, WB
   LOPES, DF
   MARCIALIS, RL
   MCDONALD, SW
   MILLIS, RL
   REITSEMA, H
   SCHLEICHER, DG
   SICARDY, B
   STONE, RPS
   WASSERMAN, LH
TI JET-LIKE FEATURES NEAR THE NUCLEUS OF CHIRON
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 2060 chiron; comet halley; 2060-chiron; photometry; ccd
AB CONSIDERED as a comet, the object 2060 Chiron is unusual in two respects: it exhibits outbursts at very large distances from the Sun(1-3), and its nucleus is much larger than that of any other known comet(4,5). It is, however, similar in size to the recently discovered Kuiper-belt objects(6)-a population of objects with orbits beyond Neptune, which are a possible source of short-period comets. This has led to the conjecture that Chiron is related to these objects, but its chaotic orbit has brought it much closer to the Sun(7). Here we report observations of a recent stellar occultation by Chiron which permit the identification of several features associated with Chiron's coma. The observation of discrete, jet-like features provides evidence that the coma material originates from just a few, small active areas, rather than from uniform sublimation, and that the particles in at least one of these features have radii greater than 0.25 mu m. The observations also suggest the presence of material in the plane of Chiron's orbit and are consistent with a gravitationally bound coma, Finally, the present data, and those from a previous occultation(8), constrain the radius of Chiron to lie between 83 and 156 km.
C1 MIT, DEPT PHYS, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
   LOWELL OBSERV, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86001 USA.
   NASA, AMES RES CTR, MOFFETT FIELD, CA 94035 USA.
   SETI INST, MT VIEW, CA 94043 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ, LICK OBSERV, SANTA CRUZ, CA 95064 USA.
   UNIV CAPE TOWN, RONDEBOSCH 7700, SOUTH AFRICA.
   DAF, OBSERV NACL, CNPQ, BR-20921 RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL.
   OBSERV PARIS, F-92195 MEUDON, FRANCE.
   USN OBSERV, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86002 USA.
   UFPR, CTR POLITECN, DEPT FIS, BR-80000 CURITIBA, PARANA, BRAZIL.
   UNIV ARIZONA, LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA.
   PIMA COMMUNITY COLL, TUCSON, AZ 85709 USA.
   BALL AEROSP SYST GRP, BOULDER, CO 80306 USA.
   UNIV PARIS 06, UFR PHYS 924, F-75252 PARIS, FRANCE.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ, LICK OBSERV, MT HAMILTON, CA 95140 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; SETI Institute; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of Cape Town; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; Universidade Federal do Parana; University of Arizona; Ball Aerospace & Technologies; Sorbonne Universite; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP ELLIOT, JL (corresponding author), MIT, DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
NR 24
TC 54
Z9 56
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6509
BP 46
EP 49
DI 10.1038/373046a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QA239
UT WOS:A1995QA23900049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HE, X
   SAINTJEANNET, JP
   WOODGETT, JR
   VARMUS, HE
   DAWID, IB
AF HE, X
   SAINTJEANNET, JP
   WOODGETT, JR
   VARMUS, HE
   DAWID, IB
TI GLYCOGEN-SYNTHASE KINASE-3 AND DORSOVENTRAL PATTERNING IN XENOPUS EMBRYOS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone morphogenetic protein-4; mesoderm induction; spemann organizer; ventralizing factor; axial mesoderm; body axis; expression; drosophila; wingless; xwnt-8
AB Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is homologous to the product of the Drosophila gene shaggy (zeste-white 3), which is required for signalling by wingless during Drosophila development. To test whether GSK-3 is also involved in vertebrate pattern formation, its role was investigated during early Xenopus development. It was found that dominant-negative GSK-3 mutants induced dorsal differentiation, whereas wild-type GSK-3 induced ventralization. These results indicate that GSK-3 is required for ventral differentiation, and suggest that dorsal differentiation may involve the suppression of GSK-3 activity by a wingless/wnt-related signal.
C1 NICHHD,GENET MOLEC LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   ONTARIO CANC INST,TORONTO,ON M4X 1K9,CANADA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD); University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto
RP HE, X (corresponding author), NCI,VARMUS LAB,BLDG 49,ROOM 4A56,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA.
NR 50
TC 447
Z9 497
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6523
BP 617
EP 622
DI 10.1038/374617a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QT189
UT WOS:A1995QT18900051
PM 7715701
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI PLAGIARISM DISPUTE ENDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 551
EP 551
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GOSHIMA, Y
   NAKAMURA, F
   STRITTMATTER, P
   STRITTMATTER, SM
AF GOSHIMA, Y
   NAKAMURA, F
   STRITTMATTER, P
   STRITTMATTER, SM
TI COLLAPSIN-INDUCED GROWTH CONE COLLAPSE MEDIATED BY AN INTRACELLULAR PROTEIN RELATED TO UNC-33
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID axonal guidance; elegans; gap-43; outgrowth; neurons; brain
AB COLLAPSIN(1), a member of the newly recognized semaphorin family(2-4), contributes to axonal pathfinding during neural development by inhibiting growth cone extension(1-5). The mechanism of collapsin action is poorly understood, Here we use a Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system to identify molecules involved in collapsin signalling, because several experiments have raised the possibility that heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins might participate in these events(6-9). A collapsin response mediator protein of relative molecular mass (M(r)) 62K (CRMP-62) required for collapsin-induced inward currents in X. laevis oocytes is isolated. CRMP-62 shares homology with UNC-33, a nematode neuronal protein required for appropriately directed axonal extension(10-12), CRMP-62 is localized exclusively in the developing chick nervous system. Introduction of anti-CRMP-62 antibodies into dorsal root ganglion neurons blocks collapsin-induced growth cone collapse. CRMP-62 appears to be an intracellular component of a signalling cascade initiated by an unidentified transmembrane collapsin-binding protein.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
C3 Yale University; Yale University
NR 22
TC 641
Z9 705
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6540
BP 509
EP 514
DI 10.1038/376509a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RN622
UT WOS:A1995RN62200043
PM 7637782
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SEUFERT, W
   FUTCHER, B
   JENTSCH, S
AF SEUFERT, W
   FUTCHER, B
   JENTSCH, S
TI ROLE OF A UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYME IN DEGRADATION OF S-PHASE AND M-PHASE CYCLINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast-cell cycle; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; budding yeast; proteolysis; encodes; kinase; cdc28; anaphase; pathway; mitosis
AB CELL cycle progression in eukaryotes is controlled by the p34(cdc2/CDC28) protein kinase and its short-lived, phase-specific regulatory subunits called cyclins(1,2). In Xenopus oocytes, degradation of M-phase (B-type) cyclins is required for exit from mitosis and is mediated by the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic system(3). Here we show that B-type-cyclin degradation in yeast involves an essential nuclear ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, UBC9. Repression of UBC9 synthesis prevents cell cycle progression at the G2 or early M phase, causing the accumulation of large budded cells with a single nucleus, a short spindle and replicated DNA. In ubc9 mutants both CLB5, an S-phase cyclin(4,5), and CLB2, an M-phase cyclin(6,7), are stabilized. In wild-type cells the CLB5 protein is unstable throughout the cell cycle, whereas CLB2 turnover occurs only at a specific cell-cycle stage(8). Thus distinct degradation signals or regulated interaction,vith the ubiquitin-protein ligase system may determine the cell-cycle specificity of cyclin proteolysis.
C1 MAX PLANCK GESELL,FRIEDRICH MIESCHER LAB,D-72076 TUBINGEN,GERMANY.
   COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB,COLD SPRING HARBOR,NY 11724.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Max Planck Society; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
NR 30
TC 457
Z9 520
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6509
BP 78
EP 81
DI 10.1038/373078a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QA239
UT WOS:A1995QA23900060
PM 7800043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SIEGEL, DI
   REEVE, AS
   GLASER, PH
   ROMANOWICZ, EA
AF SIEGEL, DI
   REEVE, AS
   GLASER, PH
   ROMANOWICZ, EA
TI CLIMATE-DRIVEN FLUSHING OF PORE-WATER IN PEATLANDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lost river peatland; northern minnesota; groundwater-flow; bog; mires; fen
AB NORTHERN peatlands can act as either important sources or sinks for atmospheric carbon(1,2). It is therefore important to understand how carbon cycling in these regions will respond to a changing climate. Existing carbon balance models for peatlands assume that fluid flow and advective mass transport are negligible at depth(3,4), and that the effects of climate change should be essentially limited to the near-surface. Here we report the response of groundwater flow and porewater chemistry in the Glacial Lake Agassiz peatlands of northern Minnesota to the regional drought cycle. Comparison of held observations and numerical simulations indicates that climate fluctuations of short duration may temporarily reverse the vertical direction of fluid flow through the peat, although this has little effect on water chemistry(5). On the other hand, periods of drought persisting for at least 3-5 years produce striking changes in the chemistry of the pore water. These longer-term changes in hydrology influence the flux of nutrients and dissolved organic matter through the deeper peat, and therefore affect directly the rates of fermentation and methanogenesis, and the export of dissolved carbon compounds from the peatland.
C1 UNIV MINNESOTA, LIMNOL RES CTR, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455 USA.
   COLBY COLL, DEPT GEOL, WATERVILLE, ME 04901 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Colby College
RP SIEGEL, DI (corresponding author), SYRACUSE UNIV, DEPT EARTH SCI, SYRACUSE, NY 13244 USA.
NR 33
TC 127
Z9 157
U1 1
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 531
EP 533
DI 10.1038/374531a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LELLOUCH, E
   PAUBERT, G
   MORENO, R
   FESTOU, MC
   BEZARD, B
   BOCKELEEMORVAN, D
   COLOM, P
   CROVISIER, J
   ENCRENAZ, T
   GAUTIER, D
   MARTEN, A
   DESPOIS, D
   STROBEL, DF
   SIEVERS, A
AF LELLOUCH, E
   PAUBERT, G
   MORENO, R
   FESTOU, MC
   BEZARD, B
   BOCKELEEMORVAN, D
   COLOM, P
   CROVISIER, J
   ENCRENAZ, T
   GAUTIER, D
   MARTEN, A
   DESPOIS, D
   STROBEL, DF
   SIEVERS, A
TI CHEMICAL AND THERMAL RESPONSE OF JUPITER ATMOSPHERE FOLLOWING THE IMPACT OF COMET SHOEMAKER-LEVY-9
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID millimeter
AB July 1994, the collisions of the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter resulted in dramatic changes in the planet's atmosphere. Observations of the events suggest that the composition and thermal properties of the atmosphere were considerably modified at the impact sites, with the changes persisting for times lasting from minutes to weeks (see, for example, refs 1-4). Here we report observations of the impact sites at millimetre wavelengths, which reveal strong emission lines associated with carbon monoxide, carbonyl sulphide and carbon monosulphide. The abundance of carbon monoxide in the jovian atmosphere is normally very low(5); carbonyl sulphide and carbon monosulphide, on the other hand, have not hitherto been detected, We find that the largest fragments (G and K) each produced approximately 10(14) g of carbon monoxide, 3 x 10(12) g of carbonyl sulphide and 3 x 10(11) g of carbon monosulphide, most probably by shock-induced chemical reactions(6). Our observations also place firm constraints on the thermal response of Jupiter's stratosphere to the impacts.
C1 IRAM, E-18012 GRANADA, SPAIN.
   OBSERV MIDI PYRENEES, F-31400 TOULOUSE, FRANCE.
   OBSERV BORDEAUX, F-33270 FLOIRAC, FRANCE.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, BALTIMORE, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Universite de Bordeaux; Johns Hopkins University
RP LELLOUCH, E (corresponding author), OBSERV PARIS, F-92195 MEUDON, FRANCE.
NR 21
TC 79
Z9 83
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 592
EP 595
DI 10.1038/373592a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700047
PM 7854414
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AVEROF, M
   AKAM, M
AF AVEROF, M
   AKAM, M
TI HOX GENES AND THE DIVERSIFICATION OF INSECT AND CRUSTACEAN BODY PLANS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila embryo; homeotic genes; expression; complex; segment; artemia
AB CRUSTACEANS and insects share a common origin of segmentation(1,2), but the specialization of trunk segments appears to have arisen independently in insects and various crustacean subgroups(3'4). Such macroevolutionary changes in body architecture may be investigated by comparative studies of conserved genetic markers(5-7). The Hox genes are well suited for this purpose, as they determine positional identity along the body axis in a wide range of animals. Here we examine the expression of four Hox genes in the branchiopod crustacean Artemia franciscana, and compare this with Hox expression patterns from insects. In Artemia the three 'trunk' genes Antp, Ubx and abdA are expressed in largely overlapping domains in the uniform thoracic region, whereas in insects they specify distinct segment types within the thorax and abdomen. Our comparisons suggest a multistep process for the diversification of these Hox gene functions, involving early differences in tissue specificity and the later acquisition of a role in defining segmental differences within the trunk. We propose that the branchiopod thorax may be homologous to the entire pregenital (thoracic and abdominal) region of the insect trunk.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT GENET,CAMBRIDGE,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP AVEROF, M (corresponding author), WELLCOME CRC INST,TENNIS COURT RD,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QR,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 220
Z9 247
U1 2
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6539
BP 420
EP 423
DI 10.1038/376420a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RM639
UT WOS:A1995RM63900050
PM 7630416
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JOUAVILLE, LS
   ICHAS, F
   HOLMUHAMEDOV, EL
   CAMACHO, P
   LECHLEITER, JD
AF JOUAVILLE, LS
   ICHAS, F
   HOLMUHAMEDOV, EL
   CAMACHO, P
   LECHLEITER, JD
TI SYNCHRONIZATION OF CALCIUM WAVES BY MITOCHONDRIAL SUBSTRATES IN XENOPUS-LAEVIS OOCYTES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inositol trisphosphate; acinar-cells; propagation; mechanisms; channels; receptor; protein
AB IN Xenopus oocytes, as well as other cells, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P-3)-induced Ca2+ release(1-4) is an excitable process that generates propagating Ca2+ waves(5-7) that annihilate upon collision(8-12). The fundamental property responsible for excitability appears to be the Ca2+ dependency of the Ins(1,4,5)P-3 receptor(9). Here we report that Ins(1,4,5)P-3-induced Ca2+ were activity is strengthened by oxidizable substrates that energize mitochrondria, increasing Ca2+ wave amplitude, velocity and interwave period. The effects of pyruvate/malate are blocked by ruthenium red at the Ca2+ uniporter, by rotenone at complex I, and by antimycin A at complex III, and are subsequently rescued at complex IV by ascorbate tetramethylphenylenediamine (TMPD)(14). Our data reveal that potential-driven mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake is a major factor in the regulation of Ins(1,4,5)P-3-induced Ca2+ release and clearly demonstrate a physiological role of mitrochondria in intracellular Ca2+ signalling.
RP JOUAVILLE, LS (corresponding author), UNIV VIRGINIA,DEPT NEUROSCI,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22908, USA.
NR 30
TC 365
Z9 394
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 438
EP 441
DI 10.1038/377438a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000052
PM 7566122
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BOURGUET, W
   RUFF, M
   CHAMBON, P
   GRONEMEYER, H
   MORAS, D
AF BOURGUET, W
   RUFF, M
   CHAMBON, P
   GRONEMEYER, H
   MORAS, D
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF THE LIGAND-BINDING DOMAIN OF THE HUMAN NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RXR-ALPHA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID steroid-hormone receptors; human estrogen-receptor; glucocorticoid receptor; thyroid-hormone; transcriptional activation; ecdysone receptor; identification; superfamily; heterodimer; mutation
AB The crystal structure of the human retinoid-X receptor RXR-alpha ligand-binding domain reveals a previously undiscovered fold of an antiparallel alpha-helical sandwich, packed as dimeric units. Two helices and one loop form the homodimerization surface, and hydrophobic heptad repeats participate in stabilizing the fold. The existence of a ligand-binding pocket is proposed that would allow 9-cis retinoic acid to interact with different functional modules, including the AF-2 activating domain. Several lines of evidence indicate that the overall structure is a prototype fold of ligand-binding domains of nuclear receptors.
C1 UNIV STRASBOURG 1,COLL FRANCE,INST GENET & BIOL MOLEC & CELLULAIRE,CNRS,INSERM,F-67404 ILLKIRCH GRAFFENS,FRANCE.
C3 Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Universite PSL; College de France; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
NR 50
TC 1024
Z9 1137
U1 0
U2 99
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6530
BP 377
EP 382
DI 10.1038/375377a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RB101
UT WOS:A1995RB10100045
PM 7760929
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KIEFER, MC
   BRAUER, MJ
   POWERS, VC
   WU, JJ
   UMANSKY, SR
   TOMEI, LD
   BARR, PJ
AF KIEFER, MC
   BRAUER, MJ
   POWERS, VC
   WU, JJ
   UMANSKY, SR
   TOMEI, LD
   BARR, PJ
TI MODULATION OF APOPTOSIS BY THE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED BCL-2 HOMOLOG BAK
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; molecular-cloning; gene; protein; rna
AB MEMBERS Of the Bcl-2 family of proteins are characterized by their ability to modulate cell death, Bcl-2 and some of its homologues inhibit apoptosis(1-4), whereas other family members, such as Bax, will accelerate apoptosis under certain conditions(5). Here we describe the identification and characterization of a complementary DNA that encodes a previously unknown Bcl-2 homologue designated Bak. Like Bax, the bak gene product primarily enhances apoptotic cell death following an appropriate stimulus. Unlike Bax, however, Bak can inhibit cell death in an Epstein-Barr-virus-transformed cell line. The widespread tissue distribution of Bak messenger RNA, including those containing long-lived, terminally differentiated cell types, suggests that cell-death-inducing activity is broadly distributed, and that tissue-specific modulation of apoptosis is controlled primarily by regulation of molecules that inhibit apoptosis.
RP KIEFER, MC (corresponding author), LXR BIOTECHNOL INC, 1401 MARINA WAY S, RICHMOND, CA 94804 USA.
NR 19
TC 487
Z9 539
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6524
BP 736
EP 739
DI 10.1038/374736a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QU304
UT WOS:A1995QU30400054
PM 7715731
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DORN, A
   STOFFEL, R
   MATILE, H
   BUBENDORF, A
   RIDLEY, RG
AF DORN, A
   STOFFEL, R
   MATILE, H
   BUBENDORF, A
   RIDLEY, RG
TI MALARIAL HAEMOZOIN BETA-HEMATIN SUPPORTS HEME POLYMERIZATION IN THE ABSENCE OF PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasmodium-falciparum; hemoglobin degradation; ferriprotoporphyrin-ix; chloroquine; parasites; pigment; culture
AB MALARIAL parasites growing inside erythrocytes digest up to 80% of the host cell's haemoglobin within a lysosomal organelle, the digestive vacuole(1,2). They sequester the potentially toxic haem (Fe (II) protohaematoporphyrin) that is released during this process into an insoluble pigment called haemozoin, which consists of polymerized Fe(III) protohaematoporphyrin subunits(3). We have studied this process of haem polymerization, which was previously reported to be enzyme-mediated and the target of the quinoline antimalarial drugs chloroquine and quinine(4). Here we show that, rather than being enzyme-mediated, haem polymerization is actually a chemical process, dependent only on the presence of haem-derived material associated with haemozoin and not on protein. This discovery does not invalidate haem polymerization as a target for drug intervention and the mechanism by which haemozoin formation is initiated is still not understood, but our view of this process and of the action of chloroquine must be reconsidered.
C1 F HOFFMANN LA ROCHE & CO LTD,DIV PHARMA,PRECLIN RES SPECT,CH-4002 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Roche Holding
RP DORN, A (corresponding author), F HOFFMANN LA ROCHE & CO LTD,DIV PHARMA,PRECLIN RES INFECT DIS,CH-4002 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
NR 15
TC 369
Z9 395
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6519
BP 269
EP 271
DI 10.1038/374269a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QM387
UT WOS:A1995QM38700052
PM 7885447
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HOLLANDER, GA
   WANG, BP
   NICHOGIANNOPOULOU, A
   PLATENBURG, PP
   VANEWIJK, W
   BURAKOFF, SJ
   GUTIERREZRAMOS, JC
   TERHORST, C
AF HOLLANDER, GA
   WANG, BP
   NICHOGIANNOPOULOU, A
   PLATENBURG, PP
   VANEWIJK, W
   BURAKOFF, SJ
   GUTIERREZRAMOS, JC
   TERHORST, C
TI DEVELOPMENTAL CONTROL POINT IN INDUCTION OF THYMIC CORTEX REGULATED BY A SUBPOPULATION OF PROTHYMOCYTES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell development; lymphocytes-t; mice; microenvironment; differentiation; restoration; receptor
AB T LYMPHOCYTES Of the alpha/beta T-cell receptor (TCR) lineage mature in the thymus, where they undergo a series of differentiation, expansion and selection events(1-7). For normal T-cell ontogeny to occur, thymocytes must interact physically with cortical and medullary thymic stroma cells(8-10). In parallel, interactions of the thymic stromal cells with TCR-positive thymocytes are necessary for the development of the thymic medulla(10-12). Comparable requirements for the differentiation of the cortex have not been defined, however. Here me analyse mutant mouse strains to assess the function of early prothymocytes in the induction of the thymic cortex. We find that animals with a developmental block at the earliest stage of T-lineage commitment lack a functional thymic cortex. This abnormality could be corrected in fetal but not adult animals by transplantation of either fetal or adult wild-type haematopoietic stem cells. Thus a developmentally restricted interaction of fetal stromal cells with early prothymocytes is required for the induction of a cortical microenvironment. In addition, a normal thymic architecture is necessary for sustained T-cell ontogeny.
C1 BETH ISRAEL HOSP,DIV IMMUNOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,CTR BLOOD RES,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   ERASMUS UNIV ROTTERDAM,DEPT IMMUNOL,3000 DR ROTTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC
RP HOLLANDER, GA (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DANA FARBER CANC INST,DIV PEDIAT ONCOL,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 27
TC 248
Z9 274
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 350
EP 353
DI 10.1038/373350a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400062
PM 7830770
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEE, S
   HAHN, S
AF LEE, S
   HAHN, S
TI MODEL FOR BINDING OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TFIIB TO THE TBP-DNA COMPLEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna polymerase-ii; crystal-structure; minor-groove; tata-box; functional domains; element
AB TRANSCRIPTION factor TFIIB is essential for the formation of RNA polymerase II initiation complexes where it binds to the TATA-binding protein (TBP) complex with DNA and recruits RNA polymerase II. TFIIB is probably a target for various activators(1-4). Several models have been proposed for the position of TFIIB in the TFIIB-TBP-DNA complex(1,3,5,6). Here we examine the structure of this Complex using gel mobility-shift assays and hydroxylradical footprinting. TFIIB requires at least seven base pairs of DNA on either side of the TATA box to form a stable TFIIB-TBP-DNA complex. The sugar residues protected from hydroxylradial cleavage by the TFIIB-TBP complex were mapped on the crystal-structure model of the TBP-DNA complex. This analysis suggests that TFIIB binds beneath the concave surface of TBP, contacting DNA both upstream and downstream of the TATA box. Our model predicts that TFIIB binds close to the C-terminal stirrup of TBP and provides one explanation for why TBP needs to bend DNA.
RP LEE, S (corresponding author), FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR,1124 COLUMBIA ST,SEATTLE,WA 98104, USA.
NR 24
TC 85
Z9 92
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6541
BP 609
EP 612
DI 10.1038/376609a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RP756
UT WOS:A1995RP75600056
PM 7637813
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MORRONE, MC
   BURR, DC
   VAINA, LM
AF MORRONE, MC
   BURR, DC
   VAINA, LM
TI 2 STAGES OF VISUAL PROCESSING FOR RADIAL AND CIRCULAR MOTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical-flow; stimuli; field; summation; monkey; size
AB As we move through our environment, the flow of the deforming images on our retinae provides rich information about ego motion and about the three-dimensional structure of the external world, Flow-fields comprise five independent compenents, including radial and circular motion(1-3). Here we provide psychophysical evidence for the existence of neural mechanisms in human vision that integrate motion signals along these complex trajectories, Signal-to-noise sensitivity for discriminating the direction of radial, circular and translational motion increased predictably with the number of exposed sectors, implying the existence of specialized detectors that integrate motion signals of different directions from different locations, However, contrast sensitivity for complex motion did not increase greatly with sector number, implying that the specialized detectors are preceded by a first stage of local-motion mechanisms that impose a contrast threshold. These findings fit well with recent electrophysiological evidence in monkey(4-7) showing that whereas motion-sensitive neurons in primary visual cortex respond best to local translation, many neurons in the medial superior temporal cortex have large receptive fields tuned to radial, circular or spiral motion.
C1 CNR,IST NEUROFISIOL,I-56127 PISA,ITALY.
   SCUOLA NORMALE SUPER PISA,PISA,ITALY.
   UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO PSICOL,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
   BOSTON UNIV,COLL ENGN,DEPT BIOMED ENGN,BOSTON,MA 02215.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa; Sapienza University Rome; Boston University
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY007861] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 221
Z9 241
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6540
BP 507
EP 509
DI 10.1038/376507a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RN622
UT WOS:A1995RN62200042
PM 7637781
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI PROSPERITY AND THE BASIC LAW
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 552
EP 552
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GSTAIGER, M
   KNOEPFEL, L
   GEORGIEV, O
   SCHAFFNER, W
   HOVENS, CM
AF GSTAIGER, M
   KNOEPFEL, L
   GEORGIEV, O
   SCHAFFNER, W
   HOVENS, CM
TI A B-CELL COACTIVATOR OF OCTAMER-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunoglobulin promoters; remote enhancer; dna motif; activation; expression; domains; sequences; cloning; otf-2; oct-2
AB THE octamer motif (ATGCAAAT) paradoxically plays a central role in mediating the activity of both B-cell specific and ubiquitous promoters. It has been widely assumed that the predominantly lymphoid-restricted octamer-binding factor Oct-2 mediates tissue-specific promoter activity, whereas the ubiquitously expressed Oct-1 mediates general promoter activity, but this view has been challenged(1-6). Here we use a modified yeast one-hybrid assay to isolate a B-cell factor, Bob1, which associates with either Oct-2 or Oct-1. In transfection experiments, this factor boosts Oct-1-mediated promoter activity and to a lesser extent, that of Oct-2. This coactivation is strictly dependent on the specific interaction with Oct-1 or Oct-2 because deletion of the octamer motif abolishes coactivation. We conclude that Bob1 could represent a new tissue-specific transcriptional coactivator which may convert a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor to a cell-type-specific activator.
C1 UNIV ZURICH,INST MOLEK BIOL 2,CH-8057 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Zurich
NR 21
TC 294
Z9 306
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 360
EP 362
DI 10.1038/373360a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400065
PM 7779176
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU XUE, D
   HORVITZ, HR
AF XUE, D
   HORVITZ, HR
TI INHIBITION OF THE CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS CELL-DEATH PROTEASE CED-3 BY A CED-3 CLEAVAGE SITE IN BACULOVIRUS P35 PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme; c-elegans; gene ced-3; expression; transcription; purification; apoptosis; requires; encodes; homolog
AB THE baculovirus protein p35 inhibits programmed cell death in such diverse animals as insects, nematodes and mammals(1-5). Here we show that p35 protein is a substrate for and inhibitor of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell-death protease CED-3 (refs 6, 7) and a substrate for four CED-3-like vertebrate cysteine protease activities implicated in apoptosis in mammals(7-14). A p35 mutation that greatly reduced p35 activity in vitro as a CED-3 substrate and inhibitor abolished p35 activity in vivo in protecting against cell death in C. elegans. Introduction of the CED-3 cleavage site in p35 into the cowpox virus protein crmA, which inhibits mammalian apoptosis(14-19) but not programmed cell death in C. elegans, caused crmA to block CED3-mediated cell death. These observations suggest that p35 may prevent programmed cell death in C. elegans and other species by acting as a competitive inhibitor of cysteine proteases.
RP XUE, D (corresponding author), MIT,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT BIOL,77 MASSACHUSETTS AVE,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 30
TC 439
Z9 470
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 248
EP 251
DI 10.1038/377248a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200045
PM 7675111
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GASSMANN, M
   CASAGRANDA, F
   ORIOLI, D
   SIMON, H
   LAI, C
   KLEIN, R
   LEMKE, G
AF GASSMANN, M
   CASAGRANDA, F
   ORIOLI, D
   SIMON, H
   LAI, C
   KLEIN, R
   LEMKE, G
TI ABERRANT NEURAL AND CARDIAC DEVELOPMENT IN MICE LACKING THE ERBB4 NEUREGULIN RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glial growth-factor; nervous-system; protein; family; hindbrain; member; her4/p180(erbb4); identification; purification; disruption
AB VARIOUS in vitro studies have suggested that ErbB4 (HER4) is a receptor for the neuregulins, a family of closely related proteins implicated as regulators of neural and muscle development, and of the differentiation and oncogenic transformation of mammary epithelia(1-3). Here we demonstrate that ErbB4 is an essential in vivo regulator of both cardiac muscle differentiation and axon guidance in the central nervous system (CNS). Mice lacking ErbB4 die during mid-embryogenesis from the aborted development of myocardial trabeculae in the heart ventricle. They also display striking alterations in innervation of the hindbrain in the CNS that are consistent with the restricted expression of the ErbB4 gene in rhombomeres 3 and 5. Similarities in the cardiac phenotype of ErbB4 and neuregulin gene mutants suggest that ErbB4 functions as a neuregulin receptor in the heart; however, differences in the hindbrain phenotypes of these mutants are consistent with the action of a new ErbB4 ligand in the CNS.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB, DIFFERENTIAT PROGRAMME, D-69012 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT NEUROPHARMACOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Scripps Research Institute
RP GASSMANN, M (corresponding author), SALK INST BIOL STUDIES, MOLEC NEUROBIOL LAB, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
NR 32
TC 940
Z9 1106
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 390
EP 394
DI 10.1038/378390a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300060
PM 7477376
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MAYOR, M
   QUELOZ, D
AF MAYOR, M
   QUELOZ, D
TI A JUPITER-MASS COMPANION TO A SOLAR-TYPE STAR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rotation
AB The presence of a Jupiter-mass companion to the star 51 Pegasi is inferred from observations of periodic variations in the star's radial velocity. The companion lies only about eight million kilometres from the star, which would be well inside the orbit of Mercury in our Solar System. This object might be a gas-giant planet that has migrated to this location through orbital evolution, or from the radiative stripping of a brown dwarf.
RP MAYOR, M (corresponding author), OBSERV GENEVA,51 CHEMIN MAILLETTES,CH-1290 SAUVERNY,SWITZERLAND.
NR 25
TC 3302
Z9 3937
U1 10
U2 319
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 355
EP 359
DI 10.1038/378355a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COLEMAN, MJ
   MEYRAND, P
   NUSBAUM, MP
AF COLEMAN, MJ
   MEYRAND, P
   NUSBAUM, MP
TI A SWITCH BETWEEN 2 MODES OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION MEDIATED BY PRESYNAPTIC INHIBITION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensory afferents; modulation; mechanism; terminals; ganglion; neurons; system; crab
AB PRESYNAPTIC inhibition reduces chemical synaptic transmission in the central nervous system between pairs of neurons(1-4), but its role(s) in shaping the multisynaptic interactions underlying neural network activity are not well studied. We therefore used the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system to study how presynaptic inhibition of the identified projection neuron, modulatory commissural neuron 1 (MCN1), influences the MCN1 synaptic effects on the gastric mill neural network. Tonic MCN1 discharge excites gastric mill network neurons and activates the gastric mill rhythm(5,6). One network neuron, the lateral gastric (LG) neuron, presynaptically inhibits MCN1 and is electrically coupled to its terminals(5,6). We show here that this presynaptic inhibition selectively reduces or eliminates transmitter-mediated excitation from MCN1 without reducing its electrically mediated excitatory effects, thereby switching the network neurons excited by MCN1. By switching the type of synaptic output from MCN1 and, hence, the activated network neurons, this presynaptic inhibition is pivotal to motor pattern generation.
C1 UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294.
   UNIV ALABAMA,NEUROBIOL RES CTR,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294.
   UNIV PENN,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   UNIV BORDEAUX 1,NEUROBIOL & PHYSIOL COMPAREES LAB,F-33120 ARCACHON,FRANCE.
   CNRS,F-33120 ARCACHON,FRANCE.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Pennsylvania; Universite de Bordeaux; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
NR 30
TC 134
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 502
EP 505
DI 10.1038/378502a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400074
PM 7477408
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WIESENFELD, K
   MOSS, F
AF WIESENFELD, K
   MOSS, F
TI STOCHASTIC RESONANCE AND THE BENEFITS OF NOISE - FROM ICE AGES TO CRAYFISH AND SQUIDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climatic transitions; bistable systems; devils-hole; fields; information; escape
AB Noise in dynamical systems is usually considered a nuisance. But in certain nonlinear systems, including electronic circuits and biological sensory apparatus, the presence of noise can in fact enhance the detection of weak signals. This phenomenon, called stochastic resonance, may find useful application in physical, technological and biomedical contexts.
C1 UNIV MISSOURI, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, ST LOUIS, MO 63121 USA.
C3 University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Saint Louis
RP WIESENFELD, K (corresponding author), GEORGIA INST TECHNOL, SCH PHYS, ATLANTA, GA 30332 USA.
NR 48
TC 1604
Z9 1706
U1 3
U2 166
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6509
BP 33
EP 36
DI 10.1038/373033a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QA239
UT WOS:A1995QA23900046
PM 7800036
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SANYAL, A
   HEMMING, NG
   HANSON, GN
   BROECKER, WS
AF SANYAL, A
   HEMMING, NG
   HANSON, GN
   BROECKER, WS
TI EVIDENCE FOR A HIGHER PH IN THE GLACIAL OCEAN FROM BORON ISOTOPES IN FORAMINIFERA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deep-sea; carbonates; calcite
AB RECORDS Of past changes in the pH of the oceans should provide insights into how the carbonate chemistry of the oceans has changed over time. The latter is related to changes in the atmospheric CO2 content, such as that which occurred during the last glacial-interglacial transition(1). Previous studies(2,3) have shown that the fractionation of boron isotopes between sea water and precipitated carbonate minerals is pH-dependent. This finding has been used to reconstruct the evolution of ocean pH over the past 20 million years by analyses of boron isotopes in the carbonate shells of foraminifera(4). Here we use the same approach to estimate changes in ocean pH between the last glacial and the Holocene period. We estimate that the deep Atlantic and Pacific oceans had a pH 0.3 +/- 0.1 units higher during the last glaciation. The accompanying change in carbonate ion concentration is sufficient to account for the decrease in atmospheric p(co2) during the glacial period(1). These results are consistent with the hypothesis(5) that the low CO2 content of the glacial atmosphere was caused by an increased ratio of organic carbon to carbonate in the 'rain' to the sea floor, which led to an increase in carbonate ion concentration (and thus in pH) of deep water without a corresponding increase in the lysocline depth.
C1 SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP SANYAL, A (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA.
NR 17
TC 294
Z9 350
U1 0
U2 55
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6511
BP 234
EP 236
DI 10.1038/373234a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QC278
UT WOS:A1995QC27800059
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FRUH, K
   AHN, K
   DJABALLAH, H
   SEMPE, P
   VANENDERT, PM
   TAMPE, R
   PETERSON, PA
   YANG, Y
AF FRUH, K
   AHN, K
   DJABALLAH, H
   SEMPE, P
   VANENDERT, PM
   TAMPE, R
   PETERSON, PA
   YANG, Y
TI A VIRAL INHIBITOR OF PEPTIDE TRANSPORTERS FOR ANTIGEN PRESENTATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endoplasmic-reticulum; intracellular-transport; mhc; complex; translocation; molecules; golgi
AB CYTOTOXIC T lymphocytes lyse target cells after T-cell-receptor-mediated recognition of class I major histocompatibility complex molecules presenting peptides(1). Antigenic peptides are generated in the cytoplasm by proteasomes(2) and translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by peptide transporters (TAP)3-6. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) expresses a cytoplasmic protein, ICP47, which seems to interfere with such immune surveillance by mediating retention of 'empty' class I molecules in the ER(7,8). BY expressing ICP47 in HeLa cells under an inducible promoter(9), we show that ICP47 efficiently inhibits peptide transport across the ER membrane such that nascent class I molecules fail to acquire antigenic peptides. This inhibition was overcome by transfecting murine TAP. Further, we demonstrate that ICP47 colocalizes and physically associates with TAP within the cell, Inhibition of peptide translocation by a viral protein indicates a previously undocumented potential mechanism for viral immune evasion.
C1 HOP NECKER ENFANTS MALAD, INSERM, U25, F-75743 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
   MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM, STRUKT BIOL ABT, D-82152 MARTINSRIED, GERMANY.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades - APHP; Max Planck Society
RP FRUH, K (corresponding author), SCRIPPS RES INST, RW JOHNSON PHARMACEUT RES INST, DEPT IMMUNOL, 10666 N TORREY PINES RD, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
NR 22
TC 544
Z9 621
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6530
BP 415
EP 418
DI 10.1038/375415a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RB101
UT WOS:A1995RB10100056
PM 7760936
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BUSCIGLIO, J
   YANKNER, BA
AF BUSCIGLIO, J
   YANKNER, BA
TI APOPTOSIS AND INCREASED GENERATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN DOWNS-SYNDROME NEURONS IN-VITRO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alzheimer-disease; cerebral-cortex; human-fetus; cells; golgi; death; brain
AB DOWN'S syndrome (DS) or trisomy 21 is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation(1). Development of the DS brain is associated with decreased neuronal number and abnormal neuronal differentiation(2-7), and adults with DS develop Alzheimer's disease(8,9). The cause of the neurodegenerative process in DS is unknown. Here we report that cortical neurons from fetal DS and age-matched normal brain differentiate normally in culture, but DS neurons subsequently degenerate and undergo apoptosis whereas normal neurons remain viable. Degeneration of DS neurons is prevented by treatment with free-radical scavengers or catalase. Furthermore, DS neurons exhibit a three- to fourfold increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species and elevated levels of lipid peroxidation that precede neuronal death. These results suggest that DS neurons have a defect in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species that causes neuronal apoptosis. This defect may contribute to mental retardation early in life and predispose to Alzheimer's disease in adults.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   CHILDRENS HOSP,DIV NEUROSCI,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital
NR 26
TC 643
Z9 697
U1 1
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6559
BP 776
EP 779
DI 10.1038/378776a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TL419
UT WOS:A1995TL41900025
PM 8524410
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FLYNN, JJ
   WYSS, AR
   CHARRIER, R
   SWISHER, CC
AF FLYNN, JJ
   WYSS, AR
   CHARRIER, R
   SWISHER, CC
TI AN EARLY MIOCENE ANTHROPOID SKULL FROM THE CHILEAN ANDES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oligocene; argentina; fossils
AB PARTLY because of their poor fossil record, the relationships of neotropical platyrrhine monkeys to other groups of primates and to each other remain perhaps the most poorly known for any major primate clade(1). Here we report the discovery of a complete platyrrhine skull from the Andes of central Chile, by far the best preserved Tertiary primate cranium from South America. This find, coupled with recent phylogenetic analyses of higher groups of anthropoid primates(2-4), has the potential to revise substantially our understanding of platyrrhine interrelationships, indicating, among other points, significant modification to reconstruction of the ancestral platyrrhine morphotype and a likely African origin for New World monkeys. A 40Ar/39Ar radioisotopic date directly associated with the skull indicates an Early Miocene age(5), marking the first report of South American mammals of this age from outside Argentine Patagonia. Finally, this discovery demonstrates the enormous potential of vastly distributed, but virtually untapped, Andean volcaniclastic deposits to yield further insights into the origin and diversification of South American primates.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA, DEPT GEOL SCI, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93106 USA.
   UNIV CHILE, FAC CIENCIAS FIS & MATEMAT, DEPT GEOL, SANTIAGO, CHILE.
   INST HUMAN ORIGINS, CTR GEOCHRONOL, BERKELEY, CA 94709 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Universidad de Chile
RP FLYNN, JJ (corresponding author), FIELD MUSEUM NAT HIST, DEPT GEOL, ROOSEVELT RD & LAKE SHORE DR, CHICAGO, IL 60605 USA.
NR 32
TC 73
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 603
EP 607
DI 10.1038/373603a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700051
PM 7854415
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OHASHI, M
   DEVRIES, KJ
   FRANK, R
   SNOEK, G
   BANKAITIS, V
   WIRTZ, K
   HUTTNER, WB
AF OHASHI, M
   DEVRIES, KJ
   FRANK, R
   SNOEK, G
   BANKAITIS, V
   WIRTZ, K
   HUTTNER, WB
TI A ROLE FOR PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL TRANSFER PROTEIN IN SECRETORY VESICLE FORMATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phospholipid transfer protein; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; requirement
AB VESICULAR traffic in eukaryotic cells is characterized by two steps of membrane rearrangement: the formation of vesicles from donor membranes and their fusion with acceptor membranes. With respect to vesicle formation, several of the cytosolic proteins implicated in budding and fission have been identified. A feature common to all these proteins is that their targets, when known, are other proteins rather than lipids. Here we report, using a previously established cell-free system(1,2) derived from a neuroendocrine cell line, the purification of cytosolic factors that stimulate the formation of constitutive secretory vesicles and immature secretory granules from the trans-Golgi network. One such factor, referred to as CAST1, was identified as the alpha and beta isoforms of the mammalian phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PtdIns-TP) (refs 3-5). The yeast PtdIns-TP, SEC14p (ref. 6), which has no sequence homology to mammalian PtdIns-TP (refs 7,8), was able to substitute for the mammalian PtdIns-TP in secretory vesicle formation. Our results suggest a highly conserved role for phosphoinositides in vesicle formation.
C1 UNIV HEIDELBERG,DEPT NEUROBIOL,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   UNIV HEIDELBERG,CTR BIOL MOLEC,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   UNIV UTRECHT,CTR BIOMEMBRANES & LIPID ENZYMOL,3584 CH UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT CELL BIOL,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294.
C3 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Utrecht University; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham
NR 30
TC 174
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 544
EP 547
DI 10.1038/377544a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600067
PM 7566155
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CRAIG, AM
   WYBORSKI, RJ
   BANKER, G
AF CRAIG, AM
   WYBORSKI, RJ
   BANKER, G
TI PREFERENTIAL ADDITION OF NEWLY SYNTHESIZED MEMBRANE-PROTEIN AT AXONAL GROWTH CONES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID simplex virus amplicon; hippocampal-neurons; polarity orientation; plasma-membrane; growing axons; brefeldin-a; culture; microtubules; diffusion; movement
AB THE addition of plasma membrane proteins to a growing axon could occur by preferential insertion at the tip (the growth cone), by uniform insertion along the axon, or by insertion at the cell body and bulk flow along the axon. To differentiate between these possibilities we used a defective herpesvirus vector to express an exogenous protein, the lymphocyte transmembrane protein CD8 alpha, in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The newly synthesized protein first appeared on the axonal surface almost exclusively at the growth cone. Preferential addition at the growth cone was also observed in minor processes (immature dendrites), but not in mature dendrites. Over several hours, CD8 alpha reached a uniform distribution over the entire neuronal surface, presumably by diffusion within the membrane and possibly endocytic recycling. As well as providing materials for axonal growth, the selective addition of membrane vesicles at the growth cone may contribute to the polarized distribution of axonal surface molecules(1).
C1 UNIV VIRGINIA,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22908.
   PARKE DAVIS RES,DEPT BIOTECHNOL,ANN ARBOR,MI 48106.
C3 University of Virginia; Pfizer; Pfizer USA
NR 26
TC 158
Z9 173
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6532
BP 592
EP 594
DI 10.1038/375592a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RD287
UT WOS:A1995RD28700052
PM 7791876
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHAPMAN, T
   LIDDLE, LF
   KALB, JM
   WOLFNER, MF
   PARTRIDGE, L
AF CHAPMAN, T
   LIDDLE, LF
   KALB, JM
   WOLFNER, MF
   PARTRIDGE, L
TI COST OF MATING IN DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER FEMALES IS MEDIATED BY MALE ACCESSORY-GLAND PRODUCTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reproductive-behavior; expression; gene; peptide; exposure; sperm
AB FEMALE Drosophila melanogaster with environmentally(1-3) or genetically(4) elevated rates of mating die younger than controls. This cost of mating is not attributable to receipt of sperm(5). We demonstrate here that seminal fluid products from the main cells of the male accessory gland are responsible for the cost of mating in females, and that increasing exposure to these products increases female death rate. Main-cell products are also involved in elevating the rate of female egg-laying, in reducing female receptivity to further matings and in removing or destroying sperm of previous mates(6-12). The cost of mating to females may therefore represent a side-effect of evolutionary conflict between males(13).
C1 UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT GENET & BIOMETRY,LONDON NW1 2HE,ENGLAND.
   UNIV EDINBURGH,INST CELL ANIM & POPULAT BIOL,EDINBURGH EH9 3JT,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   CORNELL UNIV,GENET & DEV SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of Edinburgh; Cornell University
NR 28
TC 1158
Z9 1291
U1 3
U2 260
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6511
BP 241
EP 244
DI 10.1038/373241a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QC278
UT WOS:A1995QC27800062
PM 7816137
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OSTRO, SJ
   ROSEMA, KD
   HUDSON, RS
   JURGENS, RF
   GIORGINI, JD
   WINKLER, R
   YEOMANS, DK
   CHOATE, D
   ROSE, R
   SLADE, MA
   HOWARD, SD
   MITCHELL, DL
AF OSTRO, SJ
   ROSEMA, KD
   HUDSON, RS
   JURGENS, RF
   GIORGINI, JD
   WINKLER, R
   YEOMANS, DK
   CHOATE, D
   ROSE, R
   SLADE, MA
   HOWARD, SD
   MITCHELL, DL
TI EXTREME ELONGATION OF ASTEROID 1620-GEOGRAPHOS FROM RADAR IMAGES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galileo physical model; catastrophic collisions; impact experiments; fragmentation
AB Most small asteroids are thought to result from catastrophic collisions(1), and their shapes can provide insight into their origin and collisional evolution. Two main-belt asteroids have been successfully imaged by spacecraft(2,3), but such images have yet to be obtained for asteroids that cross Earth's orbit. Earth-crossing asteroids are generally too small to be resolved by optical telescopes, and shape constraints derived from optical lightcurves are subject to large systematic biases(4). Ground-based radar observations, on the other hand, have proved successful in resolving the shapes of some small asteroids(5-9). We describe here radar measurements of the Earth-crossing asteroid 1620 Geographos during its recent close encounter with the Earth. We have determined the silhouette of Geographos along its rotation axis, and confirm earlier lightcurve-based conjectures(10) that this object has a very unusual shape. The silhouette is irregular, non-convex and has an aspect ratio of 2.76 +/- 0.21, establishing it as the most elongated Solar System object yet imaged, The unusual nature of the shape is underscored by laboratory fragmentation experiments(11,12), in which the average aspect ratio of fragments is 1.4, with fewer than 1% as elongated as Geographos.
C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,SCH ELECT ENGN & COMP SCI,PULLMAN,WA 99164.
C3 Washington State University
RP OSTRO, SJ (corresponding author), CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109, USA.
NR 39
TC 36
Z9 39
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6531
BP 474
EP 477
DI 10.1038/375474a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RC188
UT WOS:A1995RC18800043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TSIRKA, SE
   GUALANDRIS, A
   AMARAL, DG
   STRICKLAND, S
AF TSIRKA, SE
   GUALANDRIS, A
   AMARAL, DG
   STRICKLAND, S
TI EXCITOTOXIN-INDUCED NEURONAL DEGENERATION AND SEIZURE ARE MEDIATED BY TISSUE-PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brain
AB NEURONAL degeneration in the hippocampus, a region of the brain important for acquisition of memory in humans, occurs in various pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, brain ischaemia and epilepsy. When neuronal activity is stimulated in the adult rat and mouse hippocampus, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a serine protease that converts inactive plasminogen to the active protease plasmin, is transcriptionally induced(1,2). The activity of tPA in neural tissue is correlated with neurite outgrowth(3), regeneration(4) and migration(5), suggesting that it might be involved in neuronal plasticity. Here we show that tPA is produced primarily by microglia in the hippocampus. Using excitotoxins to induce neuronal cell loss, we demonstrate that tPA-deficient mice are resistant to neuronal degeneration. These mice are also less susceptible to pharmacologically induced seizures than wild-type mice. These findings identify a role for tPA in neuronal degeneration and seizure.
C1 SUNY STONY BROOK,MED CTR,PROGRAM GENET,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
   SUNY STONY BROOK,CTR BEHAV NEUROSCI,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP TSIRKA, SE (corresponding author), SUNY STONY BROOK,MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,STONY BROOK,NY 11794, USA.
NR 17
TC 594
Z9 636
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 340
EP 344
DI 10.1038/377340a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100057
PM 7566088
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VANMEERVELT, L
   VLIEGHE, D
   DAUTANT, A
   GALLOIS, B
   PRECIGOUX, G
   KENNARD, O
AF VANMEERVELT, L
   VLIEGHE, D
   DAUTANT, A
   GALLOIS, B
   PRECIGOUX, G
   KENNARD, O
TI HIGH-RESOLUTION STRUCTURE OF A DNA HELIX-FORMING (C-CENTER-DOT-G)ASTERISK-G BASE TRIPLETS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB TRIPLE helices result from interaction between single- and double-stranded nucleic acids. Their formation is a possible mechanism for recombination of homologous gene sequences in nature and provides, inter alia, a basis for artificial control of gene activity, Triple-helix motifs have been extensively studied by a variety of techniques, but few high-resolution structural data are available, The only triplet structures characterized so far by X-ray diffraction were in protein-DNA complexes(1,2) studied at about 3 Angstrom resolution, We report here the X-ray analysis of a DNA nonamer, d(GCGAATTCG), to a resolution of 2.05 Angstrom, in which the extended crystal structure contains (C . G)*G triplets as a fragment of triple helix. The guanosine-containing chains are in a parallel orientation, This arrangement is a necessary feature of models for homologous recombination which results ultimately in replacement of one length of DNA by another of similar sequence, The present-structure agrees with many published predictions of tripler organization, and provides an accurate representation of an element that allows sequence-specific association between single- and double-stranded nucleic acids.
C1 UNIV BORDEAUX 1, CRISTALLOG LAB, CNRS, ERS 133, F-33405 TALENCE, FRANCE.
   CAMBRIDGE CRYSTALLOG DATA CTR, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1EZ, ENGLAND.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Bordeaux; University of Cambridge
RP VANMEERVELT, L (corresponding author), KATHOLIEKE UNIV LEUVEN, DEPT CHEM, CELESTIJNENLAAN 200F, B-3001 HEVERLEE, BELGIUM.
NR 12
TC 67
Z9 68
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6524
BP 742
EP 744
DI 10.1038/374742a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QU304
UT WOS:A1995QU30400056
PM 7715732
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BAILYN, CD
   OROSZ, JA
   GIRARD, TM
   JOGEE, S
   DELLAVALLE, M
   BEGAM, MC
   FRUCHTER, AS
   GONZALEZ, R
   IANNA, PA
   LAYDEN, AC
   MARTINS, DH
   SMITH, M
AF BAILYN, CD
   OROSZ, JA
   GIRARD, TM
   JOGEE, S
   DELLAVALLE, M
   BEGAM, MC
   FRUCHTER, AS
   GONZALEZ, R
   IANNA, PA
   LAYDEN, AC
   MARTINS, DH
   SMITH, M
TI THE OPTICAL COUNTERPART OF THE SUPERLUMINAL SOURCE GRO J1655-40
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID black-hole
AB THE accretion of gas from a companion star onto a compact object, such as a neutron star or black hole, can release large amounts of energy. Episodic accretion is generally thought to explain transient X-ray emission, such as that associated with the recently discovered(1) Galactic superluminal source GRO J1655-40, and to be connected with the ejection of material at relativistic velocities(2). The only other known Galactic superluminal source(2) is difficult to study because it is obscured by intervening gas and dust. Here we report the discovery of the optical counterpart to GRO J1655-40, which we estimate to lie at a distance of only 3 kpc. We have identified the precursor on historical photographic plates; at the time of the X-ray burst in August 1994(1), it brightened by 3 mag in the V bandpass, Although the 12-day delay between the X-ray burst(1) and the main radio outburst which marked the beginning of superluminal motion(3) poses a puzzle that remains to be explained, our results show that at optical wavelengths the characteristics of GRO J1655-40 are similar to those of other accreting-black-hole candidates(4-7).
C1 EUROPEAN SO OBSERV,SANTIAGO 19,CHILE.
   UNIV PADUA,DIPARTIMENTO ASTRON,PADUA,ITALY.
   UNIV VIRGINIA,DEPT ASTRON,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22903.
   SPACE TELESCOPE SCI INST,BALTIMORE,MD 21218.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ASTRON,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   CERRO TOLOLO INTERAMER OBSERV,LA SERENA,CHILE.
   UNIV ALASKA,DEPT PHYS CHEM & ASTRON,ANCHORAGE,AK 99508.
C3 European Southern Observatory; University of Padua; University of Virginia; Space Telescope Science Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Optical Astronomy Observatory; Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory; University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Anchorage
RP BAILYN, CD (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,DEPT ASTRON,POB 108101,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520, USA.
NR 25
TC 84
Z9 85
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6524
BP 701
EP 703
DI 10.1038/374701a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QU304
UT WOS:A1995QU30400042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRADLEY, DC
   QIAN, N
   ANDERSEN, RA
AF BRADLEY, DC
   QIAN, N
   ANDERSEN, RA
TI INTEGRATION OF MOTION AND STEREOPSIS IN MIDDLE TEMPORAL CORTICAL AREA OF MACAQUES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual area; functional-property; neurons; monkey; direction; selectivity; orientation; sensitivity; perception; disparity
AB THE primate visual system incorporates a highly specialized subsystem for the analysis of motion in the visual field(1-6). A key element of this subsystem is the middle temporal (MT) cortical area, which contains a majority of direction-selective neurons(1-3). MT neurons are also selective for binocular disparity (depth), which is perplexing given that they are not sensitive to motion through depth(7). What is the role of disparity in MT? Our data suggest an important link between disparity and transparent motion detection. Motion signals in different directions tend to inhibit each other within a given MT receptive field(8). This inhibition has an averaging effect which minimizes MT responses to random motion signals created by light intensity changes and other non-motion stimuli (motion noise)9. But, in the absence of disparity cues, inhibition may also occur between surfaces moving in different directions through the same part of the visual field (transparent motion), thus impairing the detection of either surface. Here we show that inhibition in MT occurs mainly between motion signals with similar disparities. Transparent surface movements at different depths are thus represented independently in MT (that is, without inhibiting each other) whereas spurious motion signals from a given surface tend to cancel out. To our knowledge, these results provide the first evidence for a functional integration of motion and disparity in MT.
RP BRADLEY, DC (corresponding author), CALTECH,DIV BIOL 21676,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 19
TC 181
Z9 195
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 609
EP 611
DI 10.1038/373609a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700053
PM 7854417
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SAUER, F
   FONDELL, JD
   OHKUMA, Y
   ROEDER, RG
   JACKLE, H
AF SAUER, F
   FONDELL, JD
   OHKUMA, Y
   ROEDER, RG
   JACKLE, H
TI CONTROL OF TRANSCRIPTION BY KRUPPEL THROUGH INTERACTIONS WITH TFIIB AND TFIIE-BETA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activation domain; rna-polymerase; drosophila; initiation; protein; repression; mechanism; sequence; binding; stripe
AB THE zinc-finger protein Kruppel (Kr)(1) is an integral part of the Drosophila segmentation gene cascade(2) and is essential in organogenesis during later embryonic development(3). In tissue culture, Kr regulates transcription(4-9). Monomeric Kr can act as a transcriptional activator, whereas Kr dimers formed at high concentrations cause repression(6). Here we show that Kr-dependent control of transcription involves functional interactions with components of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery, which includes the initiation factors TFIIA, B, E, F, H and I (refs 10, 11) as well as the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and TBP-associated factors (TAFs) contained in the multisubunit TFIID (ref. 12). Our results indicate that when acting from a site close to a basal promoter, monomeric Kr interacts with TFIIB to activate transcription, whereas an interaction of the Kr dimer with TFIIE beta w, a subunit of TFIIE, results in transcriptional repression.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST BIOPHYS CHEM, MOLEK ENTWICKLUNGSBIOL ABT, D-37077 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV, BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL LAB, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; Rockefeller University
NR 30
TC 134
Z9 145
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6527
BP 162
EP 164
DI 10.1038/375162a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QX741
UT WOS:A1995QX74100056
PM 7753175
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PRICE, LC
   SCHOELL, M
AF PRICE, LC
   SCHOELL, M
TI CONSTRAINTS ON THE ORIGINS OF HYDROCARBON-GAS FROM COMPOSITIONS OF GASES AT THEIR SITE OF ORIGIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural gases; kerogen
AB It is widely accepted that natural gas is formed from thermal decomposition of both oil in reservoirs and, to a lesser extent, the organic matter in shales from which the oil was derived(1-6). But laboratory pyrolysis experiments on shales do not reproduce the methane-rich composition typical of most gas reservoirs(7), leading to suggestions(7) that other mechanisms, such as transition-metal catalysis, may be important. The discrepancy might, however, instead arise because gas (and oil) deposits have migrated from their source rocks, so that the reservoir composition might not be representative of the composition in the source rocks where the hydrocarbons were generated. To address this question, we have analysed gas samples coproduced with oils directly from a source rock (the Bakken shales, North Dakota, USA) where the local geology has prevented significant hydrocarbon migration. The methane contents of these Bakken-shale gases are much lower than that of conventional gas reservoirs, but are consistent with that from pyrolysis experiments(8,9) on these shales. Thus, because these Bakken gases form with (rather than from) oils, we argue that compositional differences between gases from source rocks and conventional gas deposits result from fractionation processes occurring after hydrocarbon expulsion from the source rock.
C1 CHEVRON PETR TECHNOL CO,LA HABRA,CA 90633.
C3 Chevron
RP PRICE, LC (corresponding author), US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,MS-940,DENVER,CO 80225, USA.
NR 20
TC 90
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 368
EP 371
DI 10.1038/378368a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300052
PM 11536709
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NELSON, RJ
   DEMAS, GE
   HUANG, PL
   FISHMAN, MC
   DAWSON, VL
   DAWSON, TM
   SNYDER, SH
AF NELSON, RJ
   DEMAS, GE
   HUANG, PL
   FISHMAN, MC
   DAWSON, VL
   DAWSON, TM
   SNYDER, SH
TI BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES IN MALE-MICE LACKING NEURONAL NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Is addition to its role in blood vessel(1,2) and macrophage(3,4) function, nitric oxide (NO) is a neurotransmitter(5) found in high densities in emotion-regulating brain regions(6-8). Mice with targeted disruption of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) display grossly normal appearance, locomotor activity, breeding(9), long-term potentiation and long-term depression(11). The nNOS(-) mice are resistant to neural stroke damage following middle cerebral artery ligation(12). Although CO2-induced cerebral vasodilatation in wild-type mice is NO-dependent, in nNOS(-) mice this vasodilation is unaffected by NOS inhibitors(13). Establishing a behavioural role for NO has, until now, not been feasible, as NOS inhibitor drugs can only be administered acutely and because their pronounced effects on blood pressure and other body functions obfuscate behavioural interpretations. We now report a large increase in aggressive behaviour and excess, inappropriate sexual behaviour in nNOS(-) mice.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT NEUROSCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT PSYCHIAT & BEHAV SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT PHARMACOL & MOLEC SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT NEUROL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT PHYSIOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,BEHAV NEUROENDOCRINOL GRP,BALTIMORE,MD 21218.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,CARDIOVASC RES CTR,BOSTON,MA 02129.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
NR 24
TC 536
Z9 578
U1 1
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 383
EP 386
DI 10.1038/378383a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300058
PM 7477374
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OPPENHEIM, RW
   HOUENOU, LJ
   JOHNSON, JE
   LIN, LFH
   LI, LX
   LO, AC
   NEWSOME, AL
   PREVETTE, DM
   WANG, SW
AF OPPENHEIM, RW
   HOUENOU, LJ
   JOHNSON, JE
   LIN, LFH
   LI, LX
   LO, AC
   NEWSOME, AL
   PREVETTE, DM
   WANG, SW
TI DEVELOPING MOTOR-NEURONS RESCUED FROM PROGRAMMED AND AXOTOMY-INDUCED CELL-DEATH BY GDNF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurotrophic factor; nervous-system; survival; muscle; motoneurons; support; culture; invivo
AB DURING normal development of the vertebrate nervous system, large numbers of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system undergo naturally occurring cell death(1). For example, about half of all spinal motor neurons die over a period of a few days in developing avian, rat and mouse embryos(1). Previous studies have shown that extracts from muscle and brain, secreted factors from glia, as well as several growth factors and neurotrophic agents, including muscle-derived factors, can promote the survival of developing motor neurons in vitro and in vivo(2-15). But because neurotrophins and other known trophic agents administered alone or in combination are insufficient to rescue all developing motor neurons from cell deaths(8), other neurotrophic molecules are probably essential for the survival and differentiation of motor neurons. Here we report that glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a potent neurotrophic factor that enhances survival of mammalian midbrain dopaminergic neurons(16,17), rescues developing avian motor neurons from natural programmed cell death in vivo and promotes the survival of enriched populations of cultured motor neurons. Furthermore, treatment with this agent in vivo also prevents the induced death and atrophy of both avian and mouse spinal motor neurons following peripheral axotomy.
C1 WAKE FOREST UNIV,BOWMAN GRAY SCH MED,NEUROSCI PROGRAM,WINSTON SALEM,NC 27157.
   SYNERGEN INC,BOULDER,CO 80301.
C3 Wake Forest University; Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center
RP OPPENHEIM, RW (corresponding author), WAKE FOREST UNIV,BOWMAN GRAY SCH MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL & ANAT,WINSTON SALEM,NC 27157, USA.
NR 30
TC 631
Z9 733
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 344
EP 346
DI 10.1038/373344a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400060
PM 7830769
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PARSONS, CA
   STASIAK, A
   BENNETT, RJ
   WEST, SC
AF PARSONS, CA
   STASIAK, A
   BENNETT, RJ
   WEST, SC
TI STRUCTURE OF A MULTISUBUNIT COMPLEX THAT PROMOTES DNA BRANCH MIGRATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; ruvb proteins; holliday junction; helicase
AB THE RuvA and RuvB proteins of Escherichia coli, which are induced in response to DNA damage, are important in the formation of heteroduplex DNA during genetic recombination and related recombinational repair processes(1). In vitro studies show that RuvA binds Holliday junctions(2-5) and acts as a specificity factor that targets the RuvB ATPase, a hexameric ring protein(6,7), to the junction. Together, RuvA and RuvB promote branch migration, an ATP-dependent reaction that increases the length of the heteroduplex DNA(3,8-10). Electron microscopic visualization of RuvAB now provides a new insight into the mechanism of this process. We observe the formation of a tripartite protein complex in which RuvA binds the crossover and is sandwiched between two hexameric rings of RuvB. The Holliday junction within this complex adopts a square-planar structure. We propose a molecular model for branch migration, a unique feature of which is the role played by the two oppositely oriented RuvB ring motors.
C1 IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,GENET RECOMBINAT LAB,S MIMMS EN6 3LD,HERTS,ENGLAND.
   UNIV LAUSANNE,ULTRASTRUCT ANAL LAB,CH-1015 LAUSANNE,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Lausanne
NR 22
TC 166
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6520
BP 375
EP 378
DI 10.1038/374375a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QN630
UT WOS:A1995QN63000064
PM 7885479
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WALTER, MR
   WINDSOR, W
   NAGABHUSHAN, TL
   LUNDELL, DJ
   LUNN, CA
   ZAUODNY, PJ
   NARULA, SK
AF WALTER, MR
   WINDSOR, W
   NAGABHUSHAN, TL
   LUNDELL, DJ
   LUNN, CA
   ZAUODNY, PJ
   NARULA, SK
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF A COMPLEX BETWEEN INTERFERON-GAMMA AND ITS SOLUBLE HIGH-AFFINITY RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extracellular domain; accessory factor; c-terminus; human cd4; protein; expression; resolution; fragment; cloning
AB The crystal structure of interferon-gamma bound to the extracellular fragment of its high-affinity cell-surface receptor reveals the first view of a class-2 cytokine receptor-ligand complex. In the complex, one interferon-gamma homodimer binds two receptor molecules. Unlike the class-1 growth hormone receptor complex, the two interferon-gamma receptors do not interact with one another and are separated by 27 Angstrom. Upon receptor binding, the flexible As loop of interferon-gamma undergoes a conformational change that includes the formation of a 3(10) helix.
C1 UNIV ALABAMA, CTR MACROMOLEC CRYSTALLOG, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35294 USA.
   SCHERING PLOUGH CORP, RES INST, KENILWORTH, NJ 07033 USA.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; Merck & Company; Schering Plough Corporation
RP WALTER, MR (corresponding author), UNIV ALABAMA, DEPT PHARMACOL, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35294 USA.
NR 49
TC 347
Z9 384
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6537
BP 230
EP 235
DI 10.1038/376230a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RK331
UT WOS:A1995RK33100039
PM 7617032
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NICOLL, RA
   MALENKA, RC
AF NICOLL, RA
   MALENKA, RC
TI CONTRASTING PROPERTIES OF 2 FORMS OF LONG-TERM POTENTIATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; mossy-fiber synapses; methyl-d-aspartate; miniature synaptic currents; nitric-oxide synthase; glutamate receptors; transmitter release; rat hippocampus; ca1 region; expression
AB Activity-dependent enhancement of synaptic transmission, referred to as long-term potentiation (LTP), is observed at many synapses in the central nervous system. In the hippocampus two distinct forms of LTP have been identified. One involves the activation of the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) subtype of glutamate receptor and a rise in postsynaptic Ca2+, whereas the other, which is found at messy fibre synapses, is independent of NMDA receptors but does require a rise in presynaptic Ca2+. Although it is now generally accepted that messy fibre LTP is expressed presynaptically, the locus of expression for NMDA-receptor-dependent LTP is controversial. Here the two forms of LTP are compared and it is argued that the balance of evidence favours a postsynaptic locus for PIM DA-receptor-dependent LTP.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT PHYSIOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT PSYCHIAT, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP NICOLL, RA (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT CELLULAR & MOLEC PHARMACOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
NR 82
TC 661
Z9 764
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 115
EP 118
DI 10.1038/377115a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400038
PM 7675078
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OZDAS, E
   KORTAN, AR
   KOPYLOV, N
   RAMIREZ, AP
   SIEGRIST, T
   RABE, KM
   BAIR, HE
   SCHUPPLER, S
   CITRIN, PH
AF OZDAS, E
   KORTAN, AR
   KOPYLOV, N
   RAMIREZ, AP
   SIEGRIST, T
   RABE, KM
   BAIR, HE
   SCHUPPLER, S
   CITRIN, PH
TI SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND CATION-VACANCY ORDERING IN THE RARE-EARTH FULLERIDE YB2.75C60
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID doped c-60; c60; yb
AB INTERCALATED fullerides exhibit remarkable physical properties, including superconductivity at record high temperatures for organic compounds(1-6). The donor intercalants have so far been limited to alkali and alkaline-earth metals. Here we describe the synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of a rare-earth-doped fulleride, Yb2.75C60, which exhibits superconductivity below 6 K. Ytterbium cations occupy off-centred interstitial sites in the face-centred cubic C-60 lattice, and leave eight tetrahedral sites vacant in an orthorhombic unit cell which is thereby doubled in each direction. These cation-vacancy sites exhibit long-range ordering, generating a superstructure which seems to be stabilized by a short-range interaction between charge-deficient single bonds in C-60 and exclusively divalent cations. Our results demonstrate that superconductivity is not limited to C-60 compounds of high structural symmetry.
C1 AT&T BELL LABS,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974.
   YALE UNIV,DEPT APPL PHYS,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
C3 Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs; AT&T; Yale University
NR 18
TC 107
Z9 110
U1 1
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6527
BP 126
EP 129
DI 10.1038/375126a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QX741
UT WOS:A1995QX74100044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RINALDO, A
   DIETRICH, WE
   RIGON, R
   VOGEL, GK
   RODRIGUEZ-ITURBE, I
AF RINALDO, A
   DIETRICH, WE
   RIGON, R
   VOGEL, GK
   RODRIGUEZ-ITURBE, I
TI GEOMORPHOLOGICAL SIGNATURES OF VARYING CLIMATE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-organized criticality; river networks; elevation; energy
AB A LONGSTANDING question in geomorphology(1,2) is whether the topography of a particular landscape is in balance with current climate-driven processes, or contains relict signatures of past climates. For the glaciated landscapes of the Northern Hemisphere, the latter obviously applies but the situation is far from clear in regions where climate-driven processes have changed only in intensity, rather than character. We have addressed this question using a mathematical model of landscape evolution(3,4) and find that both cases-contemporary balance and relict features-are possible. For a sinusoidal climate fluctuation, we find that all climate states (wet and dry) leave geomorphological signatures only when there is no active uplift. With active uplift and the associated increase in erosion, the topography tracks the current climate and any relict features are likely to reflect only the wettest conditions previously experienced by the landscape. In both cases, the temporal evolution of the landscape in response to cyclic climate forcing is complex, and leads to the unexpected result that valley density is largest during periods dominated by slow downslope movement of sediment, rather than during times of strong fluvial incision, as would be anticipated from steady-state models(5-7).
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
   UNIV TRENT, DIPARTIMENTO INGN CIVILE & AMBIENTALE, I-38050 MESIANO POVO, ITALY.
   TEXAS A&M UNIV, DEPT CIVIL ENGN, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Trento; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
RP RINALDO, A (corresponding author), UNIV PADUA, IST IDRAUL G POLENI, VIA LOREDAN 20, I-35131 PADUA, ITALY.
NR 28
TC 138
Z9 154
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6523
BP 632
EP 635
DI 10.1038/374632a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QT189
UT WOS:A1995QT18900056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BARRY, MA
   LAI, WC
   JOHNSTON, SA
AF BARRY, MA
   LAI, WC
   JOHNSTON, SA
TI PROTECTION AGAINST MYCOPLASMA-INFECTION USING EXPRESSION-LIBRARY IMMUNIZATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immune-responses; genetic immunization; dna; tryptophan; ubiquitin; pulmonis; antigen; cells; read; uga
AB As is evident from the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic, there is no systematic method for producing a vaccine, Genetic immunization(1) is a new approach to vaccine production that has many of the advantages of live/attenuated pathogens but no risk of infection. It involves introducing DNA encoding a pathogen protein into host cells and has shown promise in several disease models(2-13) Here we describe a new method for vaccine development, expression-library immunization, which makes use of the technique of genetic immunization and the fact that all the antigens of a pathogen are encoded in its DNA. An expression library of pathogen DNA is used to immunize a host thereby producing the effects of antigen presentation of a live vaccine without the risk. We show that even partial expression libraries made from the DNA of Mycoplasma pulmonis, a natural pathogen in rodents, provide protection against challenge from the pathogen. Expression library immunization may prove to be a general method for vaccination against any pathogen.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT MED,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL,DIV COMPARAT MED,DALLAS,TX 75235.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
NR 29
TC 256
Z9 303
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 632
EP 635
DI 10.1038/377632a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500053
PM 7566175
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MIETTINEN, PJ
   BERGER, JE
   MENESES, J
   PHUNG, Y
   PEDERSEN, RA
   WERB, Z
   DERYNCK, R
AF MIETTINEN, PJ
   BERGER, JE
   MENESES, J
   PHUNG, Y
   PEDERSEN, RA
   WERB, Z
   DERYNCK, R
TI EPITHELIAL IMMATURITY AND MULTIORGAN FAILURE IN MICE LACKING EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID factor expression; lung maturation; mouse; gene; alpha; milk; egf
AB SINCE the discovery that epidermal growth factor (EGF) can accelerate opening of the eyelids(1), the EGF receptor (EGF-R) has been extensively studied and is now considered to be a prototype tyrosine kinase receptor(2). Binding of EGF or of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) or other related factors activates the receptor and induces cell proliferation and differentiation. Although it is not found on haematopoietic cells, the EGF-R is widely expressed in mammals and has been implicated in various stages of embryonic development(3). Here we investigate the developmental and physiological roles of this receptor and its ligands by inactivating the gene encoding EGF-R. We find that EGF-R(-/-) mice survive for up to 8 days after birth and suffer from impaired epithelial development in several organs, including skin, lung and gastrointestinal tract.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT ANAT,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT OBSTET GYNECOL & REPROD SCI,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,RADIOBIOL & ENVIRONM HLTH LAB,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,CELL BIOL PROGRAM,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEV BIOL PROGRAM,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP MIETTINEN, PJ (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT GROWTH & DEV,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 32
TC 866
Z9 1003
U1 1
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6538
BP 337
EP 341
DI 10.1038/376337a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RL443
UT WOS:A1995RL44300046
PM 7630400
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SUGIOKA, I
   BURSIK, M
AF SUGIOKA, I
   BURSIK, M
TI EXPLOSIVE FRAGMENTATION OF ERUPTING MAGMA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE magma responsible for explosive volcanic eruptions has both a volatile and an inert:phase. Deep in the conduit of an active volcano, bubbles nucleate as the volatiles exsolve(1-3). As the magma rises, the bubbles grow through depressurization and continued exsolution, It is thought that when the pressure in the bubbles exceeds that in the overlying material, the magma undergoes a rapid transformation from a continuous magmatic phase with bubbles to a continuous gas phase with fragmented pyroclastic material(1,2), The fragmentation process is complex and poorly understood. To understand better how the transport of fragmented material is coupled to exsolution and vaporization, We have performed depressurization experiments on a two-phase system, designed to simulate the eruption process. We identify a new explosive vaporization process, in which a fragmentation front propagates downwards through a mixture of volatile liquid and inert particulate material, suppressing the growth of nucleated bubbles by compressing the material ahead of it. This process is distinct from, and may complement, previously identified fragmentation mechanisms such as non-nucleate vaporization(4) and fragmentation induced by an expanding magmatic foam(5).
C1 CALTECH,GRAD AERONAUT LABS,PASADENA,CA 91125.
   SUNY BUFFALO,DEPT GEOL,BUFFALO,NY 14260.
C3 California Institute of Technology; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY
NR 13
TC 30
Z9 31
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 689
EP 692
DI 10.1038/373689a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LUDWIG, C
   CASEY, WH
   ROCK, PA
AF LUDWIG, C
   CASEY, WH
   ROCK, PA
TI PREDICTION OF LIGAND-PROMOTED DISSOLUTION RATES FROM THE REACTIVITIES OF AQUEOUS COMPLEXES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID orthosilicate minerals; kinetics; wastes
AB EARTH scientists have long recognized(1-4) that the soluble organic acids excreted by soil biota enhance rates of mineral weathering, thereby chemically stratifying the soil and affecting the biodegradation pathways of organic matter, including pollutants(5). Multidentate organic ligands(6,7) also exist in industrial waste waters(8) and can enhance the mobility of heavy elements, including radionuclides(9). Here we examine whether rate coefficients for ligand-promoted disolution of minerals can be predicted from existing studies of dissolved metal complexes. We have performed dissolution experiments on bunsenite (NiO) to compare with published studies of ligand exchange around dissolved Ni(lI)-ligand complexes(10-12). The hypothesis is confirmed with surprising detail: the dissolution rate coefficient increases with the number of ligand functional groups coordinated to the surface metal, as do the exchange rate coefficients(10-12). Furthermore, we find that the dissolution rate coefficients can be predicted from the equilibrium constants for metal complexation in solution, indicating that the activated surface complexes resemble the corresponding dissolved complexes in important ways.
C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT GEOL,DAVIS,CA 95616.
   UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT CHEM,DAVIS,CA 95616.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP LUDWIG, C (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT LAND AIR & WATER RESOURCES,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA.
NR 21
TC 86
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6526
BP 44
EP 47
DI 10.1038/375044a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QW604
UT WOS:A1995QW60400049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HIROI, Z
   TAKANO, M
AF HIROI, Z
   TAKANO, M
TI ABSENCE OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN THE DOPED ANTIFERROMAGNETIC SPIN LADDER COMPOUND (LA,SR)CUO2.5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cu-o system; homologous series; oxides
AB A SPIN-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnetic ladder is a model system comprising parallel chains of interacting elemental spins. Spin ladders having an even number of chains have been predicted(1-6) to exhibit interesting dynamics, including superconductivity, when unoccupied spin sites are introduced along the chain (that is, when the chains are doped with holes). Spin-ladder models thus provide a novel potential mechanism for high-temperature superconductivity in real materials. But unfortunately materials with spin-ladder structure are quite rare(4-10), and the few known compounds have not previously been doped successfully with holes. Here we report the high-pressure synthesis of a new hole-doped two-chain ladder compound, La1-xSrxCuO2.5. We have observed a marked insulator-to-metal transition in this compound with increased doping, but no superconducting transition down to 5 K. The absence of superconductivity in this material must be reconciled with theoretical predictions based on ideal hole-doped spin-ladder models.
RP HIROI, Z (corresponding author), KYOTO UNIV,CHEM RES INST,UJI,KYOTO 611,JAPAN.
NR 22
TC 186
Z9 189
U1 1
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6544
BP 41
EP 43
DI 10.1038/377041a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RT725
UT WOS:A1995RT72500049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KOH, J
   ENDERS, GH
   DYNLACHT, BD
   HARLOW, E
AF KOH, J
   ENDERS, GH
   DYNLACHT, BD
   HARLOW, E
TI TUMOR-DERIVED P16 ALLELES ENCODING PROTEINS DEFECTIVE IN CELL-CYCLE INHIBITION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinoblastoma protein
AB THE cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16 is a candidate tumour-suppressor protein that maps to a genomic locus strongly associated with familial melanoma and other tumour types(1-3). Screening of primary tumours and linkage analysis of familial melanoma pedigrees have identified many potential mutations in p16, but the functional significance of these sequence variants has remained unclear(1,3-9). We report here that p16 can act as a potent and specific inhibitor of progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and we demonstrate that several tumour-derived alleles of p16 encode functionally compromised proteins. The ability of p16 to arrest cell-cycle progression generally correlates with inhibition of cyclin D1/Cdk4 kinase activity irt vitro, with two exceptions among the alleles tested. In vivo, the presence of functional retinoblastoma protein appears to be necessary but may not be sufficient to confer full sensitivity to p16-mediated growth arrest. Our results provide support for the notion that p16 is an important cell-cycle regulator whose inactivation contributes to the outgrowth of human tumours.
C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, GASTROINTESTINAL UNIT, BOSTON, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP KOH, J (corresponding author), MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, CTR CANC, BLDG 149, 13TH ST, BOSTON, MA 02129 USA.
NR 27
TC 538
Z9 578
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6531
BP 506
EP 510
DI 10.1038/375506a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RC188
UT WOS:A1995RC18800053
PM 7777061
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ASSAD, JA
   MAUNSELL, JHR
AF ASSAD, JA
   MAUNSELL, JHR
TI NEURONAL CORRELATES OF INFERRED MOTION IN PRIMATE POSTERIOR PARIETAL CARTER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccade-related activity; lateral intraparietal area; association cortex; eye position; 7a
AB FOR many types of behaviours, it is necessary to monitor the position or movement of objects that are temporarily occluded. The primate posterior parietal cortex contains neurons that are active during visual guidance tasks: in some cases, even if the visual target disappears transiently(1,2). It has been proposed that activity of this sort could be related to current or planned eye movements(1,2), but it might also provide a more generalized abstract representation of the spatial disposition of targets, even when they are not visible. We have recorded from monkey posterior parietal cortex while the animal viewed a visual stimulus that disappeared, and then, depending on experimental context, could be inferred to be either moving or stationary. During this temporary absence of the stimulus, about half of the neurons were found to be significantly more active on those trials in which the stimulus could be presumed to be moving rather than stationary. The activity was thus present in the absence of either sensory input or motor output, suggesting that it may indeed constitute a generalized representation of target motion.
RP ASSAD, JA (corresponding author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DIV NEUROSCI S603,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA.
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY005911] Funding Source: Medline
NR 9
TC 182
Z9 197
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6514
BP 518
EP 521
DI 10.1038/373518a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QF724
UT WOS:A1995QF72400058
PM 7845463
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KUROKAWA, R
   SODERSTROM, M
   HORLEIN, A
   HALACHMI, S
   BROWN, M
   ROSENFELD, MG
   GLASS, CK
AF KUROKAWA, R
   SODERSTROM, M
   HORLEIN, A
   HALACHMI, S
   BROWN, M
   ROSENFELD, MG
   GLASS, CK
TI POLARITY-SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES OF RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS DETERMINED BY A CO-REPRESSOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding protein; direct repeat; hormone; rar
AB RETINOIC acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid-X receptors (RXRs) activate or repress transcription by binding as heterodimers to DNA-response elements that generally consist of two direct repeat half-sites of consensus sequence AGGTCA (reviewed in ref. 1). On response elements consisting of direct repeats spaced by five base pairs (DR + 5 elements), RAR/RXR heterodimers activate transcription in response to RAR-specific ligands, such as all-trans-retinoic acid (RA)(2). In contrast, on elements consisting of direct repeats spaced by one base pair (DR + 1 elements), RAR/RXR heterodimers exhibit little or no response to activating ligands and repress RXR-dependent transcription(3). Here we show that ligand-dependent transactivation by RAR on DR + 5 elements requires the dissociation of a new nuclear receptor co-repressor, N-CoR, and recruitment of the putative co-activators p140 and p160 (refs 4, 5). Surprisingly, on DR + 1 elements, N-CoR remains associated with RAR/RXR heterodimers even in the presence of RAR ligands, resulting in constitutive repression. These observations indicate that DNA-response elements can allosterically regulate RAR-co-repressor interactions to determine positive or negative regulation of gene expression.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT MED,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DIV ENDOCRINOL & METAB,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DIV CELLULAR & MOLEC MED,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   DANA FARBER CANC INST,DIV NEOPLAST DIS MECHANISMS,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
NR 21
TC 483
Z9 524
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 451
EP 454
DI 10.1038/377451a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000056
PM 7566126
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI RADIO-TELESCOPES AND KANGAROOS GALORE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 182
EP 182
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100024
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PRAKASH, SS
   BRINKER, CJ
   HURD, AJ
   RAO, SM
AF PRAKASH, SS
   BRINKER, CJ
   HURD, AJ
   RAO, SM
TI SILICA AEROGEL FILMS PREPARED AT AMBIENT-PRESSURE BY USING SURFACE DERIVATIZATION TO INDUCE REVERSIBLE DRYING SHRINKAGE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gel
AB HIGHLY porous inorganic films have potential applications as dielectric materials, reflective and anti-reflective coatings, flat-panel displays, sensors, catalyst supports and super-insulating architectural glazings(1-3). Aerogels(4) are the most highly porous solids known, and can now be prepared from inorganic(5) and organic(6,7) precursors with volume-fraction porosities of up to 99.9% (ref. 8). Aerogels are normally prepared by supercritical extraction of the pore fluid from a wet gel(1), which prevents the network collapse that is otherwise induced by capillary forces. But supercritical processing is expensive, hazardous and incompatible with the processing requirements of many potential applications, thus severely restricting the commercial exploitation of aerogels. Here we describe a means of preparing aerogels by a simple dip-coating method at ambient pressure without the need for supercritical extraction. We add surface groups to the inorganic gel which make drying shrinkage reversible(9): as the solvent is withdrawn, the gel springs back to a porous state. We can generate aerogel films with 98.5% porosity using this approach. We anticipate that it will greatly expand the commercial applications of these materials.
C1 UNIV NEW MEXICO,SANDIA NATL LABS,ADV MAT LABS,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87106.
   SANDIA NATL LABS,DEPT CERAM SYNTH & INORGAN CHEM 1846,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185.
   SANDIA NATL LABS,DEPT CERAM PROC SCI 1841,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories; University of New Mexico; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories
NR 22
TC 401
Z9 451
U1 6
U2 333
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 439
EP 443
DI 10.1038/374439a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI REMOTE-SENSING APPLICATIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 544
EP 545
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100028
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GRAHAM, JB
   DUDLEY, R
   AGUILAR, NM
   GANS, C
AF GRAHAM, JB
   DUDLEY, R
   AGUILAR, NM
   GANS, C
TI IMPLICATIONS OF THE LATE PALEOZOIC OXYGEN PULSE FOR PHYSIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID terrestrial vertebrates; mass extinction; fossil record; atmosphere; phylogeny; diversity; tetrapods; insecta; origin; model
AB The late Palaeozoic was marked by significant changes in atmospheric chemistry and biotic composition. Geochemical models suggest a marked increase and then decline of atmospheric oxygen and associated shifts in the concentration of carbon dioxide. Although the actual magnitude of these changes is uncertain, the pulse of oxygen concentration may have reached a maximum of 35% and then dropped to 15% (compared with the present 21%). This oxygen pulse may have influenced the evolution of major groups of organisms.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG, CTR MARINE BIOTECHNOL & BIOMED, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV TEXAS, DEPT ZOOL, AUSTIN, TX 78712 USA.
   SMITHSONIAN TROP RES INST, BALBOA, PANAMA.
   UNIV MICHIGAN, DEPT BIOL, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP GRAHAM, JB (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG, DIV MARINE BIOL RES, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
NR 84
TC 239
Z9 269
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6527
BP 117
EP 120
DI 10.1038/375117a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QX741
UT WOS:A1995QX74100041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KOTILAINEN, AT
   SHACKLETON, NJ
AF KOTILAINEN, AT
   SHACKLETON, NJ
TI RAPID CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN THE NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN DURING THE PAST 95,000 YEARS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID greenland ice; records; cores
AB RECENT studies of Greenland ice cores(1-3) and North Atlantic deepsea sediments(4,5) have yielded evidence for rapid changes in climate during the last glaciation and the preceding interglacial period, Similar variability has been observed in lake deposits in France(6) and in sediments from the California margin(7) but there are no records of rapid climate variability from the high-latitude North Pacific region, Here we present two high-resolution records of the input of ice-rafted detritus to the sub-arctic Pacific Ocean, derived from two sediment cores using a gamma-ray attenuation technique that provides a measure of the ratio of biogenic opal to terrigenous material. The temporal variability of ice rafting is similar to that of the oxygen isotope record of the GRIP Greenland ice core(1), implying that the rapid climate variability of the circum-Atlantic region over the past 95,000 years could be a circumpolar phenomenon.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,INST QUATERNAY RES,GODWIN LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3RS,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP KOTILAINEN, AT (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT EARTH SCI,DOWNING ST,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EQ,ENGLAND.
NR 31
TC 92
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 323
EP 326
DI 10.1038/377323a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MEDA, L
   CASSATELLA, MA
   SZENDREI, GI
   OTVOS, L
   BARON, P
   VILLALBA, M
   FERRARI, D
   ROSSI, F
AF MEDA, L
   CASSATELLA, MA
   SZENDREI, GI
   OTVOS, L
   BARON, P
   VILLALBA, M
   FERRARI, D
   ROSSI, F
TI ACTIVATION OF MICROGLIAL CELLS BY BETA-AMYLOID PROTEIN AND INTERFERON-GAMMA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; alzheimers-disease; nitric-oxide; neurodegeneration; macrophages; cytokines; invitro; release
AB ALZHEIMER'S disease is the most common cause of progressive intellectual failure(1). The lesions that develop, called senile plaques, are extracellular deposits principally composed of insoluble aggregates of beta-amyloid protein (A beta), infiltrated by reactive microglia and astrocytes(2,3). Although A beta, and a portion of it, the fragment 25-35 (A beta(25-35)), have been shown to exert a direct toxic effect on neurons(4-6), the role of microglia in such neuronal injury remains unclear(7). Here we report a synergistic effect between A beta and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in triggering the production of reactive nitrogen intermediates and tumour-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) from microglia. Furthermore, using co-culture experiments, we show that activation of microglia with IFN-gamma and A beta leads to neuronal cell injury in vitro. These findings suggest that A beta and IFN-gamma activate microglia to produce reactive nitrogen intermediates and TNF-alpha, and this may have a role in the pathogenesis of neuronal degeneration observed in ageing and Alzheimer's disease.
C1 UNIV VERONA,INST GEN PATHOL,I-37134 VERONA,ITALY.
   UNIV MILAN,INST NEUROL,I-20122 MILAN,ITALY.
   WISTAR INST ANAT & BIOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   UNIV FERRARA,INST GEN PATHOL,I-44100 FERRARA,ITALY.
C3 University of Verona; University of Milan; The Wistar Institute; University of Ferrara
NR 27
TC 1239
Z9 1405
U1 2
U2 111
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6523
BP 647
EP 650
DI 10.1038/374647a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QT189
UT WOS:A1995QT18900061
PM 7715705
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MCGOWAN, G
   EVANS, SE
AF MCGOWAN, G
   EVANS, SE
TI ALBANERPETONTID AMPHIBIANS FROM THE CRETACEOUS OF SPAIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID birds
AB ALBANERPETONTIDS are a group of enigmatic salamander-like fossil amphibians known from deposits of middle Jurassic to Miocene age across Euramerica and Central Asia. Throughout a long history they remained remarkably conservative but can be diagnosed by a suite of unique derived character states, including an anterior peg-and-socket joint between the mandibles, nonpedicellate tricuspate teeth, a distinctive polygonal dermal sculpture pattern, and a two-part craniovertebral joint analogous to that of amniotes. Previous interpretations have placed albanerpetontids within salamanders(1,2) or as a separate amphibian group(3,4). We report here on the recovery of the first complete albanerpetontid specimens (including traces of skin and possible male courtship glands) from the early Cretaceous of Spain. The new material supports the interpretation of albanerpetontids as predominantly terrestrial animals. Albanerpetontids resemble salamanders only in retaining an unspecialized tailed body form; cladistic analysis suggests they represent a distinct lissamphibian lineage.
RP MCGOWAN, G (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT ANAT & DEV BIOL,EVOLUT ANAT UNIT,GOWER ST,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
NR 20
TC 72
Z9 80
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6510
BP 143
EP 145
DI 10.1038/373143a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QB063
UT WOS:A1995QB06300056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VANNOORT, JM
   VANSECHEL, AC
   BAJRAMOVIC, JJ
   ELOUAGMIRI, M
   POLMAN, CH
   LASSMANN, H
   RAVID, R
AF VANNOORT, JM
   VANSECHEL, AC
   BAJRAMOVIC, JJ
   ELOUAGMIRI, M
   POLMAN, CH
   LASSMANN, H
   RAVID, R
TI THE SMALL HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN ALPHA-B-CRYSTALLIN AS CANDIDATE AUTOANTIGEN IN MULTIPLE-SCLEROSIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID indirect flight muscles; t-cell receptor; drosophila; tissue; disease
AB THE identification of key antigens in human autoimmune diseases is a crucial step towards the development of specific intervention. The autoantigen(s) relevant to multiple sclerosis (MS) probably reside in myelin of the central nervous system, the target of the disease(1). Here we examine proliferative responses of human peripheral blood T cells to the complete collection of myelin proteins fractionated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Myelin isolated from MS-affected brain contained a single protein fraction to which T cells from MS patients and from healthy controls showed dominant responses. This highly immunogenic protein was identified as alpha B-crystallin, a small heat-shock protein. Immunohistochemical examination of MS lesions revealed the presence of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes with raised alpha B- crystallin expression, which were not found in unaffected myelin. Our findings indicate that alpha B-crystallin serves as immunodominant myelin antigen to human T cells when expressed at the elevated levels found in active MS lesions.
C1 FREE UNIV AMSTERDAM HOSP,DEPT NEUROL,1007 MB AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   AUSTRIAN ACAD SCI,EXPTL NEUROPATHOL RES UNIT,A-1090 VIENNA,AUSTRIA.
   NETHERLANDS INST BRAIN RES,NETHERLANDS BRAIN BANK,1105 AZ AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Amsterdam University Medical Center; Austrian Academy of Sciences; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW)
RP VANNOORT, JM (corresponding author), TNO,PREVENT & HLTH,DIV INFECT DIS & IMMUNOL,POB 2215,2301 CE LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
NR 21
TC 363
Z9 387
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 798
EP 801
DI 10.1038/375798a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900081
PM 7596414
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HALL, TMT
   PORTER, JA
   BEACHY, PA
   LEAHY, DJ
AF HALL, TMT
   PORTER, JA
   BEACHY, PA
   LEAHY, DJ
TI A POTENTIAL CATALYTIC SITE REVEALED BY THE 1.7-ANGSTROM CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF THE AMINO-TERMINAL SIGNALING DOMAIN OF SONIC HEDGEHOG
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anomalous diffraction; resolution
AB WITHIN the past few years, members of the hedgehog (hh) family of secreted signalling proteins have emerged as the primary signals generated by certain embryonic patterning centres. In vertebrate embryos, for example, sonic hedgehog expression in the notochord appears to be responsible for the local and long-range induction of ventral cell types within the neural tube and somites (reviewed in refs 1, 2). Protein products encoded by hh family members are synthesized as precursors that undergo autoprocessing to generate an amino-terminal domain that appears to be responsible for both local and long-range signalling activities, and a carboxy-terminal domain that contains the autoprocessing activity(3'4). As part of an effort to understand how hit family members participate in cell-to-cell signalling, we have determined and report here the crystal structure at 1.7 Angstrom of the amino-terminal domain of murine Sonic hedgehog (Shh-N)(5-9). The structure revealed a tetrahedrally coordinated zinc ion that appears to be structurally analogous to the zinc coordination sites of zinc hydrolases, such as thermolysin and carboxypeptidase A. This previously unsuspected catalytic site represents a distinct activity from the autoprocessing activity that resides in the carboxy-terminal domain.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOPHYS & BIOPHYS CHEM,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT MOLEC BIOL & GENET,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 30
TC 169
Z9 200
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 212
EP 216
DI 10.1038/378212a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900062
PM 7477329
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DHEIN, J
   WALCZAK, H
   BAUMLER, C
   DEBATIN, KM
   KRAMMER, PH
AF DHEIN, J
   WALCZAK, H
   BAUMLER, C
   DEBATIN, KM
   KRAMMER, PH
TI AUTOCRINE T-CELL SUICIDE MEDIATED BY APO-1/(FAS/CD95)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; monoclonal-antibody; surface antigen; molecular-cloning; fas antigen; apoptosis; receptor; induction; member; mice
AB THE APO-1/(Fas/CD95) cell surface receptor is a member of the nerve growth factor (NGF)/tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily and mediates apoptosis(1-4). Peripheral activated T cells (ATC) from lymphoproliferation (lpr/lpr) mutant mice that express a reduced number of APO-1 receptors have a defect in T-cell receptor (TCR)-induced apoptosis(5,6). This suggests that TCR-induced apoptosis involves APO-1. We tested this hypothesis in various human T cells: (1) malignant Jurkat cells, (2) an alloreactive T-cell clone (S13), and (3) peripheral ATC. TCR triggering through immobilized anti-CD3 antibodies or Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) superantigen induced expression of the APO-1 ligand and apoptosis in these cells. Anti-CD3-induced apoptosis of Jurkat cells was demonstrated even in single-cell cultures. In all cases apoptosis was substantially inhibited by blocking anti-APO-1 antibody fragments and soluble APO-I receptor decoys. The APO-1 ligand was found in the supernatant of activated Jurkat cells as a soluble cytokine. We propose that TCR-induced apoptosis in ATC can occur through an APO-1 ligand-mediated autocrine suicide. These results provide a mechanism for suppression of the immune response and for peripheral tolerance by T-cell deletion.
C1 GERMAN CANC RES CTR,TUMORIMMUNOL PROGRAM,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   UNIV HEIDELBERG,CHILDRENS HOSP,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
NR 25
TC 1585
Z9 1683
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6513
BP 438
EP 441
DI 10.1038/373438a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QE670
UT WOS:A1995QE67000059
PM 7530335
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEPAGE, T
   COHEN, SM
   DIAZBENJUMEA, FJ
   PARKHURST, SM
AF LEPAGE, T
   COHEN, SM
   DIAZBENJUMEA, FJ
   PARKHURST, SM
TI SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION BY CAMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN-KINASE-A IN DROSOPHILA LIMB PATTERNING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hedgehog gene; patched gene; polarity; transcription; organization; expression; directs; cells
AB INTERACTION between distinctly specified cells in adjacent compartments establishes organizing centres that control growth and specify cell fate in the developing limbs of Drosophila(1-5). Localized expression of the secreted Hedgehog protein (Hh) by cells in the posterior compartment(6-8) induces expression of the secreted signalling molecules decapentaplegic (dpp) or wingless (wg) in nearby anterior cells(2,3). wg and dpp in turn organize spatial pattern in the wing and leg imaginal discs(2,4,9). The Hh signal is thought to act by antagonizing the ability of the patched (ptc) gene product to repress log and dpp expression(10-14). Here we present evidence that removing activity of the gene encoding cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (pka) is functionally equivalent to removing ptc activity or to providing cells with the Hh signal. These findings suggest that cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A is a component of the signal transduction pathway through which Hh and Ptc direct localized expression of dpp (or wg) and establish the compartment boundary organizer.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,D-69012 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR,DIV BASIC SCI,A1-162,SEATTLE,WA 98104.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
NR 29
TC 151
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 711
EP 715
DI 10.1038/373711a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800058
PM 7854456
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FERLAY, S
   MALLAH, T
   OUAHES, R
   VEILLET, P
   VERDAGUER, M
AF FERLAY, S
   MALLAH, T
   OUAHES, R
   VEILLET, P
   VERDAGUER, M
TI A ROOM-TEMPERATURE ORGANOMETALLIC MAGNET BASED ON PRUSSIAN BLUE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-based magnets; ferromagnetic transition; nitroxide; design
AB THE rational design of molecular compounds that exhibit spontaneous magnetic ordering might enable one to tailor magnetic properties ties for specific applications in magnetic memory devices(1-4). In such materials synthesized previously(5-17), however, the underlying weak magnetic interactions are incapable of maintaining ordering at ambient temperatures. One remarkable exception is a compound derived from vanadium and tetracyanoethylene(18), but the material is amorphous and fragile, and consequently the molecular interactions responsible for its striking properties are not understood. Here we demonstrate another route to the synthesis of a room-temperature organometallic magnet, in which we combine a hexacyanometalate [M(CN)6](q-) with a Lewis acid L(p+). If L and M are transition-metal ions, then the orbital interactions in the resulting compound can be described by well understood principles(21-24), and it is therefore possible to choose the metals to tune the compound's magnetic properties-in particular, the magnetic ordering (Curie) temperature T-c(refs 21-26). We have synthesized a room-temperature magnetic material (T-c=315 K) that belongs to the Prussian blue family of compounds(27) (where M is chromium and L is vanadium), demonstrating that transition-metal hexacyano complexes are promising components for the construction of molecule-based high-T-c magnets.
C1 UNIV PARIS 11,INST ELECTR FONDAMENTALE,CNRS,URA 22,F-91405 ORSAY,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay
RP FERLAY, S (corresponding author), UNIV PARIS 06,CHIM MET TRANSIT LAB,CNRS,URA 419,4 PL JUSSIEU,F-75252 PARIS 05,FRANCE.
NR 31
TC 1545
Z9 1619
U1 4
U2 339
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 701
EP 703
DI 10.1038/378701a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ANSARI, AZ
   BRADNER, JE
   OHALLORAN, TV
AF ANSARI, AZ
   BRADNER, JE
   OHALLORAN, TV
TI DNA-BEND MODULATION IN A REPRESSOR-TO-ACTIVATOR SWITCHING MECHANISM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcriptional activation; mer promoter; complex; distortion; direction
AB RECENT discoveries of activator proteins that distort DNA but bear no obvious activation domains have focused attention on the role of DNA structure in transcriptional regulation(1). Here we describe how the transcription factor MerR can mediate repression as well as activation through stereospecific modulation of DNA structure. The repressor form of MerR binds between the -10 and -35 promoter elements of the bacterial mercury-detoxification genes, P-T, allowing RNA polymerase to form an inactive complex with P-T and MerR at this stress-inducible promoter(2,3). Upon mercuric ion binding, Hg-MerR converts this polymerase complex into the transcriptionally active or 'open' form(2-4). We show here that MerR bends DNA towards itself in a manner similar to the bacterial catabolite-activator protein CAP, namely at two loci demarked by DNase I sensitivity, and that the activator conformation, Hg-MerR, relaxes these bends. This activator-induced unbending, when coupled with the previously described untwisting of the operator(5), remodels the promoter and makes it a better template for the poised polymerase.
C1 NORTHWESTERN UNIV,DEPT CHEM,EVANSTON,IL 60208.
   NORTHWESTERN UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM MOLEC BIOL & CELL BIOL,EVANSTON,IL 60208.
C3 Northwestern University; Northwestern University
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM038784] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 188
Z9 213
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6520
BP 371
EP 375
DI 
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QN630
UT WOS:A1995QN63000063
PM 7885478
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GEMMILL, RM
   CHUMAKOV, I
   SCOTT, P
   WAGGONER, B
   RIGAULT, P
   CYPSER, J
   CHEN, Q
   WEISSENBACH, J
   GARDINER, K
   WANG, H
   PEKARSKY, Y
   LEGALL, I
   LEPASLIER, D
   GUILLOU, S
   LI, E
   ROBINSON, L
   HAHNER, L
   TODD, S
   COHEN, D
   DRABKIN, HA
AF GEMMILL, RM
   CHUMAKOV, I
   SCOTT, P
   WAGGONER, B
   RIGAULT, P
   CYPSER, J
   CHEN, Q
   WEISSENBACH, J
   GARDINER, K
   WANG, H
   PEKARSKY, Y
   LEGALL, I
   LEPASLIER, D
   GUILLOU, S
   LI, E
   ROBINSON, L
   HAHNER, L
   TODD, S
   COHEN, D
   DRABKIN, HA
TI A 2ND-GENERATION YAC CONTIG MAP OF HUMAN-CHROMOSOME-3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast artificial chromosm; cystic-fibrosis gene; human genome project; human dna; cloning; library; clones; identification; fragments
AB A map of human chromosome 3 which integrates both physical and genetic data has been developed from the fusion of two large collections of markers and corresponding yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones. The map contains 972 megabase-sized YACs identified with 593 primary markers, of which 162 are highly polymorphic sequence-tagged sites (STSs) and form a closely spaced genetic linkage map; the remaining markers are hybridization-based. Chromosome 3 is now represented by 24 large YAC contigs whose order and orientation is largely known. The map generated by fusion of these hybridization- and STS-based datasets covers about 80% (over 160 megabases) of the chromosome and will provide the foundation necessary for vapid development of a detailed genetic understanding for this large autosome.
C1 FDN JEAN DAUSSET,CEPH,F-75010 PARIS,FRANCE.
   GENETHON SA,F-91002 EVRY,FRANCE.
   UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DENVER,CO 80262.
C3 Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver
RP GEMMILL, RM (corresponding author), ELEANOR ROOSEVELT INST CANC RES,1899 GAYLORD ST,DENVER,CO 80206, USA.
NR 22
TC 71
Z9 73
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 
BP 299
EP 319
DI 
PG 21
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA343
UT WOS:A1995TA34300004
PM 7566097
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WILSON, PA
   HEMMATIBRIVANLOU, A
AF WILSON, PA
   HEMMATIBRIVANLOU, A
TI INDUCTION OF EPIDERMIS AND INHIBITION OF NEURAL FATE BY BMP-4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xenopus-laevis; mesoderm induction; drosophila embryo; early response; expression; ectoderm; homolog; pattern; noggin; rna
AB DURING gastrulation in vertebrates, ectodermal cells choose between two fates, neural and epidermal. The nervous system forms in response to signals from the Spemann organizer(1,2); ectoderm that does not receive these signals becomes epidermis. Unexpectedly, however, in Xenopus, neural tissue also forms when cell-cell communication within the ectoderm is disrupted by cell dissociation(3,4) or by antagonists of the growth factor activin(5-7). These observations suggest that epidermal specification depends on local signalling, by activin or a close relative, and that neural tissue forms when this communication is blocked(6). Here we report that bone morphogenesis protein 4 (Bmp-4), a relative of activin that is expressed in the embryo at the time of ectodermal fate determination(8,9), is a potent epidermal inducer and neural inhibitor, the first reported in any vertebrate. Activin can inhibit neuralization by inducing mesoderm, but does not induce epidermis. Moreover, the dominant-negative activin receptor, which stimulates neuralization when expressed in the embryo(5,6), blocks Bmp-4 in our assay. Our findings demonstrate that epidermal fate can be induced, and thus provide further evidence that neural specification is under inhibitory control in vertebrates.
RP WILSON, PA (corresponding author), ROCKEFELLER UNIV,1230 YORK AVE,NEW YORK,NY 10021, USA.
NR 31
TC 657
Z9 806
U1 0
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6538
BP 331
EP 333
DI 10.1038/376331a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RL443
UT WOS:A1995RL44300044
PM 7630398
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RAO, ZH
   BELYAEV, AS
   FRY, E
   ROY, P
   JONES, IM
   STUART, DI
AF RAO, ZH
   BELYAEV, AS
   FRY, E
   ROY, P
   JONES, IM
   STUART, DI
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF SIV MATRIX ANTIGEN AND IMPLICATIONS FOR VIRUS ASSEMBLY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus; protein
AB SIMIAN immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is closely related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)(1), their matrix antigens (MAs) sharing some 50% sequence identity. MA is a component of Pr55Gag, the sole protein required for assembly of the virion shell(2). MA targets Pr55 to the plasma membrane(3), and facilitates incorporation of the virus envelope protein(4) and assembly of the Pr55Gag shell(5). Cleavage of Pr55 by the viral protease produces the mature protein of relative molecular mass 17-18K, which underlies the host-derived membrane and is important in both virus entry(6) and nuclear localization of the virion core(7). Here we report the crystal structure of SIV MA. The molecule forms a trimer consistent with oligomerization in vitro(8), the observed virion architecture(9), and various biological properties of MA.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,MOLEC BIOPHYS LAB,OXFORD OX1 3QU,ENGLAND.
   NERC,INST VIROL & ENVIRONM MICROBIOL,OXFORD OX1 3SR,ENGLAND.
   UNIV ALABAMA,SCH PUBL HLTH,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294.
   OXFORD CTR MOLEC SCI,OXFORD OX1 3QT,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Oxford
NR 29
TC 178
Z9 198
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 743
EP 747
DI 10.1038/378743a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900060
PM 7501025
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KRANS, JM
   VANRUITENBEEK, JM
   FISUN, VV
   YANSON, IK
   DEJONGH, LJ
AF KRANS, JM
   VANRUITENBEEK, JM
   FISUN, VV
   YANSON, IK
   DEJONGH, LJ
TI THE SIGNATURE OF CONDUCTANCE QUANTIZATION IN METALLIC POINT CONTACTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB An electrical current passing through a perfectly smooth narrow constriction is carried by a finite number of quantized modes (analogous to those in a waveguide), each of which contributes 2e(2)/h to the conductance(1). Conductance quantization has been observed in semiconductor devices containing a two-dimensional electron gas(2,3), where the width of the constriction is adjusted continuously by applying an electric field. A similar effect is expected to occur in three-dimensional metallic point contacts(4,5), and conductance steps of approximately 2e(2)/h have recently been observed(6-10). But metallic point contacts do not change size continuously(6), and thus the conductance steps reported in these earlier experiments might be attributable to discrete rearrangements of the atomic structure of the contact, rather than true conductance quantization(11). Here we use the fact that the degeneracy of the conduction modes of a three-dimensional point contact should result in a characteristic sequence of conductance values(4,5) (some integer multiples of 2e(2)/h are excluded) to distinguish the effects of conductance quantization from those of discrete variations in contact size in a break-junction experiment, confirming that conductance quantization does indeed occur.
C1 VERKIN INST LOW TEMP PHYS & ENGN,KHARKOV 310164,UKRAINE.
C3 National Academy of Sciences Ukraine; B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics & Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
RP KRANS, JM (corresponding author), KAMERLINGH ONNES LAB,POB 9506,2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
NR 18
TC 543
Z9 589
U1 1
U2 109
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 767
EP 769
DI 10.1038/375767a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900071
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WEI, XQ
   CHARLES, IG
   SMITH, A
   URE, J
   FENG, CJ
   HUANG, FP
   XU, DM
   MULLER, W
   MONCADA, S
   LIEW, FY
AF WEI, XQ
   CHARLES, IG
   SMITH, A
   URE, J
   FENG, CJ
   HUANG, FP
   XU, DM
   MULLER, W
   MONCADA, S
   LIEW, FY
TI ALTERED IMMUNE-RESPONSES IN MICE LACKING INDUCIBLE NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID l-arginine; infection; cytokine
AB NITRIC oxide (NO) is important in many biological functions(1-5). It is generated from L-arginine by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS), The cytokine-inducible NOS (iNOS) is activated by several immunological stimuli, leading to the production of large quantities of NO which can be cytotoxic(6). To define the biological role of iNOS further, we generated iNOS mutant mice. These are viable, fertile and without evident histopathological abnormalities, However, in contrast to wild-type and heterozygous mice, which are highly resistant to the protozoa parasite Leishmania major infection, mutant mice are uniformly susceptible, The infected mutant mice developed a significantly stronger Th1 type of immune response than the wild-type or heterozygous mice, The mutant mice showed reduced nonspecific inflammatory response to carrageenin, and were resistant to lipopolysaccharide-induced mortality.
C1 UNIV GLASGOW, DEPT IMMUNOL, GLASGOW G11 6NT, LANARK, SCOTLAND.
   WELLCOME RES LABS, BECKENHAM BR3 3BS, KENT, ENGLAND.
   UNIV EDINBURGH, CTR GENOME RES, GENE TARGETING LAB, EDINBURGH EH9 3JQ, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND.
   UNIV COLOGNE, INST GENET, D-50931 COLOGNE, GERMANY.
C3 University of Glasgow; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; University of Edinburgh; University of Cologne
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 1126
Z9 1219
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6530
BP 408
EP 411
DI 10.1038/375408a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RB101
UT WOS:A1995RB10100054
PM 7539113
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SMIT, B
   MAESEN, TLM
AF SMIT, B
   MAESEN, TLM
TI COMMENSURATE FREEZING OF ALKANES IN THE CHANNELS OF A ZEOLITE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecules; hydrocarbons; adsorption; silicalite; sorption; scheme; zsm-5
AB FLUIDS confined in narrow pores can have properties that are distinctly different from those of bulk fluids(1,2). Most studies of fluids in pores have focused on simple fluids which can be modelled as near-spherical molecules. But molecular shape can also exert an influence on the fluid's behaviour, particularly for large and/or complex molecules. The adsorption isotherms of alkanes in the zeolite silicalite provide an apparent example of this: the short-chain (C-1 to C-5) and long-chain (C-10) alkanes have simple isotherms(3-5) whereas for hexane and heptane the isotherms are kinked(4,6), suggesting that some kind of phase transition takes place. Here we present computer simulations of the adsorption of straight-chain hydrocarbons in silicalite, which suggest that this phase transition is of a type not reported previously, arising as a consequence of the interplay between the length of the zig-zag pores and the length of the alkanes. When these two are comparable, the molecules can 'freeze' in a configuration that is commensurate with the pore structure, creating a kink in the isotherms. Such behaviour might be quite general for complex molecular fluids.
RP SMIT, B (corresponding author), AMSTERDAM SHELL RES BV,KONINKLIJKE SHELL LAB,POB 38000,1030 BN AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
NR 20
TC 227
Z9 238
U1 1
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 42
EP 44
DI 10.1038/374042a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BROTCHIE, PR
   ANDERSEN, RA
   SNYDER, LH
   GOODMAN, SJ
AF BROTCHIE, PR
   ANDERSEN, RA
   SNYDER, LH
   GOODMAN, SJ
TI HEAD POSITION SIGNALS USED BY PARIETAL NEURONS TO ENCODE LOCATIONS OF VISUAL-STIMULI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccade-related activity; lateral intraparietal area; association cortex; eye-movements; space; gaze; macaque; memory; 7a
AB THE mechanism for object location in the environment, and the perception of the external world as stable when eyes, head and body are moved, have long been thought to be centred on the posterior parietal cortex(1-8). However, head position signals, and their integration with visual and eye position signals to form a representation of space referenced to the body, have never been examined in any area of the cortex. Here we show that the visual and saccadic activities of parietal neurons are strongly affected by head position. The eye and head position effects are equivalent for individual neurons, indicating that the modulation is a function of gaze direction, regardless of whether the eyes or head are used to direct gaze. These data are consistent with the idea that the posterior parietal cortex contains a distributed representation of space in body-centred coordinates.
C1 MIT,DEPT BRAIN & COGNIT SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
NR 28
TC 273
Z9 299
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 232
EP 235
DI 10.1038/375232a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100062
PM 7746323
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARTI, E
   BUMCROT, DA
   TAKADA, R
   MCMAHON, AP
AF MARTI, E
   BUMCROT, DA
   TAKADA, R
   MCMAHON, AP
TI REQUIREMENT OF 19K FORM OF SONIC HEDGEHOG FOR INDUCTION OF DISTINCT VENTRAL CELL-TYPES IN CNS EXPLANTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polarity gene hedgehog; floor plate; drosophila; transcription; notochord; pattern; embryo; system
AB THE identity and patterning of ventral cell types in the vertebrate central nervous system depends on cell interactions(1). For example, induction of a specialized population of ventral midline cells, the Boor plate, appears to require contact-mediated signalling by the underlying notochord, whereas diffusible signals from the notochord and floor plate can induce ventrolaterally positioned motor neurons. Sonic hedgehog (Shh), a vertebrate hedgehog-family member, is processed to generate two peptides (M(r) 19K and 26/27K) which are secreted by both of these organizing centres(2,30). Moreover, experiments in a variety of vertebrate embryos(3-5), and in neural explants in vitro(5), indicate that Shh can mediate floor-plate induction. Here we have applied recombinant Shh peptides to neural explants in serum-free conditions. High concentrations of Shh bound to a matrix induce floor plate and motor neurons, and addition of Shh to the medium leads to dose-dependent induction of motor neurons. All inducing activity resides in a highly conserved amino-terminal peptide (M(r) 19K). Moreover, antibodies that specifically recognize this peptide block induction of motor neurons by the notochord. We propose that Shh acts as a morphogen to induce distinct ventral cell types in the vertebrate central nervous system.
RP MARTI, E (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV, DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL, 16 DIVIN AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
NR 30
TC 440
Z9 551
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6529
BP 322
EP 325
DI 10.1038/375322a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RA030
UT WOS:A1995RA03000052
PM 7753196
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KHARBANDA, S
   REN, RB
   PANDEY, P
   SHAFMAN, TD
   FELLER, SM
   WEICHSELBAUM, RR
   KUFE, DW
AF KHARBANDA, S
   REN, RB
   PANDEY, P
   SHAFMAN, TD
   FELLER, SM
   WEICHSELBAUM, RR
   KUFE, DW
TI ACTIVATION OF THE C-ABL TYROSINE KINASE IN THE STRESS-RESPONSE TO DNA-DAMAGING AGENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle; phosphorylation; binding
AB THE product of the c-abl gene is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm. The precise function of c-Abl is unknown. Here we show that ionizing radiation activates c-Abl. Similar results were obtained with the alkylating agents cis-platinum and mitomycin C. We also demonstrate that cells deficient in c-Abl fail to activate Jun kinase (JNK/SAP kinase) after ionizing radiation or alkylating agent exposure and that reconstitution of c-Abl in these cells restores that response. In contrast, the stress response to tumour-necrosis factor is stimulated by a c-Abl-independent mechanism. These findings indicate that c-abl is involved in the stress response to DNA-damaging agents.
C1 BRANDEIS UNIV,ROSENSTIEL BASIC MED SCI RES CTR,DEPT BIOL,WALTHAM,MA 02254.
   UNIV WURZBURG,INST RADIOBIOL & CELL BIOL,MOLEC ONCOL LAB,D-97078 WURZBURG,GERMANY.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT RADIAT & CELLULAR ONCOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,JOINT CTR RADIAT THERAPY,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Brandeis University; University of Wurzburg; University of Chicago; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP KHARBANDA, S (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DANA FARBER CANC INST,DIV CAN PHARMACOL,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 19
TC 461
Z9 508
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6543
BP 785
EP 788
DI 10.1038/376785a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RR836
UT WOS:A1995RR83600043
PM 7651539
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WHITTAKER, M
   WILSONKUBALEK, EM
   SMITH, JE
   FAUST, L
   MILLIGAN, RA
   SWEENEY, HL
AF WHITTAKER, M
   WILSONKUBALEK, EM
   SMITH, JE
   FAUST, L
   MILLIGAN, RA
   SWEENEY, HL
TI A 35-ANGSTROM MOVEMENT OF SMOOTH-MUSCLE MYOSIN ON ADP RELEASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cross-bridge kinetics; actomyosin atpase; light chain; contraction; actin; fibers; photolysis; location; complex; binding
AB MYOSIN II crossbridges interact with F-actin producing power-strokes of around 100 Angstrom (refs 1, 2), during which the products of ATP hydrolysis are released(3,5). This has been postulated to involve an articulation of the myosin head (S1) on actin, or substantial conformational changes in S1 itself(6-8). Small movements of the regulatory light chain have been detected (see, for example, refs 9, 10), but most data suggest that the bulk of S1 does not move on actin during crossbridge cyclings(8,11). Here we present three-dimensional maps of S1-decorated F-actin in the presence and absence of MgADP. The myosin motor domain is similar in both states but there are major orientational differences in the chain-binding domain, This domain acts as a rigid level arm pivoting about the end of the motor domain and swinging similar to 23 degrees, resulting in a similar to 35-Angstrom step. Small, nucleotide-mediated conformational changes in the motor domain(14-16) may thus be converted by the light-chain domain into large movement steps.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CELL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   UNIV PENN, SCH MED, DEPT PHYSIOL, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; University of Pennsylvania
NR 32
TC 348
Z9 367
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 748
EP 751
DI 10.1038/378748a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900061
PM 7501026
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PURNELL, MA
AF PURNELL, MA
TI MICROWEAR ON CONODONT ELEMENTS AND MACROPHAGY IN THE FIRST VERTEBRATES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hard tissue; origin; teeth
AB FEEDING mechanisms may hold the key to understanding the selective pressures that led to the evolution of vertebrates(1-3). But in the absence of direct evidence, hypotheses of feeding mechanisms in the most primitive extinct vertebrates are somewhat speculative, and scenarios that seek to explain vertebrate origins remain controversial. The recognition that the affinities of conodonts lie among the most primitive vertebrates(4-6) shifts the balance in this debate, I illustrate here microscopic wear patterns on conodont elements that provide the first unequivocal evidence that they functioned as teeth. These microwear patterns were produced as food was crushed and sheared between opposed conodont elements brought into bilateral occlusion, The presence of teeth and evidence of macrophagy in such primitive and early vertebrates support hypotheses that the first vertebrates were predators.
RP PURNELL, MA (corresponding author), UNIV LEICESTER,DEPT GEOL,UNIV RD,LEICESTER LE1 7RH,LEICS,ENGLAND.
NR 31
TC 122
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6525
BP 798
EP 800
DI 10.1038/374798a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QV315
UT WOS:A1995QV31500042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BLUNIER, T
   CHAPPELLAZ, J
   SCHWANDER, J
   STAUFFER, B
   RAYNAUD, D
AF BLUNIER, T
   CHAPPELLAZ, J
   SCHWANDER, J
   STAUFFER, B
   RAYNAUD, D
TI VARIATIONS IN ATMOSPHERIC METHANE CONCENTRATION DURING THE HOLOCENE EPOCH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice-core record; last glacial maximum; climatic-change; ch4 increase; greenland; air; bp
AB RECORDS Of the variation in atmospheric methane concentration have been obtained from ice cores for the past 1,000 years and for the period 8,000-220,000 yr BP (refs 1-4), but data for the intervening period, spanning most of the present interglacial period (Holocene), are patchy (refs 5-7 and references therein). Here we present a continuous, high-resolution record of atmospheric methane from 8,000 to 1,000 yr BP, from the GRIP ice core in central Greenland. Unlike most other climate proxies from ice cores (such as oxygen isotope composition and electrical conductivity(9)), methane concentrations show significant variations-up to 15%-during the Holocene. We have proposed(1) that variations in the hydrological cycle at low latitudes are the dominant control on past levels of atmospheric methane. This is nom supported by the observation that the lowest methane concentrations in our new record occur in the mid-Holocene, when many tropical lakes dried up(10). The concentration increases during the Late Holocene, probably owing to an increasing contribution from northern wetlands.
C1 CNRS,GLACIOL LAB,F-38402 ST MARTIN DHERES,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP BLUNIER, T (corresponding author), UNIV BERN,INST PHYS,SIDLERSTR 5,CH-3012 BERN,SWITZERLAND.
NR 32
TC 278
Z9 318
U1 3
U2 103
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 46
EP 49
DI 10.1038/374046a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DESPOSITO, M
   DETRE, JA
   ALSOP, DC
   SHIN, RK
   ATLAS, S
   GROSSMAN, M
AF DESPOSITO, M
   DETRE, JA
   ALSOP, DC
   SHIN, RK
   ATLAS, S
   GROSSMAN, M
TI THE NEURAL BASIS OF THE CENTRAL EXECUTIVE SYSTEM OF WORKING-MEMORY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human brain; cortex; attention; anatomy
AB Working memory refers to a system for temporary storage and manipulation of information in the brain, a function critical for a wide range of cognitive operations. It has been proposed that working memory includes a central executive system (CES) to control attention and information flow to and from verbal and spatial short-term memory buffers(1). Although the prefrontal cortex is activated during both verbal and spatial passive working memory tasks(2-8), the brain regions involved in the CES component of working memory have not been identified. We have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain activation during the concurrent performance of two tasks, which is expected to engage the CES. Activation of the prefrontal cortex was observed when both tasks are performed together, but not when they are performed separately. These results support the view that the prefrontal cortex is involved in human working memory.
C1 UNIV PENN,MED CTR,DEPT RADIOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
RP DESPOSITO, M (corresponding author), UNIV PENN,MED CTR,DEPT NEUROL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA.
NR 22
TC 1158
Z9 1337
U1 3
U2 132
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 279
EP 281
DI 10.1038/378279a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800048
PM 7477346
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DUTTA, PK
   JAKUPCA, M
   REDDY, KSN
   SALVATI, L
AF DUTTA, PK
   JAKUPCA, M
   REDDY, KSN
   SALVATI, L
TI CONTROLLED GROWTH OF MICROPOROUS CRYSTALS NUCLEATED IN REVERSE MICELLES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature synthesis; molecular-sieves; microemulsions; mechanism; sodalite; kinetics
AB THE development of new methods for nucleating and growing microporous crystals has made available new framework structures and morphologies for these technologically important materials(1). These approaches have included solution-based synthesis(2) and the use of simple organic structure-directing agents(3) and complex organic assemblies such as liquid-crystal phases(4,5) Here we show that the growth of microporous zincophosphate(6-8) with the sodalite structure can be controlled by preparing the crystals from reactants included within the interior aqueous phase of reverse micelles dispersed in an organic solvent. The growth of inorganic phases in reverse micelles has been exploited previously for the preparation of monodisperse oxide(9), semiconductor(10) and metal particles(11). In this study, we introduce the two inorganic components-zinc and phosphate ions-in separate micelles, so that crystallization is controlled by the collision and exchange kinetics of the surfactant structures. Moreover, the surfactant-water interface provides the site for crystal nucleation, favouring initial nucleation at the (111) and/or (IIO) crystal faces and subsequent growth of the zincophosphate crystals by deposition along the {100} faces. The growth process is ultimately interrupted by sedimentation when the crystals grow large enough, producing a precipitate of microcrystals several hundred nanometres in size. Our results indicate that this approach can provide a means of controlling the morphology as well as the size of growing crystals.
RP DUTTA, PK (corresponding author), OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,120 W 18TH AVE,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA.
NR 23
TC 77
Z9 83
U1 1
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 44
EP 46
DI 10.1038/374044a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROSAHL, TW
   SPILLANE, D
   MISSLER, M
   HERZ, J
   SELIG, DK
   WOLFF, JR
   HAMMER, RE
   MALENKA, RC
   SUDHOF, TC
AF ROSAHL, TW
   SPILLANE, D
   MISSLER, M
   HERZ, J
   SELIG, DK
   WOLFF, JR
   HAMMER, RE
   MALENKA, RC
   SUDHOF, TC
TI ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS OF SYNAPSIN-I AND SYNAPSIN-II IN SYNAPTIC VESICLE REGULATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; phosphoproteins; association; plasticity; actin; mice
AB SYNAPTIC vesicles are coated by synapsins, phosphoproteins that account for 9% of the vesicle protein(1-3). To analyse the functions of these proteins, we have studied knockout mice lacking either synapsin I, synapsin II, or both. Mice lacking synapsins are viable and fertile with no gross anatomical abnormalities, but experience seizures with a frequency proportional to the number of mutant alleles. Synapsin-II and double knockouts, but not synapsin-I knockouts, exhibit decreased post-tetanic potentiation and severe synaptic depression upon repetitive stimulation. Intrinsic synaptic-vesicle membrane proteins, but not peripheral membrane proteins or other synaptic proteins, are slightly decreased in individual knockouts and more severely reduced in double knockouts, as is the number of synaptic vesicles. Thus synapsins are not required for neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis or the basic mechanics of synaptic vesicle traffic, but are essential for accelerating this traffic during repetitive stimulation. The phenotype of the synapsin knockouts could be explained either by deficient recruitment of synaptic vesicles to the active zone, or by impaired maturation of vesicles at the active zone, both of which could lead to a secondary destabilization of synaptic vesicles.
C1 UNIV TEXAS, SW MED CTR, DEPT MOLEC GENET, DALLAS, TX 75235 USA.
   UNIV TEXAS, SW MED CTR, DEPT BIOCHEM, DALLAS, TX 75235 USA.
   UNIV TEXAS, SW MED CTR, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DALLAS, TX 75235 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, CTR NEUROBIOL & PSYCHIAT, DEPT PSYCHIAT, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, CTR NEUROBIOL & PSYCHIAT, DEPT PHYSIOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   GOTHENBURG UNIV, ZENTRUM ANAT, D-37075 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 24
TC 648
Z9 724
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6531
BP 488
EP 493
DI 10.1038/375488a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RC188
UT WOS:A1995RC18800048
PM 7777057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BELTON, MJS
   CHAPMAN, CR
   THOMAS, PC
   DAVIES, ME
   GREENBERG, R
   KLAASEN, K
   BYRNES, D
   DAMARIO, L
   SYNNOTT, S
   JOHNSON, TV
   MCEWEN, A
   MERLINE, WJ
   DAVIS, DR
   PETIT, JM
   STORRS, A
   VEVERKA, J
   ZELLNER, B
AF BELTON, MJS
   CHAPMAN, CR
   THOMAS, PC
   DAVIES, ME
   GREENBERG, R
   KLAASEN, K
   BYRNES, D
   DAMARIO, L
   SYNNOTT, S
   JOHNSON, TV
   MCEWEN, A
   MERLINE, WJ
   DAVIS, DR
   PETIT, JM
   STORRS, A
   VEVERKA, J
   ZELLNER, B
TI BULK-DENSITY OF ASTEROID 243-IDA FROM THE ORBIT OF ITS SATELLITE DACTYL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID s-type asteroids; ordinary chondrites
AB DURING its reconnaissance of the asteroid 243 Ida, the Galileo spacecraft returned images of a second object, 1993(243)1 Dactyl(1)-the first confirmed satellite of an asteroid. Sufficient data were obtained on the motion of Dactyl to determine its orbit as a function of Ida's mass. Here we apply statistical and dynamical arguments to constrain the range of possible orbits, and hence the mass of Ida. Combined with the volume of Ida(2), this yields a bulk density of 2.6 +/- 0.5 g cm(-3). Allowing for the uncertainty in the porosity of Ida, this density range is consistent with a bulk chondritic composition, and argues against some (but not all) classes of meteoritic igneous rock types that have been suggested as compositionally representative of S-type asteroids like Ida.
C1 SAIC,INST PLANETARY SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85705.
   CORNELL UNIV,CTR RADIOPHYS & SPACE RES,ITHACA,NY 14853.
   RAND CORP,SANTA MONICA,CA 90406.
   UNIV ARIZONA,LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721.
   CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109.
   US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001.
   SPACE TELESCOPE SCI INST,BALTIMORE,MD 21218.
   GEORGIA SO UNIV,DEPT PHYS,STATESBORO,GA 30460.
C3 Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); Cornell University; RAND Corporation; University of Arizona; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Space Telescope Science Institute; University System of Georgia; Georgia Southern University
RP BELTON, MJS (corresponding author), NATL OPT ASTRON OBSERV,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA.
NR 24
TC 125
Z9 132
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6525
BP 785
EP 788
DI 10.1038/374785a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QV315
UT WOS:A1995QV31500037
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CALANDRA, T
   BERNHAGEN, J
   METZ, CN
   SPIEGEL, LA
   BACHER, M
   DONNELLY, T
   CERAMI, A
   BUCALA, R
AF CALANDRA, T
   BERNHAGEN, J
   METZ, CN
   SPIEGEL, LA
   BACHER, M
   DONNELLY, T
   CERAMI, A
   BUCALA, R
TI MIF AS A GLUCOCORTICOID-INDUCED MODULATOR OF CYTOKINE PRODUCTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; cell growth-factor; cachectin; endotoxin; mice; interleukin-1; inhibition; pituitary; stress; shock
AB GLUCOCORTICOID hormones are important for vital functions and act to modulate inflammatory and immune responses(1,2). Yet, in contrast to other hormonal systems, no endogenous mediators have been identified that can directly counter-regulate their potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Recent investigations of the protein macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which was discovered originally to be a T-lymphocyte-derived factor(3,4), have established it to be a pro-inflammatory pituitary and macrophage cytokine and a critical mediator of septic shock(5-7), Here we report the unexpected finding that low concentrations of glucocorticoids induce rather than inhibit MIF production from macrophages. MIF then acts to override glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of cytokine secretion by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocytes acid to overcome glucocorticoid protection against lethal endotoxaemia. These observations identify a unique counter-regulatory system that functions to control inflammatory and immune responses.
C1 PICOWER INST MED RES,MANHASSET,NY 11030.
NR 25
TC 1034
Z9 1139
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6544
BP 68
EP 71
DI 10.1038/377068a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RT725
UT WOS:A1995RT72500058
PM 7659164
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DARMON, AJ
   NICHOLSON, DW
   BLEACKLEY, RC
AF DARMON, AJ
   NICHOLSON, DW
   BLEACKLEY, RC
TI ACTIVATION OF THE APOPTOTIC PROTEASE CPP32 BY CYTOTOXIC T-CELL-DERIVED GRANZYME-B
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID serine proteases; lymphocytes-t; purification; inhibition; polymerase
AB CYTOTOXIC T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated cytotoxicity represents the body's major defence against virus-infected and tumorigenic cells, and contributes to transplant rejection and autoimmune disease. During killing, CTL granules are exocytosed, releasing their contents into the intercellular space between the target cell and the effector. Perforin facilitates the entry of cytotoxic cell serine proteases, the granzymes, into the target cell, where they induce apoptotic death by an unknown pathway(1). Granzyme B is essential for the induction of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in target cells(2-5), yet its substrate is unknown. Identification of the intracellular substrate far granzyme B is therefore the key to understanding the mechanism of CTL-mediated killing. Here we show that granzyme B cleaves and activates CPP32, the precursor of the protease responsible for cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.
C1 UNIV ALBERTA,DEPT BIOCHEM,EDMONTON,AB T6G 2H7,CANADA.
   MERCK FROSST CTR THERAPEUT RES,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,POINTE CLAIRE,PQ H9R 4P8,CANADA.
C3 University of Alberta; Merck & Company; Merck & Company Canada
NR 23
TC 637
Z9 709
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 446
EP 448
DI 10.1038/377446a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000054
PM 7566124
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KIM, E
   XIA, YN
   WHITESIDES, GM
AF KIM, E
   XIA, YN
   WHITESIDES, GM
TI POLYMER MICROSTRUCTURES FORMED BY MOLDING IN CAPILLARIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surfaces; gold
AB THE formation of patterned structures on micrometre-length scales is essential for the fabrication of many electronic, optical and mechanical devices(1). Patterning technologies are well established for semiconductors and metals, but are relatively undeveloped for organic polymers (with the notable exception of the specialized polymers used in photolithigraphy(1)). Polymeric replicas of some structures have been formed by filling them with monomers which are subsequently polymerized(2-5). But these procedures have important limitations, in that they usually involve the destruction of the template structure, or the resulting structures are not sufficiently regular for most applications. Here we describe a general moulding procedure which does not suffer from these limitations. For the mould we use the continuous network of channels formed when a substrate and a patterned elastomeric master are placed in intimate contact. A low-viscosity polymer precursor is placed in contact with the network, which then fills spontaneously by capillary action. After cross-linking the precursor, the master is removed (and can be reused), leaving a patterned polymer layer; depending on the choice of substrate, patterned free-standing films can be similarly produced.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT CHEM,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 Harvard University
NR 17
TC 781
Z9 1048
U1 3
U2 185
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6541
BP 581
EP 584
DI 10.1038/376581a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RP756
UT WOS:A1995RP75600047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RUDEL, T
   SCHEUERPFLUG, I
   MEYER, TF
AF RUDEL, T
   SCHEUERPFLUG, I
   MEYER, TF
TI NEISSERIA PILC PROTEIN IDENTIFIED AS TYPE-4 PILUS TIP LOCATED ADHESIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human epithelial-cells; antigenic variation; escherichia-coli; vibrio-cholerae; phase variation; gonorrhoeae; sequence; gene; meningitidis; organization
AB TYPE-4 pilus-mediated adherence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis is considered to be a crucial early event in neisserial infections(1,2). In addition to the principal pilus subunit (pilin or PilE), both pathogens produce low quantities of a phase-variable PilC protein which is implicated in pilus biogenesis and pilus-mediated epithelial cell adherence(3,4). The identity, however, of the pilus adhesin has remained obscure(4,5). Here we describe the isolation of a PilC protein from a gonococcal overproducing strain and demonstrate its specific interaction with human epithelial cells. Our results are consistent with the cell and species tropisms of neisserial infections. Binding of PilC effectively competes with pilus-mediated, but not Opa-mediated(6), attachment of N. gonorrhoeae and of N. meningitidis, indicating that both pathogens interact with identical or very similar epithelial cell receptors. Immunogold electron microscopy using antisera raised against purified PilC and synthetic peptides locates PilC at the tip of gonococcal pill. PilC thus represents an essential pilus-associated adhesin, providing a rationale for selective protection against neisserial infections.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST INFEKT BIOL,D-10117 BERLIN,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP RUDEL, T (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST BIOL,INFEKT BIOL ABT,SPEMANNSTR 34,D-72076 TUBINGEN,GERMANY.
NR 27
TC 258
Z9 303
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 357
EP 359
DI 10.1038/373357a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400064
PM 7830772
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DARBY, SC
   EWART, DW
   GIANGRANDE, PLF
   DOLIN, PJ
   SPOONER, RJD
   RIZZA, CR
AF DARBY, SC
   EWART, DW
   GIANGRANDE, PLF
   DOLIN, PJ
   SPOONER, RJD
   RIZZA, CR
TI MORTALITY BEFORE AND AFTER HIV-INFECTION IN THE COMPLETE UK POPULATION OF HEMOPHILIACS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hemophilia centers; united-kingdom; aids; cohort; directors; britain; behalf; states; death
AB DURING 1977-91, 6,278 males diagnosed with haemophilia were living in the UK. During 1979-86, 1,227 were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) as a result of transfusion therapy (median estimated seroconversion date, October 1982). Among 2,448 with severe haemophilia, the annual death rate was stable at 8 per 1,000 during 1977-84; during 1985-92 death rates remained at 8 per 1,000 among HIV-seronegative patients but rose steeply in seropositive patients, reaching 81 per 1,000 in 1991-92. Among 3,830 with mild or moderate haemophilia, the pattern was similar, with an initial death rate of 4 per 1,000 in 1977-84, rising to 85 per 1,000 in 1991-92 in seropositive patients. During 1985-92, there were 403 deaths in HIV seropositive patients, whereas 60 would have been predicted from rates in seronegatives, suggesting that 85% of the deaths in seropositive patients were due to HIV infection. Most of the excess deaths were certified as due to AIDS or to conditions recognized as being associated with AIDS.
C1 CHURCHILL HOSP,OXFORD HAEMOPHILIA CTR,OXFORD OX3 7LJ,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford
RP DARBY, SC (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,RADCLIFFE INFIRM,IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,EPIDEMIOL UNIT,GIBSON BLDG,OXFORD OX2 6HE,ENGLAND.
NR 24
TC 104
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6544
BP 79
EP 82
DI 10.1038/377079a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RT725
UT WOS:A1995RT72500061
PM 7659168
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARTIN, K
   TROUCHE, D
   HAGEMEIER, C
   SORENSEN, TS
   LATHANGUE, NB
   KOUZARIDES, T
AF MARTIN, K
   TROUCHE, D
   HAGEMEIER, C
   SORENSEN, TS
   LATHANGUE, NB
   KOUZARIDES, T
TI STIMULATION OF E2F1/DP1 TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY BY MDM2 ONCOPROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding protein; retinoblastoma protein; activation domain; gene-product; p53; transactivation; expression; e2f-1; complex; forms
AB THE MDM2 proto-oncogene is found amplified in a variety of tumours(1). The oncogenic capacity of the MDM2 protein is attributed to its ability to bind the p53 tumour-suppressor protein and mask its transcriptional activation potential(2,3). Here we show that MDM2 makes a functional contact with two cooperating transcription factors, E2F1 and DP1 (refs 4, 5), which are involved in S-phase progression(6). MDM2 contacts the activation domain of E2F1 using residues conserved in the activation domain of p53. However, in contrast to its repression of p53 activity, MDM2 stimulates the activation capacity of E2F1/DP1. These results indicate that MDM2 not only releases a proliferative block by silencing the tumour suppressor p53, it also positively augments proliferation by stimulating the S-phase inducing transcription factors E2F1/DP1.
C1 WELLCOME CRC INST,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QR,ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT PATHOL,CAMBRIDGE,ENGLAND.
   NATL INST MED RES,MRC,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 454
Z9 509
U1 1
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6533
BP 691
EP 694
DI 10.1038/375691a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RE576
UT WOS:A1995RE57600063
PM 7791903
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VAUGHAN, PS
   AZIZ, F
   VANWIJNEN, AJ
   WU, SJ
   HARADA, H
   TANIGUCHI, T
   SOPRANO, KJ
   STEIN, JL
   STEIN, GS
AF VAUGHAN, PS
   AZIZ, F
   VANWIJNEN, AJ
   WU, SJ
   HARADA, H
   TANIGUCHI, T
   SOPRANO, KJ
   STEIN, JL
   STEIN, GS
TI ACTIVATION OF A CELL-CYCLE-REGULATED HISTONE GENE BY THE ONCOGENIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IRF-2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-dna interactions; factor-i; messenger-rnas; expression; purification; promoters; induction; complex; growth; binds
AB THE human histone H4 gene FO108 is regulated during the cell cycle with a peak in transcription during early S phase(1,2). The cell-cycle element (CCE) required for H4 histone activation is a sequence of 11 base pairs that binds a protein factor in electrophoretic mobility shift assays that has been designated histone nuclear factor M (HiNF-M)(2,3). Here we report the purification of HiNF-M, and show it to be a protein of relative molecular mass (M(r)) 48K that is identical to interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 2 (IRF-2), a negative transcriptional regulator of the IFN response(4). Recombinant IRF-2 (as well as the related protein IRF-1 (ref. 5)) binds the CCE specifically and activates transcription of this H4 histone gene, IRF-2 has been shown to have oncogenic potential(6), and our results demonstrate a link between IRF-2 and a gene that is functionally coupled to DNA replication and cell-cycle progression at the G1/S phase transition.
C1 TEMPLE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19140.
   TEMPLE UNIV,SCH MED,FELS INST CANC RES & MOLEC BIOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19140.
   UNIV TOKYO,FAC MED,DEPT IMMUNOL,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Temple University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Temple University; University of Tokyo
RP VAUGHAN, PS (corresponding author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,MED CTR,DEPT CELL BIOL,CTR CANC,55 LAKE AVE N,WORCESTER,MA 01655, USA.
NR 29
TC 176
Z9 184
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 362
EP 365
DI 10.1038/377362a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100063
PM 7566094
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHAUDHARI, RV
   BHANAGE, BM
   DESHPANDE, RM
   DELMAS, H
AF CHAUDHARI, RV
   BHANAGE, BM
   DESHPANDE, RM
   DELMAS, H
TI ENHANCEMENT OF INTERFACIAL CATALYSIS IN A BIPHASIC SYSTEM USING CATALYST-BINDING LIGANDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water; phosphine
AB To avoid the problem of separation of products from catalyst in homogeneous catalysis(1), two-phase systems have been developed in which the catalytic complex (usually a water-soluble organometallic complex) remains in one (generally aqueous) phase while the products remain in a second, immiscible phase(2). Catalysis relies on the transfer of organic substrates into the aqueous catalyst phase; but the limited solubility of these substrates in water leads to reaction rates much lower than those for conventional homogeneous catalysis. Here we show that catalysis at the interface of a two-phase system can be enhanced by using a 'promoter ligand' which, although soluble in the organic phase, will bind to the organometallic catalyst and thus increase its concentration dose to the interface in the aqueous phase. We demonstrate this approach for the hydroformylation of 1-octene using a rhodium-based catalyst. A rate enhancement by a factor of 10-50 is observed when we introduce the promoter ligand PPh(3) in the organic phase.
C1 ECOLE NATL SUPER INGENIEURS GENIE CHIM,F-31078 TOULOUSE,FRANCE.
C3 Universite Federale Toulouse Midi-Pyrenees (ComUE); Universite de Toulouse; Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse
RP CHAUDHARI, RV (corresponding author), NATL CHEM LAB,DIV CHEM ENGN,POONA 411008,MAHARASHTRA,INDIA.
NR 9
TC 133
Z9 143
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6514
BP 501
EP 503
DI 10.1038/373501a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QF724
UT WOS:A1995QF72400052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SANDS, AT
   ABUIN, A
   SANCHEZ, A
   CONTI, CJ
   BRADLEY, A
AF SANDS, AT
   ABUIN, A
   SANCHEZ, A
   CONTI, CJ
   BRADLEY, A
TI HIGH SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ULTRAVIOLET-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS IN MICE LACKING XPC
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pigmentosum group-c; cloning; cells; gene
AB COMPROMISE Of genetic information by mutation may result in the dysregulation of cellular growth control and subsequent tumour formation, Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal disease characterized by hypersensitivity of the skin to sunlight and >1,000-fold increased risk of skin cancers in sun-exposed parts of the body, Cell fusion studies have revealed eight complementation groups In XP (A-G, and an XP-variant form); group C is one of the most common forms of the disease(1). We have isolated a mouse homologue of the human gene for XP group C and generated XPC-deficient mice by using embryonic stem cell technology. Mice homozygous for the XPC mutant allele (xpc(m1)/xpc(m1)) are viable and do not exhibit an increased susceptibility to spontaneous tumour generation at one year of age, However, xpc(m1)/xpc(m1) mice were found to be highly susceptible to ultraviolet-induced carcinogenesis compared with mice heterozygous for the mutant allele (xpc(m1)/+) and wild-type controls. Homozygous xpc(m1) mutant mice also display a spectrum of ultraviolet-exposure-related pathological skin and eye changes consistent with the human disease xeroderma pigmentosum group C.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MOLEC & HUMAN GENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   UNIV TEXAS MD ANDERSON,DEPT CARCINOGENESIS,SMITHVILLE,TX 78959.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center
NR 16
TC 217
Z9 233
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 162
EP 165
DI 10.1038/377162a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400052
PM 7675084
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU THUNELL, RC
   MORTYN, PG
AF THUNELL, RC
   MORTYN, PG
TI GLACIAL CLIMATE INSTABILITY IN THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC-OCEAN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice-core record; last deglaciation; sediments; period
AB RECENT climate records from Greenland ice cores(1,2) and North Atlantic sediments(3-5) have challenged the long-held notion that Pleistocene climate fluctuates between two relatively stable states (glacials and interglacials). It has been appreciated for some time that the transitions from one state to another are not smooth(6), but the new records indicate that the glacial and interglacial periods themselves appear to be punctuated by significant climate variability-several short interstadial events punctuated the last glacial period, for example. But it has not been clear whether this climate instability is a global phenomenon or is peculiar to the North Atlantic region. Here we present climate proxy records from sediment cores from the eastern margin of the North Pacific Ocean, which indicate that climate in this region was also highly unstable during the last glaciation. Our observations suggest that glacial climate instability throughout the Northern Hemisphere might be linked to rapid changes in the size of the Laurentide ice sheet and associated changes in atmospheric circulation.
RP THUNELL, RC (corresponding author), UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT GEOL SCI,COLUMBIA,SC 29208, USA.
NR 31
TC 58
Z9 66
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6540
BP 504
EP 506
DI 10.1038/376504a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RN622
UT WOS:A1995RN62200041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SUGDEN, DE
   MARCHANT, DR
   POTTER, N
   SOUCHEZ, RA
   DENTON, GH
   SWISHER, CC
   TISON, JL
AF SUGDEN, DE
   MARCHANT, DR
   POTTER, N
   SOUCHEZ, RA
   DENTON, GH
   SWISHER, CC
   TISON, JL
TI PRESERVATION OF MIOCENE GLACIER ICE IN EAST ANTARCTICA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB ANTARCTIC climate during the Pliocene has been the subject of considerable debate. One view holds that, during part of the Pliocene, East Antarctica was largely free of glacier ice and that vegetation survived on the coastal mountains(1-4). An alternative viewpoint argues for the development of a stable polar ice sheet by the middle Miocene, which has persisted since then(5-10). Here we report the discovery of buried glacier ice in Beacon valley, East Antarctica, which appears to have survived for at least 8.1 million years. We have dated the ice by 40Ar/39Ar analysis of volcanic ash in the thin, overlying glacial till which, we argue, has undergone little (if any) reworking. Isotope and crystal fabric analyses of the ice show that it was derived from an ice sheet. We suggest that stable polar conditions must have persisted in this region for at least 8.1 million years for this ice to have avoided sublimation.
C1 UNIV MAINE, DEPT GEOL SCI, ORONO, ME 04469 USA.
   UNIV MAINE, INST QUATERNAY STUDIES, ORONO, ME 04469 USA.
   DICKINSON COLL, DEPT GEOL, CARLISLE, PA 17013 USA.
   FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, DEPT SCI TERRE & ENVIRONM, B-1050 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
   BERKELEY GEOCHRONOL CTR, BERKELEY, CA 94709 USA.
C3 University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono; University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono; Dickinson College; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Berkeley Geochronolgy Center
RP SUGDEN, DE (corresponding author), UNIV EDINBURGH, DEPT GEOG, DRUMMOND ST, EDINBURGH EH8 9XP, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND.
NR 24
TC 201
Z9 226
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6539
BP 412
EP 414
DI 10.1038/376412a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RM639
UT WOS:A1995RM63900047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MEYER, D
   BIRCHMEIER, C
AF MEYER, D
   BIRCHMEIER, C
TI MULTIPLE ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS OF NEUREGULIN IN DEVELOPMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID segment-specific expression; zinc-finger gene; nervous-system; mouse; hindbrain; cells
AB NEUREGULIN (also called NDF, heregulin, GGF and ARIA) is a member of the EGF family which induces growth and differentiation of epithelial, glial and muscle cells in culture(1-4). The biological effects of the factor are mediated by tyrosine kinase receptors. Neuregulin can bind directly to erbB3 and erbB4 and receptor heterodimerization allows neuregulin-dependent activation of erbB2 (refs 1, 2, 5), A targeted mutation in mice reveals multiple essential roles of neuregulin in development, Here we show that neuregulin -/- embryos die during embryogenesis and display heart malformations. In addition, Schwann cell precursors and cranial ganglia fail to develop normally. The phenotype demonstrates that in vivo neuregulin acts locally and frequently in a paracrine manner. All cell types affected by the mutation express either erbB3 or erbB4, indicating that either of these tyrosine kinase receptors can be a component in recognition and transmission of essential neuregulin signals.
NR 30
TC 1037
Z9 1211
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 386
EP 390
DI 10.1038/378386a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300059
PM 7477375
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GIBSON, GM
   IRELAND, TR
AF GIBSON, GM
   IRELAND, TR
TI GRANULITE FORMATION DURING CONTINENTAL EXTENSION IN FJORDLAND, NEW-ZEALAND
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southwest new-zealand; metamorphic core complex; temperature-time paths; phanerozoic granulites; evolution; geobarometers; examples; origin
AB THE formation of the high-pressure, high-temperature rocks known as granulites has traditionally been attributed to metamorphism in the deeper parts of continental collision zones and magmatic arcs(1-3). More recently, greater consideration has been given to the arcs possibility of granulite formation during continental rifting(4-6), and in particular(4) to whether granulites are forming today beneath the North American Basin and Range province. Here we report thermobarometric data and single-zircon U-Pb ages for an analogous, but much more deeply exhumed, extensional terrain in Fiordland, New Zealand(7,8), where Early Cretaceous granulites underwent renewed granulite-facies metamorphism at significantly shallower crustal levels following the extensional collapse of magmatically thickened continental crust. Our data show that granulite-facies metamorphism can take place during continental extension, and demonstrate that in western New Zealand it was accompanied at higher structural levels by the emplacement of one or more metamorphic core complexes(7-9), in keeping with the model postulated(4) for the Basin and Range province.
C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA.
C3 Australian National University
RP GIBSON, GM (corresponding author), UNIV SO QUEENSLAND,TOOWOOMBA,QLD 4350,AUSTRALIA.
NR 30
TC 84
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6531
BP 479
EP 482
DI 10.1038/375479a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RC188
UT WOS:A1995RC18800045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARRERO, MB
   SCHIEFFER, B
   PAXTON, WG
   HEERDT, L
   BERK, BC
   DELAFONTAINE, P
   BERNSTEIN, KE
AF MARRERO, MB
   SCHIEFFER, B
   PAXTON, WG
   HEERDT, L
   BERK, BC
   DELAFONTAINE, P
   BERNSTEIN, KE
TI DIRECT STIMULATION OF JAK/STAT PATHWAY BY THE ANGIOTENSIN-II AT(1) RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-tyrosine kinase; smooth-muscle cells; signal-transduction; phosphorylation; jak2
AB THE peptide angiotensin II is the effector molecule of the renin-angiotensin system. All the haemodynamic effects of angiotensin II, including vasoconstriction! and adrenal aldosterone release, are mediated through a single class of cell-surface receptors known as AT(1) (refs 1, 2). These receptors contain the structural features of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily(3). We show here that angiotensin II induces the rapid phosphorylation of tyrosine in the intracellular kinases Jak2 and Tyk2 in rat aortic smooth-muscle cells and that this phosphorylation is associated with increase activity of Jak2. The Jak family substrates STAT1 and STAT2 (for signal transducers and activators of transcription) are rapidly tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to angiotensin II. We also find that Jak2 co-precipitates with the AT(1) receptor, indicating that G-protein-coupled receptors may be able to signal through the intracellular phosphorylation pathways used by cytokine receptors(4,5).
C1 EMORY UNIV,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,ATLANTA,GA 30322.
   EMORY UNIV,DEPT MED,DIV CARDIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322.
   SANTA CRUZ BIOTECHNOL INC,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95060.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT MED,DIV CARDIOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 Emory University; Emory University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
NR 28
TC 663
Z9 722
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 247
EP 250
DI 10.1038/375247a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100067
PM 7746328
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI CHINA STILL HOPEFUL 10 YEARS ON
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 537
EP 539
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100023
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BENNETT, PB
   YAZAWA, K
   MAKITA, N
   GEORGE, AL
AF BENNETT, PB
   YAZAWA, K
   MAKITA, N
   GEORGE, AL
TI MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR AN INHERITED CARDIAC-ARRHYTHMIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long qt syndrome; na+-channel inactivation; free membrane patches; sodium-channels; currents
AB IN the congenital long-QT syndrome, prolongation of the cardiac action potential occurs by an unknown mechanism(1,2) and predisposes individuals to syncope and sudden death as a result of ventricular arrhythmias(3), Genetic heterogeneity has been demonstrated for autosomal dominant long-QT syndrome by the identification of multiple distinct loci(4,5), associated mutations in two candidate genes have recently been reported(6,7). One form of hereditary long QT (LQT3) has been linked to a mutation(7) in the gene encoding the human heart voltage-gated sodium-channel alpha-subunit (SCN5A on chromosome 3p21)(8). Here we characterize this mutation using heterologous expression of recombinant human heart sodium channels, Mutant channels show a sustained inward current during membrane depolarization, Single-channel recordings indicate that mutant channels fluctuate between normal and non-inactivating gating modes. Persistent inward sodium current explains prolongation of cardiac action potentials, and provides a molecular mechanism for this form of congenital long-QT syndrome.
C1 VANDERBILT UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT MED, NASHVILLE, TN 37232 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University
RP BENNETT, PB (corresponding author), VANDERBILT UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT PHARMACOL, NASHVILLE, TN 37232 USA.
NR 25
TC 738
Z9 812
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6542
BP 683
EP 685
DI 10.1038/376683a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RQ672
UT WOS:A1995RQ67200059
PM 7651517
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PORTER, SC
   AN, ZS
AF PORTER, SC
   AN, ZS
TI CORRELATION BETWEEN CLIMATE EVENTS IN THE NORTH-ATLANTIC AND CHINA DURING LAST GLACIATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic-susceptibility; greenland ice; loess; records; core
AB EPISODES Of massive iceberg release (Heinrich events)(1-3) into the North Atlantic Ocean during the last glaciation were associated with recurring episodes of unusually cold North Atlantic surface water (Bond cycles)(4) and cold air temperatures over Greenland (Dansgaard-Oeschger events)(5,6). Four of the youngest of these cold events have also been reported in climate records from sites outside the North Atlantic region(7), but until now the entire suite has been identified only in North Atlantic marine sediments, Greenland ice-core records and, tentatively, in French lake sediments(8). Here we examine grain-size data from Chinese loess and intercalated accretionary palaeosols of last-glacial age for evidence of similar climate signals remote from the North Atlantic region. We see grain-size maxima with ages that match those of the last six Heinrich events, which we interpret as an indication of the changing strength of the East Asian winter monsoon, which largely controls the transport and deposition of central Asian aeolian dust. Thus it seems that these Heinrich events have left their signature in the Chinese loess record. This is consistent with simulations of the glacial climate(9), which imply that the climates of the North Atlantic and China were linked by the effect of westerly winds.
C1 ACAD SINICA, XIAN LAB LOESS & QUATERNARY GEOL, XIAN 710061, PEOPLES R CHINA.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences
RP PORTER, SC (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON, QUATERNARY RES CTR, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
NR 29
TC 1089
Z9 1426
U1 8
U2 357
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6529
BP 305
EP 308
DI 10.1038/375305a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RA030
UT WOS:A1995RA03000046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GLATZMAIER, GA
   ROBERTS, PH
AF GLATZMAIER, GA
   ROBERTS, PH
TI A 3-DIMENSIONAL SELF-CONSISTENT COMPUTER-SIMULATION OF A GEOMAGNETIC-FIELD REVERSAL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stellar convective dynamos; rotating spherical-shell; earths magnetic-field; numerical simulations; core; driven; paths; geometry; record; model
AB A three-dimensional, self-consistent numerical model of the geodynamo is described, that maintains a magnetic field for over 40,000 years. The model, which Incorporates a finitely conducting inner core, undergoes several polarity excursions and then, near the end of the simulation, a successful reversal of the dipole moment. This simulated magnetic field reversal shares some features with real reversals of the geomagnetic field, and may provide insight into the geomagnetic reversal mechanism.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS, LOS ANGELES, CA 90024 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP GLATZMAIER, GA (corresponding author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB, INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS, POB 1663, LOS ALAMOS, NM 87454 USA.
NR 51
TC 702
Z9 767
U1 2
U2 119
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 203
EP 209
DI 10.1038/377203a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200030
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YAO, B
   ZHANG, YH
   DELIKAT, S
   MATHIAS, S
   BASU, S
   KOLESNICK, R
AF YAO, B
   ZHANG, YH
   DELIKAT, S
   MATHIAS, S
   BASU, S
   KOLESNICK, R
TI PHOSPHORYLATION OF RAF BY CERAMIDE-ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine phosphorylation; receptor; serine; c-raf-1; insulin; cells
AB The sphingomyelin pathway, initiated by hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide and stimulation of a Ser/Thr ceramide-activated protein (CAP) kinase, mediates tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta action(1-4). CAP kinase is membrane-bound and proline-directed, recognizing the minimal substrate motif Thr-Leu-Pro (ref. 5). TNF may use the sphingomyelin pathway to signal Raf1 to activate the MAP kinase cascade(6-8). Evidence shows that cytoplasmic Raf1 binds to GTP-ras upon cellular stimulation, is recruited to the plasma membrane, and activated(9,11). How membrane-bound Raf1 is activated is uncertain, but regulation of its kinase activity may involve its phosphorylation(12,19). Specific Raf kinases, however, have not hitherto been identified. Here we report that CAP kinase phosphorylates Raf1 on Thr 269, increasing its activity towards MEK (MAP kinase or ERK kinase). Moreover, in intact HL-60 cells, CAP kinase complexes with Raf1 and, in response to TNF and ceramide analogues, phosphorylates and activates Raf1, implicating CAP kinase as a link between the TNF receptor and Raf1.
C1 MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,SIGNAL TRANSDUCT LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
NR 30
TC 313
Z9 332
U1 1
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 307
EP 310
DI 10.1038/378307a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800056
PM 7477354
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NEVITT, GA
   VEIT, RR
   KAREIVA, P
AF NEVITT, GA
   VEIT, RR
   KAREIVA, P
TI DIMETHYL SULFIDE AS A FORAGING CUE FOR ANTARCTIC PROCELLARIIFORM SEABIRDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phytoplankton; sulfur
AB MANY Procellariiform seabirds make their living flying over vast expanses of seemingly featureless ocean waters in search of food, The secret of their success is a mystery, but an ability to hunt by smell has long been suspected(1-7). Here we present experimental evidence that Procellariiform seabirds can use a naturally occurring scented compound, dimethyl sulphide, as an orientation cue, Dimethyl sulphide has been studied intensely for its role in regulating global climate(8-11) and is produced by phytoplankton in response to zooplankton grazing(12). Zooplankton, including Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba)(13), are in turn eaten by seabirds and other animals(14). Results from controlled behavioural experiments performed at sea show that many Procellariiforms can detect dimethyl sulphide, and that some species (for example, storm petrels) are highly attracted to it. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first evidence that dimethyl sulphide is part of the natural olfactory landscape overlying the southern oceans.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT ZOOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP NEVITT, GA (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DIV BIOL SCI,NEUROBIOL PHYSIOL & BEHAV SECT,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA.
NR 30
TC 302
Z9 332
U1 2
U2 102
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6542
BP 680
EP 682
DI 10.1038/376680ao
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RQ672
UT WOS:A1995RQ67200058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GLOERSEN, P
AF GLOERSEN, P
TI MODULATION OF HEMISPHERIC SEA-ICE COVER BY ENSO EVENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID terrestrial free oscillations; taper spectral-analysis
AB THE El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a quasiperiodic variation in climate which arises from a complex interaction between the tropical Pacific Ocean and the atmosphere(1). ENSO events, which occur every two to seven years, are the largest source of interannual variability of temperature and precipitation on a global scale, although their effects are most profound in the tropics(1). Observations of sea-ice margins have been used to monitor global climate changes on timescales of greater than a decade(2), and there is some evidence for interannual variations in records of sea-ice cover(3). But short-term changes in sea-ice cover are masked by pronounced seasonal variations, making it difficult to correlate them with specific climate phenomena. Using a multiple-window harmonic analysis technique(4-8), I show here that time series of sea-ice cover from the Arctic and Antarctic contain statistically significant quasi-biennial and quasi-quadrennial periodicities that agree well with variations in the ENSO index. The response of sea ice to these two frequency components varies greatly for different regions.
RP GLOERSEN, P (corresponding author), NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,OCEANS & ICE BRANCH,HYDROSPHER RES LAB,GREENBELT,MD 20771, USA.
NR 16
TC 120
Z9 134
U1 2
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6514
BP 503
EP 506
DI 10.1038/373503a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QF724
UT WOS:A1995QF72400053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MATZUK, MM
   LU, NF
   VOGEL, H
   SELLHEYER, K
   ROOP, DR
   BRADLEY, A
AF MATZUK, MM
   LU, NF
   VOGEL, H
   SELLHEYER, K
   ROOP, DR
   BRADLEY, A
TI MULTIPLE DEFECTS AND PERINATAL DEATH IN MICE DEFICIENT IN FOLLISTATIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activin-binding protein; embryonic-development; rat follistatin; messenger-rna; expression; receptor; inhibin
AB FOLLISTATIN, an activin-binding protein and activin antagonist in vitro(1,2), can bind to heparan sulphate proteoglycans(3) and may function in vivo to present activins to their receptors. In the mouse, follistatin messenger RNA is first detected in the deciduum (on embryonic day 5.5), and later in the developing hindbrain, somites, vibrissae, teeth, epidermis and muscle(4-11). In Xenopus laevis, overexpression of follistatin leads to induction of neural tissue(12). Here we use loss-of-function mutant mice to investigate the function of follistatin in mammals. We find that follistatin-deficient mice are retarded in their growth, have decreased mass of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, shiny taut skin, skeletal defects of the hard palate and the thirteenth pair of ribs, their whisker and tooth development is abnormal, they fail to breathe, and die within hours of birth. These defects are more widespread than those seen in activin-deficient mutant mite, indicating that follistatin may modulate the actions of several members of the transforming growth factor-beta family.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PATHOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP MATZUK, MM (corresponding author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MOLEC & HUMAN GENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA.
NR 23
TC 510
Z9 584
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6520
BP 360
EP 363
DI 10.1038/374360a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QN630
UT WOS:A1995QN63000060
PM 7885475
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHONG, Y
AF ZHONG, Y
TI MEDIATION OF PACAP-LIKE NEUROPEPTIDE TRANSMISSION BY COACTIVATION OF RAS/RAF AND CAMP SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS IN DROSOPHILA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-tyrosine kinase; adenylate-cyclase; receptor; rutabaga; currents; gene; ras1
AB MUCH work on the signal transduction mechanisms underlying neurotransmission has been directed towards studying the roles of the cyclic AMP and phosphoinositide pathways1-3. Upon ligand binding, the transmitter receptors interact with heterotrimeric G proteins, allowing G(alpha) and G(beta gamma) subunits to disengage(2,3). The free G(alpha) then modulates the activity of adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C1-3. It has been suggested that the G(beta gamma), complex which is activated through muscarinic or neuropeptide receptors can stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) via activation of the small guanine-nucleotide-binding protein Ras(4,5). Sequential activation of the intermediates in the Ras/Raf serine-threonine protein kinase/MAPK kinase/MAPK/transcription factor pathway has emerged as a central mechanism for controlling cell proliferation and differentiation in yeast, worms, fruitflies and mammals(6-11). Here we show, by analysis of Drosophila mutants, that synaptic current and modulation of K+ current, triggered by a pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide-like neuropeptide(12), are mediated by coactivation of the Ras/Raf and Rutabaga-adenylyl cyclase pathways. Thus the Ras/Raf pathway also appears to be essential for G-protein-coupled neurotransmission.
RP ZHONG, Y (corresponding author), COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB,POB 100,COLD SPRING HARBOR,NY 11724, USA.
NR 30
TC 98
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6532
BP 588
EP 592
DI 10.1038/375588a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RD287
UT WOS:A1995RD28700051
PM 7791875
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KIM, Y
   EOM, SH
   WANG, JM
   LEE, DS
   SUH, SW
   STEITZ, TA
AF KIM, Y
   EOM, SH
   WANG, JM
   LEE, DS
   SUH, SW
   STEITZ, TA
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF THERMUS-AQUATICUS DNA-POLYMERASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; protein structures; 3'-5' exonuclease; mechanism; fragment; domain; site
AB THE DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus (Taq polymerase), famous for its use in the polymerase chain reaction, is homologous to Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (pol I) (ref. 1). Like pol I, Tag polymerase has a domain at its amino terminus (residues 1-290) that has 5' nuclease activity and a domain at its carboxy terminus that catalyses the polymerase reaction. Unlike pol I, the intervening domain in Taq polymerase has lost the editing 3'-5' exonuclease activity. Although the structure of the Klenow fragment of pol I has been known for ten years(2), that of the intact pol I has proved more elusive. The structure of Tag polymerase determined here at 2.4 Angstrom resolution shows that the structures of the polymerase domains of the thermostable enzyme and of the Klenow fragment are nearly identical, whereas the catalytically critical carboxylate residues that bind two metal ions are missing from the remnants of the 3'-5'-exonuclease active site of Taq polymerase. The first view of the 5' nuclease domain, responsible for excising the Okazaki RNA in lagging-strand DNA replication, shows a cluster of conserved divalent metal-ion-binding carboxylates at the bottom of a cleft. The location of this 5'-nuclease active site some 70 Angstrom from the polymerase active site in this crystal form highlights the unanswered question of how this domain works in concert with the polymerase domain to produce a duplex DNA product that contains only a nick.
C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
   YALE UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
   SEOUL NATL UNIV,CTR MOLEC CATALYSIS,DEPT CHEM,SEOUL 151742,SOUTH KOREA.
   KOREAN INST SCI & TECHNOL,KOREA RES INST BIOSCI & BIOTECHNOL,TAEJON 305333,SOUTH KOREA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Seoul National University (SNU); Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST); Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB)
NR 29
TC 361
Z9 434
U1 0
U2 93
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6541
BP 612
EP 616
DI 10.1038/376612a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RP756
UT WOS:A1995RP75600057
PM 7637814
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RENAUD, JP
   ROCHEL, N
   RUFF, M
   VIVAT, V
   CHAMBON, P
   GRONEMEYER, H
   MORAS, D
AF RENAUD, JP
   ROCHEL, N
   RUFF, M
   VIVAT, V
   CHAMBON, P
   GRONEMEYER, H
   MORAS, D
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF THE RAR-GAMMA LIGAND-BINDING DOMAIN BOUND TO ALL-TRANS-RETINOIC ACID
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear receptor; identification; activation; dna
AB The 2.0-Angstrom crystal structure of the ligand-binding domain (LED) of the human retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-gamma bound to all-trans retinoic acid reveals the ligand-binding interactions and suggests an electrostatic guidance mechanism. The overall fold is similar to that of the human RXR-alpha apo-LBD, except for the carboxy-terminal part which folds back towards the LED core, contributing to the hydrophobic ligand pocket and 'sealing' its entry site. We propose a 'mouse trap' mechanism whereby a ligand-induced conformational transition repositions the amphipathic alpha-helix of the AF-2 activating domain and forms a transcriptionally active receptor.
C1 UNIV STRASBOURG 1,COLL FRANCE,CNRS,INSERM,INST GENET & BIOL MOLEC & CELLULAIRE,F-67404 ILLKIRCH GRAFFENS,FRANCE.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Universite PSL; College de France
NR 49
TC 1013
Z9 1104
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 681
EP 689
DI 10.1038/378681a0
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900042
PM 7501014
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MCCAVE, IN
   MANIGHETTI, B
   BEVERIDGE, NAS
AF MCCAVE, IN
   MANIGHETTI, B
   BEVERIDGE, NAS
TI CIRCULATION IN THE GLACIAL NORTH-ATLANTIC INFERRED FROM GRAIN-SIZE MEASUREMENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water circulation; particle-size; ocean; deep; deglaciation; sediments; maximum; drifts
AB RECORDS of nutrient proxies in marine sediments indicate that the nutrient distribution-and hence circulation-of the glacial North Atlantic Ocean was markedly different from that of today(1,2). But these tracers are influenced by several biogeochemical factors unrelated to ocean circulation(3-6), and thus do not provide a direct measure of the vigour of circulation. Distributions of grain size in marine sediments can provide such information, owing to the sorting effects of currents(7,8), if the characteristics of the input sediment flux are known. Here we present a record, inferred from grain-size measurements, of variations in the relative strength of deep and intermediate currents in the eastern North Atlantic over the past 25,000 years, We find that glacial intermediate water flowed rapidly at depths of between 1,100 and 2,000 m, In contrast, deepwater circulation was sluggish during the last glaciation, but increased in strength shortly after the glacial maximum, This would have resulted in increased heat flux to high latitudes, and may have triggered sudden deglaciation. Deep current strengths declined again at the start of termination stage IA and during the Younger Dryas, perhaps as a result of iceberg discharges (the so-called Heinrich events(9,10)). A remarkably similar record of grain-size variations has been found in the western North Atlantic(11), indicating that these changes in circulation are ocean-wide.
RP MCCAVE, IN (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT EARTH SCI,DOWNING ST,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EQ,ENGLAND.
NR 31
TC 149
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 149
EP 152
DI 10.1038/374149a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WELL, D
   BLANCHARD, S
   KAPLAN, J
   GUILFORD, P
   GIBSON, F
   WALSH, J
   MBURU, P
   VARELA, A
   LEVILLERS, J
   WESTON, MD
   KELLEY, PM
   KIMBERLING, WJ
   WAGENAAR, M
   LEVIACOBAS, F
   LARGETPIET, D
   MUNNICH, A
   STEEL, KP
   BROWN, SDM
   PETIT, C
AF WELL, D
   BLANCHARD, S
   KAPLAN, J
   GUILFORD, P
   GIBSON, F
   WALSH, J
   MBURU, P
   VARELA, A
   LEVILLERS, J
   WESTON, MD
   KELLEY, PM
   KIMBERLING, WJ
   WAGENAAR, M
   LEVIACOBAS, F
   LARGETPIET, D
   MUNNICH, A
   STEEL, KP
   BROWN, SDM
   PETIT, C
TI DEFECTIVE MYOSIN VIIA GENE RESPONSIBLE FOR USHER SYNDROME TYPE 1B
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID syndrome type-i; nasal cilia; hair-cells; chromosome-11; linkage; motor; maps
AB USHER syndrome represents the association of a hearing impairment with retinitis pigmentosa(1) and is the most frequent cause of deaf-blindness in humans. it is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait which is clinically and genetically heterogeneous(2,3). Some patients show abnormal organization of microtubules in the axoneme of their photoreceptors cells (connecting cilium)(4-6), nasal ciliar cells(7) and sperm cells(5), as well as widespread degeneration of the organ of Corti(8). Usher syndrome type 1 (USH1) is characterized by a profound congenital sensorineural hearing loss, constant vestibular dysfunction and prepubertal onset of retinitis pigmentosa. Of three different genes responsible for USH1(9-11) USH1B maps to 11q13.5 (ref. 10) and accounts for about 75% of USH1 patients(2,3). The mouse deafness shaker-1 (sh1) mutation has been localized to the homologous murine region(12,13). Taking into account the cytoskeletal abnormalities in USH patients, the identification of a gene encoding an unconventional myosin as a candidate for shaker-1 (ref. 14) led us to consider the human homologue as a good candidate for the gene that is defective in USH1B. Here we present evidence that a gene encoding myosin VIIA is responsible for USH1B. Two different premature stop codons, a six-base-pair deletion and two different missense mutations were detected in five unrelated families. In one of these families, the mutations were identified in both alleles. These mutations, which are located at the amino-terminal end of the motor domain of the protein, are likely to result in the absence of a functional protein. Thus USH1B appears as a primary cytoskeletal protein defect. These results implicate the genes encoding other unconventional myosins and their interacting proteins as candidates for other genetic forms of Usher syndrome.
C1 INST PASTEUR, CNRS, UNITE GENET MOLEC HUMAINE 1968, F-75724 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
   HOP NECKER ENFANTS MALAD, INSERM, U393, UNITE RECH HANDICAPS GENET ENFANT, F-75743 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
   UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED, ST MARYS HOSP, SCH MED, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC GENET, LONDON W2 1PG, ENGLAND.
   BOYS TOWN NATL RES HOSP, DEPT PATHOL, OMAHA, NE 68131 USA.
   CATHOLIC UNIV NIJMEGEN, ST RADBOUD HOSP, 6500 HB NIJMEGEN, NETHERLANDS.
   MRC, INST HEARING RES, NOTTINGHAM NG7 2RD, ENGLAND.
C3 Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades - APHP; Imperial College London; Boys Town National Research Hospital; Radboud University Nijmegen
NR 31
TC 878
Z9 962
U1 2
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 60
EP 61
DI 10.1038/374060a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900051
PM 7870171
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NAKAJIMA, T
   OPPENHEIMER, BR
   KULKARNI, SR
   GOLIMOWSKI, DA
   MATTHEWS, K
   DURRANCE, ST
AF NAKAJIMA, T
   OPPENHEIMER, BR
   KULKARNI, SR
   GOLIMOWSKI, DA
   MATTHEWS, K
   DURRANCE, ST
TI DISCOVERY OF A COOL BROWN DWARF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stars
AB BROWN dwarfs are star-like objects with masses less than 0.08 times that of the Sun, which are unable to sustain hydrogen fusion in their interiors(1-4). They are very hard to detect, as most of the energy of gravitational contraction is radiated away within similar to 10(8) yr, leaving only a very low residual luminosity. Accordingly, almost all searches for brown dwarfs have been directed towards clusters of young stars-a strategy that has recently proved successful(5,6). But there are only modest observable differences between young brown dwarfs and very low-mass stars, making it difficult to identify the former without appealing to sophisticated models(7). Older brown dwarfs should have a more distinctive appearance, and if they are companions to nearby stars, their luminosity can be determined unambiguously. Here we report the discovery of a probable companion to the nearby star GI229, with no more than one-tenth the luminosity of the least luminous hydrogen-burning star. We conclude that the companion, GI229B, is a brown dwarf with a temperature of less than 1,200 K, acid a mass similar to 20-50 times that of Jupiter.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,BALTIMORE,MD 21218.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP NAKAJIMA, T (corresponding author), CALTECH,PALOMAR OBSERV 10524,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 22
TC 692
Z9 754
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 463
EP 465
DI 10.1038/378463a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VENANCE, L
   PIOMELLI, D
   GLOWINSKI, J
   GIAUME, C
AF VENANCE, L
   PIOMELLI, D
   GLOWINSKI, J
   GIAUME, C
TI INHIBITION BY ANANDAMIDE OF GAP-JUNCTIONS AND INTERCELLULAR CALCIUM SIGNALING IN STRIATAL ASTROCYTES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-channel currents; cannabinoid receptor; communication; waves; protein; binds; cells
AB ANANDAMIDE, an endogenous arachidonic acid derivative that is released from neurons and activates cannabinoid receptors(1), may act as a transcellular cannabimimetic messenger in the central nervous system(2-4). The biological actions of anandamide and the identity of its target cells are, however, still poorly documented(5). Here we show that anandamide is a potent inhibitor of gap-junction conductance and dye permeability in striatal astrocytes. This inhibitory effect is specific for anandamide as compared to coreleased congeners(4) or structural analogues, is sensitive to pertussis toxin and to protein-alkylating agents, and is neither mimicked by cannabinoid-receptor agonists nor prevented by a cannabinoid-receptor antagonist. Glutamate released from neurons evokes calcium waves in astrocytes(6) that propagate via gap junctions(7-9), and may, in turn, activate neurons distant from their initiation sites in astrocytes(10-12). We find that anandamide blocks the propagation of astrocyte calcium waves generated by either mechanical stimulation or local glutamate application. Thus, by regulating gap-junction permeability, anandamide may control intercellular communication in astrocytes and therefore neuron-glial interactions.
C1 COLL FRANCE,INSERM,U114,F-75231 PARIS 05,FRANCE.
   INST NEUROSCI,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite PSL; College de France
NR 28
TC 316
Z9 326
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6541
BP 590
EP 594
DI 10.1038/376590a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RP756
UT WOS:A1995RP75600050
PM 7637807
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KIM, E
   NIETHAMMER, M
   ROTHSCHILD, A
   JAN, YN
   SHENG, M
AF KIM, E
   NIETHAMMER, M
   ROTHSCHILD, A
   JAN, YN
   SHENG, M
TI CLUSTERING OF SHAKER-TYPE K+ CHANNELS BY INTERACTION WITH A FAMILY OF MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED GUANYLATE KINASES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-suppressor protein; septate junctions; potassium channel; nmda receptor; neurons; diversity; homolog; brain; gene
AB ANCHORING Of ion channels at specific subcellular sites is critical for neuronal signalling, but the mechanisms underlying channel localization and clustering are largely unknown (reviewed in ref. 1). Voltage-gated K+ channels are concentrated in various neuronal domains, including presynaptic terminals, nodes of Ranvier and dendrites, where they regulate local membrane excitability. Here we present functional and biochemical evidence that cell-surface clustering of Shaker-subfamily K+ channels is mediated by the PSD-95 family of membrane-associated putative guanylate kinases, as a result of direct binding of the carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic tails of the K+ channel subunits to two PDZ (also known as GLGF or DHR) domains in the PSD-95 protein(2). The ability of PDZ domains to function as independent modules for protein-protein interaction, and their presence in other junction-associated molecules (such as ZO-1 (ref. 3) and syntrophin(4)), suggest that PDZ-domain-containing polypeptides may be widely involved in the organization of proteins at sites of membrane specialization.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT NEUROBIOL,BOSTON,MA 02114.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PHYSIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT BIOCHEM,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 29
TC 900
Z9 1018
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 85
EP 88
DI 10.1038/378085a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900056
PM 7477295
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HARMON, BA
   WILSON, CA
   ZHANG, SN
   PACIESAS, WS
   FISHMAN, GJ
   HJELLMING, RM
   RUPEN, MP
   SCOTT, DM
   BRIGGS, MS
   RUBIN, BC
AF HARMON, BA
   WILSON, CA
   ZHANG, SN
   PACIESAS, WS
   FISHMAN, GJ
   HJELLMING, RM
   RUPEN, MP
   SCOTT, DM
   BRIGGS, MS
   RUBIN, BC
TI CORRELATIONS BETWEEN X-RAY OUTBURSTS AND RELATIVISTIC EJECTIONS IN THE X-RAY TRANSIENT GRO J1655-40
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB ALTHOUGH objects that emit radio jets have been known for many years, the physical mechanism responsible for the jets has been unclear. Accretion of mass onto a compact object (such as a black hole) has often been invoked in models of their formation(1). X-ray emission from such sources is a potentially powerful probe of the processes taking place, because it seems to arise much closer to the central object. Here se report the detection of X-ray and radio emission from the recently discovered(2,3) transient source X-ray Nova Scorpii 1994 (GRO J1655-40). The radio outbursts, presumably reflecting the feeding of material into relativistic jets, generally follow bursts of hard X-ray emission (20-400 keV) with a delay that varies from a few days to about two weeks. This suggests that the mechanism behind the X-ray emission is not related to the ejection process in a simple way. Nevertheless, GRO J1655-40 may be the best example of a compact object/accretion-disk system in which models of jet formation and X-ray production can be tested directly.
C1 UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT PHYS,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35899.
   UNIV SPACE RES ASSOC,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35806.
   NATL RADIO ASTRON OBSERV,SOCORRO,NM 87801.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Huntsville; Universities Space Research Association (USRA); National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
RP HARMON, BA (corresponding author), NASA,GEORGE C MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CTR,ES84,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35812, USA.
NR 22
TC 131
Z9 133
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6524
BP 703
EP 706
DI 10.1038/374703a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QU304
UT WOS:A1995QU30400043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BELLGRAU, D
   GOLD, D
   SELAWRY, H
   MOORE, J
   FRANZUSOFF, A
   DUKE, RC
AF BELLGRAU, D
   GOLD, D
   SELAWRY, H
   MOORE, J
   FRANZUSOFF, A
   DUKE, RC
TI A ROLE FOR CD95 LIGAND IN PREVENTING GRAFT-REJECTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fas antigen; transplantation; survival; autoimmunity; expression; apoptosis; testis; death; cells; mice
AB TESTIS is a remarkable immune-privileged site, long known for its ability to support allogeneic and xenogeneic tissue transplants(1-4). Here we have investigated the molecular basis for testis immune privilege. Testis grafts derived from mice that can express functional CD95 (Fas or Ape-1) ligand(5-8) survived indefinitely when transplanted under the kidney capsule of allogeneic animals, whereas testis grafts derived from mutant gld mice, which express non-functional ligands(8,9), were rejected. Further analysis of testis showed that CD95 ligand messenger RNA is constitutively expressed by testicular Sertoli cells, and that Sertoli cells from normal mice, but not gld mice, were accepted when transplanted into allogeneic recipients. CD95 ligand expression in the testis probably acts by inducing apoptotic cell death of CD95-expressing, recipient T cells activated in response to graft antigens. These findings indicate that CD95 ligand could be used to create immune-privileged tissue for a variety of transplant uses.
C1 UNIV COLORADO,SCH MED,DEPT IMMUNOL,DENVER,CO 80262.
   UNIV COLORADO,SCH MED,BARBARA DAVIS CTR CHILDHOOD DIABET,DENVER,CO 80262.
   UNIV COLORADO,SCH MED,DEPT CELLULAR & STRUCT BIOL,DENVER,CO 80262.
   UNIV COLORADO,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV MED ONCOL,DENVER,CO 80262.
   SIDNEY KIMMEL CANC CTR,SAN DIEGO,CA 92121.
   VET ADM MED CTR,MEMPHIS,TN 38104.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); Memphis VA Medical Center
NR 30
TC 1066
Z9 1155
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 630
EP 632
DI 10.1038/377630a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500052
PM 7566174
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HEGLUND, NC
   WILLEMS, PA
   PENTA, M
   CAVAGNA, GA
AF HEGLUND, NC
   WILLEMS, PA
   PENTA, M
   CAVAGNA, GA
TI ENERGY-SAVING GAIT MECHANICS WITH HEAD-SUPPORTED LOADS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID walking
AB IN many areas of the world that lack a transportation infrastructure, people routinely carry extraordinary loads supported by their heads, for example the Sherpa of the Himalayas and the women of East Africa, It has previously been shown that African women from the Kikuyu and Luo tribes can carry loads substantially more cheaply than army recruits(1); however, the mechanism for their economy has remained unknown, Here we investigate, using a force platform, the mechanics of carrying head-supported loads by Kikuyu and Luo women, The weight-specific mechanical work, required to maintain the motion of the common centre of mass of the body and load, decreases with load in the African women, whereas it increases in control subjects, The decrease in work by the African women is a result of a greater conservation of mechanical energy resulting from an improved pendulum-like transfer of energy during each step, back and forth between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy of the centre of mass.
C1 UNIV CATHOLIQUE LOUVAIN,UNITE READAPTAT,B-1348 LOUVAIN,BELGIUM.
   UNIV MILAN,IST FISIOL UMANA,I-20133 MILAN,ITALY.
C3 Universite Catholique Louvain; University of Milan
RP HEGLUND, NC (corresponding author), PHAROS SYST INC,S CHELMSFORD,MA 01824, USA.
NR 9
TC 137
Z9 161
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6526
BP 52
EP 54
DI 10.1038/375052a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QW604
UT WOS:A1995QW60400052
PM 7723841
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HARRISON, MJ
   VANBUUREN, ML
AF HARRISON, MJ
   VANBUUREN, ML
TI A PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER FROM THE MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS GLOMUS VERSIFORME
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID direct linear plot; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; constitutive mutation; inorganic-phosphate; nucleotide-sequence; phosphorus uptake; plants; roots; parameters; hyphae
AB VESICULAR-arbuscular (A) mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic associations with the roots of most terrestrial plants, including many agriculturally important crop species(1-3). The fungi colonize the cortex of the root to obtain carbon from their plant host, while assisting the plant with the uptake of phosphate and other mineral nutrients from the soil(2-5). This association is beneficial to the plant, because phosphate is essential for plant growth and development, especially during growth under nutrient-limiting conditions(2,6-8). Molecular genetic studies of these fungi and their interaction with plants have been limited owing to the obligate symbiotic nature of the VA fungi, so the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal-mediated uptake and translocation of phosphate from the soil to the plant remain unknown. Here we begin to investigate this process by identifying a complementary DNA that encodes a transmembrane phosphate transporter (GvPT) from Glomus versiforme, a VA mycorrhizal fungus. The function of the protein encoded by GvPT was confirmed by complementation of a yeast phosphate transport mutant. Expression of GvPT was localized to the external hyphae of G. versiforme during mycorrhizal associations, these being the initial site of phosphate uptake from the soil.
RP HARRISON, MJ (corresponding author), SAMUEL ROBERTS NOBLE FDN INC,DIV PLANT BIOL,2510 SAM NOBLE PKWY,ARDMORE,OK 73401, USA.
NR 30
TC 402
Z9 460
U1 1
U2 121
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 626
EP 629
DI 10.1038/378626a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100080
PM 8524398
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHIBA, A
   SNOW, P
   KESHISHIAN, H
   HOTTA, Y
AF CHIBA, A
   SNOW, P
   KESHISHIAN, H
   HOTTA, Y
TI FASCICLIN-III AS A SYNAPTIC TARGET RECOGNITION MOLECULE IN DROSOPHILA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-adhesion molecule; growth cone guidance; neuronal recognition; genetic-analysis; motoneurons; muscles; melanogaster; mutations; collapse; protein
AB FASCICLIN III, a cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily(1-3), is expressed by motor neuron RP3 and its synaptic targets (muscle cells 6 and 7) during embryonic neuromuscular development of Drosophila(4). We report here that RP3 often incorrectly innervates neighbouring non-target muscle cells when these cells misexpress fasciclin In, but still innervates normal targets in the fasciclin III null mutant, Fasciclin III manipulations do not influence target selections by other motor neurons, including fasciclin III-expressing RP1, We propose that fasciclin III acts as a synaptic target recognition molecule for motor neuron RP3, and also that its absence can be compensated for by other molecule(s).
C1 UNIV TOKYO,GRAD SCH SCI,DEPT PHYS,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   NATL INST BASIC BIOL,CELLULAR COMMUN LAB,OKAZAKI,AICHI 444,JAPAN.
   SUNY ALBANY,DEPT BIOL SCI,ALBANY,NY 12222.
   YALE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
C3 University of Tokyo; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB); State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY; Yale University
NR 29
TC 114
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 166
EP 168
DI 10.1038/374166a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700060
PM 7877688
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DAVIS, TJ
   GAO, D
   GUREYEV, TE
   STEVENSON, AW
   WILKINS, SW
AF DAVIS, TJ
   GAO, D
   GUREYEV, TE
   STEVENSON, AW
   WILKINS, SW
TI PHASE-CONTRAST IMAGING OF WEAKLY ABSORBING MATERIALS USING HARD X-RAYS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB IMAGING with hard X-rays is an important diagnostic tool in medicine, biology and materials science. Contact radiography and tomography using hard X-rays provide information on internal structures that cannot be obtained using other non-destructive methods. The image contrast results from variations in the Xray absorption arising from density differences and variations in composition and thickness of the object. But although X-rays penetrate deeply into carbon-based compounds, such as soft biological tissue, polymers and carbon-fibre composites, there is little absorption and therefore poor image contrast. Here we describe a method for enhancing the contrast in hard X-ray images of weakly absorbing materials by resolving phase variations across the Xray beam(1-4). The phase gradients are detected using diffraction from perfect silicon crystals. The diffraction properties of the crystal determine the ultimate spatial resolution in the image; we can readily obtain a resolution of a fraction of a millimetre. Our method shows dramatic contrast enhancement for weakly absorbing biological and inorganic materials, compared with conventional radiography using the same X-ray energy. We present both bright-field and dark-field phase-contrast images, and show evidence of contrast reversal. The method should have the clinical advantage of good contrast for low absorbed X-ray dose.
RP DAVIS, TJ (corresponding author), CSIRO,DIV MAT SCI & TECHNOL,PRIVATE BAG 33,ROSEBANK MDC,CLAYTON,VIC 3169,AUSTRALIA.
NR 21
TC 960
Z9 1053
U1 1
U2 195
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 595
EP 598
DI 10.1038/373595a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU QUIDELLEUR, X
   HOLT, J
   VALET, JP
AF QUIDELLEUR, X
   HOLT, J
   VALET, JP
TI CONFOUNDING INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FABRIC ON SEDIMENTARY RECORDS OF A FIELD REVERSAL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID geomagnetic reversals; anisotropy; susceptibility; remanence; geometry; paths; rocks
AB RECENT compilations of geomagnetic reversal records(1-8) have generated a controversy as to whether the geomagnetic field is geographically biased during polarity transitions. At present there is general agreement that the virtual geomagnetic poles recorded from Cenozoic sediments preferentially lie over the Americas (or the antipodal longitude), yet such a preference is not statistically established(7,9). However, it is intriguing that the claimed preferred paths lie 90 degrees away from the site longitude(4,9). Although this may be partly inherent in the very poor geographical distribution of the sites, we prefer not to rely on fortuitous coincidences. Several authors have argued that sedimentary palaeomagnetic records may be modified by artefacts linked to the acquisition of magnetization(10-13). Here we report that in two sedimentary records of the Upper Olduvai reversal from Confidence Hills, California, the declinations of the remanent magnetization recorded during the reversal are similar to the directions of the maximum horizontal axes of the ellipsoids of magnetic anisotropy. This supports the idea that, at times of low geomagnetic intensity (such as during a reversal), factors other than the geomagnetic field influence the orientation of elongated grains.
C1 CALTECH, DIV GEOL & PLANETARY SCI, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP QUIDELLEUR, X (corresponding author), INST PHYS GLOBE, PALEOMAGNETISME LAB, 4 PL JUSSIEU, F-75252 PARIS 05, FRANCE.
NR 30
TC 25
Z9 25
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6519
BP 246
EP 249
DI 10.1038/374246a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QM387
UT WOS:A1995QM38700045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COLMAN, SM
   PECK, JA
   KARABANOV, EB
   CARTER, SJ
   BRADBURY, JP
   KING, JW
   WILLIAMS, DF
AF COLMAN, SM
   PECK, JA
   KARABANOV, EB
   CARTER, SJ
   BRADBURY, JP
   KING, JW
   WILLIAMS, DF
TI CONTINENTAL CLIMATE RESPONSE TO ORBITAL FORCING FROM BIOGENIC SILICA RECORDS IN LAKE BAIKAL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chinese loess; ice ages; holocene; michigan
AB CHANGES in insolation caused by periodic changes in the Earth's orbital parameters provide the primary forcing for global ice ages(1-6). But it is not clear to what extent the climates in continental interiors are controlled directly by regional variations in insolation and to what extent they are driven instead by the highly nonlinear response of the oceans and ice sheets, Here we investigate this question using the record of biogenic silica in Lake Baikal as a proxy for climate change in this high-latitude mid-continental region, We find a good correlation between this record and that of marine oxygen isotopes(4). Over the past 250 kyr the Baikal record exhibits both a strongly nonlinear component (manifested in a 100-kyr periodicity) and weaker direct-insolation components (manifested in the 41-kyr (obliquity) and 23- and 19-kyr (precession) orbital cycles). These results show that even though extreme continental climates such as this are influenced directly by insolation variations, they are dominated by the nonlinear rhythm of the oceans and ice sheets.
C1 UNIV RHODE ISL,GRAD SCH OCEANOG,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882.
   UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT GEOL SCI,COLUMBIA,SC 29209.
   US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER,CO 80225.
C3 University of Rhode Island; University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP COLMAN, SM (corresponding author), US GEOL SURVEY,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA.
NR 32
TC 240
Z9 275
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6559
BP 769
EP 771
DI 10.1038/378769a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TL419
UT WOS:A1995TL41900022
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU METCALFE, G
   SHINBROT, T
   MCCARTHY, JJ
   OTTINO, JM
AF METCALFE, G
   SHINBROT, T
   MCCARTHY, JJ
   OTTINO, JM
TI AVALANCHE MIXING OF GRANULAR SOLIDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID segregation; flow; media
AB The production of many goods, ranging from pharmaceuticals and foods to polymers and semiconductors, depends on reliable, uniform mixing of solids. Although there have been several notable recent advances(1-6), solid mixing processes are still poorly understood. We can neither qualitatively nor quantitively determine the effectiveness of any given mixing process in advance. In contrast to the case of liquid mixing(7), we do not have a widely accepted theoretical basis that describes the mixing of solids. Moreover, we cannot determine whether a given set of solids will mix or separate during a specified stirring process(8-23) As a step towards uncovering the basic physical principles, it is helpful to analyse systems that are both experimentally and theoretically tractable. Here we describe a geometric technique for the analysis of slow granular mixing processes, as are commonly encountered in industry. By comparing our calculations with experiments on thin rotating containers partially filled with coloured particles, we demonstrate that the mixing behaviour of powders in slow flows can be divided into geometric and dynamic parts. For monodisperse, weakly cohesive particles, geometric aspects dominate.
C1 NORTHWESTERN UNIV,DEPT CHEM ENGN,EVANSTON,IL 60208.
C3 Northwestern University
NR 27
TC 182
Z9 208
U1 1
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 39
EP 41
DI 10.1038/374039a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JONES, C
   PENNY, L
   MATTINA, T
   YU, S
   BAKER, E
   VOULLAIRE, L
   LANGDON, WY
   SUTHERLAND, GR
   RICHARDS, RI
   TUNNACLIFFE, A
AF JONES, C
   PENNY, L
   MATTINA, T
   YU, S
   BAKER, E
   VOULLAIRE, L
   LANGDON, WY
   SUTHERLAND, GR
   RICHARDS, RI
   TUNNACLIFFE, A
TI ASSOCIATION OF A CHROMOSOME DELETION SYNDROME WITH A FRAGILE SITE WITHIN THE PROTOONCOGENE CBL2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID linked mental-retardation; somatic-cell hybrids; x-syndrome; microsatellite instability; cgg repeat; dna; region; cancer; fmr-1; 11q23
AB The fragile site FRA11B has been localized to the p(CCG)(n) repeat of the CBL2 proto-oncogene. A proportion of Jacobsen (11q(-)) syndrome patients inherited a chromosome carrying a CBL2 p(CCG)(n) expansion, which was truncated close to FRA11B. These results have broad implications for the role of p(CCG)(n) repeat expansion in the aetiology of genetic disease involving chromosome rearrangements.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT MED,DIV MED GENET,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV CATANIA 1,PEDIAT CLIN,CATANIA,ITALY.
   ADELAIDE WOMENS & CHILDRENS HOSP,CTR MED GENET,DEPT CYTOGENET & MOLEC GENET,ADELAIDE,SA 5006,AUSTRALIA.
   ROYAL CHILDRENS HOSP,MURDOCH INST,MELBOURNE,VIC 3052,AUSTRALIA.
   UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA,DEPT BIOCHEM,NEDLANDS,WA 6009,AUSTRALIA.
   QUADRANT RES FDN,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2SY,ENGLAND.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Catania; Women's & Children's Hospital; Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; University of Western Australia
RP JONES, C (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT PATHOL,TENNIS COURT RD,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QP,ENGLAND.
NR 46
TC 137
Z9 144
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6536
BP 145
EP 149
DI 10.1038/376145a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RJ028
UT WOS:A1995RJ02800052
PM 7603564
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CAVA, RF
   PECK, WF
   KRAJEWSKI, JJ
AF CAVA, RF
   PECK, WF
   KRAJEWSKI, JJ
TI ENHANCEMENT OF THE DIELECTRIC-CONSTANT OF TA2O5 THROUGH SUBSTITUTION WITH TIO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB MICROELECTRONICS research is in large part driven by the demand for smaller components with enhanced performance. For capacitive components, which form the basis of many memory devices, the dielectric constant limits the degree of miniaturization-a limit that is now being approached for the materials currently in use. For this reason, exotic compounds with high dielectric constants, such as barium strontium titanate, are being widely investigated(1). But such materials invariably incorporate chemical elements foreign to current microelectronics fabrication procedures, and must pass extensive compatibility tests before they can be used commercially. From a compatibility point of view, tantalum oxide, Ta2O5, is considered more promising(2-5) (although its dielectric properties are more modest), and it is known to form high-quality thin films in conventional fabrication processes. Here we show that the dielectric constant of Ta2O5 can be increased by nearly a factor of four-from 35 to 126-through the addition of 8% titanium oxide, TiO2. The minimum area of capacitive components prepared from this material should be reduced by the same factor, and as both tantalum and titanium are compatible with fabrication processes currently in use, the material shows great promise for future microelectronics applications.
RP CAVA, RF (corresponding author), AT&T BELL LABS,600 MT AVE,POB 636,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974, USA.
NR 8
TC 207
Z9 232
U1 1
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 215
EP 217
DI 10.1038/377215a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200033
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WANG, T
   XIE, ZP
   LU, B
AF WANG, T
   XIE, ZP
   LU, B
TI NITRIC-OXIDE MEDIATES ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT SYNAPTIC SUPPRESSION AT DEVELOPING NEUROMUSCULAR SYNAPSES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; glyceryl trinitrate; methylene-blue; messenger; muscle; relaxation
AB TEMPORAL correlation between pre- and postsynaptic activities is an important mechanism that regulates synaptic connectivity during development and synaptic plasticity in the adult(1-3). In developing neuromuscular junctions, postsynaptic activity is critical in functional suppression and, ultimately, elimination of the synapses(4-6). Although repetitive postsynaptic firing asynchronous to the presynaptic activity results in a persistent synaptic suppression(7-10), the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. Here we provide evidence that nitric oxide (NO), a free radical implicated in several forms of synaptic plasticity(11-15), may serve as a retrograde signal for activity-dependent suppression in the neuromuscular synapse. NO donors and activators of the cyclic GMP pathway suppressed spontaneous and evoked synaptic currents. Moreover, the synaptic suppression induced by repetitive postsynaptic depolarization was prevented by the NO-binding protein haemoglobin and by inhibitors of NO synthase. Thus, synaptic suppression may be triggered by NO released from a postsynaptic myocyte that fires asynchronously to the presynaptic terminal.
C1 ROCHE INST MOLEC BIOL,NUTLEY,NJ 07110.
NR 28
TC 172
Z9 179
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6519
BP 262
EP 266
DI 10.1038/374262a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QM387
UT WOS:A1995QM38700050
PM 7885445
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FAIRMAN, WA
   VANDENBERG, RJ
   ARRIZA, JL
   KAVANAUGH, MP
   AMARA, SG
AF FAIRMAN, WA
   VANDENBERG, RJ
   ARRIZA, JL
   KAVANAUGH, MP
   AMARA, SG
TI AN EXCITATORY AMINO-ACID TRANSPORTER WITH PROPERTIES OF A LIGAND-GATED CHLORIDE CHANNEL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xenopus-laevis oocytes; glutamate transporter; rat-brain; aspartate transporter; expression; calcium; salamander; blockers; receptor; cloning
AB EXCITATORY amino-acid transporters (EAATs) in the central nervous system maintain extracellular glutamate concentrations below excitotoxic levels and may limit the activation of glutamate receptors. Here we report the cloning of a novel human aspartate/glutamate transporter, EAAT4, which is expressed predominantly in the cerebellum. The transport activity encoded by EAAT4 has high apparent affinity for L-aspartate and L-glutamate, and has a pharmacological profile consistent with previously described cerebellar transport activities. In Xenopus oocytes expressing EAAT4, L-aspartate and L-glutamate elicited a current predominantly carried by chloride ions. This chloride conductance was not blocked by components that block endogenous oocyte chloride channels. Thus EAAT4 combines the re-uptake of neurotransmitter with a mechanism for increasing chloride permeability, both of which could regulate excitatory neurotransmission.
C1 OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,PORTLAND,OR 97201.
   OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,VOLLUM INST ADV BIOMED RES,PORTLAND,OR 97201.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Oregon Health & Science University
NR 30
TC 1014
Z9 1112
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6532
BP 599
EP 603
DI 10.1038/375599a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RD287
UT WOS:A1995RD28700054
PM 7791878
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHENG, AM
   ROWLEY, B
   PAO, W
   HAYDAY, A
   BOLEN, JB
   PAWSON, T
AF CHENG, AM
   ROWLEY, B
   PAO, W
   HAYDAY, A
   BOLEN, JB
   PAWSON, T
TI SYK TYROSINE KINASE REQUIRED FOR MOUSE VIABILITY AND B-CELL DEVELOPMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone-marrow; protein; chain; rearrangement; selection; receptor; genes
AB The Syk cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase has two amino-terminal SH2 domains and a carboxy-terminal catalytic domain(1). Syk, and its close relative ZAP-70 (ref. 2), are apparently pivotal in coupling antigen- and Fc-receptors to downstream signalling events(3,4). Syk associates with activated Fc receptors(5), the T cell receptor complex(6) and the B-cell antigen-receptor complex (BCR) in immature and mature B lymphocytes(7). On receptor activation, the tandem SH2 domains of Syk bind dual phosphotyrosine sites in the conserved ITAM motifs of receptor signalling chains, such as the immunoglobulin alpha and beta-chains of the BCR, leading to Syk activation(3,4,8). Here we have investigated Syk function in vivo by generating a mouse strain with a targeted mutation in the syk gene. Homozygous syk mutants suffered severe haemorrhaging as embryos and died perinatally, indicating that Syk has a critical role in maintaining vascular integrity or in wound healing during embryogenesis. Analysis of syk(-/-) lymphoid cells showed that the syk mutation impaired the differentiation of B-lineage cells, apparently by disrupting signalling from the pre-BCR complex and thereby preventing the clonal expansion, and further maturation, of pre-B cells.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MOLEC & MED GENET,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
   MT SINAI HOSP,SAMUEL LUNENFELD RES INST,PROGRAMME MOLEC BIOL & CANC,TORONTO,ON M5G 1X5,CANADA.
   BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB PHARMACEUT RES INST,DEPT ONCOL,PRINCETON,NJ 08453.
   YALE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Yale University
NR 31
TC 562
Z9 658
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 303
EP 306
DI 10.1038/378303a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800055
PM 7477353
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GENIN, A
   LAZAR, B
   BRENNER, S
AF GENIN, A
   LAZAR, B
   BRENNER, S
TI VERTICAL MIXING AND CORAL DEATH IN THE RED-SEA FOLLOWING THE ERUPTION OF MOUNT-PINATUBO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature; winter; mortality; pacific; model; gulf; elat
AB THE eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines led to a cold air-temperature anomaly throughout the Middle East during the winter of 1992(1). Here me report that the vertical mixing in the Gulf of Eilat (Aqaba) that winter was unusually deep--extending to >850 m--resulting in increased supply of nutrients to surface waters, which fuelled extraordinarily large algal and phytoplankton blooms. By spring, a thick mat of filamentous algae covered broad sections of the underlying reef causing extensive coral death. Branching colonies and solitary mushroom corals were most severely affected. This sequence of events, in which a short-term atmospheric cooling leads to a remarkable ecological response, is made possible by the unusually weak water-column stratification of the Gulf of Eilat. The depth of local vertical mixing during winter is determined by the net heat loss across the sea-air interface, so that anomalously cold winters drive the deeper mixing that can lead to increased phytoplankton blooms. Records of such events in fossil reefs may provide useful indicators of past variations in regional air temperatures.
C1 ISRAEL OCEANOG & LIMNOL RES,HAIFA,ISRAEL.
C3 Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research Institute
RP GENIN, A (corresponding author), HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,H STEINITZ MARINE BIOL LAB,POB 469,ELAT,ISRAEL.
NR 28
TC 267
Z9 288
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 507
EP 510
DI 10.1038/377507a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HOU, LH
   ZHOU, ZH
   MARTIN, LD
   FEDUCCIA, A
AF HOU, LH
   ZHOU, ZH
   MARTIN, LD
   FEDUCCIA, A
TI A BEAKED BIRD FROM THE JURASSIC OF CHINA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID archaeopteryx
AB DISCOVERY Of avian remains close to the age of Archaeopteryx in the Liaoning Province of northeastern China provides the earliest evidence for a beaked, edentulous bird. The associated wing skeleton retains the primitive pattern found in Archaeopteryx, including a manus with unfused carpal elements and long digits. Two leg skeletons from the same site also show an Archaeopteryx level of morphology, and provide the earliest indisputable evidence for a covering of body contour feathers, These specimens provide evidence for either an undiscovered pre-Archaeopteryx or a rapid, post-Archaeopteryx evolution in birds. As the first Jurassic birds to be described from outside Germany, they show that birds with long fingers terminating in large recurved claws were widely distributed, They are not found in the Early Cretaceous sediments of the same region, where there is a diverse assemblage of more advanced flying birds with smaller fingers and claws. The postcranial structure of Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis seems to be adapted for climbing tree trunks and may have disappeared near the end of the Jurassic.
C1 UNIV KANSAS,MUSEUM NAT HIST,LAWRENCE,KS 66045.
   UNIV KANSAS,DEPT SYSTEMAT & ECOL,LAWRENCE,KS 66045.
   UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
C3 University of Kansas; University of Kansas; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP HOU, LH (corresponding author), CHINESE ACAD SCI,INST VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL & PALEOANTHROPOL,BEIJING 100044,PEOPLES R CHINA.
NR 14
TC 148
Z9 195
U1 1
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 616
EP 618
DI 10.1038/377616a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VANBIESEN, T
   HAWES, BE
   LUTTRELL, DK
   KRUEGER, KM
   TOUHARA, K
   PORFIRI, E
   SAKAUE, M
   LUTTRELL, LM
   LEFKOWITZ, RJ
AF VANBIESEN, T
   HAWES, BE
   LUTTRELL, DK
   KRUEGER, KM
   TOUHARA, K
   PORFIRI, E
   SAKAUE, M
   LUTTRELL, LM
   LEFKOWITZ, RJ
TI RECEPTOR-TYROSINE-KINASE-MEDIATED AND G-BETA-GAMMA-MEDIATED MAP KINASE ACTIVATION BY A COMMON SIGNALING PATHWAY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; p21(ras); fibroblasts; grb2; ras
AB MITOGEN-ACTIVATED protein (MAP) kinases mediate the phosphorylation and activation of nuclear transcription factors that regulate cell growth(1). MAP kinase activation may result from stimulation of either tyrosine-kinase (RTK) receptors, which possess intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, or G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR)(2-4). RTK-mediated mitogenic signalling involves a series of SH2- and SH3-dependent protein-protein interactions between tyrosine-phosphorylated receptor, Shc, Grb2 and Sos, resulting in Ras-dependent MAP kinase activation(5-7). The beta gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins (G beta gamma) also mediate Ras-dependent MAP kinase activations(8-10) by an as-yet unknown mechanism. Here we demonstrate that activation of MAP kinase by G(i)-coupled receptors is preceded by the G beta gamma-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc, leading to an increased functional association between Shc, Grb2 and Sos. Moreover, disruption of the Shc-Grb2-Sos complex blocks G beta gamma-mediated MAP kinase activation, indicating that G beta gamma does not mediate MAP kinase activation by a direct interaction with Sos. These results indicate that G beta gamma-mediated MAP kinase activation is initiated by a tyrosine phosphorylation event and proceeds by a pathway common to both GPCRs and RTKs.
C1 DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MED CARDIOL,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   GLAXO WELLCOME INC,DEPT MOLEC CELL BIOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709.
   ONYX PHARMACEUT,RICHMOND,CA 94806.
   KOBE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT INTERNAL MED 2,CHUO KU,KOBE 650,JAPAN.
C3 Duke University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Duke University; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; Onyx Pharmaceuticals Inc.; Kobe University
NR 27
TC 407
Z9 440
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6543
BP 781
EP 784
DI 10.1038/376781a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RR836
UT WOS:A1995RR83600042
PM 7651538
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHOU, MM
   RAVICHANDRAN, KS
   OLEJNICZAK, ET
   PETROS, AM
   MEADOWS, RP
   SATTLER, M
   HARLAN, JE
   WADE, WS
   BURAKOFF, SJ
   FESIK, SW
AF ZHOU, MM
   RAVICHANDRAN, KS
   OLEJNICZAK, ET
   PETROS, AM
   MEADOWS, RP
   SATTLER, M
   HARLAN, JE
   WADE, WS
   BURAKOFF, SJ
   FESIK, SW
TI STRUCTURE AND LIGAND RECOGNITION OF THE PHOSPHOTYROSINE BINDING DOMAIN OF SHC
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-affinity; signal-transduction; phospholipid-vesicles; distance geometry; proteins; receptor; association; activation; peptide
AB The nuclear magnetic resonance structure of the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain of Shc complexed to a phosphopeptide reveals an alternative means of recognizing tryosine-phosphorylated proteins. Unlike in SH2 domains, the phosphopeptide forms an antiparallel beta-strand with a beta-sheet of the protein, interacts with a hydrophobic pocket through the (pY-5) residue, and adopts a beta-turn. The PTB domain is structurally similar to pleckstrin homology domains (a alpha-sandwich capped by an alpha-helix) and binds to acidic phospholipids, suggesting a possible role in membrane localization.
C1 ABBOTT LABS,DIV PHARMACEUT DISCOVERY,ABBOTT PK,IL 60064.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DANA FARBER CANC INST,DIV PEDIAT ONCOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Abbott Laboratories; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 50
TC 325
Z9 383
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 584
EP 592
DI 10.1038/378584a0
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100067
PM 8524391
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TIAN, GL
   VAINBERG, IE
   TAP, WD
   LEWIS, SA
   COWAN, NJ
AF TIAN, GL
   VAINBERG, IE
   TAP, WD
   LEWIS, SA
   COWAN, NJ
TI SPECIFICITY IN CHAPERONIN-MEDIATED PROTEIN-FOLDING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytoplasmic chaperonin; complex; tubulin; homolog
AB CHAPERONINS are ubiquitous multisubunit toroidal complexes that aid protein folding in an ATP-dependent manner(1-6). Current models of folding by the bacterial chaperonin GroEL depict its role as unfolding and releasing molecules that have misfolded, so that they can return to a potentially productive folding pathway in solution(7,8). Accordingly, a given target polypeptide might require several cycles of binding and ATP-driven release from different chaperonin complexes before reaching the native state. Surprisingly, cycling of a target protein does not guarantee its folding, and we report here that unfolded beta-actin or alpha-tubulin both form tight complexes when presented to either GroEL or its mitochondrial homologue, and both undergo cycles of release and rebinding upon incubation with ATP, but no native protein is produced. We conclude that different chaperonins produce distinctive spectra of folding intermediates.
C1 NYU,MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
C3 New York University
NR 19
TC 120
Z9 136
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 250
EP 253
DI 10.1038/375250a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100068
PM 7746329
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TROMP, RM
   MICHELY, T
AF TROMP, RM
   MICHELY, T
TI ATOMIC-LAYER TITRATION OF SURFACE-REACTIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE composition of surface layers on solid substrates is critical to many technological problems, such as semiconductor processing and heterogeneous catalysis. Deposited adatoms commonly react with the surface of the substrate to form a new, often two-dimensional structure. The stoichiometry of the surface phase can be difficult to determine by techniques of surface analysis, however; one can monitor the quantity of material deposited (using a quartz microbalance, for example), but the amount of substrate consumed is harder to assess. Here we present a technique for monitoring surface reactions in real time, which allows us to determine the amount of substrate material incorporated into the surface phase. We use the fact that surface reactions commonly involve surface roughening owing to extraction of substrate atoms. By supplying such atoms in advance in the form of sub-monolayer islands, we can titrate the subsequent adatoms against these pre-deposited islands of 'substrate' until a perfectly smooth surface (observed microscopically) is obtained. This should allow accurate characterization of surface reactions with stoichiometric ratios as great as 10:1.
RP TROMP, RM (corresponding author), IBM CORP,DIV RES,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,POB 218,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598, USA.
NR 10
TC 12
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6514
BP 499
EP 501
DI 10.1038/373499a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QF724
UT WOS:A1995QF72400051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHIEKHATTAR, R
   MERMELSTEIN, F
   FISHER, RP
   DRAPKIN, R
   DYNLACHT, B
   WESSLING, HC
   MORGAN, DO
   REINBERG, D
AF SHIEKHATTAR, R
   MERMELSTEIN, F
   FISHER, RP
   DRAPKIN, R
   DYNLACHT, B
   WESSLING, HC
   MORGAN, DO
   REINBERG, D
TI CDK-ACTIVATING KINASE COMPLEX IS A COMPONENT OF HUMAN TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TFIIH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna polymerase-ii; carboxyl-terminal-domain; initiation
AB TRANSCRIPTION factor IIH (TFIIH) contains a kinase capable of phosphorylating the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII)1-3. Here we report the identification of the Cdk-activating kinase (Cak) complex (Cdk7 and cyclin H) as a component of TFIIH after extensive purification of TFIIH by chromatography. We find that affinity-purified antibodies directed against cyclin H inhibit TFIIH-dependent transcription and that both cyclin H and Cdk7 antibodies inhibit phosphorylation of the CTD of the largest subunit of the RNAPII in the preinitiation complex. Cak is present in at least two distinct complexes, TFIIH and a smaller complex that is unable to phosphorylate RNAPII in the preinitiation complex. Both Cak complexes, as well as recombinant Cak, phosphorylate a CTD peptide. Finally, TFIIH was shown to phosphorylate both Cdc2 and Cdk2, suggesting that there could be a link between transcription and the cell cycle machinery.
C1 UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY, ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MED SCH, DEPT BIOCHEM, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08854 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT PHYSIOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, CTR CANC, MOLEC ONCOL LAB, BOSTON, MA 02129 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
NR 17
TC 388
Z9 457
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6519
BP 283
EP 287
DI 10.1038/374283a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QM387
UT WOS:A1995QM38700056
PM 7533895
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VANESSEN, D
   KIKUTANI, H
   GRAY, D
AF VANESSEN, D
   KIKUTANI, H
   GRAY, D
TI CD40 LIGAND-TRANSDUCED CO-STIMULATION OF T-CELLS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HELPER FUNCTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-linked immunodeficiency; hyper-igm; b-cells; monoclonal-antibody; defective expression; b7/bb1; signal
AB MICE that lack either CD40(1,2) (expressed on B cells) or CD40 ligand(3,4) (expressed on activated T cells) are able neither to make IgG, IgA or IgE antibody responses, nor to generate germinal centres (the sites of formation of memory B cells), It has been assumed that these lesions were the result of an absence of signals to B cells through CD40. Here we show that the failure to signal T cells through CD40 ligand is an important contributory cause. Administration of soluble CD40 in vivo to CD40 knockout mice, restoring the missing signal through CD40 ligand, initiates germinal centre formation, Furthermore, T cells primed in the absence of CD40 (in CD40 knockout mice) are unable to help normal B cells to class switch or to form germinal centres (GC). These results indicate that cc-stimulation of T cells through CD40 ligand causes their differentiation into cells that help B cells to make mature antibody responses and to generate memory populations.
C1 HAMMERSMITH HOSP,ROYAL POSTGRAD MED SCH,DEPT IMMUNOL,LONDON W12 0NN,ENGLAND.
   OSAKA UNIV,INST MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,DIV IMMUNOL,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
C3 Imperial College London; University of Osaka
NR 28
TC 373
Z9 412
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 620
EP 623
DI 10.1038/378620a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100078
PM 8524396
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SAKIMURA, K
   KUTSUWADA, T
   ITO, I
   MANABE, T
   TAKAYAMA, C
   KUSHIYA, E
   YAGI, T
   AIZAWA, S
   INOUE, Y
   SUGIYAMA, H
   MISHINA, M
AF SAKIMURA, K
   KUTSUWADA, T
   ITO, I
   MANABE, T
   TAKAYAMA, C
   KUSHIYA, E
   YAGI, T
   AIZAWA, S
   INOUE, Y
   SUGIYAMA, H
   MISHINA, M
TI REDUCED HIPPOCAMPAL LTP AND SPATIAL-LEARNING IN MICE LACKING NMDA RECEPTOR EPSILON-1 SUBUNIT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; ii mutant mice; channel; cloning; antagonist; expression; modulation; neurons
AB THE NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor channel is important for synaptic plasticity, which is thought to underlie learning, memory and development(1,2). The NMDA receptor channel is formed by at least two members of the glutamate receptor (GluR) channel subunit families, the GluR epsilon (NR2) and GluR zeta (NR1) subunit families(3-8). The four epsilon subunits are distinct in distribution, properties and regulation(5-14). On the basis of the Mg2+ sensitivity and expression patterns, we have proposed that the epsilon 1 (NR2A) and epsilon 2 (NR2B) subunits play a role in synaptic plasticity(6,14). Here we show that targeted disruption of the mouse epsilon 1 subunit gene resulted in significant reduction of the NMDA receptor channel current and long-term potentiation at the hippocampal CA1 synapses. The mutant mice also showed a moderate deficiency in spatial learning. These results support the notion that the NMDA receptor channel-dependent synaptic plasticity is the cellular basis of certain forms of learning.
C1 UNIV TOKYO,FAC MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   NIIGATA UNIV,BRAIN RES INST,DEPT NEUROPHARMACOL,NIIGATA 951,JAPAN.
   KYUSHU UNIV,FAC SCI,DEPT BIOL,FUKUOKA 812,JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO,FAC MED,INST BRAIN RES,DEPT NEUROPHYSIOL,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   HOKKAIDO UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT,SAPPORO,HOKKAIDO 060,JAPAN.
   INST PHYS & CHEM RES,TSUKUBA LIFE SCI CTR,MOLEC ONCOL LAB,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo; Niigata University; Kyushu University; University of Tokyo; Hokkaido University; RIKEN
NR 30
TC 695
Z9 815
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6510
BP 151
EP 155
DI 10.1038/373151a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QB063
UT WOS:A1995QB06300059
PM 7816096
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHISHOLM, AD
   HORVITZ, HR
AF CHISHOLM, AD
   HORVITZ, HR
TI PATTERNING OF THE CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS HEAD REGION BY THE PAX-6 FAMILY MEMBER VAB-3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paired box; c-elegans; gene; nematode; aniridia; mutations; body
AB THE Pax-6 genes are important for eye development in both vertebrates and Drosophila. Mutations in the human PAX6 gene are found in patients with a variety of eye disorders, including aniridia and Peters' anomaly(1-3), and mutations in the Drosophila Pax-6 homologue cause the eyeless phenotype(4). In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, vab-3 mutants display many defects in head-region development, including aberrant morphogenesis, transformation of hypodermal (epidermal-like) cell fates to those of posterior homologues, and abnormal specification of neurons, Here we show that vab-3 is a member of the Pax-6 gene family and is expressed in head-region cells, This C. elegans Pax-6 locus can also encode proteins lacking the paired domain(5). Our results suggest: that. a primordial role of the Pax-6 gene family could have been to pattern part of the head region, and that Pax-6 genes subsequently evolved to be more specifically involved in eye development.
RP CHISHOLM, AD (corresponding author), MIT, DEPT BIOL, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, 68-425, 77 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
NR 31
TC 139
Z9 155
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6544
BP 52
EP 55
DI 10.1038/377052a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RT725
UT WOS:A1995RT72500053
PM 7659159
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LIAO, SM
   ZHANG, JH
   JEFFREY, DA
   KOLESKE, AJ
   THOMPSON, CM
   CHAO, DM
   VILJOEN, M
   VANVUUREN, HJJ
   YOUNG, RA
AF LIAO, SM
   ZHANG, JH
   JEFFREY, DA
   KOLESKE, AJ
   THOMPSON, CM
   CHAO, DM
   VILJOEN, M
   VANVUUREN, HJJ
   YOUNG, RA
TI A KINASE-CYCLIN PAIR IN THE RNA-POLYMERASE-II HOLOENZYME
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; terminal domain; yeast; protein; binding; ctd; purification; activation; system; rescue
AB THE RNA polymerase II holoenzyme consists of RNA polymerase II, a subset of general transcription factors, and regulatory proteins known as SRB proteins(1,2). The genes encoding SRB proteins were isolated as suppressors of mutations in the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain (CTD3,4). The CTD and SRB proteins have been implicated in the response to transcriptional regulators(1-11). We report here the isolation of two new SRB genes, SRB10 and SRB11, which encode kinase- and cyclin-like proteins, respectively, Genetic and biochemical evidence indicates that the SRB10 and SRB11 proteins form a kinase-cyclin pair in the holoenzyme, The SRB10/11 kinase is essential for a normal transcriptional response to galactose induction in vivo. Holoenzymes lacking SRB10/11 kinase function are strikingly deficient in CTD phosphorylation, Although defects in the kinase substantially affect transcription in vivo, purified holoenzymes lacking SRB10/11 kinase function do not show defects in defined in vitro transcription systems, suggesting that the factors necessary to elicit the regulatory role of the SRB10/11 kinase are missing in these systems, These results indicate that the SRB10/11 kinase is involved in CTD phosphorylation and suggest that this modification has a role in the response to transcriptional regulators in vivo.
C1 MIT, DEPT BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
   UNIV STELLENBOSCH, DEPT MICROBIOL, STELLENBOSCH 7600, SOUTH AFRICA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Stellenbosch University
RP LIAO, SM (corresponding author), WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES, 9 CAMBRIDGE CTR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA.
NR 30
TC 379
Z9 429
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 193
EP 196
DI 10.1038/374193a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700068
PM 7877695
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DINSHAW, N
   FOLTZ, CB
   IMPEY, CD
   WEYMANN, RJ
   MORRIS, SL
AF DINSHAW, N
   FOLTZ, CB
   IMPEY, CD
   WEYMANN, RJ
   MORRIS, SL
TI LARGE-SIZE OF LYMAN-ALPHA GAS CLOUDS AT INTERMEDIATE REDSHIFTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID forest; systems
AB THE Lyman-alpha absorption lines observed in the spectra of quasars are thought to be caused by intervening clouds of atomic hydrogen, the origin and physical nature of which are still unknown. These clouds might be structures confined by the pressure of the surrounding intergalactic medium(1), relicts of density fluctuations in the early Universe(2), gravitationally bound clouds associated with condensations of cold dark matter(3) or the result of shocks owing to galaxy formation(4). Here we present ultraviolet spectra of the quasar pair Q0107 - 025A and B, in which we detect four Lyman-alpha lines common to both spectra in the redshift range 0.5 < z < 0.9. These common lines indicate that the characteristic radius of the clouds has a lower limit of 160h(-1) kpc, where h is the Hubble constant in units of 100 km s(-1) Mpc(-1). The typical velocity difference between the common absorption lines along the two lines of sight is only about 100 km s(-1). The clouds are larger in extent and have smaller internal motions than can be explained by any current model.
C1 UNIV ARIZONA,MULTIPLE MIRROR TELESCOPE OBSERV,TUCSON,AZ 85721.
   CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON OBSERV,PASADENA,CA 91101.
   DOMINION ASTROPHYS OBSERV,VICTORIA,BC V8X 4M6,CANADA.
C3 University of Arizona; Carnegie Institution for Science; National Research Council Canada
RP DINSHAW, N (corresponding author), UNIV ARIZONA,STEWARD OBSERV,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA.
NR 19
TC 92
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6511
BP 223
EP 225
DI 10.1038/373223a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QC278
UT WOS:A1995QC27800055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VINNIK, LP
   GREEN, RWE
   NICOLAYSEN, LO
AF VINNIK, LP
   GREEN, RWE
   NICOLAYSEN, LO
TI RECENT DEFORMATIONS OF THE DEEP CONTINENTAL ROOT BENEATH SOUTHERN AFRICA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID azimuthal anisotropy; seismic anisotropy; mantle deformation; lithosphere; sks; diamonds; origin; waves; flow
AB SEISMIC anisotropy, manifested by the splitting of shear waves into two orthogonal polarizations, provides evidence for deformation in the Earth's upper mantle, Where such deformation has been inferred beneath Precambrian cratons, it has been interpreted either as related to recent plate motion(1,2), or inherited from the Precambrian(3,4). Here we present data from a portable seismograph array in the Kaapvaal craton of South Africa, which indicate that the inferred direction of mantle flow underneath the array is close to the direction of absolute plate motion for southern Africa since the end of the Jurassic period. Such an alignment has also been reported for the North American craton(2), suggesting that the flow in both regions is related mainly to shearing of the sublithospheric mantle by the plate above. The old continental roots that are likely to exist in this depth range(5,6) must therefore be deformed by the plate motion, but the deformations are not strong enough to be seen in the presently available seismic tomography data.
C1 UNIV WITWATERSRAND, BERNARD PRICE INST GEOPHYS RES, JOHANNESBURG 2050, SOUTH AFRICA.
C3 University of Witwatersrand
RP VINNIK, LP (corresponding author), RUSSIAN ACAD SCI, INST PHYS EARTH, B GRUZINSKAYA 10, MOSCOW 123810, RUSSIA.
NR 21
TC 89
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6526
BP 50
EP 52
DI 10.1038/375050a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QW604
UT WOS:A1995QW60400051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NEGISHI, I
   MOTOYAMA, N
   NAKAYAMA, K
   NAKAYAMA, K
   SENJU, S
   HATAKEYAMA, S
   ZHANG, Q
   CHAN, AC
   LOH, DY
AF NEGISHI, I
   MOTOYAMA, N
   NAKAYAMA, K
   NAKAYAMA, K
   SENJU, S
   HATAKEYAMA, S
   ZHANG, Q
   CHAN, AC
   LOH, DY
TI ESSENTIAL ROLE FOR ZAP-70 IN BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SELECTION OF THYMOCYTES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-tyrosine kinase; killer-cells; t-cells; apoptosis; complex; invivo; mice
AB DURING thymic development, T cells that can recognize foreign antigen in association with self major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are selected for survival (positive selection) and autoreactive T cells are eliminated (negative selection). Both of these selective events are mediated by interaction between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and the peptid-MHC complex(1) But the signalling pathways that lead to cell survival or to cell death are still unclear. ZAP-70 is a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) that is associated with the TCR signalling subunits (CD3 and zeta) and is expressed in T cells and natural killer cell(2). It has been shown that ZAP-70 plays a crucial role in T-cell activation(2-5) and development(6-8). Here we show that mice lacking ZAP-70 had neither CD4 nor CD8 single-positive T cells, but human ZAP-70 reconstituted both CD4 and CDS single-positive populations. Moreover, ZAP-70(-/-) thomocytes were not deleted by peptide antigens. Natural killer cell function was intact in the absence of ZAP-70. These data suggest that ZAP-70 is a central signalling molecule during thymic selection for CD4 and CD8 lineage.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT MED,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MOLEC MICROBIOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV RHEUMATOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
NR 25
TC 477
Z9 528
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6539
BP 435
EP 438
DI 10.1038/376435a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RM639
UT WOS:A1995RM63900055
PM 7630421
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZISCHLER, H
   GEISERT, H
   VONHAESELER, A
   PAABO, S
AF ZISCHLER, H
   GEISERT, H
   VONHAESELER, A
   PAABO, S
TI A NUCLEAR FOSSIL OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL D-LOOP AND THE ORIGIN OF MODERN HUMANS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna sequences; evolution
AB MAMMALIAN mitochondrial DNA sequences evolve more rapidly than nuclear sequences(1). Although the rapid rate of evolution is an advantage for the study of closely related species and populations, it presents a problem in situations where related species, used as outgroups in phylogenetic analyses, have accumulated so much change that multiple substitutions obliterate the phylogenetic information(2). However, mitochondrial DNA sequences are frequently inserted into the nuclear genome(3), where they presumably evolve as nuclear pseudogene sequences and therefore more slowly than their mitochondrial counterparts. Such sequences thus represent molecular 'fossils' that could shed light on the evolution of the mitochondrial genome and could be used as outgroups in situations where no appropriate outgroup species exist. Here we show that human chromosome 11 carries a recent integration of the mitochondrial control region that can be used to gain further insight into the origin of the human mitochondrial gene pool.
RP ZISCHLER, H (corresponding author), UNIV MUNICH,INST ZOOL,POB 202136,LUISENSTR 14,D-80021 MUNICH,GERMANY.
NR 21
TC 181
Z9 197
U1 1
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 489
EP 492
DI 10.1038/378489a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400070
PM 7477404
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI BUILDING AN MIT IN JUST 7 YEARS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 550
EP 551
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100039
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SINGH, P
   COE, J
   HONG, WJ
AF SINGH, P
   COE, J
   HONG, WJ
TI A ROLE FOR RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN IN POTENTIATING TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION BY THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-product; cell-cycle; susceptibility gene; adenovirus e1a; large-t; phosphorylation; transformation; expression; growth; family
AB THE Saccharomyces cerevisiae SNF2/SWI2 protein is essential for the regulated expression of a variety of genes(1,2). A human SW12/SNF2 homologue, hBrm, is a positive participant in glucocorticoid-receptor-mediated transcription(3), but its mechanism of action is not known. The retinoblastoma protein, RB, has also been shown to stimulate the transcription of several genes(4-10), although the target for RB has not been identified in any of these transcriptional events. Here we show that RB upregulates glucocorticoid-receptor-mediated transcription. The effect of either RB or hBrm is dependent on the presence of the other. Furthermore, we demonstrate that RB and hBrm interact with one another in vitro and in vivo. These results highlight a new role for RB, which is to interact with hBrm in order to potentiate glucocorticoid-receptor-activated transcription.
C1 NATL UNIV SINGAPORE,INST MOLEC & CELL BIOL,MEMBRANE BIOL LAB,SINGAPORE 0511,SINGAPORE.
C3 Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR); A*STAR - Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology (IMCB); National University of Singapore
NR 26
TC 170
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 562
EP 565
DI 10.1038/374562a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900058
PM 7700385
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LU, ZH
   LOCKWOOD, DJ
   BARIBEAU, JM
AF LU, ZH
   LOCKWOOD, DJ
   BARIBEAU, JM
TI QUANTUM CONFINEMENT AND LIGHT-EMISSION IN SIO2/SI SUPERLATTICES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID porous silicon; photoelectron-spectroscopy; optical-property
AB Photonic devices are becoming increasingly important in information and communication technologies. But attempts to integrate photonics with silicon-based microelectronics are hampered by the fact that silicon has an indirect band gap, which prevents efficient electron-photon energy conversion. Light-emitting silicon-based materials have been made using band-structure engineering of SiGe and SiC alloys and Si/Ge superlattices, and by exploiting quantum-confinement effects in nanoscale particles and crystallites(1-3). The discovery(4,5) that silicon can be etched electrochemically into a highly porous form that emits light with a high quantum yield has opened up the latter approach to intensive study(6-12). Here we report the fabrication, by molecular-beam epitaxy, of well-defined superlattices of silicon and SiO2, which emit visible light through photoluminescence. We show that this light emission can be explained in terms of quantum confinement of electrons in the two-dimensional silicon layers. These superlattice structures are robust and compatible with standard silicon technology.
RP LU, ZH (corresponding author), NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA, INST MICROSTRUCT SCI, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA.
NR 18
TC 602
Z9 673
U1 1
U2 139
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 258
EP 260
DI 10.1038/378258a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YAN, Q
   MATHESON, C
   LOPEZ, OT
AF YAN, Q
   MATHESON, C
   LOPEZ, OT
TI IN-VIVO NEUROTROPHIC EFFECTS OF GDNF ON NEONATAL AND ADULT FACIAL MOTOR-NEURONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID occurring motoneuron death; factor prevents; cell-death; in-vivo; axotomy; degeneration; survival; rats
AB MOTOR neurons require neurotrophic factor(s) for their survival during development and for maintenance of function in adulthood(1-3). In vivo studies have shown that motor neurons respond to a variety of molecules, including ciliary neurotrophic factor, members of the neurotrophin family, and the insulin growth factor IGF-1 (refs 3-13). Here we investigate the potential motor neuron neurotrophic effects of glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), initially identified as a neurotrophic factor for substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons(14). We find that GDNF is retrogradely transported, in a receptor-mediated fashion, by spinal cord motor neurons in neonatal rats. Local application of GDNF to the transected nerve prevents the massive motor neuron cell death and atrophy that normally follows axotomy in the neonatal period. In adult rats, GDNF administered locally or systemically can markedly attenuate the lesion-induced decrease of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the facial nucleus. Our data indicate that GDNF has very profound neurotrophic effects in vivo on developing as well as on adult motor neurons, and is the most potent motor neuron trophic factor found so far.
RP YAN, Q (corresponding author), AMGEN INC,AMGEN CTR,DEPT NEUROBIOL,1840 DEHAVILLAND DR,THOUSAND OAKS,CA 91320, USA.
NR 21
TC 554
Z9 651
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 341
EP 344
DI 10.1038/373341a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400059
PM 7830768
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WALSH, D
   MANN, S
AF WALSH, D
   MANN, S
TI FABRICATION OF HOLLOW POROUS SHELLS OF CALCIUM-CARBONATE FROM SELF-ORGANIZING MEDIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB A RICH variety of elaborate microscopic skeletal structures composed of inorganic materials are produced in nature(1). Such complex, three-dimensional structures, if produced synthetically, could find important applications as light-weight ceramics, catalyst supports, biomedical implants and robust membranes for high-temperature separation technology. Here we describe a method for synthesizing hollow porous shells of crystalline calcium carbonate (aragonite) that resemble the coccospheres of certain marine algae. We show that thin cellular frameworks of either mesoporous or macroporous aragonite can be formed from oil-water-surfactant microemulsions supersaturated with calcium bicarbonate, with the pore size determined by the relative concentrations of water and oil. Using micrometre-sized polystyrene beads as the substrate for the microemulsion, hollow spherical shells of the honeycomb architecture can be produced. We propose that these cellular frameworks originate from rapid mineralization of aragonite, with a self-organized foam of oil droplets acting as a structural template, and suggest that similar processes could be of general importance in materials chemistry.
C1 UNIV BATH,SCH CHEM,BATH BA2 7AY,AVON,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Bath
NR 9
TC 408
Z9 429
U1 3
U2 230
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 320
EP 323
DI 10.1038/377320a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CIRI, R
   BETTONI, D
   GALLETTA, G
AF CIRI, R
   BETTONI, D
   GALLETTA, G
TI A MASSIVE COUNTER-ROTATING GAS DISK IN A SPIRAL GALAXY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lenticular galaxy; atomic-hydrogen; molecular gas; s0 galaxy; ngc-4550; motions; stellar; origin; matter
AB IN some galaxies that have little gas remaining from the epoch of galaxy formation, the gas that is present rotates in the opposite sense to the stars(1-4). It is thought that this counter-rotating gas may result from the capture by a massive early-type galaxy of a gas-rich dwarf galaxy that was orbiting in the opposite sense to the main galaxy's rotation; but as there are few examples of galaxies with counter-rotating gas, we have little information about the details of this process. Here we present optical spectra of the spiral(5,6) galaxy NGC3626, which clearly show the presence of counter-rotating ionized gas; combining these results with preexisting atomic hydrogen data(7) leads to an estimate of 10(9) M(.) for the mass of the gas. Spiral galaxies generally contain substantial amounts of gas left over from the formation epoch, which would be co-rotating with the stars; this gas should interact strongly with the counter-rotating gas on a relatively short timescale, causing it to fall towards the centre of the galaxy. We therefore propose that the counter-rotating gas in NGC3626 has been captured recently; the merger process is just beginning.
C1 OSSERV ASTRON PADOVA,I-35122 PADUA,ITALY.
C3 University of Padua; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF)
RP CIRI, R (corresponding author), UNIV PADUA,DIPARTIMENTO ASTRON,I-35122 PADUA,ITALY.
NR 30
TC 58
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6533
BP 661
EP 663
DI 10.1038/375661a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RE576
UT WOS:A1995RE57600053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BOHLER, C
   NIELSEN, PE
   ORGEL, LE
AF BOHLER, C
   NIELSEN, PE
   ORGEL, LE
TI TEMPLATE SWITCHING BETWEEN PNA AND RNA OLIGONUCLEOTIDES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID directed synthesis
AB THE origin of the RNA world(1) is not easily understood, as effective prebiotic syntheses of the components of RNA, the beta-ribofuranoside-5'-phosphates, are hard to envisage(2). Recognition of this difficulty has led to the proposal(1,3) that other genetic systems, the components of which are more easily formed, may have preceded RNA. This raises the question of how transitions between one genetic system and another could occur. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) resembles RNA in its ability to form double-helical complexes stabilized by Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding between adenine and thymine and between cytosine and guanine(4-6), but has a backbone that is held together by amide rather than by phosphodiester bonds. Oligonucleotides based on RNA are known to act as templates that catalyse the non-enzymatic synthesis of their complements from activated mononucleotides(7-9), we now show that RNA oligonucleotides facilitate the synthesis of complementary PNA strands and vice versa. This suggests that a transition between different genetic systems can occur without less of information.
C1 SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,SAN DIEGO,CA 92186.
   PANUM INST,IMBG,CTR BIOMOLEC RECOGNIT,DK-2100 COPENHAGEN N,DENMARK.
C3 Salk Institute
NR 15
TC 197
Z9 220
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6541
BP 578
EP 581
DI 10.1038/376578a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RP756
UT WOS:A1995RP75600046
PM 7543656
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KLEIN, EM
   KARSTEN, JL
AF KLEIN, EM
   KARSTEN, JL
TI OCEAN-RIDGE BASALTS WITH CONVERGENT-MARGIN GEOCHEMICAL AFFINITIES FROM THE CHILE RIDGE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mantle evolution; subduction zone; trace-element; magma genesis; indian ridge; nazca plate; constraints; sediments; crust; sr
AB COLLISIONS between active spreading centres and subduction zones have occurred frequently throughout Earth history(1). Of the few sites of ridge subduction active today, the southern Chile Ridge has the simplest tectonic history(2). We report here that basalts recovered from the Chile Ridge adjacent to the Chile Trench have geochemical characteristics unlike those of mid-ocean-ridge basalts sampled elsewhere, and show affinities with are volcanics. The observed chemical variations are consistent with contamination of depleted sub-oceanic mantle by marine sediments and altered oceanic crust, which may have been derived from the adjacent subduction zone. Although some ocean islands show evidence of crustal recycllng(3-5), the Chile Ridge lavas are the first ocean-ridge basalts to exhibit such extreme geochemical characteristics, and may thus offer the opportunity to study the development of one type of mantle heterogeneity as it occurs. The discovery of ocean-ridge basalts with convergent-margin chemical characteristics suggests that caution is warranted in using trace-element systematics to identify the provenance (mid-ocean ridge or supra-subduction zone) of ophiolites(6,7).
C1 UNIV HAWAII,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,HONOLULU,HI 96822.
C3 University of Hawaii System
RP KLEIN, EM (corresponding author), DUKE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,DURHAM,NC 27708, USA.
NR 39
TC 183
Z9 197
U1 1
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 52
EP 57
DI 10.1038/374052a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NELLIST, PD
   MCCALLUM, BC
   RODENBURG, JM
AF NELLIST, PD
   MCCALLUM, BC
   RODENBURG, JM
TI RESOLUTION BEYOND THE INFORMATION LIMIT IN TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stem; reconstruction; semiconductors; patterns; silicon; object; images
AB THE conventional resolution of transmission electron microscopes is orders of magnitude larger than the wavelength of the electrons used. Aberrations of the objective lens corrupt spatial information on length scales below a limit known as the point resolution. Methods to correct for lens aberrations(1-5) require knowledge of the phase of the waves which make up the image (this constitutes the 'phase problem'). Beyond the point resolution, information can still be transferred by the microscope, but partial coherence of the scattered beams imposes an ultimate limit (the 'information limit') on the resolution of the transferred image information. Here we show that this limit can be overcome to obtain images of still higher resolution with a scanning transmission electron microscope. Our approach involves collecting coherent microdiffraction patterns as a function of probe position, enabling us to extract the phase differences of all neighbouring pairs of diffracted beams. Using this approach for a microscope with a conventional point resolution of 0.42 nm and a conventional information limit of 0.33 nm, we are able to form an aberration-free image that resolves an atomic spacing of 0.136 nm.
RP NELLIST, PD (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE, CAVENDISH LAB, MADINGLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HE, ENGLAND.
NR 28
TC 191
Z9 244
U1 2
U2 84
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6523
BP 630
EP 632
DI 10.1038/374630a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QT189
UT WOS:A1995QT18900055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YAKIR, D
   YECHIELI, Y
AF YAKIR, D
   YECHIELI, Y
TI PLANT INVASION OF NEWLY EXPOSED HYPERSALINE DEAD-SEA SHORES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stable isotope composition; water-uptake; fresh-water; leaf water; deuterium
AB THE level of the Dead Sea, the lowest (about -400 m) and one of the most salty (salinity about 340 g l(-1))lakes on earth, is lowering at a rate of approximately 0.5 m annually owing to extensive exploitation of its main perennial tributary (the Jordan River) and the extreme aridity of the region (annual precipitation is about 60 mm)(1). Consequently, new hypersaline sea shores are exposed, forming a unique, originally sterile ecosystem. The first plants invade these newly exposed shores after several years while soil water salinity is still extremely high, Here we use stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen to show that a variety of such perennial pioneer plants are able to make use of occasional floodwater which is distinct from the bulk of the hypersaline soil water found in their root zone. Our results provide new insight into the ways in which plants can invade extremely hostile environments and extend their ecological limits of distribution.
C1 GEOL SURVEY ISRAEL,IL-95501 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL.
C3 Geological Survey Israel
RP YAKIR, D (corresponding author), WEIZMANN INST SCI,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENERGY RES,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
NR 24
TC 33
Z9 39
U1 2
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6525
BP 803
EP 805
DI 10.1038/374803a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QV315
UT WOS:A1995QV31500044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WESTENDORP, MO
   FRANK, R
   OCHSENBAUER, C
   STRICKER, K
   DHEIN, J
   WALCZAK, H
   DEBATIN, KM
   KRAMMER, PH
AF WESTENDORP, MO
   FRANK, R
   OCHSENBAUER, C
   STRICKER, K
   DHEIN, J
   WALCZAK, H
   DEBATIN, KM
   KRAMMER, PH
TI SENSITIZATION OF T-CELLS TO CD95-MEDIATED APOPTOSIS BY HIV-1 TAT AND GP120
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monoclonal-antibody; infection; aids; protein; cd4
AB THE depletion of CD4(+) T cells in AIDS is correlated with high turnover of the human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1(1,2) acid associated with apoptosis(3-5). The molecular mechanism of apoptosis in HIV infection, however, is largely unknown, T-cell apoptosis might be affected by viral proteins such as HIV-1 Tat(6-9) and gp120 (refs 10, 11). T-cell-receptor (TCR)-induced apoptosis was recently shown to involve the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) receptor(12). We show here that HIV-1 Tat strongly sensitizes TCR- and CD4(gp120)-induced apoptosis by upregulation of CD95 ligand expression. Concentrations of Tat found to be effective in cultures of HIV-1-infected cells were also observed in sera from HIV-1-infected individuals. Taken together, our results indicate that HIV-1 Tat and gp120 accelerate CD95-mediated, activation-induced T-cell apoptosis, a mechanism that may contribute to CD4(+) T-cell depletion(5,13,14) in AIDS.
C1 GERMAN CANC RES CTR, TUMORIMMUNOL PROGRAM, D-69120 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   UNIV HEIDELBERG, CTR BIOL MOLEC, W-6900 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   UNIV HEIDELBERG, CHILDRENS HOSP, W-6900 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
C3 Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
NR 30
TC 908
Z9 998
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6531
BP 497
EP 500
DI 10.1038/375497a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RC188
UT WOS:A1995RC18800050
PM 7539892
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HE, GP
   MUISE, A
   LI, AW
   RO, HS
AF HE, GP
   MUISE, A
   LI, AW
   RO, HS
TI A EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR WITH CARBOXYPEPTIDASE ACTIVITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID enhancer binding-protein; gene-expression; molecular-cloning; factor-viii; adipocyte differentiation; glucocorticoid receptor; messenger-rna; cdna cloning; c-jun; dna
AB ADIPOCYTE differentiation involves the transcriptional activation of several genes in triglyceride metabolism, including the adipose P2 (aP2 or 422) gene that encodes the adipocyte lipid-binding protein ALBP(1-3). Within the mouse aP2 promoter region, the AE1 sequence functions as either a positive or a negative element in the regulation of aP2 gene expression(4-8). The AE-1 sequence is the binding site for the positive murine (3T3) adipocyte factor C/EBP-alpha(5,6), several human preadipocyte factors(7), and a 3T3 preadipocyte factor(s) that has been implicated as a repressor of aP2 gene expression(4,5,7,8). Here we report the cloning of new complementary DNAs that encode the 3T3 preadipocyte factor (termed AEBP1), and demonstrate that AEBP1 expression is abolished during adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, we show that an activity of a carboxypeptidase associated with AEBP1 is important in the transcriptional repression function of AEBP1. Thus AEBP1 might represent a new type of transcription factor that regulates transcription by cleavage of factors involved in transcription.
C1 DALHOUSIE UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,HALIFAX,NS B3H 4H7,CANADA.
C3 Dalhousie University
NR 29
TC 146
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 92
EP 96
DI 10.1038/378092a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900058
PM 7477299
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHIVDASANI, RA
   MAYER, EL
   ORKIN, SH
AF SHIVDASANI, RA
   MAYER, EL
   ORKIN, SH
TI ABSENCE OF BLOOD FORMATION IN MICE LACKING THE T-CELL LEUKEMIA ONCOPROTEIN TAL-1/SCL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-binding motif; chromosomal translocation; erythroid-differentiation; targeted mutation; gene scl; expression; leukemia; protein; hematopoiesis; recombination
AB CHROMOSOMAL translocations associated with malignancies often result in deregulated expression of genes encoding transcription factors(1). In human T-cell leukaemias such regulators belong to diverse protein families and may normally be expressed widely (for example, Ttg-1/rbtn1, Ttg-2/rbtn2)(2'3), exclusively outside the haematopoietic system (for example, Hox11)(4), or specifically in haematopoietic cells and other selected sites (for example, tal-1/ SCL, lyl-1)(5,6). Aberrant expression within T cells is thought to interfere with programmes of normal maturation. The most frequently activated gene in acute T-cell leukaemias, tal-1 (also called SCL)(7,8), encodes a candidate regulator of haematopoietic development(9), a basic-helix-loop-helix protein(5), related to critical myogenic(10) and neurogenic(11) factors. Here we show by targeted gene disruption in mice(12) that tal-1 is essential for embryonic blood formation in vivo. With respect to embryonic erythropoiesis, tal-1 deficiency resembles loss of the erythroid transcription factor GATA-(13,14) or the LIM protein rbtn2(15). Profound reduction in myeloid cells cultured in vivo from tal-1 null yolk sacs suggests a broader defect manifest at the myelo-erythroid or multipotential progenitor cell level.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DANA FARBER CANC INST,DEPT PEDIAT,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP SHIVDASANI, RA (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,CHILDRENS HOSP,SCH MED,DIV HEMATOL ONCOL,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 30
TC 775
Z9 916
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6513
BP 432
EP 434
DI 10.1038/373432a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QE670
UT WOS:A1995QE67000057
PM 7830794
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MATZUK, MM
   KUMAR, TR
   BRADLEY, A
AF MATZUK, MM
   KUMAR, TR
   BRADLEY, A
TI DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES FOR MICE DEFICIENT IN EITHER ACTIVINS OR ACTIVIN RECEPTOR-TYPE-II
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; gene; rat; inhibin
AB ACTIVINS are believed to initiate a signal transduction cascade by binding to serine/threonine kinase receptors types I and II1-3. Activins(4) bind to several different receptors in vitro(1-3), but the significance of this interaction in vivo has not been confirmed. To test the function of the type II activin receptor (ActRcII) in mammalian development and reproduction, we generated a null mutation in the ActRcII gene in mice using embryonic stem cell technology. We expected ActRcII-deficient mice to phenocopy activin-deficient mice. A few ActRcII-deficient mice had skeletal and facial abnormalities reminiszzcent of the Pierre-Robin syndrome in humans(5,6), but most lacked these defects and developed into adults; their follicle-stimulating hormone was suppressed, and their reproductive performance was defective. These findings confirm a role of ActRcII in activin signalling in pituitary gonadotrophs. The striking lack of overlap between phenotypes of ActRcII-deficient and activin-deficient mice suggests that the ligands that signal through ActRcII during embryonic development are not activins.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PATHOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP MATZUK, MM (corresponding author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MOLEC & HUMAN GENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA.
NR 28
TC 500
Z9 581
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6520
BP 356
EP 360
DI 10.1038/374356a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QN630
UT WOS:A1995QN63000059
PM 7885474
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ODLING, NWA
AF ODLING, NWA
TI AN EXPERIMENTAL REPLICATION OF UPPER-MANTLE METASOMATISM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-pressure; south-africa; xenoliths; geochemistry; kimberlite; origin
AB INTERACTION of melts ascending from the asthenosphere with the lithospheric mantle through which they pass is widely accepted to be a significant process by which the lithosphere can acquire distinctive trace-element and isotopic signatures(1-3). Despite the importance of this process in the genesis of the lithosphere, the nature of these 'metasomatic' reactions is still debated(2-5). Here I report the results of an experiment designed to investigate the mechanism by which such metasomatism could occur, A natural sample of Group I kimberlite, a low-volume partial melt of asthenospheric origin, is reacted with a refractory peridotite (harzburgite) in a thermal gradient at high pressure to simulate the interaction between a dyke and its host rock in the lower lithosphere. The harzburgite develops several contrasting mineralogical zones, the coolest of which contains olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, phlogopite, amphibole, Nb-Cr-rutile and minor zircon. The formation of mica and amphibole is accompanied by increases in trace-element concentrations and Rb/Sr, Rb/Ba and Pb/U ratios-features characteristic of metasomatized xenoliths recovered from southern African kimberlites(5). These results support the suggestion, based on temporal association and isotopic data, that at least some mantle metasomatism is related to the interaction of Group I kimberlite with refractory peridotite in the lower lithosphere(6).
RP ODLING, NWA (corresponding author), UNIV EDINBURGH,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,EDINBURGH EH9 3JW,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
NR 24
TC 21
Z9 21
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6509
BP 58
EP 60
DI 10.1038/373058a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QA239
UT WOS:A1995QA23900053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GERBER, HP
   HAGMANN, M
   SEIPEL, K
   GEORGIEV, O
   WEST, MAL
   LITINGTUNG, Y
   SCHAFFNER, W
   CORDEN, JL
AF GERBER, HP
   HAGMANN, M
   SEIPEL, K
   GEORGIEV, O
   WEST, MAL
   LITINGTUNG, Y
   SCHAFFNER, W
   CORDEN, JL
TI RNA-POLYMERASE-II C-TERMINAL DOMAIN REQUIRED FOR ENHANCER-DRIVEN TRANSCRIPTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID largest subunit; stimulates transcription; promoter; activation; expression; repeat; cells; gene; protein; invitro
AB THE RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) consists of tandem repeats of the sequence Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser(1-3). The CTD may participate in activated transcription through interaction with a high-molecular-weight mediator complex(4-6). Such a role would be consistent with observations that some genes are preferentially sensitive to CTD mutations(7,8). Here we investigate the function of the mouse RNA polymerase CTD in enhancer-driven transcription. Transcription by alpha-amanitin-resistant CTD-deletion mutants was tested by transient transfection of tissue culture cells in the presence of alpha-amanitin in order to inhibit endogenous RNA polymerase II. Removal of most of the CTD abolishes transcriptional activation by all enhancers tested, whereas transcription from promoters driven by Sp1, a factor that typically activates housekeeping genes from positions proximal to the initiation sites, is not affected. These findings show that the CTD is essential in mediating 'enhancer'-type activation of mammalian transcription.
C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DIV BIOL SCI,PLANT BIOL SECT,DAVIS,CA 95616.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MOLEC BIOL & GENET,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP GERBER, HP (corresponding author), UNIV ZURICH,INST MOLEK BIOL 2,WINTERTHURERSTR 190,CH-8057 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
NR 28
TC 146
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6523
BP 660
EP 662
DI 10.1038/374660a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QT189
UT WOS:A1995QT18900065
PM 7715709
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HUBER, R
   BURGGRAF, S
   MAYER, T
   BARNS, SM
   ROSSNAGEL, P
   STETTER, KO
AF HUBER, R
   BURGGRAF, S
   MAYER, T
   BARNS, SM
   ROSSNAGEL, P
   STETTER, KO
TI ISOLATION OF A HYPERTHERMOPHILIC ARCHAEUM PREDICTED BY IN-SITU RNA ANALYSIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single cells; bacteria; archaebacteria; manipulation; organisms; probes
AB A variety of hyperthermophilic bacteria and archaea(1) have been isolated from high-temperature environments by plating and serial dilutions(2). However, these techniques allow only the small percentage of organisms able to form colonies, or those that are predominant within environmental samples, to be obtained in pure culture, Recently, in situ 16S ribosomal RNA analyses of samples from the Obsidian hot pool at Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, revealed a variety of archaeal sequences, which,were all different from those of previously isolated species(3,4). This suggests substantial diversity of archaea with so far unknown morphological, physiological and biochemical features, which may play an important part within high-temperature ecosystems, Here we describe a procedure to obtain pure cultures of unknown organisms harbouring specific 16S rRNA sequences identified previously within the environment, It combines visual recognition of single cells by phylogenetic staining(5-9) and cloning by 'optical tweezers'(10,11). Our result validates polymerase chain reaction data on the existence of large archaeal communities.
C1 UNIV REGENSBURG,ARCHAEENZENTRUM,D-93053 REGENSBURG,GERMANY.
   INDIANA UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405.
   INDIANA UNIV,INST MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405.
C3 University of Regensburg; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP HUBER, R (corresponding author), UNIV REGENSBURG,LEHRSTUHL MIKROBIOL,UNIV STR 31,D-93053 REGENSBURG,GERMANY.
NR 19
TC 159
Z9 178
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6535
BP 57
EP 58
DI 10.1038/376057a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RH111
UT WOS:A1995RH11100060
PM 7541115
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BEG, AA
   SHA, WC
   BRONSON, RT
   GHOSH, S
   BALTIMORE, D
AF BEG, AA
   SHA, WC
   BRONSON, RT
   GHOSH, S
   BALTIMORE, D
TI EMBRYONIC LETHALITY AND LIVER DEGENERATION IN MICE LACKING THE RELA COMPONENT OF NF-KAPPA-B
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB NF-kappa B, which consists of two polypeptides, p50 (M, 50K) and p65/RelA (M(r) 65K), is thought to be a key regulator of genes involved in responses to infection, inflammation and stress(1). Indeed, although developmentally normal, mice deficient in p50 display functional defects in immune responses(2). Here we describe the generation of mice deficient in the RelA subunit of NF-kappa B. Disruption of the relA locus leads to embryonic lethality at 15-16 days of gestation, concomitant with a massive degeneration of the liver by programmed cell death or apoptosis. Embryonic fibroblasts from RelA-deficient mice are defective in the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated induction of messenger RNAs for I kappa B alpha and granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), although basal levels of these transcripts are unaltered. These results indicate that RelA controls inducible, but not basal, transcription in NF-kappa B-regulated pathways.
C1 MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED & VET MED,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02111.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,IMMUNOBIOL SECT,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Tufts University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 23
TC 1630
Z9 1867
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6536
BP 167
EP 170
DI 10.1038/376167a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RJ028
UT WOS:A1995RJ02800059
PM 7603567
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ELSWORTH, Y
   HOWE, R
   ISAAK, GR
   MCLEOD, CP
   MILLER, BA
   NEW, R
   WHEELER, SJ
   GOUGH, DO
AF ELSWORTH, Y
   HOWE, R
   ISAAK, GR
   MCLEOD, CP
   MILLER, BA
   NEW, R
   WHEELER, SJ
   GOUGH, DO
TI SLOW ROTATION OF THE SUNS INTERIOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID internal angular velocity; solar interior
AB THE rotation of the Sun is not that of a rigid body; at its surface, the gas near the poles has a lower angular velocity than that near the equator(1). This latitudinal variation persists to the base of the convection zone, below which the angular velocity becomes approximately uniform(2,3). Any variations of angular velocity at much greater depths are, however, poorly constrained(4-10). Observations of solar oscillation modes have been used to probe density variations in the Sun; rotational splitting of degenerate modes, although difficult to resolve, provides important constraints on the dynamical structure(11). Here we report observations of rotationally split: modes made over a three-year period with the Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network. Our results indicate that there is a substantial region inside the Sun that is rotating more slowly than the surface. This situation seems likely to be transient-the minimum-energy state would have all the deeper regions rotating with the same angular velocity-and is at variance with our current ideas about the rotational evolution of main-sequence stars(12). We have no solution to the dynamical problem this poses.
C1 SHEFFIELD HALLAM UNIV,SCH SCI,SHEFFIELD S1 1WB,S YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,INST ASTRON,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HA,ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT APPL MATH & THEORET PHYS,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HA,ENGLAND.
   UNIV COLORADO,JOINT INST LAB ASTROPHYS,BOULDER,CO 80309.
C3 Sheffield Hallam University; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP ELSWORTH, Y (corresponding author), UNIV BIRMINGHAM,SCH PHYS & SPACE RES,BIRMINGHAM B15 2TT,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND.
NR 24
TC 97
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6542
BP 669
EP 672
DI 10.1038/376669a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RQ672
UT WOS:A1995RQ67200054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COWIE, LL
   HU, EM
   SONGAILA, A
AF COWIE, LL
   HU, EM
   SONGAILA, A
TI DETECTION OF MASSIVE FORMING GALAXIES AT REDSHIFTS Z-GREATER-THAN-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID faint galaxy; photometry; emission
AB THE complex problem of when and how galaxies formed has only recently become susceptible to direct attack, It has been known for some time that the excess of blue galaxies counted at faint magnitudes(1-5) implies that a considerable fraction of the massive-star formation in the Universe occurred at redshift z < 3 (refs 6, 7); but surprisingly, spectroscopic studies(8-11) of galaxies down to a B (blue) magnitude of 24 have found little sign of the expected high-z progenitors of current massive galaxies-finding instead mostly small blue galaxies at modest redshifts (z approximate to 0.3). This unexpected population has diverted attention from the possibility that early massive galaxies in the process of star formation might also be found in the faint blue excess, From spectroscopic observations deep enough to encompass a large population of field galaxies (that is, those not associated with any cluster) at z > 1, we show here that in fact these forming galaxies are present in substantial numbers at B approximate to 24, and that the era from redshifts 1 to 2 was clearly an important period of galaxy formation.
RP COWIE, LL (corresponding author), UNIV HAWAII,INST ASTRON,2680 WOODLAWN DR,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA.
NR 21
TC 109
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 603
EP 605
DI 10.1038/377603a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FARLEY, KA
   PATTERSON, DB
AF FARLEY, KA
   PATTERSON, DB
TI A 100-KYR PERIODICITY IN THE FLUX OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL HE-3 TO THE SEA-FLOOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sediments; helium
AB MOST of the helium-3 in oceanic sediments comes from interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), and can therefore be used to infer the accretion rate of dust to the Earth through time(1-3). He-3 records from slowly accumulating pelagic clays indicate that the accretion rate varies considerably over millions of gears, probably owing to cometary and asteroidal break-up events(3). Muller and MacDonald have proposed(4) that periodic changes in this accretion rate due to a previously unrecognized 100-kyr periodicity in the Earth's orbital inclination might account for the prominence of this frequency in climate records of the past million years(5). Here we report variations in the He-3 flux to the sea floor that support this idea, We find that the flux recorded in rapidly accumulating Quaternary sediments from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge oscillates with a period of about 100 kyr. We cannot yet say, however, whether the 100-kyr climate cycle is a consequence of, a cause of, or an effect independent of these periodic changes in the rate of delivery of interplanetary dust to the sea floor.
RP FARLEY, KA (corresponding author), CALTECH, DIV GEOL & PLANETARY SCI, MS 170-25, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
NR 21
TC 78
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 600
EP 603
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100071
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YU, BD
   HESS, JL
   HORNING, SE
   BROWN, GAJ
   KORSMEYER, SJ
AF YU, BD
   HESS, JL
   HORNING, SE
   BROWN, GAJ
   KORSMEYER, SJ
TI ALTERED HOX EXPRESSION AND SEGMENTAL IDENTITY IN MLL-MUTANT MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila-trithorax; acute leukemias; all-1 gene; mouse; transformations; regulator; mutation; domains; motif
AB THE mixed-lineage leukaemia gene (MLL/HRX/ALL-1) is disrupted by chromosomal translocation in human acute leukaemias that often display mixed lymphoid-myeloid phenotypes and present in infancy(1-4). MLL possesses a highly conserved SET domain also found in Drosophila trithorax (trx) and Polycomb group (Pc-G) genes, which are known to regulate homeotic genes (HOM-C) in a positive or negative fashion, respectively(5). Mll was targeted in mice by homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells to assess its role in pattern development. MII heterozygous (+/-) mice had retarded growth, displayed haematopoietic abnormalities, and demonstrated bidirectional homeotic transformations of the axial skeleton as well as sternal malformations. Mll deficiency (-/-) was embryonic lethal. Anterior boundaries of Hoxa-7 and Noxc-9 expression were shifted posteriorly in Mll +/- embryos, but their expression was abolished in Mll -/- embryos. Thus Mll is required for proper segment identity in mammals, displays haplo-insufficiency, and positively regulates Hox gene expression.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT MED,DIV MOLEC ONCOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT PATHOL,DIV MOLEC ONCOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 29
TC 737
Z9 906
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 505
EP 508
DI 10.1038/378505a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400075
PM 7477409
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRUNET, M
   BEAUVILAIN, A
   COPPENS, Y
   HEINTZ, E
   MOUTAYE, AHE
   PILBEAM, D
AF BRUNET, M
   BEAUVILAIN, A
   COPPENS, Y
   HEINTZ, E
   MOUTAYE, AHE
   PILBEAM, D
TI THE FIRST AUSTRALOPITHECINE 2,500 KILOMETERS WEST OF THE RIFT-VALLEY (CHAD)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The first sites with Pliocene and Pleistocene mammals west of the Rift Valley in Central Africa in northern Chad mere reported in 1959 (ref. 1), and documented the presence of mixed savannah and woodland habitats. Further sites(2) and a probable Homo erectus cranio-facial fragment(3) mere subsequently discovered. In 1993 a survey of Pliocene and Pleistocene formations in the Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Province of Chad (B.E.T.) led to the discovery of 17 new sites in the region of Bahr el Ghazal (classical Arabic for River of the Gazelles) near Koro Toro. One site, KT 12 (15 degrees 58'10'' N, 18 degrees 52'46'' E) yielded an australopithecine mandible associated with a fauna biochronologically estimated to be 3.0-3.5 Myr old. Australopithecine species described since 1925 are known from southern Africa and from sites spread along the eastern Rift Valley from Tanzania to Ethiopia (Fig. 1). This new find from Chad, which is most similar in morphology to Australopithecus afarensis(4), documents the presence of an early hominid a considerable distance, 2,500 km, west of the Rift Valley.
C1 CNAR, NDJAMENA, CHAD.
   COLL FRANCE, CHAIRE PALEOANTHROPOL & PREHIST, F-75005 PARIS, FRANCE.
   CNRS, F-75794 PARIS 16, FRANCE.
   DRGM, NDJAMENA, CHAD.
   HARVARD UNIV, DEPT ANTHROPOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Universite PSL; College de France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Harvard University
RP BRUNET, M (corresponding author), UNIV POITIERS, FAC SCI JE 273 MST, GEOBIOL BIOCHRONOL & PALEONTOL HUMAINE, 40 AVE RECTEUR PINEAU, F-86022 POITIERS, FRANCE.
NR 28
TC 197
Z9 219
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 273
EP 275
DI 10.1038/378273a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800046
PM 7477344
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHANG, SQ
   KARATO, S
AF ZHANG, SQ
   KARATO, S
TI LATTICE PREFERRED ORIENTATION OF OLIVINE AGGREGATES DEFORMED IN SIMPLE SHEAR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID seismic anisotropy; plastic-deformation; mantle; evolution; textures; minerals; flow
AB REGIONS of the Earth's upper mantle show significant seismic anisotropy due to the preferred crystallographic orientation ('lattice preferred orientation') adopted by its constituent minerals in response to deformation(1-6). Seismic anisotropies thus provide clues to the flow and/or stress patterns in the upper mantle, but the use of lattice preferred orientation to infer such properties from seismic data has been hampered by the lack of experimental studies relating changes in crystallographic orientation to simple-shear deformation. (Simple shear is probably the dominant mode of deformation in the upper mantle, whereas most previous experiments have focused on the effects of uniaxial compression(7-9).) Here we describe the results of simple-shear deformation experiments on olivine aggregates, conducted at high temperatures and pressures (similar to 1,500 K and 300 MPa). For large strains (up to 150%), our experiments reproduce the lattice preferred orientation observed in highly deformed upper-mantle rocks, in which the olivine [100] axes lie nearly parallel to the bow direction. But for relatively small strains, the preferred orientation is rotated with respect to the flow direction, indicating that seismic anisotropy should also be sensitive to the sense of shear is tbe upper mantle.
C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
NR 30
TC 729
Z9 835
U1 0
U2 74
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 774
EP 777
DI 10.1038/375774a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900074
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WINDHORST, RA
   FOMALONT, EB
   KELLERMANN, KI
   PARTRIDGE, RB
   RICHARDS, E
   FRANKLIN, BE
   PASCARELLE, SM
   GRIFFITHS, RE
AF WINDHORST, RA
   FOMALONT, EB
   KELLERMANN, KI
   PARTRIDGE, RB
   RICHARDS, E
   FRANKLIN, BE
   PASCARELLE, SM
   GRIFFITHS, RE
TI IDENTIFICATION OF FAINT RADIO-SOURCES WITH OPTICALLY LUMINOUS INTERACTING DISK GALAXIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deep westerbork survey; source counts; source population; 8.44 ghz; spectroscopy; millijansky; multicolor; evolution
AB THE question of when galaxies and stars started to form in the early Universe is one of the most fundamental in cosmology, Faint radio sources (with fluxes of a few microjanskys or less) may be these early galaxies; radio surveys have shown them to be increasingly common as fainter levels are reached(1-7), suggesting that they are an important constituent of the early Universe. Many of these sources were identified with faint blue galaxies-some of which have peculiar morphology (perhaps arising from interactions)(1,8-10) or with galaxies hosting enhanced star formation activity(10-12), but lack of optical resolution has made the nature of these identifications rather uncertain, Here we present the results of a very deep radio survey, obtained with the Very Large Array, of a field imaged with the Wide Field Camera on the Hubble Space Telescope. We find that most of the microjansky sources are indeed faint blue galaxies, with light profiles resembling disk galaxies. More than half of these galaxies occur in pairs or small groups, compared to fewer than ten per cent of nearby galaxies. We conclude that the microjansky sources are luminous disk galaxies, in a starburst (or post-starburst) phase that was triggered by interactions or mergers, Only a few show evidence for an active nucleus(2,13,14), which is the other possible power source for the emission.
C1 NATL RADIO ASTRON OBSERV,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22903.
   HAVERFORD COLL,DEPT ASTRON,HAVERFORD,PA 19041.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,BLOOMBERG CTR PHYS & ASTRON,BALTIMORE,MD 21218.
C3 National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Haverford College; Johns Hopkins University
RP WINDHORST, RA (corresponding author), ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,TEMPE,AZ 85287, USA.
NR 30
TC 77
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6531
BP 471
EP 474
DI 10.1038/375471a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RC188
UT WOS:A1995RC18800042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DHENAUT, C
   LEDOUX, I
   SAMUEL, IDW
   ZYSS, J
   BOURGAULT, M
   LEBOZEC, H
AF DHENAUT, C
   LEDOUX, I
   SAMUEL, IDW
   ZYSS, J
   BOURGAULT, M
   LEBOZEC, H
TI CHIRAL METAL-COMPLEXES WITH LARGE OCTUPOLAR OPTICAL NONLINEARITIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID derivatives; scattering; molecules
AB OPTICALLY nonlinear organic materials show considerable potential for applications in optical signal processing and telecommunications(1,2). Most materials are based on the p-nitroaniline template, in which the optical nonlinearities are intimately associated with quasi-one-dimensional charge transfer. But there are problems associated with this conventional approach, arising from the strongly dipolar nature of the molecules(2). It has recently been recognized(3-5) that two- and three-dimensional stereochemistry offers new possibilities for the design and synthesis of optically nonlinear molecules, in which charge transfer is multidirectional rather than dipolar in character; octupolar nonlinearities have now been demonstrated in several molecular systems(5-7). Tri-substituted ruthenium complexes(6) appear particularly attractive because intense, multidirectional metal-to-ligand charge transfer leads to a significant enhancement of the optical nonlinearity, as quantified by the quadratic hyperpolarizability, beta. Here we show that the choice of ligand can further increase beta to values in excess of 10(-27) e.s.u., comparable to the best dipolar optically nonlinear molecules.
C1 UNIV RENNES 1,CHIM COORDINAT ORGAN LAB,F-35042 RENNES,FRANCE.
C3 Universite de Rennes
RP DHENAUT, C (corresponding author), FRANCE TELECOM,CNET,CTR PARIS B,BAGNEUX LAB,196 AVE HENRI RAVERA,F-92220 BAGNEUX,FRANCE.
NR 26
TC 305
Z9 316
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6520
BP 339
EP 342
DI 10.1038/374339a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QN630
UT WOS:A1995QN63000053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FELCHER, GP
   ADENWALLA, S
   DEHAAN, VO
   VANWELL, AA
AF FELCHER, GP
   ADENWALLA, S
   DEHAAN, VO
   VANWELL, AA
TI ZEEMAN SPLITTING OF SURFACE-SCATTERED NEUTRONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB IF a beam of slow neutrons impinges On a solid at grazing incidence, the neutrons reflected can be used to probe the composition and magnetization of the solid near its surface(1,2). In this process, the incident and reflected neutrons generally have identical kinetic energies. Here we report the results of an experiment in which subtle inelastic scattering processes are revealed as relatively large deviations in scattering angle. The neutrons are scattered from a ferromagnetic surface in the presence of a strong ambient magnetic field, and exhibit a small but significant variation in kinetic energy as a function of the reflection angle. This effect is attributable to the Zeeman splitting of the energies of the neutron spin states due to the ambient magnetic field: some neutrons flip their spins upon reflection from the magnetized surface, thereby exchanging kinetic energy for magnetic potential energy. The subtle effects of Zeeman splitting are amplified by the extreme sensitivity of grazing-angle neutron scattering, and might also provide a useful spectroscopic tool if significant practical obstacles (such as low interaction cross-sections) can be overcome.
C1 DELFT UNIV TECHNOL,INTERFAC REACTOR INST,2629 JB DELFT,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Delft University of Technology
RP FELCHER, GP (corresponding author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV MAT SCI,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA.
NR 4
TC 57
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 409
EP 410
DI 10.1038/377409a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WEIGEL, D
   NILSSON, O
AF WEIGEL, D
   NILSSON, O
TI A DEVELOPMENTAL SWITCH SUFFICIENT FOR FLOWER INITIATION IN DIVERSE PLANTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arabidopsis floral development; inflorescence development; homeotic genes; thaliana; leafy; apetala1; promoter
AB We have generated transgenic plants in which the flower-meristem-identity gene LEAFY of Arabidopsis is constitutively expressed. LEAFY is sufficient to determine floral fate in lateral shoot meristems of both Arabidopsis and the heterologous species aspen, with the consequence that flower development is induced precociously. Our results also suggest a new level of regulation during flower development, as indicated by the competence of the main shoot to respond to LEAFY activity.
C1 SWEDISH UNIV AGR SCI,S-90183 UMEA,SWEDEN.
C3 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
RP WEIGEL, D (corresponding author), SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,10010 N TORREY PINES RD,LA JOLLA,CA 92037, USA.
NR 31
TC 650
Z9 829
U1 3
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 495
EP 500
DI 10.1038/377495a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600051
PM 7566146
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEV, S
   MORENO, H
   MARTINEZ, R
   CANOLL, P
   PELES, E
   MUSACCHIO, JM
   PLOWMAN, GD
   RUDY, B
   SCHLESSINGER, J
AF LEV, S
   MORENO, H
   MARTINEZ, R
   CANOLL, P
   PELES, E
   MUSACCHIO, JM
   PLOWMAN, GD
   RUDY, B
   SCHLESSINGER, J
TI PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE PYK2 INVOLVED IN CA2+-INDUCED REGULATION OF ION-CHANNEL AND MAP KINASE FUNCTIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nerve growth-factor; potassium channel; acetylcholine-receptor; pc12 cells; ras; phosphorylation; activation; gene; transformation; domains
AB The protein tyrosine kinase PYK2, which is highly expressed in the central nervous system, is rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in response to various stimuli that elevate the intracellular calcium concentration, as well as by protein kinase C activation. Activation of PYK2 leads to modulation of ion channel function and activation of the MAP kinase signalling pathway. PYK2 activation may provide a mechanism for a variety of short- and long-term calcium-dependent signalling events in the nervous system.
C1 NYU,MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
   NYU,MED CTR,DEPT PHYSIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
   SUGEN INC,REDWOOD CITY,CA 94063.
C3 New York University; New York University
NR 50
TC 1290
Z9 1405
U1 1
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6543
BP 737
EP 745
DI 10.1038/376737a0
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RR836
UT WOS:A1995RR83600031
PM 7544443
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DREVETS, WC
   BURTON, H
   VIDEEN, TO
   SNYDER, AZ
   SIMPSON, JR
   RAICHLE, ME
AF DREVETS, WC
   BURTON, H
   VIDEEN, TO
   SNYDER, AZ
   SIMPSON, JR
   RAICHLE, ME
TI BLOOD-FLOW CHANGES IN HUMAN SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX DURING ANTICIPATED STIMULATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID positron emission tomography; somatic sensory transmission; pet images; selective attention; brain; responses; movement; performance; (h2o)-o-15; modulation
AB POSITRON emission tomography (PET) measurements of brain blood flow were used to monitor changes in the human primary and secondary somatosensory cortices during the period when somatosensory stimuli were expected. In anticipation of either focal or innocuous touching, or localized, painful shocks, blood flow decreased in parts of the primary somatosensory cortex map located outside the representation of the skin area that was the target of the expected stimulus. Specifically, attending to an impending stimulus to the fingers produced a significant decrease in blood flow in the somatosensory zones for the face, whereas attending to stimulation of the toe produced decreases in the zones for the fingers and face. Decreases were more prominent in the side ipsilateral to the location of the expected stimulus. No significant changes in blood flow occurred in the region of the cortex representing the skin locus of the awaited stimulation. These results are concurrent with a model of spatial attention in which potential signal enhancement may rely on, generalized suppression of background activity(1).
C1 ST LOUIS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PSYCHIAT,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   ST LOUIS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT & NEUROBIOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   ST LOUIS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL & NEUROL SURG NEUROL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 Saint Louis University; Saint Louis University; Saint Louis University
RP DREVETS, WC (corresponding author), ST LOUIS UNIV,SCH MED,MALLINCKRODT INST RADIOL,DIV RADIAT SCI,ST LOUIS,MO 63110, USA.
NR 24
TC 233
Z9 253
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6511
BP 249
EP 252
DI 10.1038/373249a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QC278
UT WOS:A1995QC27800065
PM 7816140
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZIMMERER, KS
AF ZIMMERER, KS
TI THE ORIGINS OF ANDEAN IRRIGATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB BETWEEN AD 530 and the early 1500s, the people of the Andes built complex systems of irrigation, aqueducts and raised fields in the tropical mountains of present-day Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. Their accomplishments supplied crops and the economic and symbolic bases of power for some of the world's most notable early civilizations, including the Empires of the Tiwanaku (similar to AD 100-1000) and Inka (similar to AD 1400-1532), as well as smaller chiefdoms(1-6), But there has been no direct evidence of extensive irrigation, the most common water control, before about AD 1000. Here we demonstrate, by studies of sedimentology and geomorphology near Tarata village in the Bolivian Andes, that an extensive and integrated system of floodwater and canal irrigation was in use at about AD 719 and that it functioned as early as 3,500 years before present (BP). A modern-day equivalent continued in use until 1993. The findings at Tarata give a detailed example of early irrigation that would have enabled the development of water control by Andean civilizations in highland settlements above 2,000 m.
RP ZIMMERER, KS (corresponding author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT GEOG,384 SCI HALL,550 N PK ST,MADISON,WI 53706, USA.
NR 22
TC 25
Z9 34
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 481
EP 483
DI 10.1038/378481a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400067
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SALADIN, R
   DEVOS, P
   GUERREMILLO, M
   LETURQUE, A
   GIRARD, J
   STAELS, B
   AUWERX, J
AF SALADIN, R
   DEVOS, P
   GUERREMILLO, M
   LETURQUE, A
   GIRARD, J
   STAELS, B
   AUWERX, J
TI TRANSIENT INCREASE IN OBESE GENE-EXPRESSION AFTER FOOD-INTAKE OR INSULIN ADMINISTRATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein
AB OBESITY is a disorder of energy balance, indicating a chronic disequilibrium between energy intake and expenditure(1). Recently, the mouse ob gene(2), and subsequently its human and rat homologues(2-6), have been cloned. The ob gene product, leptin(7), is expressed exclusively in adipose tissue, and appears to be a signalling factor regulating body-weight homeostasis and energy balance(2,7-9). Because the level of ob gene expression might indicate the size of the adipose depot, we suggest that it is regulated by factors modulating adipose tissue size. Here we show that ob gene exhibits diurnal variation, increasing during the night, after rats start eating. This variation was linked to changes in food intake, as fasting prevented the cyclic variation and decreased ob messenger RNA. Furthermore, refeeding fasted rats restored ob mRNA within 4 hours to levels of fed animals. A single insulin injection in fasted animals increased ob mRNA to levels of fed controls. Experiments to control glucose and insulin independently in animals, and studies in primary adipocytes, showed that insulin regulates ob gene expression directly in rats, regardless of its glucose-lowering effects. Whereas the ob gene product, leptin, has been shown to reduce food intake and increase energy expenditure(7-9) our data demonstrate that ob gene expression is increased after food ingestion in rats, perhaps through a direct action of insulin on the adipocyte.
C1 INST BIOMED CORDELIERS,INSERM,U177,F-75006 PARIS,FRANCE.
   CNRS,UPR 1511,CEREMOD,F-92190 MEUDON,FRANCE.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP SALADIN, R (corresponding author), INST PASTEUR,BIOL REGULAT CHEZ EUCARYOTES LAB,INSERM,U325,1 RUE CALMETTE,F-59019 LILLE,FRANCE.
NR 17
TC 1062
Z9 1147
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 527
EP 529
DI 10.1038/377527a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600062
PM 7566150
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CRAIR, MC
   MALENKA, RC
AF CRAIR, MC
   MALENKA, RC
TI A CRITICAL PERIOD FOR LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AT THALAMOCORTICAL SYNAPSES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent synaptic plasticity; nmda receptor channel; visual-cortex; somatosensory cortex; barrel cortex; mechanisms; transmission; responses; patterns; currents
AB IN mammalian development, the refinement of topographical projections from the thalamus to the cortex is thought to arise through an activity-dependent process in which thalamic axons compete for cortical targets(1,2). In support of this view, if activity is altered during a critical period in early development, normal connectivity is disrupted(1,2). It has been proposed that synaptic connections are strengthened during development by correlated pre- and postsynaptic activity(3,4), and a likely mechanism for this process would be N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP)(5,6). However, the evidence that LTP is involved in normal development remains inconclusive. We have examined LTP in the thalamocortical synapses that form whisker barrels in rat somatosensory cortex (S1). We report here that the period during which LTP can be induced matches closely the critical period during which the barrels can be modified by sensory perturbations. Moreover, the loss of susceptibility to LTP with age is accompanied by a decrease in NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents. These findings provide compelling evidence that LTP is important for the development of cortical circuitry.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, CTR NEUROBIOL & PSYCHIAT, DEPT PHYSIOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP CRAIR, MC (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, CTR NEUROBIOL & PSYCHIAT, DEPT PSYCHIAT, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
NR 29
TC 606
Z9 673
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6529
BP 325
EP 328
DI 10.1038/375325a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RA030
UT WOS:A1995RA03000053
PM 7753197
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BUICK, R
   THORNETT, JR
   MCNAUGHTON, NJ
   SMITH, JB
   BARLEY, ME
   SAVAGE, M
AF BUICK, R
   THORNETT, JR
   MCNAUGHTON, NJ
   SMITH, JB
   BARLEY, ME
   SAVAGE, M
TI RECORD OF EMERGENT CONTINENTAL-CRUST SIMILAR-TO-3.5 BILLION YEARS AGO IN THE PILBARA CRATON OF AUSTRALIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID western-australia; isotope systematics; detrital zircons; block; constraints; identification; stratigraphy; provenance; evolution; sequence
AB ISOTOPIC data for the Earth's oldest rocks(1-7) imply that a considerable volume of continental crust existed during the early Archaean aeon (>3.0 Gyr ago), but it is not known when this crust first began to form emergent landmasses. Sedimentary geochemistry suggests(8,9) that the area of exposed continent was negligible until late in the Arehaean(10), a contention supported by the fact that, until now, all greenstone supracrustal volcanic and sedimentary successions shown to have ken deposited on eroded continental basement have yielded ages of less than or similar to 3.0 Gyr, Here we report the discovery of an angular unconformity (an ancient erosion surface) beneath rocks of the 3.46-Gyr Warrawoona Group in the Pilbara craton of Australia, currently the oldest known,veil-preserved greenstone succession. Below the unconformity, low-grade greenstones older than 3.5 Gyr were intruded by voluminous granitoids before erosion, As the overlying Warrawoona rocks are only mildly metamorphosed, slightly deformed and were deposited near sea level, eve infer that they accumulated on crust that was already rigid, cool and buoyant, Thus, by 3.46 Gyr ago, the sub-Warrawoona rocks formed an emergent block of continental crust, the most ancient known.
C1 SIPA RESOURCES LTD,PERTH,WA 6872,AUSTRALIA.
RP BUICK, R (corresponding author), UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA,KEY CTR STRATEG MINERAL DEPOSITS,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,NEDLANDS,WA 6907,AUSTRALIA.
NR 25
TC 224
Z9 248
U1 1
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6532
BP 574
EP 577
DI 10.1038/375574a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RD287
UT WOS:A1995RD28700047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HILDEBRAND, AR
   PILKINGTON, M
   CONNORS, M
   ORTIZALEMAN, C
   CHAVEZ, RE
AF HILDEBRAND, AR
   PILKINGTON, M
   CONNORS, M
   ORTIZALEMAN, C
   CHAVEZ, RE
TI SIZE AND STRUCTURE OF THE CHICXULUB CRATER REVEALED BY HORIZONTAL GRAVITY GRADIENTS AND CENOTES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID impact crater
AB IT is now widely believed that a large impact occurred on the Earth at the end of the Cretaceous period, and that the buried Chicxulub structure in Yucatan, Mexico, is the resulting crater(24). Knowledge of the size and internal structure of the Chicxulub crater is necessary for quantifying the effects of the impact on the Cretaceous environment. Although much information bearing on the crater's structure is available, diameter estimates range from 170 to 300 km (refs 1-7), corresponding to an order of magnitude variation in impact energy. Here we show the diameter of the crater to be similar to 180 km by examining the horizontal gradient of the Bouguer gravity anomaly over the structure. This size is confirmed by the distribution of karst features in the Yucatan region (mainly water-filled sinkholes, known as cenotes). The coincidence of cenotes and peripheral gravity-gradient maxima suggests that cenote formation is closely related to the presence of slump faults near the crater rim.
C1 UNIV ALBERTA,DEPT PHYS,EDMONTON,AB T6G 2E1,CANADA.
   INST GEOFIS,MEXICO CITY 04510,DF,MEXICO.
C3 University of Alberta
RP HILDEBRAND, AR (corresponding author), GEOL SURVEY CANADA,1 OBSERV CRESCENT,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0Y3,CANADA.
NR 21
TC 117
Z9 131
U1 1
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6539
BP 415
EP 417
DI 10.1038/376415a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RM639
UT WOS:A1995RM63900048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI WHEN IS PRENATAL-DIAGNOSIS EUGENICS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 549
EP 549
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100036
PM 8524378
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CONOVER, JC
   ERICKSON, JT
   KATZ, DM
   BIANCHI, LM
   POUEYMIROU, WT
   MCCLAIN, J
   PAN, L
   HELGREN, M
   IP, NY
   BOLAND, P
   FRIEDMAN, B
   WIEGAND, S
   VEJSADA, R
   KATO, AC
   DECHIARA, TM
   YANCOPOULOS, GD
AF CONOVER, JC
   ERICKSON, JT
   KATZ, DM
   BIANCHI, LM
   POUEYMIROU, WT
   MCCLAIN, J
   PAN, L
   HELGREN, M
   IP, NY
   BOLAND, P
   FRIEDMAN, B
   WIEGAND, S
   VEJSADA, R
   KATO, AC
   DECHIARA, TM
   YANCOPOULOS, GD
TI NEURONAL DEFICITS, NOT INVOLVING MOTOR-NEURONS, IN MICE LACKING BDNF AND/OR NT4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nerve growth-factor; neurotrophic factor; cell-death; brain; motoneurons; receptors
AB NERVE growth factor and other neurotrophins signal to neurons through the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases(1-6). TrkB is relatively promiscuous in vitro, acting as a receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-4 (NT4) and, to a lesser extent, NT3 (refs 3-5). Mice lacking TrkB(7) show a more severe phenotype than mice lacking BDNF8,9, suggesting that TrkB may act as a receptor for additional ligands in vivo. To explore this possibility, we generated mice lacking NT4 or BDNF as well as mice lacking both neurotrophins. Unlike mice lacking other Trks(7,10,11) or neurotrophins(8,9,12-14), NT4-deficient mice are long-lived and show no obvious neurological defects. Analysis of mutant phenotypes revealed distinct neuronal populations with different neurotrophin requirements. Thus vestibular and trigeminal sensory neurons require BDNF but not NT4, whereas nodose-petrosal sensory neurons require both BDNF and NT4. Motor neurons, whose numbers are drastically reduced in mice lacking TrkB, are not affected even in mice lacking both BDNF and NT4. These results suggest that another ligand, perhaps NT3, does indeed act on TrkB in vivo.
C1 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,CLEVELAND,OH 44106.
   REGENERON PHARMACEUT INC,TARRYTOWN,NY 10591.
   UNIV GENEVA,MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV GENEVA,MED CTR,DIV CLIN NEUROMUSCULAR RES,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Regeneron; University of Geneva; University of Geneva
NR 30
TC 361
Z9 398
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 235
EP 238
DI 10.1038/375235a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100063
PM 7746324
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JU, ST
   PANKA, DJ
   CUI, HL
   ETTINGER, R
   ELKHATIB, M
   SHERR, DH
   STANGER, BZ
   MARSHAKROTHSTEIN, A
AF JU, ST
   PANKA, DJ
   CUI, HL
   ETTINGER, R
   ELKHATIB, M
   SHERR, DH
   STANGER, BZ
   MARSHAKROTHSTEIN, A
TI FAS(CD95) FASL INTERACTIONS REQUIRED FOR PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH AFTER T-CELL ACTIVATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thymocyte development; cyclosporine-a; hybridomas; expression; mice; antigen; lymphocyte; pathways; suicide; lpr
AB RECEPTOR crosslinking of T-cell hybridomas induces cell activation followed by apoptosis(1-6). This activation-induced cell death requires de novo synthesis of RNA and proteins(1-3), but the actual gene products that provide the death signal have not been identified(4-6). We show here that receptor crosslinking induces Fas ligand and upregulates Fas, and that the ensuing engagement of Fas by Fas ligand activates the cell-death programme. Cell death, but not activation, can be selectively prevented by a soluble Fas-immunoglobulin fusion protein. Thus, Fas and Fas ligand are the death-gene products, and their interaction accounts for the molecular mechanism of activation-induced T-cell death.
C1 BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,BOSTON,MA 02118.
   BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL,BOSTON,MA 02118.
   BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,SCH PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02118.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Boston University; Boston University; Boston University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP JU, ST (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,CTR ARTHRITIS,80 E CONCORD ST,BOSTON,MA 02118, USA.
NR 30
TC 1446
Z9 1575
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6513
BP 444
EP 448
DI 10.1038/373444a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QE670
UT WOS:A1995QE67000061
PM 7530337
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STEWART, JD
   BENKOVIC, SJ
AF STEWART, JD
   BENKOVIC, SJ
TI TRANSITION-STATE STABILIZATION AS A MEASURE OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ANTIBODY CATALYSIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrolysis; substrate
AB THERE are now about 60 examples of reactions that have been successfully catalysed by monoclonal antibodies(1-3). Not surprisingly, many of the early examples involved reactions that were already favoured kinetically (such as carbonate and ester hydrolysis). But it has since been shown that antibodies can also accelerate reaction pathways that are normally disfavoured kinetically (by at least a few kcal mol(-1))(4-7). Here we use transition-state theory to provide a quantitative analysis of the scope and limitations of antibody catalysis. We show that the observed rate accelerations can be predicted from the ratio of equilibrium binding constants of the reaction substrate and the transition-state analogue used to raise the antibody. This scheme allows us to rationalize the product selectivity displayed in antibody catalysis of disfavoured reactions, to predict the degree of rate acceleration that catalytic antibodies may ultimately afford, and to highlight some differences between the way that they and enzymes catalyse reactions.
C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16801.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP STEWART, JD (corresponding author), UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT CHEM,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA.
NR 39
TC 105
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6530
BP 388
EP 391
DI 10.1038/375388a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RB101
UT WOS:A1995RB10100048
PM 7760931
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WILSON, C
   SZOSTAK, JW
AF WILSON, C
   SZOSTAK, JW
TI IN-VITRO EVOLUTION OF A SELF-ALKYLATING RIBOZYME
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna
AB RNA enzymes are postulated to have catalysed all chemical reactions in the earliest living cells. This idea is now investigated in a search for alkyl transferases from a pool of random sequence RNAs. Selection for self-biotinylation yields a transfer RNA-like ribozyme that efficiently catalyses carbon-nitrogen bond formation. Ribozymes can thus promote reactions other than those involving the RNA sugar-phosphate backbone, suggesting that RNA may be capable of a broad range of catalytic activities.
C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,DEPT BIOL MOLEC,BOSTON,MA 02114.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
NR 19
TC 213
Z9 257
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6525
BP 777
EP 782
DI 10.1038/374777a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QV315
UT WOS:A1995QV31500035
PM 7723823
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU IWATA, S
   OSTERMEIER, C
   LUDWIG, B
   MICHEL, H
AF IWATA, S
   OSTERMEIER, C
   LUDWIG, B
   MICHEL, H
TI STRUCTURE AT 2.8-ANGSTROM RESOLUTION OF CYTOCHROME-C-OXIDASE FROM PARACOCCUS-DENITRIFICANS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structures; protein structures; subunit; refinement; 2-subunit; features; accuracy; complex; energy; enzyme
AB The crystal structure at 2.8 Angstrom resolution of the four protein subunits containing cytochrome c oxidase from the soil bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans, complexed with an antibody F-v fragment, is described. Subunit I contains 12 membrane-spanning, primarily helical segments and binds haem a and the haem a(3)-copper B binuclear centre where molecular oxygen Is reduced to water. Two proton transfer pathways, one for protons consumed in water formation and one for 'proton pumping', could be identified. Mechanisms for proton pumping are discussed.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST BIOPHYS,D-60528 FRANKFURT,GERMANY.
   UNIV FRANKFURT,BIOZENTRUM,INST BIOCHEM,D-60439 FRANKFURT,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society; Goethe University Frankfurt
NR 46
TC 1994
Z9 2171
U1 3
U2 171
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6542
BP 660
EP 669
DI 10.1038/376660a0
PG 10
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RQ672
UT WOS:A1995RQ67200053
PM 7651515
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU XUE, QF
   YEUNG, ES
AF XUE, QF
   YEUNG, ES
TI DIFFERENCES IN THE CHEMICAL-REACTIVITY OF INDIVIDUAL MOLECULES OF AN ENZYME
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conformational changes; denatured proteins; kinetic aspects
AB MUCH attention has been focused recently on the detection and physical characterization of individual molecules(1-11). Using such methods to study the chemical properties, such as reactivity, of single molecules offers the potential to investigate how these might vary from molecule to molecule, and for individual molecules as a function of time, The complex structures of biomolecules such as enzymes make them particularly attractive targets for studying how subtle changes or differences at the molecular level might influence chemical reactivity. We have shown previously(12,13) that very small (zeptomole) amounts of enzymes can be studied using a fluorescence microassay; single enzyme molecules have also been detected in oil-dispersed droplets by fluorescence microscopy(14,15). Here we report the observation of reactions of individual molecules of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-1), which produces NADH from lactate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)), When they are present at very low concentrations in a narrow capillary, each enzyme molecule produces a discrete zone of NADH; these can be manipulated electrophoretically and monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy, We find that the activity of individual electrophoretically pure enzyme molecules can vary by up to a factor of four, and that these activities remain unchanged over a two-hour period. We suggest that the origin of the activity differences may lie in the presence of several stable forms of the enzyme.
C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,US DOE,AMES LAB,AMES,IA 50011.
   IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT CHEM,AMES,IA 50011.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Ames National Laboratory; Iowa State University; Iowa State University
NR 23
TC 305
Z9 360
U1 0
U2 65
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 681
EP 683
DI 10.1038/373681a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800048
PM 7854448
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BAVESTRELLO, G
   ARILLO, A
   BENATI, U
   CERRANO, C
   CATTANEOVIETTI, R
   CORTESOGNO, L
   GAGGERO, L
   GIOVINE, M
   TONETTI, M
   SARA, M
AF BAVESTRELLO, G
   ARILLO, A
   BENATI, U
   CERRANO, C
   CATTANEOVIETTI, R
   CORTESOGNO, L
   GAGGERO, L
   GIOVINE, M
   TONETTI, M
   SARA, M
TI QUARTZ DISSOLUTION BY THE SPONGE CHONDROSIA-RENIFORMIS (PORIFERA, DEMOSPONGIAE)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB MANY marine organisms etch calcareous substrata(1). Indeed sponges, mainly of the genus Cliona, are important factors in the erosion of calcareous coasts(2,3). Among terrestrial organisms, only a few lichens are known to penetrate siliceous rocks(4,5), an ability unknown in the animal kingdom. The Demospongiae have a siliceous skeleton formed by spicules(6) of various shapes and sizes, but several species also incorporate sand grains or foreign spicules(7,8). The demosponge Chrondrosia reniformis Nardo has no autochtonous spicules but incorporates a nide range of foreign materials in its ectosome(9,10). Here we report that quartz particles are strongly etched and made uniform in size, quickly and with sharp selectivity, the hydrated silica (chalcedony and opal) remaining unaltered. The presence of a thick collagenous ectosome(11) suggests that ascorbic acid, the reducing agent in proline hydroxylation, might be involved in quartz etching by C. reniformis.
C1 UNIV GENOA,IST CHIM BIOL,I-16132 GENOA,ITALY.
   UNIV GENOA,DIPARTIMENTO SCI TERRA,SEZIONE MINERAL & PETROG,I-16132 GENOA,ITALY.
C3 University of Genoa; University of Genoa
RP BAVESTRELLO, G (corresponding author), UNIV GENOA,IST ZOOL,VIA BALBI 5,I-16126 GENOA,ITALY.
NR 13
TC 50
Z9 56
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 374
EP 376
DI 10.1038/378374a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WEI, XP
   GHOSH, SK
   TAYLOR, ME
   JOHNSON, VA
   EMINI, EA
   DEUTSCH, P
   LIFSON, JD
   BONHOEFFER, S
   NOWAK, MA
   HAHN, BH
   SAAG, MS
   SHAW, GM
AF WEI, XP
   GHOSH, SK
   TAYLOR, ME
   JOHNSON, VA
   EMINI, EA
   DEUTSCH, P
   LIFSON, JD
   BONHOEFFER, S
   NOWAK, MA
   HAHN, BH
   SAAG, MS
   SHAW, GM
TI VIRAL DYNAMICS IN HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1 INFECTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primary hiv-1 infection; polymerase chain-reaction; reverse-transcriptase; messenger-rna; plasma; viremia; disease; dna; individuals; resistant
AB The dynamics of HIV-1 replication in vivo are largely unknown yet they are critical to our understanding of disease pathogenesis. Experimental drugs that are potent inhibitors of viral replication can be used to show that the composite lifespan of plasma virus and virus-producing cells is remarkably short (half-life similar to 2 days). Almost complete replacement of wild-type virus in plasma by drug-resistant variants occurs after fourteen days, indicating that HIV-1 viraemia is sustained primarily by a dynamic process involving continuous rounds of de novo virus infection and replication and rapid cell turnover.
C1 UNIV ALABAMA,DIV HEMATOL ONCOL,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294.
   UNIV ALABAMA,DIV INFECT DIS,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294.
   MERCK SHARP & DOHME LTD,RES LABS,DEPT ANTIVIRAL RES,W POINT,PA 19486.
   MERCK SHARP & DOHME LTD,RES LABS,DEPT CLIN PHARMACOL,W POINT,PA 19486.
   GENELABS TECHNOL INC,DIV HIV & EXPLORATORY RES,REDWOOD CITY,CA 94063.
   UNIV OXFORD,DEPT ZOOL,OXFORD OX1 3PS,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; Merck & Company; Merck & Company; University of Oxford
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 44
TC 2948
Z9 3275
U1 1
U2 221
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6510
BP 117
EP 122
DI 10.1038/373117a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QB063
UT WOS:A1995QB06300048
PM 7529365
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KOEKEMOER, AM
   HENKEL, C
   GREENHILL, LJ
   DEY, A
   VANBREUGEL, W
   ANTONUCCI, R
   CODELLA, C
AF KOEKEMOER, AM
   HENKEL, C
   GREENHILL, LJ
   DEY, A
   VANBREUGEL, W
   ANTONUCCI, R
   CODELLA, C
TI A WATER-VAPOR GIGA-MASER IN THE ACTIVE GALAXY TXFS2226-184
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID star-forming regions; galactic nuclei; h2o masers; emission; ngc-3079
AB ACTIVE galactic nuclei are thought to be powered by gas falling into a massive black hole; the different types of active galaxy mag arise because we view them through a thick torus of molecular gas at varying angles of inclination(1). One way to determine whether the black hole is surrounded by a torus, which would obscure the accretion disk around the black hole along certain lines of sight, is to search for water masers, as these exist only in regions with plentiful molecular gas. Since the first detection(2) of an extragalactic water maser in 1979, they have come to be associated primarily with active galaxies, and have even been used to probe the mass of the central engine(3). Here we report the detection of a water giga-maser in the radio galaxy TXFS2226-184. The strength of the emission supports a recently proposed theory of maser pumping(4) that allows for even more powerful masers, which might be detectable at cosmological distances. Water masers may accordingly provide a may to determine distances to galaxies outside the usual distance ladder, providing an independent calibration of the Hubble constant(3,5).
C1 MAX PLANCK INST RADIOASTRON,D-53121 BONN,GERMANY.
   HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CTR ASTROPHYS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ASTRON,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT PHYS,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
C3 Max Planck Society; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP KOEKEMOER, AM (corresponding author), MT STROMLO & SIDING SPRING OBSERV,WESTON,ACT 2611,AUSTRALIA.
NR 31
TC 52
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 697
EP 699
DI 10.1038/378697a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900044
PM 7501016
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SATOKATA, I
   BENSON, G
   MAAS, R
AF SATOKATA, I
   BENSON, G
   MAAS, R
TI SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC STERILITY PHENOTYPES IN HOXA10-DEFICIENT MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID testicular descent; mouse embryos; gene; invitro
AB THE Abdominal B (AbdB) genes constitute a distinct subfamily of homeobox genes that exhibit posterior domains of expression(1,2), including the genital imaginal disc in Drosophila and the developing urogenital system in vertebrates(3,4). We have mutated the AbdB gene Hoxa10 in mice, We report here that homozygotes are fully viable and show an anterior homeotic transformation of lumbar vertebrae. All male homozygotes manifest bilateral cryptorchidism resulting in severe defects in spermatogenesis and increasing sterility with age. Female homozygotes ovulate normally, but about 80% are sterile because of death of embryos between days 2.5 and 3.5 post coitum. This coincides spatially and temporally with expression of maternal Hoxa10 in distal oviductal and uterine epithelium. These results indicate a role for AbdB Hox genes in male and female fertility and suggest that maternal Hoxa10 is required to regulate the expression of a factor that affects the viability of preimplantation embryos.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV GENET,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 24
TC 466
Z9 517
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 460
EP 463
DI 10.1038/374460a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900060
PM 7700356
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHACTER, DL
   REIMAN, E
   UECKER, A
   POLSTER, MR
   YUN, LS
   COOPER, LA
AF SCHACTER, DL
   REIMAN, E
   UECKER, A
   POLSTER, MR
   YUN, LS
   COOPER, LA
TI BRAIN-REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH RETRIEVAL OF STRUCTURALLY COHERENT VISUAL INFORMATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID memory; objects; recognition; mechanisms; activation; implicit
AB AN object's global, three-dimensional structure may be represented by a specialized brain system involving regions of inferior temporal cortex(1-3). This system's role in object representation can be understood by experiments in which people study drawings of novel objects with possible or impossible three-dimensional structures, and later make either possible/impossible object decisions or old/new recognition decisions about briefly flashed studied and nonstudied objects. Although object decisions about possible objects are facilitated by prior study, there is no corresponding facilitation for impossible objects, thereby implicating a system that is specifically involved in the representation of structurally coherent visual objects(4). Here we show, by positron emission tomography (PET), that increases in blood flow in inferior temporal regions are associated with object decisions about possible but not impossible objects, and that there are increases in the vicinity of the hippocampal formation associated with episodic recognition of possible objects.
C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PSYCHIAT,TUCSON,AZ 85721.
   GOOD SAMARITAN REG MED CTR,CTR POSITRON EMISS TOMOG,PHOENIX,AZ 85006.
   UNIV ARIZONA,DIV NEURAL SYST MEMORY & AGING,TUCSON,AZ 85721.
   UNIV VICTORIA,DEPT PSYCHOL,WELLINGTON,NEW ZEALAND.
   ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT COMP SCI & ENGN,TEMPE,AZ 85287.
   COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,NEW YORK,NY 10027.
C3 University of Arizona; University of Arizona; Victoria University Wellington; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Columbia University
RP SCHACTER, DL (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,33 KIRKLAND ST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 29
TC 266
Z9 277
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6541
BP 587
EP 590
DI 10.1038/376587a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RP756
UT WOS:A1995RP75600049
PM 7637806
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JERMANN, TM
   OPITZ, JG
   STACKHOUSE, J
   BENNER, SA
AF JERMANN, TM
   OPITZ, JG
   STACKHOUSE, J
   BENNER, SA
TI RECONSTRUCTING THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE ARTIODACTYL RIBONUCLEASE SUPERFAMILY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-acid-sequence; pancreatic ribonuclease; escherichia-coli; lysozymes; protein; tumor
AB THE sequences of proteins from ancient organisms can be reconstructed from the sequences of their descendants by a procedure that assumes that the descendant proteins arose from the extinct ancestor by the smallest number of independent evolutionary events ('parsimony')(1,2). Tbe reconstructed sequences can then be prepared in the laboratory and studied(3,4). Thirteen ancient ribonucleases (RNases) have been reconstructed as intermediates in the evolution of the RNase protein family in artiodactyls (the mammal order that includes pig, camel, deer, sheep and ox)(5). The properties of the reconstructed proteins suggest that parsimony yields plausible ancient sequences. Going back in time, a significant change in behaviour, namely a fivefold increase in catalytic activity against double-stranded RNA, appears in the RNase reconstructed for the founding ancestor of the artiodactyl lineage, which lived about 40 million years ago(6). This corresponds to the period when ruminant digestion arose in the artiodactyls, suggests that contemporary artiodactyl digestive RNases arose from a non-digestive ancestor, and illustrates how evolutionary reconstructions can help in tbe understanding of physiological function within a protein family(7-9).
RP JERMANN, TM (corresponding author), ETH ZURICH,DEPT CHEM,CH-8092 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
NR 30
TC 188
Z9 210
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 57
EP 59
DI 10.1038/374057a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900050
PM 7532788
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OLIVER, S
   KUPERMAN, A
   COOMBS, N
   LOUGH, A
   OZIN, GA
AF OLIVER, S
   KUPERMAN, A
   COOMBS, N
   LOUGH, A
   OZIN, GA
TI LAMELLAR ALUMINOPHOSPHATES WITH SURFACE PATTERNS THAT MIMIC DIATOM AND RADIOLARIAN MICROSKELETONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB ORGANISMS such as diatoms and radiolaria synthesize elaborate biomineral exoskeletons which display hierarchical structures patterned on length scales from less than a micrometre to millimetres. Synthetic materials chemistry, in contrast, has traditionally been able to achieve regular patterning only on microscopic (<10 Angstrom) and more recently(1-3) mesoscopic (10-10(3) Angstrom) length scales. Here we report the synthesis of crystalline, lamellar aluminophosphate structures that are patterned on the submicrometre-to-millimetre scales found in the living world. As in the syntheses of ordered mesoporous solids(1-3), our approach involves templating by self-assembled organic aggregates, and we propose that the larger scale of the patterning here arises from the involvement of vesicle templates rather than the micelle-like or bilayer structures thought to be responsible for mesoscale pattern formation(1-3).
C1 IMAGETEK ANALYT IMAGING,TORONTO,ON M6J 2K4,CANADA.
RP OLIVER, S (corresponding author), UNIV TORONTO,LASH MILLER CHEM LABS,MAT CHEM RES GRP,80 ST GEORGE ST,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A1,CANADA.
NR 18
TC 363
Z9 380
U1 1
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 47
EP 50
DI 10.1038/378047a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHAYWITZ, BA
   SHAYWITZ, SE
   PUGH, KR
   CONSTABLE, RT
   SKUDLARSKI, P
   FULBRIGHT, RK
   BRONEN, RA
   FLETCHER, JM
   SHANKWEILER, DP
   KATZ, L
   GORE, JC
AF SHAYWITZ, BA
   SHAYWITZ, SE
   PUGH, KR
   CONSTABLE, RT
   SKUDLARSKI, P
   FULBRIGHT, RK
   BRONEN, RA
   FLETCHER, JM
   SHANKWEILER, DP
   KATZ, L
   GORE, JC
TI SEX-DIFFERENCES IN THE FUNCTIONAL-ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN FOR LANGUAGE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensory stimulation; asymmetry
AB A MUCH debated question is whether sex differences exist in the functional organization of the brain for language(1-4). A long-held hypothesis posits that language functions are more likely to be highly lateralized in males and to be represented in both cerebral hemispheres in females(5,6), but attempts to demonstrate this have been inconclusive(7-17). Here we use echo-planar functional magnetic resonance imaging(18-21) to study 38 right-handed subjects (19 males and 19 females) during orthographic (letter recognition), phonological (rhyme) and semantic (semantic category) tasks. During phonological tasks, brain activation in males is lateralized to the left inferior frontal gyrus regions; in females the pattern of activation is very different, engaging more diffuse neural systems that involve both the left and right inferior frontal gyrus. Our data provide clear evidence for a sex difference in the functional organization of the brain for language and indicate that these variations exist at the level of phonological processing.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   HASKINS LABS INC,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT DIAGNOST RADIOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   UNIV TEXAS,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   YALE UNIV,BECTON ENGIN & APPL SCI CTR,DEPT APPL PHYS,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Haskins Laboratories; Yale University; University of Texas System; Yale University
RP SHAYWITZ, BA (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,POB 208064,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510, USA.
NR 30
TC 1013
Z9 1120
U1 2
U2 92
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 607
EP 609
DI 10.1038/373607a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700052
PM 7854416
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PENNINGER, JM
   WEN, T
   TIMMS, E
   POTTER, J
   WALLACE, VA
   MATSUYAMA, T
   FERRICK, D
   SYDORA, B
   KRONENBERG, M
   MAK, TW
AF PENNINGER, JM
   WEN, T
   TIMMS, E
   POTTER, J
   WALLACE, VA
   MATSUYAMA, T
   FERRICK, D
   SYDORA, B
   KRONENBERG, M
   MAK, TW
TI SPONTANEOUS RESISTANCE TO ACUTE T-CELL LEUKEMIAS IN TCRV-GAMMA-1.1J-GAMMA-4C-GAMMA-4 TRANSGENIC MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID delta-lymphocytes-t; gamma-delta; mycobacterium-tuberculosis; antigen; receptor; expression
AB THE concept of tumour surveillance implies that specific and nonspecific components of the immune system eliminate rumours in the early phase of malignancy(1,2). The immunological mechanisms that control growth-of preneoplastic cells are, however, not known. T cells expressing gamma delta T-cell receptors (TCR) were first described as lymphocytes with reactivity against various tumour cells, which suggests that gamma delta T cells could mediate tumour surveillance(3-6). Here we show that TCRV gamma 1.1J gamma 4C gamma 4 transgenic mice(7) are spontaneously resistant to acute T-cell leukaemias but cannot reject non-haematopoietic tumours. TCRV gamma 1.1J gamma 4C gamma 4(+) hybridomas isolated from these mice react in vitro against almost all haematopoietic tumour cell lines tested. Recognition of tumour cells depends on the gamma delta TCR but is independent of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, MHC class II, or TAP-2 peptide transporter expression. Ligand recognition is influenced by the murine Nromp gene, which confers resistance or susceptibility to tuberculosis, lepra and leishmaniasis(8,9). These data indicate that TCRV gamma 1.1(+) T cells confer spontaneous immunity against haematopoietic rumours in vivo and link innate resistance to bacterial infections with tissue-specific tumour surveillance by gamma delta(+) T cells.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MED BIOPHYS,TORONTO,ON M5X 1K9,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT IMMUNOL,TORONTO,ON M5X 1K9,CANADA.
   UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,DAVIS,CA 95616.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,CTR HLTH SCI,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP PENNINGER, JM (corresponding author), UNIV TORONTO,ONTARIO CANC INST,AMGEN INST,500 SHERBOURNE ST,TORONTO,ON M5X 1K9,CANADA.
NR 23
TC 36
Z9 38
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 241
EP 244
DI 10.1038/375241a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100065
PM 7746326
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU REACH, WT
   FRANZ, BA
   WEILAND, JL
   HAUSER, MG
   KELSALL, TN
   WRIGHT, EL
   RAWLEY, G
   STEMWEDEL, SW
   SPIESMAN, WJ
AF REACH, WT
   FRANZ, BA
   WEILAND, JL
   HAUSER, MG
   KELSALL, TN
   WRIGHT, EL
   RAWLEY, G
   STEMWEDEL, SW
   SPIESMAN, WJ
TI OBSERVATIONAL CONFIRMATION OF A CIRCUMSOLAR DUST RING BY THE COBE SATELLITE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar-system; zodiacal emission; particles
AB ASTEROID collisions are an important source of the dust particles in the zodiacal cloud(1-3). These particles spiral in towards the Sun under the influence of drag forces(4-6) and, in passing through the inner Solar System, are subject to gravitational perturbations by the planets, which may trap them (at least temporarily) in orbital resonances(7-10). Recently, numerical simulations have shown that resonances with the Earth are particularly effective at trapping asteroidal dust, leading to the suggestion that the Earth may be embedded in a circumsolar ring of dust(11). The azimuthal structure of this ring was predicted to be asymmetric, with the region trailing the Earth being substantially more dense than that in the leading direction(11). This prediction is in both qualitative and quantitative agreement with the asymmetry in zodiacal light observed bg the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS)(11,12), but the IRAS data alone are equivocal because of calibration uncertainties and sparse coverage of elongation angle(12). Here we report observations by the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment(13) (DIRBE) on the Cosmic Background Explorer satellite (COBE)(14), which confirm both the existence of this ring and the predictions of its near-Earth structure.
C1 NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,APPL RES CORP,GREENBELT,MD 20771.
   NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,GEN SCI CORP,GREENBELT,MD 20771.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT ASTRON,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
   UNIV TEXAS,MCDONALD OBSERV,AUSTIN,TX 78712.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP REACH, WT (corresponding author), NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,UNIV SPACE RES ASSOC,CODE 685,GREENBELT,MD 20771, USA.
NR 21
TC 123
Z9 136
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 521
EP 523
DI 10.1038/374521a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRUGAROLAS, J
   CHANDRASEKARAN, C
   GORDON, JI
   BEACH, D
   JACKS, T
   HANNON, GJ
AF BRUGAROLAS, J
   CHANDRASEKARAN, C
   GORDON, JI
   BEACH, D
   JACKS, T
   HANNON, GJ
TI RADIATION-INDUCED CELL-CYCLE ARREST COMPROMISED BY P21 DEFICIENCY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent kinases; subunit; mouse; p53
AB THE protein p21 is a dual inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases(1-3) and proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)(4), both of which are required for passage through the cell cycle. The p21 gene is under the transcriptional control of p53 (ref. 5), suggesting that p21 might promote p53-dependent cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. p21 has also been implicated in cell senescence(6) and in cell-cycle withdrawal upon termination differentiation(7-9). Here we investigate the role of p21 in these processes using chimaeric mice composed partly of p21(-/-) and partly of p21(+/+) cells. Immunohistochemical studies of the p21(+/+) and p21(-/-) components of adult small intestine indicated that deletion of p21 had no detectable effect on the migration-associated differentiation of the four principal intestinal epithelial cell lineages or on p53-dependent apoptosis following irradiation. However, p21(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts are impaired in their ability to undergo G1 arrest following DNA damage.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MOLEC BIOL & PHARMACOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,COLD SPRING HARBOR,NY 11724.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP BRUGAROLAS, J (corresponding author), MIT,CTR CANC RES,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 23
TC 1193
Z9 1310
U1 7
U2 112
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 552
EP 557
DI 10.1038/377552a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600069
PM 7566157
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BARANGER, AM
   PALMER, CR
   HAMM, MK
   GIEBLER, HA
   BRAUWEILER, A
   NYBORG, JK
   SCHEPARTZ, A
AF BARANGER, AM
   PALMER, CR
   HAMM, MK
   GIEBLER, HA
   BRAUWEILER, A
   NYBORG, JK
   SCHEPARTZ, A
TI MECHANISM OF DNA-BINDING ENHANCEMENT BY THE HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA-VIRUS TRANSACTIVATOR TAX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor-ii; protein; leukemia; dimerization; flexibility; transition; sequence; elements; repeats; helices
AB Tax protein activates transcription of the human T-cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV-I) genome through three imperfect cyclic AMP-responsive element (CRE) target sites located within the viral promoter(1). Previous work has shown that Tax interacts with the bZIP element of proteins that bind the CRE target site(2-4) to promote peptide dimerization(3,5), suggesting an association between Tax and the bZIP coiled coil. Here we show that the site of interaction with Tax is not the coiled coil, but the basic segment. This interaction increases tbe stability of the GCN4 bZIP dimer by 1.7 kcal mol(-1) and tbe DNA affinity of the dimer by 1.9 kcal mol(-1). The differential effect of Tax on several bZIP-DNA complexes that differ in peptide sequence or DNA conformation suggests a model for Tax action based on stabilization of a distinct DNA-bound protein structure. This model may explain how Tax interacts with transcription factors of considerable sequence diversity to alter patterns of gene expression.
C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
   YALE UNIV,DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
   COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,FT COLLINS,CO 80523.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins
NR 26
TC 161
Z9 171
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6541
BP 606
EP 608
DI 10.1038/376606a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RP756
UT WOS:A1995RP75600055
PM 7637812
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MACCHI, P
   VILLA, A
   GILIANI, S
   SACCO, MG
   FRATTINI, A
   PORTA, F
   UGAZIO, AG
   JOHNSTON, JA
   CANDOTTI, F
   O'SHEA, JJ
   VEZZONI, P
   NOTARANGELO, LD
AF MACCHI, P
   VILLA, A
   GILIANI, S
   SACCO, MG
   FRATTINI, A
   PORTA, F
   UGAZIO, AG
   JOHNSTON, JA
   CANDOTTI, F
   O'SHEA, JJ
   VEZZONI, P
   NOTARANGELO, LD
TI MUTATIONS OF JAK-3 GENE IN PATIENTS WITH AUTOSOMAL SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNE-DEFICIENCY (SCID)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID severe combined immunodeficiency; x-chromosome inactivation; carriers; cells
AB SEVERE combined immune deficiency (SCID) represents a heterogenous group of hereditary diseases. Mutations in the common gamma-chain (gamma(c)), which is part of several cytokine receptors including those for interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9 and IL-15, are responsible for X-linked SCID1,2, which is usually(!ly associated with a lack of circulating T cells and the presence of B lymphocytes (T- B+ SCID), The gene(s) responsible for autosomal recessive T- B+ SCID is still unknown, The Jak-3 protein kinase(3,4) has been found to associate,vith the gamma(c)-chain-containing cytokine receptors(4-9). Therefore Jak-3 or other STAT proteins with which it interacts(10,11) are candidate genes for autosomal recessive T- B+ SCID7. Here we investigate two unrelated T- B+ SCID patients (both from consanguineous parents) who have homozygous mutations in the gene for Jak-3. One patient carries a mutation (Tyr100-->Cys) in a conserved tyrosine residue in the JH7 domain of Jak-3 which is absent in more than 150 investigated chromosomes. The other patient carries a homozygous 151-base-pair deletion in the kinase-like domain, leading to a frameshift and premature termination. Both mutations resulted in markedly reduced levels of Jak-3, These findings show that abnormalities in the Jak/STAT signalling pathway can account for SCID in humans.
C1 CNR, IST TECNOL BIOMED AVANZATE, I-20131 MILAN, ITALY.
   UNIV BRESCIA, DIPARTIMENTO MATERNO INFANTILE, BRESCIA, ITALY.
   NIH, NATL CTR HUMAN GENOME RES, CLIN GENE THERAPY BRANCH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche (ITB-CNR); University of Brescia; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
NR 19
TC 734
Z9 905
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6544
BP 65
EP 68
DI 10.1038/377065a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RT725
UT WOS:A1995RT72500057
PM 7659163
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ARANCIO, O
   KANDEL, ER
   HAWKINS, RD
AF ARANCIO, O
   KANDEL, ER
   HAWKINS, RD
TI ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT LONG-TERM ENHANCEMENT OF TRANSMITTER RELEASE BY PRESYNAPTIC 3',5'-CYCLIC GMP IN CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitric-oxide; rat hippocampus; synaptic transmission; potentiation; messenger; plasticity; induction; currents; pathway; area
AB LONG-TERM potentiation (LTP) in hippocampus is a type of synaptic plasticity that is thought to be involved in learning and memory(1). Several lines of evidence suggest that LTP involves 3',5'-cyclic GMP (cGMP), perhaps as an activity-dependent presynaptic effector of one or more retrograde messengers (refs 2-12, but see ref, 13). However, previous results are also consistent with postsynaptic effects of cGMP. This is difficult to test in hippocampal slices, but more rigorous tests are possible in dissociated cell culture(14-17). We have therefore developed a reliable method for producing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent LTP at synapses between individual hippocampal pyramidal neurons in culture, We report that inhibitors of guanylyl cyclase or of cGMP-dependent protein kinase block potentiation by either tetanic stimulation or low-frequency stimulation paired with postsynaptic depolarization. Conversely, application of 8-Br-cGMP to the bath or injection of cGMP into the presynaptic neuron produces activity-dependent long-lasting potentiation, The potentiation by cGMP involves an increase in transmitter release that is in part independent of changes in the presynaptic action potential. These results support a presynaptic role for cGMP in LTP.
C1 HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP ARANCIO, O (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV COLL PHYS & SURG,NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIAT INST,CTR NEUROBIOL & BEHAV,722 W 168TH ST,NEW YORK,NY 10032, USA.
NR 28
TC 271
Z9 301
U1 2
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6535
BP 74
EP 80
DI 10.1038/376074a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RH111
UT WOS:A1995RH11100065
PM 7596438
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RATHMELL, JC
   COOKE, MP
   HO, WY
   GREIN, J
   TOWNSEND, SE
   DAVIS, MM
   GOODNOW, CC
AF RATHMELL, JC
   COOKE, MP
   HO, WY
   GREIN, J
   TOWNSEND, SE
   DAVIS, MM
   GOODNOW, CC
TI CD95 (FAS) DEPENDENT ELIMINATION OF SELF-REACTIVE B-CELLS UPON INTERACTION WITH CD4(+) T-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymphocytes-b; lpr/lpr mice; systemic autoimmunity; lpr; apoptosis; antigen; defect; mouse; induction; tolerance
AB THE recessive mouse mutations lpr and gld create deficiencies in an interacting pair of cell surface molecules, CD95 (Fas/APO-1) and Fas-ligand (FasL), respectively(1-3), resulting in autoantibody production resembling human systemic lupus erythematosus(4). The mechanisms of self-tolerance affected by deficiency in either molecule are not established, but CD95 deficiency both in B cells and in CD4(+) T cells recognizing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules is required for autoimmunity in lpr mice(5-8). Here we track the outcome of in vivo interactions between B cells and CD4(+) T cells that recognize a transgene-encoded autoantigen, hen egg lysozyme (HEL), using cells from mice transgenic for immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor (TCR) genes. B cells that had not previously encountered HEL autoantigen (naive cells) were triggered into proliferation and antibody-production upon interaction with antigen and HEL-specific CD4(+) T cells. By contrast, B cells that had been chronically exposed to HEL during their development and carried desensitized surface immunoglobulin (sIg) antigen receptors(9) (anergic cells) did not produce antibody but instead were eliminated in the presence of HEL-specific CD4(+) T cells. CD95-deficient anergic B cells, however, were not eliminated by CD4(+) T cells and were triggered to proliferate. These findings identify a novel regulatory step for eliminating autoreactive B cells that seems unique in its dependence on CD95.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,PROGRAM IMMUNOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University
RP RATHMELL, JC (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
NR 29
TC 421
Z9 471
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6536
BP 181
EP 184
DI 10.1038/376181a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RJ028
UT WOS:A1995RJ02800063
PM 7603571
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NIKOLOV, DB
   CHEN, H
   HALAY, ED
   USHEVA, AA
   HISATAKE, K
   LEE, DK
   ROEDER, RG
   BURLEY, SK
AF NIKOLOV, DB
   CHEN, H
   HALAY, ED
   USHEVA, AA
   HISATAKE, K
   LEE, DK
   ROEDER, RG
   BURLEY, SK
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF A TFIIB-TBP-TATA-ELEMENT TERNARY COMPLEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor-tfiib; rna polymerase-ii; functional domains; binding-protein; box complex; initiation; activation
AB The crystal structure of the transcription factor IIB (TFIIB)/TATA box-binding protein (TBP)/TATA-element ternary complex is described at 2.7 Angstrom resolution, core TFIIB resembles cyclin A, and recognizes the preformed TBP-DNA complex through protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. The amino-terminal domain of core TFIIB forms the downstream surface of the ternary complex, where it could fix the transcription start site. The remaining surfaces of TBP and the TFIIB can interact with TBP-associated factors, other class II initiation factors, and transcriptional activators and coactivators.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,MOLEC BIOPHYS LABS,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT BIOL,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
C3 Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; Princeton University
NR 50
TC 494
Z9 572
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 119
EP 128
DI 10.1038/377119a0
PG 10
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400039
PM 7675079
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DUGGLEBY, HJ
   TOLLEY, SP
   HILL, CP
   DODSON, EJ
   DODSON, G
   MOODY, PCE
AF DUGGLEBY, HJ
   TOLLEY, SP
   HILL, CP
   DODSON, EJ
   DODSON, G
   MOODY, PCE
TI PENICILLIN ACYLASE HAS A SINGLE-AMINO-ACID CATALYTIC CENTER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli atcc-11105; hydrolysis; mechanism; subunits; serine
AB PENICILLIN acylase (penicillin amidohydrolase, EC3.5.1.11) is widely distributed among microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi. It is used on an industrial scale for the production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid, the starting material for the synthesis of semi-synthetic penicillins. Its in vivo role remains unclear, however, and the observation that expression of the Escherichia coli enzyme in vivo is regulated by both temperature and phenylacetic acid has prompted speculation that the enzyme could be involved in the assimilation of aromatic compounds as carbon sources in the organism's free-living mode(1). The mature E. coli enzyme is a periplasmic 80K heterodimer of A and B chains (209 and 566 amino acids, respectively(2,3)) synthesized as a single cytoplasmic precursor containing a 26-amino-acid signal sequence to direct export to the cytoplasm and a 54-amino-acid spacer between the A and B chains which may influence the final folding of the chains(5). The N-terminal serine of the B chain reacts with phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride, which is consistent with a catalytic role for the serine hydrouyl group. Modifying this serine to a cysteine(6,7) inactivates the enzyme, whereas threonine, arginine or glycine substitution prevents in vivo processing of the enzyme indicating that this must be an important recognition site for cleavage. Here we report the crystal structure of penicillin acylase at 1.9 Angstrom resolution. Our analysis shows that the environment of the catalytically active N-terminal serine of the B chain contains no adjacent histidine equivalent to that found in the serine proteases. The nearest base to the hydroxyl of this serine is its own alpha-amino group, which may act by a new mechanism to endow the enzyme with its catalytic properties.
C1 UNIV YORK,DEPT CHEM,YORK YO1 5DD,N YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
C3 University of York - UK
NR 25
TC 431
Z9 458
U1 1
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6511
BP 264
EP 268
DI 10.1038/373264a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QC278
UT WOS:A1995QC27800070
PM 7816145
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COE, RS
   PREVOT, M
   CAMPS, P
AF COE, RS
   PREVOT, M
   CAMPS, P
TI NEW EVIDENCE FOR EXTRAORDINARILY RAPID CHANGE OF THE GEOMAGNETIC-FIELD DURING A REVERSAL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrical-conductivity; lower mantle; polarity; models; earth
AB Palaeomagnetic results from lava flows recording a geomagnetic polarity reversal at Steens Mountain, Oregon suggest the occurrence of brief episodes of astonishingly rapid field change of six degrees per day. The evidence is large, systematic variations in the direction of remanent magnetization as a function of the temperature of thermal demagnetization and of vertical position within a single flow, which are most simply explained by the hypothesis that the field was changing direction as the flow cooled.
C1 UNIV MONTPELLIER 2,GEOPHYS & TECTON LAB,CNRS,URA 1760,F-34095 MONTPELLIER 05,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Montpellier
RP COE, RS (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,DEPT EARTH SCI,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064, USA.
NR 38
TC 74
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6524
BP 687
EP 692
DI 10.1038/374687a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QU304
UT WOS:A1995QU30400040
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHIARA, MD
   REED, R
AF CHIARA, MD
   REED, R
TI A 2-STEP MECHANISM FOR 5' AND 3' SPLICE-SITE PAIRING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna precursors; active-site; u6 snrna; selection; sequences; invitro
AB A FUNDAMENTAL question in the splicing of precursor messenger RNA is how the 5' and 3' splice sites are recognized and paired during the splicing reaction. It has been proposed that spliceosome assembly in metazoan pre-mRNAs can be initiated through interaction between the 3' splice site and specific sequence elements on the downstream exon (an exonic enhancer or a 5' splice site)(1). Pairing of the intronic 5' and 3' splice sites occurs subsequently. We report here that 5' and 3' splice sites located on separate synthetic pre-mRNA substrates can be efficiently trans-spliced if the 3' trans-splicing substrate contains these downstream sequence elements. Moreover, selection of the trans 5' splice site can occur after the second pre-spliceosomal complex A has assembled on the 3' trans-splicing substrate. Thus our data demonstrate that 5' and 3' splice-site pairing in metazoans can occur in two distinct steps.
RP CHIARA, MD (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 17
TC 93
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6531
BP 510
EP 513
DI 10.1038/375510a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RC188
UT WOS:A1995RC18800054
PM 7777062
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SODERLIND, P
   ERIKSSON, O
   JOHANSSON, B
   WILLS, JM
   BORING, AM
AF SODERLIND, P
   ERIKSSON, O
   JOHANSSON, B
   WILLS, JM
   BORING, AM
TI A UNIFIED PICTURE OF THE CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES OF METALS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bulk property; band
AB THE crystal structures of the light actinides have intrigued physicists and chemists for several decades(1). Simple metals and transition metals have close-packed, high-symmetry structures, such as body-centred cubic, face-centred cubic and hexagonal close packing. In contrast, the structures of the light actinides are very loosely packed and of low symmetry-tetragonal, orthorhombic and monoclinic. To understand these differences, we have performed total-energy calculations, as a function of volume, for both high- and low-symmetry structures of a simple metal (aluminium), a non-magnetic transition metal (niobium), a ferromagnetic transition metal (iron) and a light actinide (uranium). We find that the crystal structure of all of these metals is determined by the balance between electrostatic (Madelung) interactions, which favour high symmetry, and a Peierls distortion of the crystal lattice, which favours low symmetry. We show that simple metals and transition metals can adopt low-symmetry structures on expansion of the lattice; and rye predict that, conversely the light actinides will undergo transitions to structures of higher symmetry on compression.
C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,CTR MAT SCI,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545.
   LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV THEORET,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP SODERLIND, P (corresponding author), UNIV UPPSALA,DEPT PHYS,CONDENSED MATTER THEORY GRP,POB 530,S-75121 UPPSALA,SWEDEN.
NR 14
TC 204
Z9 221
U1 1
U2 66
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 524
EP 525
DI 10.1038/374524a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SAMAHA, RR
   GREEN, R
   NOLLER, HF
AF SAMAHA, RR
   GREEN, R
   NOLLER, HF
TI A BASE-PAIR BETWEEN TRANSFER-RNA AND 23S RIBOSOMAL-RNA IN THE PEPTIDYL TRANSFERASE CENTER OF THE RIBOSOME
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; transfer-rna; p-sites; complex; identification; nucleotides; protein; end
AB Interaction of the conserved CCA terminus of tRNA with rRNA in the peptidyl transferase P site has been studied by in vitro genetics. A Watson-Crick G-C pair between G2252 in a conserved hairpin loop of 235 rRNA and C74 at the acceptor end of tRNA is required for proper functional interaction of the CCA end of tRNA with the ribosomal P site. These findings establish a direct role for 23S rRNA in protein synthesis.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ, SINSHEIMER LABS, CTR MOLEC BIOL RNA, SANTA CRUZ, CA 95064 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
NR 39
TC 225
Z9 259
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 309
EP 314
DI 10.1038/377309a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100046
PM 7566085
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARRS, KA
   ALFENITO, MR
   LLOYD, AM
   WALBOT, V
AF MARRS, KA
   ALFENITO, MR
   LLOYD, AM
   WALBOT, V
TI A GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE INVOLVED IN VACUOLAR TRANSFER ENCODED BY THE MAIZE GENE BRONZE-2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conjugate export pump; structural-analysis; zea-mays; tobacco; protoplasts; arabidopsis; expression; membrane; protein; family
AB GLUTATHIONE S-transferases (GSTs) are enzymes that detoxify heterocyclic compounds (xenobiotics) by covalently linking glutathione to the substrate, forming a glutathione S-conjugate(1,2). A glutathione pump in the vacuolar membrane of barley actively sequesters herbicide-glutathione S-conjugates; glutathionation allows recognition and entry of the conjugates into vacuoles(3). The protein encoded by the Bronze-2 gene in maize performs the last genetically defined step in anthocyanin biosynthesis, resulting in the deposition of red and purple pigments in the vacuoles of maize tissues(4). We show here that Bz2 encodes a GST with activity in maize, transformed Arabidopsis thaliana plants and Escherichia coli. We demonstrate that anthocyanins extracted from maize protoplasts expressing BZ2 are conjugated with glutathione, and that vanadate, a known inhibitor of the glutathione pump(3) in plant vacuolar membranes, inhibits the accumulation of anthocyanins in the vacuole. These results provide a biochemical function for BZ2, and suggest a common mechanism for the ability of plants to sequester structurally similar but functionally diverse molecules in the vacuole.
RP MARRS, KA (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
NR 30
TC 526
Z9 622
U1 6
U2 136
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6530
BP 397
EP 400
DI 10.1038/375397a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RB101
UT WOS:A1995RB10100051
PM 7760932
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KINGMA, KJ
   COHEN, RE
   HEMLEY, RJ
   MAO, HK
AF KINGMA, KJ
   COHEN, RE
   HEMLEY, RJ
   MAO, HK
TI TRANSFORMATION OF STISHOVITE TO A DENSER PHASE AT LOWER-MANTLE PRESSURES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silicate perovskite; raman-spectrum; earths mantle; alpha-quartz; stratification
AB WHETHER stishovite, the highest-pressure polymorph of SiO2 known from natural samples, transforms to a denser structure at higher pressures has long been of interest. A suggested transition from rutile to the CaCl2 structure driven by a vibrational-mode instability(1) was supported by the observation of a frequency decrease (softening) of a Raman mode with increasing pressure(2). Subsequent X-ray diffraction measurements provided evidence(3) for stability of the CaCl2 phase near 100 GPa. Electronic-structure calculations predict, however, that the transition occurs at much lower pressure, where a shear modulus vanishes and before the Raman mode softens completely(4). Here we use in situ Raman spectroscopy and a new theoretical model to investigate the high-pressure behaviour of stishovite. At 50 GPa, the pressure dependence of the soft B-1g mode abruptly changes and the E(g) mode splits, as predicted for transformation to the CaCl2 structure. Our results demonstrate that any free silica in the deep mantle (below 1,200-1,500 km) will exist in the CaCl2 structure at considerably lower pressures than previously thought(3).
C1 CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,CTR HIGH PRESSURE RES,WASHINGTON,DC 20015.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science
RP KINGMA, KJ (corresponding author), CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,GEOPHYS LAB,5251 BROAD BRANCH RD NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20015, USA.
NR 30
TC 277
Z9 296
U1 1
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6519
BP 243
EP 245
DI 10.1038/374243a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QM387
UT WOS:A1995QM38700044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TAMURA, T
   ISHIHARA, M
   LAMPHIER, MS
   TANAKA, N
   OISHI, I
   AIZAWA, S
   MATSUYAMA, T
   MAK, TW
   TAKI, S
   TANIGUCHI, T
AF TAMURA, T
   ISHIHARA, M
   LAMPHIER, MS
   TANAKA, N
   OISHI, I
   AIZAWA, S
   MATSUYAMA, T
   MAK, TW
   TAKI, S
   TANIGUCHI, T
TI AN IRF-1-DEPENDENT PATHWAY OF DNA DAMAGE-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN MITOGEN-ACTIVATED T-LYMPHOCYTES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regulatory factor-i; programmed cell-death; gene ced-3; irf-1; induction; homolog; enzyme; system; growth; bcl-2
AB LYMPHOCYTES are particularly susceptible to DNA damage-induced apoptosis, a response which may serve as a form of 'altruistic suicide' to counter their intrinsic high potential for mutation and clonal expansion(1). The tumour suppressor p53 has been shown to regulate this type of apoptosis in thymocytes(2,3), but an as yet unknown, p53-independent pathway(s) appears to mediate the same event in mitogen-activated mature T lymphocytes(4). Here we show that DNA damage-induced apoptosis in these T lymphocytes is dependent on the antioncogenic transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 (refs 5-7). Thus two different anti-oncogenic transcription factors, p53 and IRF-1, are required for distinct apoptotic pathways in T lymphocytes. We also show that mitogen induction of the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) gene(8-10), a mammalian homologue of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene ced-3, is IRF-1-dependent. Ectopic overexpression of IRE-1 results in the activation of the endogenous gene for ICE and enhances the sensitivity of cells to radiation-induced apoptosis.
C1 OSAKA UNIV,INST MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   RES DEV CORP JAPAN,PRECURSORY RES EMBRYON SCI & TECHNOL,KYOTO 61902,JAPAN.
   KUMAMOTO UNIV,SCH MED,INST MOLEC EMBRYOL & GENET,KUMAMOTO 860,JAPAN.
   AMGEN INST,TORONTO,ON M4X 1K9,CANADA.
C3 University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Kumamoto University
RP TAMURA, T (corresponding author), UNIV TOKYO,FAC MED,DEPT IMMUNOL,BUNKYO KU,HONGO 7-3-1,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
NR 30
TC 424
Z9 441
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6541
BP 596
EP 599
DI 10.1038/376596a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RP756
UT WOS:A1995RP75600052
PM 7637809
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GIBSON, F
   WALSH, J
   MBURU, P
   VARELA, A
   BROWN, KA
   ANTONIO, M
   BEISEL, KW
   STEEL, KP
   BROWN, SDM
AF GIBSON, F
   WALSH, J
   MBURU, P
   VARELA, A
   BROWN, KA
   ANTONIO, M
   BEISEL, KW
   STEEL, KP
   BROWN, SDM
TI A TYPE-VII MYOSIN ENCODED BY THE MOUSE DEAFNESS GENE SHAKER-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID syndrome type-i; artificial chromosome library; yeast; recombination; construction; linkage; maps
AB GENETIC deafness is common, affecting about 1 in 2,000 births(1). Many of these show primary abnormalities of the sensory neuroepithelia of the inner ear, as do several hearing-impaired mouse mutants, suggesting that genes involved in sensory transduction could be affected. Here we report the identification of one such gene, the mouse shaker-1 (sh1) gene. Shaker-1 homozygotes show hyperactivity, head-tossing and circling due to vestibular dysfunction, together with typical neuroepithelial-type cochlear defects involving dysfunction and progressive degeneration of the organ of Corti(2-7). The sh1 gene encodes an unconventional myosin molecule of the type VII family. Three mutations are described, two missense mutations and a splice acceptor site mutation, all in the region encoding the myosin head. The myosin type VII molecule encoded by sh1 is the first molecule to be identified that is known, by virtue of its mutations, to be involved in auditory transduction.
C1 UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED, ST MARYS HOSP, SCH MED, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC GENET, LONDON W2 1PG, ENGLAND.
   BOYS TOWN NATL RES HOSP, OMAHA, NE 68131 USA.
   MRC, INST HEARING RES, NOTTINGHAM NG7 2RD, ENGLAND.
C3 Imperial College London; Boys Town National Research Hospital
NR 28
TC 547
Z9 591
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 62
EP 64
DI 10.1038/374062a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900052
PM 7870172
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TATEISHI, J
   BROWN, P
   KITAMOTO, T
   HOQUE, ZM
   ROOS, R
   WOLLMAN, R
   CERVENAKOVA, L
   GAJDUSEK, DC
AF TATEISHI, J
   BROWN, P
   KITAMOTO, T
   HOQUE, ZM
   ROOS, R
   WOLLMAN, R
   CERVENAKOVA, L
   GAJDUSEK, DC
TI FIRST EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF FATAL FAMILIAL INSOMNIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID creutzfeldt-jakob disease; prion protein accumulation; codon-178; gene; mice
AB ORIGINALLY described by Lugaresi et al, in 1986 (ref. 1), fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is a rare inherited neurological disease characterized by the subacute progression of intractable insomnia and other autonomic abnormalities, cerebellar and pyramidal signs; myoclonus and dementia; neuropathologically, the major feature is severe neuronal loss with associated gliosis in the ventral and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei. The disease has been related to the group of spongiform encephalopathies by virtue of the presence of low levels of proteinase-resistant amyloid protein (PrPres) in the brain(2-4), and of a pathogenic single-allele mutation at codon 178 of the PRNP gene that encodes PrPres (refs 2, 5). Here rye report the successful transmission of the disease to experimental animals, placing FFI within the group of infectious cerebral amyloidoses.
C1 NINCDS,CNS STUDIES LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   UNIV CHICAGO,MED CTR,DEPT NEUROL,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); University of Chicago; University of Chicago Medical Center; University of Chicago; University of Chicago Medical Center
RP TATEISHI, J (corresponding author), KYUSHU UNIV,INST NEUROL,DEPT NEUROPATHOL,FUKUOKA 812,JAPAN.
NR 12
TC 116
Z9 128
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6539
BP 434
EP 435
DI 10.1038/376434a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RM639
UT WOS:A1995RM63900054
PM 7630420
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DOLAN, RJ
   FLETCHER, P
   FRITH, CD
   FRISTON, KJ
   FRACKOWIAK, RSJ
   GRASBY, PM
AF DOLAN, RJ
   FLETCHER, P
   FRITH, CD
   FRISTON, KJ
   FRACKOWIAK, RSJ
   GRASBY, PM
TI DOPAMINERGIC MODULATION OF IMPAIRED COGNITIVE ACTIVATION IN THE ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monkey prefrontal cortex; delayed-response task; cerebral blood-flow; receptor-binding; apomorphine; tomography; release; gaba
AB DOPAMINERGIC dysregulation remains an empirical cornerstone for theories concerning the causation of schizophrenia. Evidence for a dopamine system dysfunction in schizophrenia includes the psychosis-inducing effects of dopaminergic agonists(1,2) and the antipsychotic potency of dopaminergic antagonists(3'4). Here we use positron emission tomography (PET) to examine the regulatory role of dopamine on cortical function in normal subjects and unmedicated schizophrenic patients. Using a factorial experimental design, we compared the effect of dopaminergic manipulation with apomorphine on a neural response to a cognitive task. In the schizophrenic patients, relative to controls, an impaired cognitive activation of the anterior cingulate cortex was significantly modulated by a manipulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission. Thus, after apomorphine, the schizophrenic subjects displayed a significantly enhanced cognitive activation of the anterior cingulate cortex relative to the controls. These data provide in vivo evidence that an impaired cognitive-task-induced activation of the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenic patients can be significantly modulated by a dopaminergic manipulation.
C1 ROYAL FREE HOSP, SCH MED, LONDON NW3, ENGLAND.
   UCL, DEPT PSYCHOL, LONDON WC1E 6BT, ENGLAND.
   HAMMERSMITH HOSP, MRC, CYCLOTRON UNIT, LONDON W12 0HS, ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London; UCL Medical School; University of London; University College London; Imperial College London
RP DOLAN, RJ (corresponding author), INST NEUROL, WELLCOME DEPT COGNIT NEUROL, QUEEN SQ, LONDON WC1N 3BG, ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 329
Z9 350
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 180
EP 182
DI 10.1038/378180a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900052
PM 7477319
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHALABY, F
   ROSSANT, J
   YAMAGUCHI, TP
   GERTSENSTEIN, M
   WU, XF
   BREITMAN, ML
   SCHUH, AC
AF SHALABY, F
   ROSSANT, J
   YAMAGUCHI, TP
   GERTSENSTEIN, M
   WU, XF
   BREITMAN, ML
   SCHUH, AC
TI FAILURE OF BLOOD-ISLAND FORMATION AND VASCULOGENESIS IN FLK-1-DEFICIENT MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelial growth-factor; receptor tyrosine kinase; stem-cells; mouse; precursors; expression; gene; differentiation; commitment; protein
AB THE receptor tyrosine kinase Flk-1 (ref. 1) is believed to play a pivotal role in endothelial development. Expression of the Flk-1 receptor is restricted to endothelial cells and their embryonic precursors(2-5), and is complementary to that of its ligand, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)(2,3), which, is aa endothelial-specific mitogen. Highest levels of flk-1 expression are observed during embryonic vasculogenesis and angiogenesis(2-5), and dating pathological processes associated with neovascularization, such its tumour angiogenesis(7,8). Because flk-1 expression can be detected in presumptive mesodermal yolk-sac blood-island progenitors as early as 7.0 days postcoitum, Flk-1 may mark the putative common embryonic endothelial and haematopoietic precursor, the haemangioblast, and thus may also be involved in early haematopoiesis(4). Here rye report the generation of mice deficient in Flk-1 by disruption of the gene using homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Embryos homozygous for this mutation die in utero between 8.5 and 9.5 days post-coitum, as a result of an early defect in the development of haematopoietic and endothelial cells. Yolk-sac blood islands were absent at 7.5 days, organized blood vessels could not be observed in the embryo or yolk sac at any stage, acid haematopoietic progenitors were severely reduced. These results indicate that Flk-1 is essential for yolk-sac Mood-island formation and vasculogenesis in the mouse embryo.
C1 MT SINAI HOSP,SAMUEL LUNENFELD RES INST,TORONTO,ON M5G 1X5,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MOLEC & MED GENET,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MED,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,INST MED SCI,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
   TORONTO HOSP,DIV HAEMATOL ONCOL,TORONTO,ON M5G 2C4,CANADA.
   CANADIAN RED CROSS SOC,TORONTO BLOOD CTR,TORONTO,ON M5G 2M1,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto
NR 31
TC 3210
Z9 3825
U1 0
U2 111
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6535
BP 62
EP 66
DI 10.1038/376062a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RH111
UT WOS:A1995RH11100062
PM 7596435
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KIRTLEY, JR
   TSUEI, CC
   SUN, JZ
   CHI, CC
   YUJAHNES, LS
   GUPTA, A
   RUPP, M
   KETCHEN, MB
AF KIRTLEY, JR
   TSUEI, CC
   SUN, JZ
   CHI, CC
   YUJAHNES, LS
   GUPTA, A
   RUPP, M
   KETCHEN, MB
TI SYMMETRY OF THE ORDER-PARAMETER IN THE HIGH-T-C SUPERCONDUCTOR YBA2CU3O7-DELTA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependence; microscopy; vortices; state
AB RECENT discussions of the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity have focused on the symmetry of the superconducting order parameter (the wavefunction of the superconducting state) as a means of constraining the nature of the interaction that forms the Cooper pairs(1,2). There have been many attempts to measure the symmetry of this parameter in the high-temperature superconductor YBa2CU3O7-delta (refs 3-10), but they have not yielded consistent results, Here we show that half-integer flux quantization in superconducting rings with three grain-boundary Josephson junctions, which formed the basis of an earlier, less conclusive symmetry test(3), can be used to place firm constraints on the pairing symmetry, For the case of YBa2Cu3O7-delta, we find that the sign of the order parameter is clearly direction dependent (consistent with a d(x2-y2) symmetry) and that the contribution from any out-of-phase isotropic component is less than about 3%.
RP KIRTLEY, JR (corresponding author), IBM CORP,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,POB 218,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598, USA.
NR 21
TC 329
Z9 339
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6511
BP 225
EP 228
DI 10.1038/373225a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QC278
UT WOS:A1995QC27800056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NISHIZAKA, T
   MIYATA, H
   YOSHIKAWA, H
   ISHIWATA, S
   KINOSITA, K
AF NISHIZAKA, T
   MIYATA, H
   YOSHIKAWA, H
   ISHIWATA, S
   KINOSITA, K
TI UNBINDING FORCE OF A SINGLE MOTOR MOLECULE OF MUSCLE MEASURED USING OPTICAL TWEEZERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID actin filament; direction; myosin; invitro; rigor; speed
AB THE unbinding and rebinding of motor proteins and their substrate filaments are the main components of sliding movement(1). We have measured the unbinding force between an actin filament and a single motor molecule of muscle, myosin, in the absence of ATP, by pulling the filament with optical tweezers(2). The unbinding force could be measured repeatedly on the same molecule, and was independent of the number of measurements and the direction of the imposed loads within a range of +/-90 degrees. The average unbinding force was 9.2 +/- 4.4 pN, only a few times larger than the sliding force(3-5) but an order of magnitude smaller than other intermolecular forces(6,7). From its kinetics(8) we suggest that unbinding occurs sequentially at the molecular interface, which is an inherent property of motor molecules.
C1 WASEDA UNIV,SCH SCI & ENGN,DEPT PHYS,SHINJUKU KU,TOKYO 169,JAPAN.
   WASEDA UNIV,ADV RES CTR SCI & ENGN,SHINJUKU KU,TOKYO 169,JAPAN.
C3 Waseda University; Waseda University
NR 22
TC 210
Z9 229
U1 2
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 251
EP 254
DI 10.1038/377251a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200046
PM 7675112
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHEN, JD
   EVANS, RM
AF CHEN, JD
   EVANS, RM
TI A TRANSCRIPTIONAL CO-REPRESSOR THAT INTERACTS WITH NUCLEAR HORMONE RECEPTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinoic acid receptor; a oncogene product; thyroid-hormone; v-erba; protein; binding; silencer; alpha; beta
AB TRANSCRIPTIONAL silencing mediated by nuclear receptors is important in development, differentiation and oncogenesis(1-3). The mechanism underlying this effect is unknown but is one key to understanding the molecular basis of hormone action. Here we identify a receptor-interacting factor, SMRT, as a silencing mediator (co-repressor) for retinoid and thyroid-hormone receptors. SMRT is a previously undiscovered protein whose association with receptors both in solution and bound to DNA-response elements is destabilized by ligand. The interaction with mutant receptors correlates with their transcriptional silencing activities. In vivo, SMRT functions as a potent co-repressor, and a GAL4 DNA-binding domain fusion of SMRT behaves as a frank repressor of a GALA-dependent reporter. Together, our results identify a new class of cofactors which may be important mediators of hormone action.
RP CHEN, JD (corresponding author), SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,GENE EXPRESS LAB,10010 N TORREY PINES RD,LA JOLLA,CA 92037, USA.
NR 31
TC 1681
Z9 1954
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 454
EP 457
DI 10.1038/377454a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000057
PM 7566127
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SUN, XJ
   WANG, LM
   ZHANG, YT
   YENUSH, L
   MYERS, MG
   GLASHEEN, E
   LANE, WS
   PIERCE, JH
   WHITE, MF
AF SUN, XJ
   WANG, LM
   ZHANG, YT
   YENUSH, L
   MYERS, MG
   GLASHEEN, E
   LANE, WS
   PIERCE, JH
   WHITE, MF
TI ROLE OF IRS-2 IN INSULIN AND CYTOKINE SIGNALING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hematopoietic-cells; receptor; protein; phosphorylation; transmission; sequence
AB THE protein IRS-1 acts as an interface between signalling proteins with Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 proteins) and the receptors for insulin, IGF-1, growth hormone, several interleukins (IL-4, IL-9, IL-13) and other cytokines(1-7). It regulates gene expression acid stimulates mitogenesis, and appears to mediate insulin/IGF-1-stimulated glucose transport(8). Thus, survival of the IRS-1(-/-) mouse with only mild resistance to insulin was surprising(9,10). This dilemma is provisionally resolved with our discovery of a second IRS-signalling protein, We purified and cloned a likely candidate called 4PS from myeloid progenitor cells and, because of its resemblance to IRS-1, we designate it IRS-2. Alignment of the sequences of IRS-2 acid IRS-1 revealed a highly conserved amino terminus containing a pleckstrin-homology domain and a phosphotyrosine-binding domain, and a poorly conserved carboxy terminus containing several tyrosine phosphorylation motifs. IRS-2 is expressed in many cells, including tissues from IRS-1(-/-) mice(11), and may be essential for signalling by several receptor systems.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,JOSLIN DIABET CTR,DIV RES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02215.
   NIH,CELL & MOLEC BIOL LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   HARVARD UNIV,DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,HARVARD MICROCHEM FACIL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc.; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; Harvard University
NR 36
TC 766
Z9 844
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 173
EP 177
DI 10.1038/377173a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400055
PM 7675087
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FARRELL, JW
   PEDERSEN, TF
   CALVERT, SE
   NIELSEN, B
AF FARRELL, JW
   PEDERSEN, TF
   CALVERT, SE
   NIELSEN, B
TI GLACIAL-INTERGLACIAL CHANGES IN NUTRIENT UTILIZATION IN THE EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID productivity; particles; sinking
AB THE eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean (EEP) today sustains up to 30% of global marine productivity(1), and the region is one of the largest and most variable marine sources of CO2 to the atmosphere(2). This variability is largely controlled by the balance between the physical input of nutrients to the surface ocean and their removal by biological assimilation--the relative nutrient utilization-but the spatial and temporal variability of this balance are poorly understood. Here we use the N-15/N-14 ratio in sedimentary marine organic matter to show strong spatial gradients in relative nitrate utilization throughout the modern EEP. We interpret down-core decline in this ratio through the Last Glacial Maximum (12-24 kyr ago) as a decrease in relative nitrate utilization; the increase in nitrate supply to surface waters due to upwelling during this period was greater than the apparent increase in nitrogen removal by organic matter export out of surface waters. This interpretation is consistent with cooler sea surface temperatures(3) and a higher CO2 flux to the atmospbere(4,5) during the Last Glacial Maximum, indicating that the EEP surface waters have remained enriched in nutrients, and have not acted as a net sink for CO2, for at least the past 30,000 years.
C1 UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT OCEANOG,VANCOUVER,BC V6T 1Z4,CANADA.
C3 University of British Columbia
NR 33
TC 168
Z9 186
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 514
EP 517
DI 10.1038/377514a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HOUGH, RM
   GILMOUR, I
   PILLINGER, CT
   ARDEN, JW
   GILKES, KWR
   YUAN, J
   MILLEDGE, HJ
AF HOUGH, RM
   GILMOUR, I
   PILLINGER, CT
   ARDEN, JW
   GILKES, KWR
   YUAN, J
   MILLEDGE, HJ
TI DIAMOND AND SILICON-CARBIDE IN IMPACT MELT ROCK FROM THE RIES IMPACT CRATER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon; graphite
AB SHOCK-PRODUCED diamond and lonsdaleite (the hexagonal polymorph) were first observed in experiments involving explosions' Several classes of meteorites(2,3) contain microcrystalline diamond aggregates that are thought to be produced by impacts with the Earth or in space. Diamonds have also been found in association with several Russian impact craters(4) and in Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary impact ejecta(5,6); these too have most often been interpreted as having formed by shock in the solid state(4). Here we report the occurrence of diamond/lonsdaleite plates and cubic diamond in association with silicon carbide, in impact melts from the Ries crater in southern Germany. We interpret these occurrences as evidence that these phases can be formed by chemical vapour deposition from the ejecta plume of an impact crater. It follows that cubic diamond and silicon carbide may be formed at any impact site from vaporized carbon-bearing rocks, and hence may be used as a reliable diagnostic tool for hypervelocity impact on Earth. This process may also explain the occurrence of diamonds found in sediments (carbonados(7)), which may result from the 'heavy bombardment' period of early Earth history, rather than from mantle-derived diatremes(8).
C1 OPEN UNIV, DEPT EARTH SCI, PLANETARY SCI UNIT, MILTON KEYNES MK7 6AA, BUCKS, ENGLAND.
   UNIV OXFORD, DEPT EARTH SCI, OXFORD OX1 3PR, ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE, CAVENDISH LAB, CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HE, ENGLAND.
   UNIV E ANGLIA, SCH PHYS, NORWICH NR4 7TJ, NORFOLK, ENGLAND.
   UCL, DEPT GEOL SCI, LONDON WC1E 6BT, ENGLAND.
C3 Open University - UK; University of Oxford; University of Cambridge; University of East Anglia; University of London; University College London
NR 26
TC 118
Z9 128
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 41
EP 44
DI 10.1038/378041a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MCEACHERN, MJ
   BLACKBURN, EH
AF MCEACHERN, MJ
   BLACKBURN, EH
TI RUNAWAY TELOMERE ELONGATION CAUSED BY TELOMERASE RNA GENE-MUTATIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; human fibroblasts; binding-protein; yeast; dna; senescence; rap1; identification; sequences; stability
AB The ribonucleoprotein enzyme telomerase adds telomeric DNA onto chromosome ends and is normally regulated so that telomeric DNA lengths are kept within defined bounds. In the telomerase RNA gene from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, specific mutations that alter telomeric DNA sequences result in telomeres elongating to up to 100 times their normal length and Impair cell growth. Some mutations cause immediate elongation whereas others behave like genetic time bombs, causing elongation only after a latent period of hundreds of generations.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP MCEACHERN, MJ (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL, BOX 0414, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
NR 43
TC 308
Z9 348
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6539
BP 403
EP 409
DI 10.1038/376403a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RM639
UT WOS:A1995RM63900045
PM 7630414
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRENAN, JM
   SHAW, HF
   RYERSON, FJ
AF BRENAN, JM
   SHAW, HF
   RYERSON, FJ
TI EXPERIMENTAL-EVIDENCE FOR THE ORIGIN OF LEAD ENRICHMENT IN CONVERGENT-MARGIN MAGMAS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID continental-crust; oceanic basalts; mantle; earth; geochemistry; pb; amphibolites; evolution; sediments; minerals
AB IT has been proposed(1-5) that the low Ce/Pb ratio of subduction-related basalts, relative to their oceanic counterparts, arises by the preferential transfer of lead to the mantle wedge (overlying the subducting stab) by non-magmatic processes. Fluxing of the mantle wedge by low-Ce/Pb fluids, generated by the dehydration of subducted oceanic crust, is one mechanism favoured for this process (see, for example, ref. 5). Here we report the results of a series of high-pressure experiments, which confirm that low-Ce/Pb fluids coexist with the dominant mineral phases (garnet and clinopyroxene) produced during high-pressure dehydration of altered basalt. Our results show that the production of subduction-zone magmas from mantle sources fluxed by basalt-derived fluid is a mechanism by which relatively lead-rich, cerium-poor, mantle-derived material is added to the continents. The lead enrichment of the Earth's continental crust is thus a continuing process occurring at convergent margins.
C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,LIVERMORE,CA 94551.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP BRENAN, JM (corresponding author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,DIV EARTH SCI,POB 808,L-202,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA.
NR 20
TC 171
Z9 194
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 54
EP 56
DI 10.1038/378054a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DAVEY, RJ
   GARSIDE, J
   HILTON, AM
   MCEWAN, D
   MORRISON, JW
AF DAVEY, RJ
   GARSIDE, J
   HILTON, AM
   MCEWAN, D
   MORRISON, JW
TI PURIFICATION OF MOLECULAR MIXTURES BELOW THE EUTECTIC BY EMULSION CRYSTALLIZATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB MELT crystallization(1) is used increasingly by the chemical industry to purify organic compounds, in part because of the availability of new processing techniques(2) and in part because of the commercial and legislative pressures demanding that such compounds be supplied with precisely defined compositions, At present, purification is generally achieved by a succesion of steps involving freezing on a cooled surface followed by partial melting(3). As an alternative, we have been examining the process of emulsion crystallization(4), in which a melt is crystallized within emulsified droplets so that homogeneous nucleation occurs at a lower rate than in a bulk melt. This approach requires no special equipment or solvents, and so offers the possibility of purification at low capital and operating costs. Here we report the use of this method to purify mixtures of meta and para chloronitrobenzene (m- and p-CNB) below their eutectic temperature at compositions where bulk crystallization would yield a mixture of pure m- or p-CNB and a m/p combination of the eutectic composition. Adding seed crystals of m-CNB to various m/p mixtures below the eutectic composition results in the formation of crystals highly enriched in m-CNB, while the p-CNB remains primarily in the emulsion phase. Thus emulsion crystallization has the potential to 'break' the eutectic, which otherwise presents a barrier to the separation of eutectic-forming mixtures.
C1 ZENECA FINE CHEM MFG ORG,HUDDERSFIELD HD2 1SF,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
RP DAVEY, RJ (corresponding author), UNIV MANCHESTER,INST SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT CHEM ENGN,POB 88,MANCHESTER M60 1QD,LANCS,ENGLAND.
NR 8
TC 44
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6533
BP 664
EP 666
DI 10.1038/375664a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RE576
UT WOS:A1995RE57600054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NELSON, AR
   ATWATER, BF
   BOBROWSKY, PT
   BRADLEY, LA
   CLAGUE, JJ
   CARVER, GA
   DARIENZO, ME
   GRANT, WC
   KRUEGER, HW
   SPARKS, R
   STAFFORD, TW
   STUIVER, M
AF NELSON, AR
   ATWATER, BF
   BOBROWSKY, PT
   BRADLEY, LA
   CLAGUE, JJ
   CARVER, GA
   DARIENZO, ME
   GRANT, WC
   KRUEGER, HW
   SPARKS, R
   STAFFORD, TW
   STUIVER, M
TI RADIOCARBON EVIDENCE FOR EXTENSIVE PLATE-BOUNDARY RUPTURE ABOUT 300 YEARS AGO AT THE CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID time scale; calibration; earthquake; tectonics; bc
AB THE Cascadia subduction zone, a region of converging tectonic plates along the Pacific coast of North America, has a geological history of very large plate-boundary earthquakes(1,2), but no such earthquakes have struck this region since Euro-American settlement about 150 years ago. Geophysical estimates of the moment magnitudes (M(w)) of the largest such earthquakes range from 8 (ref. 3) to 9 1/2 (ref. 4). Radiocarbon dating of earthquake-killed vegetation can set upper bounds on earthquake size by constraining the length of plate boundary that ruptured in individual earthquakes. Such dating has shown that the most recent rupture, or series of ruptures, extended at least 55 km along the Washington coast within a period of a few decades about 300 years ago(5). Here we report 85 new C-14 ages, which suggest that this most recent rupture (or series) extended at least 900 km between southern British Columbia and northern California. By comparing the C-14 ages with written records of the past 150 years, we conclude that a single magnitude 9 earthquake, or a series of lesser earthquakes, ruptured most of the length of the Cascadia subduction zone between the late 1600s and early 1800s, and probably in the early 1700s.
C1 UNION COLL,INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES,BOULDER,CO 80309.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT GEOL SCI,US GEOL SURVEY,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   BRITISH COLUMBIA GEOL SURVEY BRANCH,VICTORIA,BC V8V 1X4,CANADA.
   GEOL SURVEY CANADA,VANCOUVER,BC V6B 1R8,CANADA.
   HUMBOLDT STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,ARCATA,CA 95521.
   PORTLAND STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,PORTLAND,OR 97207.
   KRUEGER ENTERPRISES INC,DIV GEOCHRON LABS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   INST GEOL & NUCL SCI LTD,RAFTER RADIOCARBON LAB,NUCL SCI GRP,LOWER HUTT,NEW ZEALAND.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,QUATERNARY RES CTR,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada; California State University System; California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt; Portland State University; Earth Sciences New Zealand; GNS Science - New Zealand; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP NELSON, AR (corresponding author), US GEOL SURVEY,MS 966,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA.
NR 32
TC 130
Z9 149
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 371
EP 374
DI 10.1038/378371a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FLANNERY, TF
   ARCHER, M
   RICH, TH
   JONES, R
AF FLANNERY, TF
   ARCHER, M
   RICH, TH
   JONES, R
TI A NEW FAMILY OF MONOTREMES FROM THE CRETACEOUS OF AUSTRALIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB AUSTRALIA'S second Mesozoic mammal, Kollikodon ritchiei (Monotremata, Kollikodontidae, new family) has an extreme bunodont molar morphology. The existence of two distinctively different families of monotremes in the Early Cretaceous suggests that the order originated long before the Cretaceous and was very diverse in at least the Australian portion of eastern Gondwana. With four families now known from Australia, it is probable that monotremes originated and diversified in the Australian/Antarctic sector of Gondwana, followed by a single dispersal (ornithorhynchid) to the South American sector before or during the early Paleocene. It is probable that kollikodontids are the sister-group of a steropodontid/ornithorhynchid/tachyglossid clade. K. ritchiei and Steropodon galmani are among the largest Mesozoic mammals known.
C1 UNIV NEW S WALES,SCH BIOL SCI,SYDNEY,NSW 2052,AUSTRALIA.
   MUSEUM VICTORIA,S MELBOURNE,VIC 3205,AUSTRALIA.
C3 University of New South Wales Sydney; Museum Victoria
RP FLANNERY, TF (corresponding author), AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM,6-8 COLL ST,SYDNEY,NSW 2000,AUSTRALIA.
NR 18
TC 67
Z9 74
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 418
EP 420
DI 10.1038/377418a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BURKLY, L
   HESSION, C
   OGATA, L
   REILLY, C
   MARCONI, LA
   OLSON, D
   TIZARD, R
   CATE, R
   LO, D
AF BURKLY, L
   HESSION, C
   OGATA, L
   REILLY, C
   MARCONI, LA
   OLSON, D
   TIZARD, R
   CATE, R
   LO, D
TI EXPRESSION OF RELB IS REQUIRED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THYMIC MEDULLA AND DENDRITIC CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen-presenting cells; epithelial-cells; t-cells; gene; mouse
AB DENDRITIC cells (DC) derived from bone marrow are critical in the function of the immune system, for they are the primary antigen-presenting cells in the activation of T-lymphocyte response. Their differentiation from precursor cells has not been defined at a molecular level, but recent studies have shown an association between expression of the relB subunit of the NF-kappa B complex(1-5) and the presence of DC in specific regions of normal unstimulated lymphoid tissues(4-6). Here we show that relB expression also correlates with differentiation of DC in autoimmune infiltrates in situ, and that a mutation disrupting the relB gene results in mice with impaired antigen-presenting cell function, and a syndrome of excess production of granulocytes and macrophages. Thymic UEA-1(+) medullary epithelial cells from normal mice show striking similarities to DC and, interestingly, these cells are also absent in relB mutant mice. Taken together, these results suggest that relB is critical in the coordinated activation of genes necessary for the differentiation of two unrelated but phenotypically similar cells (DC and thymic UEA-1(+) medullary epithelial cells) and is therefore a candidate for a gene determining lineage commitment in the immune system.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, RES INST, DEPT IMMUNOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   BIOGEN INC, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Biogen
NR 29
TC 672
Z9 764
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6514
BP 531
EP 536
DI 10.1038/373531a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QF724
UT WOS:A1995QF72400062
PM 7845467
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MILLS, SL
   MASSEY, SC
AF MILLS, SL
   MASSEY, SC
TI DIFFERENTIAL PROPERTIES OF 2 GAP JUNCTIONAL PATHWAYS MADE BY AII AMACRINE CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rod bipolar cells; rabbit retina; nitric-oxide; 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid; mammalian retina; target-cells; cat retina; glutamate; permeability; channels
AB THE retina is sensitive to light stimuli varying over more than 12 log units in intensity. It accomplishes this, in part, by switching between rod-dominated circuits designed for maximum utilization of scarce photons and cone circuits designed for greater acuity. Rod signals are integrated into the cone pathways through AII amacrine cells, which are connected by gap junctions both to other AII amacrine cells and to cone bipolar cells. To determine the relative permeabilities of the two junctional pathways, we have measured the distribution of biotinylated tracers across this heterologous cell assembly after injecting a single An amacrine cell. We found that neurobiotin (relative molecular mass, 286) passed easily through both types of gap junctions, but that biotin-X cadaverine (relative molecular mass, 442) passed through AII/bipolar cell gap junctions poorly compared to AII/AII gap junctions. Thus, the AII/bipolar cell channel has a lower permeability to large molecules than does the AII/AII amacrine cell channel. The two pathways are also regulated differently. Dopamine and cyclic AMP agonists, known to diminish AII-AII coupling(1), did not change the relative labelling intensity of AII to bipolar cells. However, nitric oxide and cGMP agonists selectively reduced labelling in bipolar cells relative to AII amacrine cells, perhaps by acting at the bipolar side of this gap junction. This suggests that increased cGMP controls the network switching between rod and cone pathways associated with light adaptation.
RP MILLS, SL (corresponding author), UNIV TEXAS,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT OPHTHALMOL & VISUAL SCI,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA.
NR 29
TC 312
Z9 357
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 734
EP 737
DI 10.1038/377734a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900057
PM 7477263
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MULLER, KJ
   ROMANO, N
   GERSTNER, O
   GARCIAMAROTO, F
   POZZI, C
   SALAMINI, F
   ROHDE, W
AF MULLER, KJ
   ROMANO, N
   GERSTNER, O
   GARCIAMAROTO, F
   POZZI, C
   SALAMINI, F
   ROHDE, W
TI THE BARLEY HOODED MUTATION CAUSED BY A DUPLICATION IN A HOMEOBOX GENE INTRON
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; knotted-1; antirrhinum; vectors; family; fates; locus
AB IN barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) the unit of inflorescence is the spikelet, which bears a fertile bract, the lemma, and the floret consisting of palea, two lodicules, three stamens and the pistil(1). The Hooded mutation causes the appearance of an extra flower of inverse polarity on the lemma(2). This phenotype is governed by the single dominant genetic locus K-3 Here we show that the homeobox gene Knox3 represents this locus, Ectopic Knox3 gene expression in the primordium of the extra floret is caused by a 305-base pair duplication in inh on 4, and phenocopies of the mutation are obtained in the heterologous tobacco system by Knox3 overexpression. It is concluded that homeotic genes of the Knox gene family are involved in floral evocation. Furthermore, the study of polarity of reproductive organs in K and related mutants can now focus on homeobox genes.
C1 UNIV POLITECN MADRID,ETS INGN AGRON,DEPT BIOQUIM & BIOL MOLEC,E-28040 MADRID,SPAIN.
C3 Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
RP MULLER, KJ (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST ZUCHTUNGSFORSCH,CARL VON LINNE WEG 10,D-50829 COLOGNE,GERMANY.
NR 26
TC 178
Z9 207
U1 1
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6524
BP 727
EP 730
DI 10.1038/374727a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QU304
UT WOS:A1995QU30400051
PM 7715728
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VALLESI, A
   GIULI, G
   BRADSHAW, RA
   LUPORINI, P
AF VALLESI, A
   GIULI, G
   BRADSHAW, RA
   LUPORINI, P
TI AUTOCRINE MITOGENIC ACTIVITY OF PHEROMONES PRODUCED BY THE PROTOZOAN CILIATE EUPLOTES-RAIKOVI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mating pheromone; structural characterization; growth-factor; identification; purification; recognition; cells; er-1
AB DIFFUSIBLE polypeptide pheromones (formerly referred to as mating-type factors, sex factors or gamones), which distinguish otherwise morphologically identical vegetative cell (mating) types from one another, are produced by some species of ciliates(1,2), Their most striking effect can be observed by exposing cells of one type to a pheromone secreted by another co-specific cell type(3). In the presence of this 'non-self' signal, these cells interrupt their vegetative life to unite temporarily in mating pairs, Thus ciliate pheromones have traditionally been associated only with mating induction(2,4), However, the identification of autocrine pheromone receptors(5,6) suggests a broader role, which is supported by the hypothesis that ciliates evolved their mating-type mechanism for pursuing self-recognition(1). We now report studies, in the cosmopolitan marine sand-dwelling protozoan ciliate Euplotes raikovi, demonstrating that these molecules promote the vegetative reproduction (mitogenic proliferation or growth) of the same cells from which they originate, As, understandably, such autocrine pheromone activity is primary to that of targeting and inducing a foreign cell to mate (paracrine functions), this finding provides an example of how the original function of a molecule can be obscured during evolution by the acquisition of a new one.
C1 UNIV CALIF IRVINE,COLL MED,DEPT BIOL CHEM,IRVINE,CA 92717.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP VALLESI, A (corresponding author), UNIV CAMERINO,DIPARTIMENTO BIOL MOLEC CELLULARE & ANIM,I-62032 CAMERINO MC,ITALY.
NR 26
TC 66
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6540
BP 522
EP 524
DI 10.1038/376522a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RN622
UT WOS:A1995RN62200047
PM 7637785
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VESA, J
   HELLSTEN, E
   VERKRUYSE, LA
   CAMP, LA
   RAPOLA, J
   SANTAVUORI, P
   HOFMANN, SL
   PELTONEN, L
AF VESA, J
   HELLSTEN, E
   VERKRUYSE, LA
   CAMP, LA
   RAPOLA, J
   SANTAVUORI, P
   HOFMANN, SL
   PELTONEN, L
TI MUTATIONS IN THE PALMITOYL PROTEIN THIOESTERASE GENE CAUSING INFANTILE NEURONAL CEROID-LIPOFUSCINOSIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID l-myc; chromosome-1; polymorphism; assignment; juvenile; disease; cloning; maps; form; 1p32
AB NEURONAL ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) represent a group of common progressive encephalopathies of children which have a global incidence of 1 in 12,500 (ref. 1). These severe brain diseases are divided into three autosomal recessive subtypes, assigned to different chromosomal loci(2-4). The infantile subtype of NCL (INCL), linked to chromosome 1p32, is characterized by early visual loss and rapidly progressing mental deterioration, resulting in a pat electroencephalogram by 3 years of age; death occurs at 8 to 11 years(5), and characteristic storage bodies are found in brain and other tissues at autopsy(6). The molecular pathogenesis underlying the selective loss of neurons of neocortical origin has remained unknown. Here we report the identification, by positional candidate methods, of defects in the palmitoyl-protein thioesterase gene in all 42 Finnish INCL patients and several non-Finnish patients. The most common mutation results in intracellular accumulation of the polypeptide and undetectable enzyme activity in the brain of patients.
C1 NATL PUBL HLTH INST,DEPT HUMAN MOLEC GENET,SF-00300 HELSINKI,FINLAND.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT INTERNAL MED,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,SIMMONS CANC CTR,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV HELSINKI,CHILDRENS HOSP,SF-00290 HELSINKI,FINLAND.
   UNIV HELSINKI,DEPT CHILD NEUROL,SF-00290 HELSINKI,FINLAND.
C3 Finland National Institute for Health & Welfare; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki
NR 30
TC 616
Z9 660
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6541
BP 584
EP 587
DI 10.1038/376584a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RP756
UT WOS:A1995RP75600048
PM 7637805
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NUEZ, B
   MICHALOVICH, D
   BYGRAVE, A
   PLOEMACHER, R
   GROSVELD, F
AF NUEZ, B
   MICHALOVICH, D
   BYGRAVE, A
   PLOEMACHER, R
   GROSVELD, F
TI DEFECTIVE HEMATOPOIESIS IN FETAL LIVER RESULTING FROM INACTIVATION OF THE EKLF GENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-globin gene; transgenic mice; developmental regulation; promoter element; stem-cells; expression; mutations; sequence; distal
AB ERYTHROID Kruppel-like factor (EKLF) was originally isolated from erythroid cell RNA by differential screening and shown to be erythroid-specific, although a low level of EKLF was found in mast cell lines(1,2). EKLF contains three zinc-fingers homologous to those found in the Kruppel family of transcription factors, Because it binds the sequence CCACACCCT, EKLF may affect erythroid development as a result of its ability to bind to the CAC box in the promoter of the beta-globin gene(1,2). Mutation of this element leads to reduced beta-globin expression(3-5) and it appears to mediate the effect of the globin locus control region on the promoter(6). Here we inactivate the EKLF gene through insertion of a lacZ reporter gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Heterozygous EKLF(+/-) mice show that the reporter gene is expressed in a developmentally specific manner in all types of erythroblasts in the fetal liver and adult bone marrow. Homozygous EKLF(-/-) mice appear normal during the embryonic stage of haematopoiesis in the yolk sac, but develop a fatal anaemia during early fetal life when haematopoiesis has switched to the fetal liver. Enucleated erythrocytes are formed but these do not contain the proper amount of haemoglobin. We conclude that the transcription factor EKLF is essential for the final steps of definitive erythropoiesis in fetal liver.
C1 ERASMUS UNIV ROTTERDAM, DEPT HAEMATOL, 3015 GE ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.
   NATL INST MED RES, DEPT GENE STRUCT & EXPRESS, LONDON NW7 1AA, ENGLAND.
C3 Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; Erasmus University Rotterdam; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP NUEZ, B (corresponding author), ERASMUS UNIV ROTTERDAM, MGC DEPT CELL BIOL & GENET, DR MOLEWATERPLEIN 50, 3015 GE ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.
NR 23
TC 502
Z9 575
U1 1
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6529
BP 316
EP 318
DI 10.1038/375316a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RA030
UT WOS:A1995RA03000050
PM 7753194
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI HONG-KONG ONE-TOPIC SCIENCE PARK
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 552
EP 552
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DERMOTT, SF
   SAGAN, C
AF DERMOTT, SF
   SAGAN, C
TI TIDAL EFFECTS OF DISCONNECTED HYDROCARBON SEAS ON TITAN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface; dissipation; ocean
AB THERMODYNAMIC and photochemical arguments(1-4) suggest that Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, has a deep ocean of liquid hydrocarbons. At visible wavelengths, Titan's surface is obscured by a thick stratospheric haze, but radar observations(5-7) have revealed large regions of high surface reflectivity that are inconsistent with a global hydrocarbon ocean. Titan's surface has also been imaged at infrared wavelengths(8-10), and the highest-resolution data (obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope) show clear variations in surface albedo and/or topography(10). The natural interpretation of these observations is that Titan, like the Earth, has continents and oceans. But Titan's high orbital eccentricity poses a problem for this interpretation, as the effects of oceanic tidal friction would have circularized Titan's orbit for most configurations of oceans and continents(1,11). Here we argue that a more realistic topography, in which liquid hydrocarbons are confined to a number of disconnected seas or crater lakes, may satisfy both the dynamical and observational constraints.
C1 CORNELL UNIV, PLANETARY STUDIES LAB, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP DERMOTT, SF (corresponding author), UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT ASTRON, POB 112055, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA.
NR 23
TC 40
Z9 42
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6519
BP 238
EP 240
DI 10.1038/374238a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QM387
UT WOS:A1995QM38700042
PM 7885443
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HALL, DT
   STROBEL, DF
   FELDMAN, PD
   MCGRATH, MA
   WEAVER, HA
AF HALL, DT
   STROBEL, DF
   FELDMAN, PD
   MCGRATH, MA
   WEAVER, HA
TI DETECTION OF AN OXYGEN ATMOSPHERE ON JUPITER MOON EUROPA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID io plasma torus; frequency redistribution; galilean satellites; electron-impact; cross-sections; spectroscopy; excitation; molecules; uv
AB EUROPA, the second large satellite out from Jupiter, is roughly the size of Earth's Moon, but unlike the Moon, it has water ice on its surface(1), There have been Suggestions that an oxygen atmosphere should accumulate around such a body, through reactions which break up the water molecules and form molecular hydrogen and oxygen(2,3), The lighter H-2 molecules would escape from Europa relatively easily, leaving behind an atmosphere rich in oxygen, Here we report the detection of atomic oxygen emission from Europa, which we interpret as being produced by the simultaneous dissociation and excitation of atmospheric O-2 by electrons from Jupiter's magnetosphere, Europa's molecular oxygen atmosphere is very tenuous, with a surface pressure about 10(-11) that of the Earth's atmosphere at sea level.
C1 SPACE TELESCOPE SCI INST,BALTIMORE,MD 21218.
C3 Space Telescope Science Institute
RP HALL, DT (corresponding author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,CTR ASTROPHYS SCI,34TH & CHARLES ST,BALTIMORE,MD 21218, USA.
NR 20
TC 321
Z9 343
U1 0
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 677
EP 679
DI 10.1038/373677a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800046
PM 7854447
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHEETS, MD
   WU, M
   WICKENS, M
AF SHEETS, MD
   WU, M
   WICKENS, M
TI POLYADENYLATION OF C-MOS MESSENGER-RNA AS A CONTROL POINT IN XENOPUS MEIOTIC MATURATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3' untranslated region; messenger-rna; unwinding activity; oocyte maturation; poly(a) addition; antisense rna; cell-cycle; invitro
AB c-mos protein, encoded by a proto-oncogene, is essential for the meiotic maturation of frog oocytes. Polyadenylation of c-mos messenger RNA is shown here to be a pivotal regulatory step in meiotic maturation. Maturation is prevented by selective amputation of polyadenylation signals from c-mos mRNA. Injection of a prosthetic RNA, which restores c-mos polyadenylation signals by base pairing to the amputated mRNA, rescues maturation and can stimulate translation in trans. Prosthetic RNAs may provide a general strategy by which to alter patterns of mRNA expression in vivo.
C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,COLL AGR & LIFE SCI,DEPT BIOCHEM,MADISON,WI 53706.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT MOLEC & CELL BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
NR 36
TC 206
Z9 228
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 511
EP 516
DI 10.1038/374511a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900042
PM 7700377
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LUNARDIISKANDAR, Y
   BRYANT, JL
   ZEMAN, RA
   LAM, VH
   SAMANIEGO, F
   BESNIER, JM
   HERMANS, P
   THIERRY, AR
   GILL, P
   GALLO, RC
AF LUNARDIISKANDAR, Y
   BRYANT, JL
   ZEMAN, RA
   LAM, VH
   SAMANIEGO, F
   BESNIER, JM
   HERMANS, P
   THIERRY, AR
   GILL, P
   GALLO, RC
TI TUMORIGENESIS AND METASTASIS OF NEOPLASTIC KAPOSIS-SARCOMA CELL-LINE IN IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE BLOCKED BY A HUMAN-PREGNANCY HORMONE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human chorionic-gonadotropin; long-term culture; growth-factor; expression; mechanisms; autocrine; paracrine; invitro; death; htlv
AB KAPOSI's sarcoma (KS) occurs more often in men than in women and HIV-1-associated KS has a high occurrence in homosexual men (over 30%). Most cultures of KS tumours yield cells with properties of hyperplastic (not malignant) endothelial cells under the control of several cytokines(1-7). The role of HIV-1 may be in promoting high levels of some cytokines and providing stimulation to angiogenesis by the HIV-1 Tat protein(8), which synergizes with basic fibroblast growth factor in promoting these effects(9), Here,ve describe an immortalized AIDS-KS cell line (KS Y-1) and show that these cells produce malignant metastatic tumours in nude mice and are killed in vitro and in vivo (apparently by apoptosis) by a pregnancy hormone, the beta-chain of human chorionic gonadotropin. Similarly, chorionic gonadotropin kills KS SLK, cells from another neoplastic cell line (established from a non-HIV-associated KS)(10), as well as the hyperplastic KS cells from clinical specimens grown in short-term culture, but does not kill normal endothelial cells, These results provide evidence that KS can evolve into a malignancy and have implications for the hormonal treatment of this tumour.
C1 NCI, TUMOR CELL BIOL LAB, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
   NIDR, ANIM CARE UNIT, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
   GYNECOL & OBSTET MED CTR, F-75017 PARIS, FRANCE.
   FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, HOP ST PIERRE, DEPT MALAD INFECT, B-1000 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
   UNIV SO CALIF, SCH MED, LOS ANGELES, CA 90033 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); Universite Libre de Bruxelles; University of Southern California
NR 26
TC 208
Z9 236
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6526
BP 64
EP 68
DI 10.1038/375064a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QW604
UT WOS:A1995QW60400056
PM 7723844
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FRIEDRICH, M
   TAUTZ, D
AF FRIEDRICH, M
   TAUTZ, D
TI RIBOSOMAL DNA PHYLOGENY OF THE MAJOR EXTANT ARTHROPOD CLASSES AND THE EVOLUTION OF MYRIAPODS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE evolutionary relationships among arthropods are of particular interest because the best-studied model system for ontogenetic pattern formation, the insect Drosophila, is a member of this phylum. Evolutionary inferences about the developmental mechanisms that have led to the various designs of the arthropod body plan depend on a knowledge of the phylogenetic framework of arthropod evolution, Based on morphological evidence(1-3), but also on palaeontological considerations(4), the sister group of the insects is believed to be found among the myriapods. Using nuclear ribosomal gene sequences for constructing a molecular phylogeny, we provide strong evidence that the crustaceans and not the myriapods should be considered to be the sister group of the insects. Moreover, the degree of sequence divergence suggests that the diversification of the myriapods occurred during the Cambrian. Our findings have general implications for the course of land colonization by the different arthropod groups, as well as for the interpretation of primitive and derived features of arthropod morphology.
RP FRIEDRICH, M (corresponding author), UNIV MUNICH,INST ZOOL,LUISENSTR 14,D-80333 MUNICH,GERMANY.
NR 30
TC 300
Z9 335
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6536
BP 165
EP 167
DI 10.1038/376165a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RJ028
UT WOS:A1995RJ02800058
PM 7603566
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COHEN, JE
AF COHEN, JE
TI UNEXPECTED DOMINANCE OF HIGH-FREQUENCIES IN CHAOTIC NONLINEAR POPULATION-MODELS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID systems
AB BECAUSE water has a higher heat capacity than air, large bodies of water fluctuate in temperature more slow ly than does the atmosphere(1). Marine temperature time series are 'redder' than atmospheric temperature time series by analog to light: in red light, low-frequency variability has greater amplitude than high-frequency variability, whereas in white light all frequencies have the same amplitude(2). Differences in the relative importance of high- and low-frequency variability in different habitats affect the population dynamics of individual species and the structure of ecological communities(3-9). Population dynamics of individual species are thought to be dominated hy low-frequency fluctuations, that is, to display reddened fluctuations(10). Here I report, however, that in eight nonlinear, iterative, deterministic, autonomous, discrete-time population models, some of which have been used to model real biological populations, the power spectral densities of chaotic trajectories are neither white nor reddened but are notably blue, with increasing power at higher frequencies.
C1 UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI & TECHNOL,NERC,CTR POPULAT BIOL,ASCOT SL5 7PY,BERKS,ENGLAND.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); Imperial College London
RP COHEN, JE (corresponding author), ROCKEFELLER UNIV,1230 YORK AVE,NEW YORK,NY 10021, USA.
NR 30
TC 92
Z9 96
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 610
EP 612
DI 10.1038/378610a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100075
PM 8524393
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YELAMOS, J
   KLIX, N
   GOYENECHEA, B
   LOZANO, F
   CHUI, YL
   FERNANDEZ, AG
   PANNELL, R
   NEUBERGER, MS
   MILSTEIN, C
AF YELAMOS, J
   KLIX, N
   GOYENECHEA, B
   LOZANO, F
   CHUI, YL
   FERNANDEZ, AG
   PANNELL, R
   NEUBERGER, MS
   MILSTEIN, C
TI TARGETING OF NON-LG SEQUENCES IN-PLACE OF THE V-SEGMENT BY SOMATIC HYPERMUTATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID germinal-centers; immune-response; immunoglobulin genes; passenger transgenes; affinity maturation; mutation; kappa; mutagenesis; mechanism; promoter
AB Affinity maturation of antibodies is characterized by localized hypermutation of the DNA around the V segment. Here we show, using mice containing single or multiple transgene constructs, that an immunoglobulin V-kappa segment can be replaced by human beta-globin or prokaryotic neo or gpt genes without affecting the rate of hypermutation; the V gene itself is not necessary for recruiting hypermutation. The ability to target hypermutation to heterologous genes in vivo could find more general applications in biology.
RP YELAMOS, J (corresponding author), MRC,MOLEC BIOL LAB,HILLS RD,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
NR 40
TC 210
Z9 268
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6537
BP 225
EP 229
DI 
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RK331
UT WOS:A1995RK33100038
PM 7617031
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BREUER, D
   SPOHN, T
AF BREUER, D
   SPOHN, T
TI POSSIBLE FLUSH INSTABILITY IN MANTLE CONVECTION AT THE ARCHEAN-PROTEROZOIC TRANSITION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal evolution; atmosphere; interior
AB THE late Archaean eon (3 to 2.5 billion years ago) seems to have been a time of profound geological changes(1-5): rapid growth of the continents, of the volume of cratonic sediments and of the area of the continental shelves was accompanied by widespread emplacement of potassium-rich granitic rocks, leading to the 'cratonization' of the continental crust(3,6). There is also evidence for climate change(7,8) at this time, possibly reflecting changes in the composition of the atmosphere and the volume of the oceans. The period ends with the Huronian glaciation, the first web documented glacial episode(9), and this transition appears to be marked by a strong increase in the intensity of the geomagnetic held(10). Here we present simulations of mantle convection at the end of the late Archaean, and show that a breakdown of two-layer convection (a 'flush' instability(11)) occurring at this time could have led to a period of volcanic and tectonic activity that might account for the reported geological and palaeoenvironmental changes.
RP BREUER, D (corresponding author), INST PLANETOL,WILHELM KLEMM STR 10,D-48149 MUNSTER,GERMANY.
NR 27
TC 53
Z9 57
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 608
EP 610
DI 10.1038/378608a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100074
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MORGAN, MJ
   CASTET, E
AF MORGAN, MJ
   CASTET, E
TI STEREOSCOPIC DEPTH-PERCEPTION AT HIGH VELOCITIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motion; sensitivity; selectivity; stereopsis; acuity; delay
AB THE view of the world from different perspectives provided by the two eyes is used by the human visual system to compute the relative distances and solid shapes of objects(1). However, the traditional theory of binocular disparity takes little account of the fact that a moving target will stimulate many different sets of disparate points in the two eyes with a range of temporal delays. Here we show that stereoacuity for periodic gratings is not degraded by velocities of up to 640 degrees s(-1) provided that they do not move at a greater rate than 30 cycles s(-1). The minimum detectable spatial phase difference between the eyes was equivalent to a spatial phase difference of about 5 degrees and an interocular temporal delay as small as 450 mu s. We suggest that stereopsis for moving targets is accomplished by neurons having a spatial-temporal phase shift in their receptive fields between the eyes.
C1 UNIV STRASBOURG 1,PSYCHOPHYS LAB,STRASBOURG,FRANCE.
C3 Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg
RP MORGAN, MJ (corresponding author), INST OPHTHALMOL,DEPT VISUAL SCI,BATH ST,LONDON EC1V 9EL,ENGLAND.
NR 23
TC 45
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 380
EP 383
DI 10.1038/378380a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300057
PM 7477373
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HOLLEY, SA
   JACKSON, PD
   SASAI, Y
   LU, B
   DEROBERTIS, EM
   HOFFMANN, FM
   FERGUSON, EL
AF HOLLEY, SA
   JACKSON, PD
   SASAI, Y
   LU, B
   DEROBERTIS, EM
   HOFFMANN, FM
   FERGUSON, EL
TI A CONSERVED SYSTEM FOR DORSAL-VENTRAL PATTERNING IN INSECTS AND VERTEBRATES INVOLVING SOG AND CHORDIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila embryo; xenopus; gradient; polarity; dominant; genes; toll
AB DORSAL-VENTRAL patterning within the ectoderm of the Drosophila embryo requires seven zygotic genes, including short gastrulation (sog)(1). Here we demonstrate that sog, which is expressed in the ventrolateral region of the embryo that gives rise to the nerve cord(2), is functionally homologous to the chordin gene of Xenopus, which is expressed in the dorsal blastopore lip of the embryo and in dorsal mesoderm, in particular the notochord(3). We show by injections of messenger RNA that both sog and chordin can promote ventral development in Drosophila, and that sog, like chordin(3), can promote dorsal development in Xenopus. In Drosophila, sog antagonizes the dorsalizing effects of decapentaplegic (dpp)(1,2,4), member of the transforming growth factor-beta family. One of the dpp homologues in vertebrates, bmp-4, is expressed ventrally in Xenopus(5) and promotes ventral development(6,7). We show that dpp can promote ventral fates in Xenopus, and that injection of sog mRNA counteracts the ventralizing effects of dpp. These results suggest the molecular conservation of dorsoventral patterning mechanisms during evolution.
C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH MED,MCARDLE LAB CANC RES,MADISON,WI 53706.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH MED,GENET LAB,MADISON,WI 53706.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT BIOL CHEM,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP HOLLEY, SA (corresponding author), UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT MOLEC GENET & CELL BIOL,920 E 58TH ST,CHICAGO,IL 60637, USA.
NR 24
TC 374
Z9 416
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6537
BP 249
EP 253
DI 10.1038/376249a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RK331
UT WOS:A1995RK33100045
PM 7617035
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DEAVER, DR
AF DEAVER, DR
TI A NEW NONISOTOPIC DETECTION SYSTEM FOR IMMUNOASSAYS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB A new technology for conducting immunoassays that uses an electrochemiluminescence detection system, eliminates the use of radioisotopes and offers improved assay performance.
C1 PENN STATE UNIV, CTR CELL RES, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP DEAVER, DR (corresponding author), PENN STATE UNIV, DEPT DAIRY & ANIM SCI, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA.
NR 4
TC 150
Z9 175
U1 1
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 758
EP 760
DI 10.1038/377758a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900065
PM 7477271
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DISNEY, MJ
   BOYCE, PJ
   BLADES, JC
   BOKSENBERG, A
   CRANE, P
   DEHARVENG, JM
   MACCHETTO, F
   MACKAY, CD
   SPARKS, WB
   PHILLIPPS, S
AF DISNEY, MJ
   BOYCE, PJ
   BLADES, JC
   BOKSENBERG, A
   CRANE, P
   DEHARVENG, JM
   MACCHETTO, F
   MACKAY, CD
   SPARKS, WB
   PHILLIPPS, S
TI INTERACTING ELLIPTIC GALAXIES AS HOSTS OF INTERMEDIATE-REDSHIFT QUASARS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radio-loud; underlying galaxy; stellar objects; atlas; qsos
AB QUASARS are the most luminous objects in the Universe. It has been speculated that they are the visible evidence for accretion of gas onto supermassive black holes that reside at the centres of host galaxies. Direct observational confirmation that quasars reside in the centres of galaxies has been hard to obtain, because atmospheric turbulence usually scatters the quasar light sufficiently to swamp the signal from the fainter surrounding galaxy. Despite the difficulties, however, many attempts have been made to observe the host galaxies(1-17), although the results have not been definitive(18). Here we report observations of four quasars, made with the refurbished Hubble Space Telescope. In all four cases the quasars reside in luminous elliptical galaxies with very close companions. This is in contrast to recent work(19,20) in which host galaxies were not observed (in a sample of quasars that has one in common with ours). The elliptical galaxies are featureless, but the presence of close companions is suggestive of continuing interactions.
C1 UNIV WALES COLL CARDIFF,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,CARDIFF CF2 3YB,S GLAM,WALES.
   SPACE TELESCOPE SCI INST,BALTIMORE,MD 21218.
   ROYAL GREENWICH OBSERV,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0EZ,ENGLAND.
   EUROPEAN SO OBSERV,W-8046 GARCHING,GERMANY.
   CNRS,ASTRON SPATIALE LAB,F-13012 MARSEILLE,FRANCE.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,INST ASTRON,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HA,ENGLAND.
C3 Cardiff University; Space Telescope Science Institute; University of Cambridge; European Southern Observatory; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Cambridge
NR 32
TC 123
Z9 127
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6536
BP 150
EP 153
DI 10.1038/376150a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RJ028
UT WOS:A1995RJ02800053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KOLB, FC
   BRAUN, J
AF KOLB, FC
   BRAUN, J
TI BLINDSIGHT IN NORMAL OBSERVERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unconscious perception; texture-discrimination; visual-stimuli; localization; awareness; vision
AB SOME patients with lesions in visual cortex lack conscious visual experience but, when tested, exhibit a significant ability, termed 'blindsight', to discriminate visual stimuli(1-3,27). Here we report two different visual displays that induce blindsight in normal observers. Using an objective measure, we show that conscious experience remains defective at presentation times much longer (1 s) than the onset of visual sensitivity (similar to 60 ms). To obtain this effect, we generate a contrast between visual textures and then conceal the contrast by superimposing 'complementary' textures. Complementarity can involve either opposite motion or binocular rivalry and orthogonal orientation. In both cases, observers locate the texture contrast reliably but do not, by either subjective or objective measures, consciously experience it. Taken together with present knowledge of the visual cortical site(s) at which opposite motion and rivalrous orientation interact(4-7), this observation bears upon the functional anatomy of conscious visual experience.
C1 CALTECH, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
NR 27
TC 156
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 336
EP 338
DI 10.1038/377336a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100055
PM 7566086
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SASAI, Y
   LU, B
   STEINBEISSER, H
   DEROBERTIS, EM
AF SASAI, Y
   LU, B
   STEINBEISSER, H
   DEROBERTIS, EM
TI REGULATION OF NEURAL INDUCTION BY THE CHD AND BMP-4 ANTAGONISTIC PATTERNING SIGNALS IN XENOPUS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone morphogenetic protein-4; dorsal-ventral pattern; mesoderm induction; drosophila embryo; gene-expression; plate; laevis
AB IN Drosophila the amount of neurogenic ectoderm, from which the central nervous system (CNS) derives, is regulated by a dorsal-ventral system of positional information in which two secreted molecules of antagonistic functions, decapentaplegic (dpp) and short-gastrulation (sog), play fundamental roles(1-4). The vertebrate homologue of dpp is either bmp-4 or bmp-2 (ref. 5), and the homologue of sog is chd(4,6,7) (s-chordin). In Xenopus the CNS is induced by signals emanating from the organizer(8), and two proteins secreted by the organizer, noggin(9) and follistatin(10), have been shown to induce neural tissue in animal-cap assays. Here we report that Chd, another organizer-specific secreted factor(6), has neuralizing activity and that this activity can be antagonized by Bmp-4. Inhibition of the function of the endogenous Bmp-4 present in the animal cap(1)1 also leads to neural differentiation. We suggest that conserved molecular mechanisms involving chd/sog and bmp-4/dpp gene products pattern the ectoderm in Xenopus and in Drosophila.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT BIOL CHEM,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
NR 28
TC 552
Z9 628
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6538
BP 333
EP 336
DI 10.1038/376333a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RL443
UT WOS:A1995RL44300045
PM 7630399
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ANDO, M
   KADONO, K
   HARUTA, M
   SAKAGUCHI, T
   MIYA, M
AF ANDO, M
   KADONO, K
   HARUTA, M
   SAKAGUCHI, T
   MIYA, M
TI LARGE 3RD-ORDER OPTICAL NONLINEARITIES IN TRANSITION-METAL OXIDES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID non-linear refraction; photorefractive materials; phase conjugation; semiconductor; glasses; polymer; silica; light
AB ADVANCES in the field of optical computing(1-3) will require the development of materials that combine a large nonlinear optical response with a fast response time. For many applications, this translates into a third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility, chi((3)), in excess of 10(-8) e.s.u., and a response time faster than 10 ps (ref. 4). Although a wide range of inorganic and organic(19-21) materials have been found to exhibit a large chi((3)) either the response times tend to be far too slow or the materials are not sufficiently stable for device applications. Recently, the transition-metal oxide Fe2O3 was found to have a large chi((3)) (ref. 22). Here we show that oxides of several other 3d transition metals show a similarly large nonlinear optical response; moreover, we find that a significant contribution to the overall chi((3)) (similar to 10(-8) e.s.u. in the case of V2O5) has a response time of the order of 35 ps.
C1 RES DEV CORP JAPAN,PRESTO,LIGHT & MAT GRP,IKEDA,OSAKA 563,JAPAN.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP ANDO, M (corresponding author), AIST,OSAKA NATL RES INST,MIDORIGAOKA 1,IKEDA,OSAKA 563,JAPAN.
NR 29
TC 189
Z9 196
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6523
BP 625
EP 627
DI 10.1038/374625a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QT189
UT WOS:A1995QT18900053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GURDON, JB
   MITCHELL, A
   MAHONY, D
AF GURDON, JB
   MITCHELL, A
   MAHONY, D
TI DIRECT AND CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT BY CELLS OF THEIR POSITION IN A MORPHOGEN GRADIENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mesoderm induction; xenopus; responses; activin; homolog
AB ACCORDING to the morphogen gradient concept(1-5), cells in one part of an embryo secrete diffusible molecules (morphogens) that spread to other nearby cells and activate genes at different threshold concentrations, Strong support for the operation of a morphogen gradient mechanism in vertebrate development has come from the biochemical experiments of Green and Smith(6,7), who induced different kinds of gene expression in amphibian blastula cells exposed to small changes in activin concentration, But the interpretation of these experiments has been complicated by recent reports that cells tested for gene expression 3 hours after exposure to activin fail to show the graded response previously reported at 15 hours(6,7), a result suggesting that cells recognize their position in a gradient by an indirect mechanism, Here we conclude from the in situ analysis of blastula tissue containing activin-loaded beads(11) that cells respond directly to changing morphogen concentrations, in a way that resembles a ratchet-like process.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT ZOOL,CAMBRIDGE,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP GURDON, JB (corresponding author), CANC RES CAMPAIGN,WELLCOME INST,TENNIS COURT RD,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QR,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 137
Z9 154
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6540
BP 520
EP 521
DI 10.1038/376520a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RN622
UT WOS:A1995RN62200046
PM 7637784
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NOOR, MA
AF NOOR, MA
TI SPECIATION DRIVEN BY NATURAL-SELECTION IN DROSOPHILA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene flow; reinforcement
AB REINFORCEMENT is the process by which natural selection strengthens sexual isolation between incipient species, reducing the frequency of maladaptive hybridization and hence completing reproductive isolation. Although this model of speciation was once widely accepted(1,2), its plausibility(3,4) and experimental support(5-7) have been recently attacked. Here we provide an example of speciation by reinforcement, in the North American fruitfly Drosophila pseudoobscura. The results suggest that females of D. pseudoobscura evolved increased sexual isolation from their sibling species, D. persimilis, by natural selection against maladaptive hybridization.
RP NOOR, MA (corresponding author), UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT ECOL & EVOLUT,1101 E 57TH ST,CHICAGO,IL 60637, USA.
NR 21
TC 275
Z9 317
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6533
BP 674
EP 675
DI 10.1038/375674a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RE576
UT WOS:A1995RE57600057
PM 7791899
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ILLC, D
   FURUTA, Y
   KANAZAWA, S
   TAKEDA, N
   SOBUE, K
   NAKATSUJI, N
   NOMURA, S
   FUJIMOTO, J
   OKADA, M
   YAMAMOTO, T
   AIZAWA, S
AF ILLC, D
   FURUTA, Y
   KANAZAWA, S
   TAKEDA, N
   SOBUE, K
   NAKATSUJI, N
   NOMURA, S
   FUJIMOTO, J
   OKADA, M
   YAMAMOTO, T
   AIZAWA, S
TI REDUCED SELL MOTILITY AND ENHANCED FOCAL ADHESION CONTACT FORMATION IN CELLS FROM FAK-DEFICIENT MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine phosphorylation; extracellular-matrix; protein; transformation; fibroblasts; substrate; pp125fak; kinases; reveals; binding
AB THE intracellular protein tyrosine kinase FAK (focal adhesion kinase) was originally identified by its high level of tyrosine phosphorylation in v-src-transformed cells(1-4). FAK Is also highly phosphorylated during early development(5,6). In cultured cells it is localized to focal adhesion contacts and becomes phosphorylated and activated in response to integrin-mediated binding of cells to the extracellular matrix, suggesting an important role in cell adhesion and/or migration. We have generated FAK-deficient mice by gene targeting to examine the role of FAK during development. Mutant embryos displayed a general defect of mesoderm development, and cells from these embryos had reduced mobility in vitro. Surprisingly, the number of focal adhesions was increased in FAK-deficient cells, suggesting that PAK may be involved in the turnover of focal adhesion contacts during cell migration.
C1 UNIV TOKYO,INST MED SCI,DEPT ONCOL,MINATO KU,TOKYO 108,JAPAN.
   OSAKA UNIV,SCH MED,BIOMED RES CTR,DEPT NEUROCHEM & NEUROPHARMACOL,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   OSAKA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   OSAKA UNIV,SCH MED,INST PROT RES,DIV PROT METAB,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   NATL INST GENET,MAMMALIAN DEV LAB,MISHIMA,SHIZUOKA 411,JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan
RP ILLC, D (corresponding author), KUMAMOTO UNIV,SCH MED,INST MOLEC EMBRYOL & GENET,DEPT MORPHOGENESIS,2-2-1 HONJO,KUMAMOTO 860,JAPAN.
NR 31
TC 816
Z9 826
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 539
EP 544
DI 
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600066
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ULRICH, RK
   BERTELLO, L
AF ULRICH, RK
   BERTELLO, L
TI SOLAR-CYCLE DEPENDENCE OF THE SUN APPARENT RADIUS IN THE NEUTRAL IRON SPECTRAL-LINE AT 525 NM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID luminosity; irradiance
AB SPACE-BASED observations have established that the Sun's irradiance varies with solar magnetic activity(1-4). A fraction of this variability arises from the increased area of cool gas associated with sunspots, which decreases irradiance; but on average the blocking effect of sunspots is more than offset by the increased emission from photospheric faculae and other effects of magnetic activity(5) (although the precise contributions of these opposing effects remain poorly constrained(6,7)). Here we show that the apparent radius of the Sun, when viewed in the spectral line of neutral iron at 525 nm, also varies in phase with solar magnetic activity. This variation probably results from changes in the temperature profile of the Sun's atmosphere with the solar cycle. If similar behaviour is found for other spectral lines, changes in the apparent radius of the Sun could account for a significant fraction (similar to 20%) of the total irradiance variations.
RP ULRICH, RK (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, LOS ANGELES, CA 90024 USA.
NR 16
TC 61
Z9 62
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 214
EP 215
DI 10.1038/377214a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200032
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YARON, U
   GAMMEL, PL
   HUSE, DA
   KLEIMAN, RN
   OGLESBY, CS
   BUCHER, E
   BATLOGG, B
   BISHOP, DJ
   MORTENSEN, K
   CLAUSEN, KN
AF YARON, U
   GAMMEL, PL
   HUSE, DA
   KLEIMAN, RN
   OGLESBY, CS
   BUCHER, E
   BATLOGG, B
   BISHOP, DJ
   MORTENSEN, K
   CLAUSEN, KN
TI STRUCTURAL EVIDENCE FOR A 2-STEP PROCESS IN THE DEPINNING OF THE SUPERCONDUCTING FLUX-LINE-LATTICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB A TYPE II superconductor in a magnetic field is penetrated by a hexagonal lattice of quantized flux lines. An applied current imposes a Lorentz force on these lines, but motion of the lattice will always be inhibited by pinning to material defects. Beyond a certain 'critical' current density, the lattice can break free of its pins and flow, dissipating energy and destroying superconductivity in the sample. The microscopic nature of this process is still poorly understood; in particular, little is known about the detailed structure of the flux-line lattice as it begins to depin and flow in response to the applied current. We have used small-angle neutron scattering(1-3) to image the structure of the flux lattice in NbSe2 in the presence of a direct current, while also measuring the transport properties. Our observations of the structure of the flux lattice near the critical current verify theoretical predictions(4) of the existence of three regimes as a function of increasing driving force (or current): first, no motion; then disordered, plastic motion; and finally, at high velocities, a coherently moving flux crystal.
C1 RISO NATL LAB,DK-4000 ROSKILDE,DENMARK.
C3 Technical University of Denmark
RP YARON, U (corresponding author), AT&T BELL LABS,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974, USA.
NR 9
TC 178
Z9 184
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6543
BP 753
EP 755
DI 10.1038/376753a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RR836
UT WOS:A1995RR83600033
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEVITSKAYA, J
   CORAM, M
   LEVITSKY, V
   IMREH, S
   STEIGERWALDMULLEN, PM
   KLEIN, G
   KURILLA, MG
   MASUCCI, MG
AF LEVITSKAYA, J
   CORAM, M
   LEVITSKY, V
   IMREH, S
   STEIGERWALDMULLEN, PM
   KLEIN, G
   KURILLA, MG
   MASUCCI, MG
TI INHIBITION OF ANTIGEN-PROCESSING BY THE INTERNAL REPEAT REGION OF THE EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS NUCLEAR ANTIGEN-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymphocytes-t; dna-binding; invivo; recognition; expression; sequence; ebna-1; escape; cells
AB THE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded nuclear antigen (EBNA1) is expressed in latently EBV-infected B lymphocytes that persist for life in healthy virus carriers(1,2) and is the only viral protein regularly detected in all malignancies associated with EBV(3,4). Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted, EBNA1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses have not been demonstrated(3,5). Using recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding chimaeric proteins containing an immunodominant human leukocyte antigen A11-restricted CTL epitope, amino acids 416-424 of the EBNA4 protein(6), inserted within the intact EBNA1, or within an EBNA1 deletion mutant devoid of the internal Gly-Ala repetitive sequence, we demonstrate that the Gly-Ala repeats generate a cis-acting inhibitory signal that interferes with antigen processing and MHC class I-restricted presentation. Insertion of the Gly-Ala repeats downstream of the 416-424 epitope inhibited CTL recognition of a chimaeric EBNA4 protein. The results highlight a previously unknown mechanism of viral escape from CTL surveillance, and support the view that the resistance of cells expressing EBNA1 to rejection mediated by CTL is a critical requirement for EBV persistence and pathogenesis.
C1 KAROLINSKA INST,CTR MICROBIOL & TUMOR BIOL,S-17177 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN.
   UNIV VIRGINIA,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PATHOL,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22908.
C3 Karolinska Institutet; University of Virginia
NR 29
TC 664
Z9 781
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6533
BP 685
EP 688
DI 10.1038/375685a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RE576
UT WOS:A1995RE57600061
PM 7540727
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TAKEI, K
   MCPHERSON, PS
   SCHMID, SL
   DECAMILLI, P
AF TAKEI, K
   MCPHERSON, PS
   SCHMID, SL
   DECAMILLI, P
TI TUBULAR MEMBRANE INVAGINATIONS COATED BY DYNAMIN RINGS ARE INDUCED BY GTP-GAMMA-S IN NERVE-TERMINALS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frog neuromuscular junction; synaptic vesicle membrane; i protein-i; binding proteins; mechanochemical enzyme; transmitter release; endocytosis; drosophila; phosphoprotein; microtubules
AB THE mechanisms through which synaptic vesicle membranes are reinternalized after exocytosis remain a matter of debate(1-5). Because several vesicular transport steps require GTP hydrolysis(6-9), GTP-gamma S may help identify intermediates in synaptic vesicle recycling. In GTP-gamma S-treated nerve terminals, we observed tubular invaginations of the plasmalemma that were often, but not always, capped by a clathrin-coated bud, Strikingly, the walls of these tubules were decorated by transverse electron-dense rings that were morphologically similar to structures formed by dynamin around tubular templates(10,11). Dynamin is a GTPase implicated in synaptic vesicle endocytosis(12-14) and here we show that the wails of these membranous tubules, but not their distal ends, were positive for dynamin immunoreactivity, These findings demonstrate that dynamin and clathrin act at different sites in the formation of endocytic vesicles, They strongly support a role for dynamin in the fission reaction and suggest that stabilization of the GTP-bound conformation of dynamin leads to tubule formation by progressive elongation of the vesicle stalk.
C1 YALE UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT CELL BIOL, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 USA.
   YALE UNIV, SCH MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED RES INST, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CELL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Scripps Research Institute
NR 35
TC 660
Z9 739
U1 1
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 186
EP 190
DI 10.1038/374186a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700066
PM 7877693
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PERINI, G
   WAGNER, S
   GREEN, MR
AF PERINI, G
   WAGNER, S
   GREEN, MR
TI RECOGNITION OF BZIP PROTEINS BY THE HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA-VIRUS TRANSACTIVATOR TAX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-binding specificity; leucine zipper motif; zta transactivator; yeast gcn4; domain; dimerization; activator; family; creb; ap-1
AB HUMAN T-cell leukaemia virus type I(HTLV-I) Tax protein increases the DNA binding of many cellular transcription factors that contain a basic region-leucine zipper (bZIP) DNA-binding domain(1-3). bZIP domains comprise a leucine-rich dimerization motif and a basic region that mediates DNA contact. How Tax recognizes diverse bZIPs is not understood. Here we show that no specific sequence of the leucine zipper is required for a Tax response. In contrast, the basic region is essential for the Tax-mediated DNA-binding increase, which can be eliminated by single substitutions of several conserved amino acids. Surprisingly, Tax alters the relative affinity of a bZIP for different DNA binding sites. Thus, through recognition of the conserved basic region, Tax increases DNA binding and modifies DNA site selection. Tax provides a model for how a single auxiliary factor can regulate multiple sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins.
RP PERINI, G (corresponding author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,MED CTR,PROGRAM MOLEC MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,WORCESTER,MA 01605, USA.
NR 16
TC 136
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6541
BP 602
EP 605
DI 10.1038/376602a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RP756
UT WOS:A1995RP75600054
PM 7637811
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KONDO, S
   ASAI, R
AF KONDO, S
   ASAI, R
TI A REACTION-DIFFUSION WAVE ON THE SKIN OF THE MARINE ANGELFISH POMACANTHUS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spots
AB IN 1952, Turing proposed a hypothetical molecular mechanism, called the reaction-diffusion system(1), which can develop periodic patterns from an initially homogeneous state. Many theoretical models based on reaction-diffusion have been proposed to account for patterning phenomena in morphogenesis(2-4), but, as yet, there is no conclusive experimental evidence for the existence of such a system in the field of biology(5-8). The marine angelfish, Pomacanthus, has stripe patterns which are not fixed in their skin. Unlike mammal skin patterns, which simply enlarge proportionally during their body growth, the stripes of Pomacanthus maintain the spaces between the lines by the continuous rearrangement of the patterns. Although the pattern alteration varies depending on the conformation of the stripes, a simulation program based on a Turing system can correctly predict future patterns. The striking similarity between the actual and simulated pattern rearrangement strongly suggests that a reaction-diffusion wave is a viable mechanism for the stripe pattern of Pomacanthus.
C1 KYOTO UNIV,SETO MARINE BIOL LAB,SHIRAHAMA,WAKAYAMA,JAPAN.
C3 Kyoto University
RP KONDO, S (corresponding author), KYOTO UNIV,CTR MOLEC BIOL & GENET,SAKYO KU,SHOGOIN KAWAHARACHO 53,KYOTO,JAPAN.
NR 15
TC 657
Z9 740
U1 3
U2 120
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6543
BP 765
EP 768
DI 10.1038/376765a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RR836
UT WOS:A1995RR83600037
PM 24547605
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CUDMORE, S
   COSSART, P
   GRIFFITHS, G
   WAY, M
AF CUDMORE, S
   COSSART, P
   GRIFFITHS, G
   WAY, M
TI ACTIN-BASED MOTILITY OF VACCINIA VIRUS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID listeria-monocytogenes; release; gene; protein; spread; n1-isonicotinoyl-n2-3-methyl-4-chlorobenzoylhydrazine; polymerization; dissemination; cytoskeleton; sequence
AB THE role of the cytoskeleton during viral infection is poorly understood, Here we show, using a combination of mutant and drug studies, that the intracellular enveloped form of vaccinia virus is capable of inducing the formation of actin tails that are strikingly similar to those seen in Listeria, Shigella and Rickettsia infections, Analysis using,video microscopy reveals that single viral particles are propelled in vivo on the tip of actin tails, at a speed of 2.8 mu m min(-1). On contact with the cell surface, virus particles extend outwards on actin projections at a similar rate, to contact and infect neighbouring cells, Given the similarities between the motility of vaccinia virus and bacterial pathogens, we suggest that intracellular pathogens have developed a common mechanism to exploit the actin cytoskeleton as a means to facilitate their direct spread between cells.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB, CELL BIOL PROGRAMME, D-69117 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   INST PASTEUR, UNITE INTERACT BACTERIES CELLULES, F-75724 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris
NR 30
TC 379
Z9 441
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 636
EP 638
DI 10.1038/378636a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100083
PM 8524400
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PAULY, D
   CHRISTENSEN, V
AF PAULY, D
   CHRISTENSEN, V
TI PRIMARY PRODUCTION REQUIRED TO SUSTAIN GLOBAL FISHERIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocean
AB THE mean of reported annual world fisheries catches for 1988-1991 (94.3 million t) was split into 39 species groups, to which fractional trophic levels, ranging from 1.0 (edible algae) to 4.2 (tunas), were assigned, based on 48 published trophic models, providing a global coverage of six major aquatic ecosystem types. The primary production required to sustain each group of species was then computed based on a mean energy transfer efficiency between trophic levels of 10%, a value that was re-estimated rather than assumed. The primary production required to sustain the reported catches, plus 27 million t of discarded bycatch, amounted to 8.0% of global aquatic primary production, nearly four times the previous estimate. By ecosystem type, the requirements were only 2% for open ocean systems, but ranged from 24 to 35% in fresh water, upwelling and shelf systems, justifying current concerns for sustainability and biodiversity.
C1 INT CTR LIVING AQUAT RESOURCES MANAGEMENT,MAKATI 0718,PHILIPPINES.
C3 CGIAR; Worldfish
NR 24
TC 1438
Z9 1646
U1 3
U2 360
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6519
BP 255
EP 257
DI 10.1038/374255a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QM387
UT WOS:A1995QM38700048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GU, XN
   SPITZER, NC
AF GU, XN
   SPITZER, NC
TI DISTINCT ASPECTS OF NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION ENCODED BY FREQUENCY OF SPONTANEOUS CA2+ TRANSIENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-fos transcription; protein-kinase-c; spinal neurons; electrical-activity; signaling pathways; sensory neurons; calcium; migration; channels; culture
AB STIMULATION of transient increases in intracellular calcium (Ca-i(2+)) activates protein kinases(1-3), regulates transcription(4-9) and influences motility and morphology Developing neurons generate spontaneous Ca-i(2+) transients, but their role in directing neuronal differentiation and the way in which they encode information are unknown. Acre we image Ca2+ in spinal neurons throughout an extended period of early development, and find that two types of spontaneous events, spikes and waves, are expressed at distinct frequencies. Neuronal differentiation is altered when they are eliminated by preventing Ca2+ influx. Reimposing different frequency patterns of Ca2+ elevation demonstrates that natural spike activity is sufficient to promote normal neurotransmitter expression and channel maturation, whereas wave activity is sufficient to regulate neurite extension. Suppression of spontaneous Ca2+ elevations by BAPTA loaded intracellularly indicates that they are also necessary for differentiation. Ca2+ transients appear to encode information in their frequency, like action potentials, although they are 10(4) times longer in duration and less frequent, and implement an intrinsic development programme.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, CTR GENET MOLEC, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP GU, XN (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
NR 30
TC 471
Z9 530
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 784
EP 787
DI 10.1038/375784a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900077
PM 7596410
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FUJITA, M
   OGURO, D
   MIYAZAWA, M
   OKA, H
   YAMAGUCHI, K
   OGURA, K
AF FUJITA, M
   OGURO, D
   MIYAZAWA, M
   OKA, H
   YAMAGUCHI, K
   OGURA, K
TI SELF-ASSEMBLY OF 10 MOLECULES INTO NANOMETER-SIZED ORGANIC HOST FRAMEWORKS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ligands; complex; recognition
AB THE synthesis of hollow, nanometre-scale molecular 'container compounds'(1,2) makes possible the creation of localized chemical micro-environments with properties different from those of the bulk phases; such compounds can be used, for example, to encapsulate otherwise unstable molecular species(3). Container compounds have previously been prepared by conventional chemical synthesis(1,2). Here we report the construction of a hollow, roughly spherical supramolecular framework by self-assembly(4-8). The framework, which is similar to 2-5 nm in diameter, is constructed from ten species: four organic ligands held together by six metal ions. It has tetrahedral symmetry, and has a large central void, in which guest molecules can be accommodated. We show that four adamantyl carboxylate ions can be encapsulated within this self-assembling cage.
C1 CHIBA UNIV,CTR CHEM ANAL,CHIBA 263,JAPAN.
C3 Chiba University
RP FUJITA, M (corresponding author), CHIBA UNIV,FAC ENGN,DEPT APPL CHEM,CHIBA 263,JAPAN.
NR 19
TC 943
Z9 1039
U1 11
U2 235
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 469
EP 471
DI 10.1038/378469a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400063
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HACHIYA, N
   MIHARA, K
   SUDA, K
   HORST, M
   SCHATZ, G
   LITHGOW, T
AF HACHIYA, N
   MIHARA, K
   SUDA, K
   HORST, M
   SCHATZ, G
   LITHGOW, T
TI RECONSTITUTION OF THE INITIAL STEPS OF MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN IMPORT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast mitochondria; receptors
AB WE have reconstituted the initial steps of mitochondrial protein import with a purified precursor protein, a purified, ATP-dependent, cytosolic chaperone selective for mitochondrial precursors (mitochondrial import stimulating factor; MSF), and either intact mitochondria or intact or solubilized mitochondrial outer membranes. We show that the precursor-MSF complex first binds to the Mas37p/Mas70p subunits of the mitochondrial import receptor. After ATP-dependent release of MSF, the precursor is transferred from Mas37p/Mas70p to the Mas20p/Mas22p subunits of the receptor, and finally delivered to the import channel in the outer membrane, Import in the absence of the MSF bypasses Mas37p/Mas70p. The ATP-mediated transfer of a precursor from MSF to specific subunits of the import receptor is similar to the GTP-mediated transfer of precursors from the signal recognition particle to its receptor on the endoplasmic reticulum.
C1 UNIV BASEL,BIOCTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,CH-4056 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
   KYUSHU UNIV,GRAD SCH MED SCI,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,FUKUOKA 812,JAPAN.
C3 University of Basel; Kyushu University
NR 17
TC 159
Z9 170
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6542
BP 705
EP 709
DI 10.1038/376705a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RQ672
UT WOS:A1995RQ67200065
PM 7651521
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BEVIS, M
   TAYLOR, FW
   SCHUTZ, BE
   RECY, J
   ISACKS, BL
   HELU, S
   SINGH, R
   KENDRICK, E
   STOWELL, J
   TAYLOR, B
   CALMANT, S
AF BEVIS, M
   TAYLOR, FW
   SCHUTZ, BE
   RECY, J
   ISACKS, BL
   HELU, S
   SINGH, R
   KENDRICK, E
   STOWELL, J
   TAYLOR, B
   CALMANT, S
TI GEODETIC OBSERVATIONS OF VERY RAPID CONVERGENCE AND BACK-ARC EXTENSION AT THE TONGA ARC
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID relative plate motions; wadati-benioff zones; southwest pacific; earthquakes; seismotectonics; deformation; basins; system; region
AB THE Earth's most active zone of mantle seismicity arises from the subduction of the Pacific plate at the Tonga trench(1). It is not known why this slab generates so many more earthquakes than other subducting slabs worldwide. Above the subduction zone the active Tofua (Tonga) volcanic are is separated by the V-shaped Lau basin from a remnant are, the Lau ridge, located at the eastern edge of the Australian plate(2). The irregular and discontinuous magnetic lineations within the basin have proven difficult to interpret(3,4), and so the regional kinematic framework has been obscure. We report geodetic measurements of crustal motion within the Tonga-Lau system, which reveal the fastest crustal motions yet observed. The Lau basin is opening at a rate which increases northwards to a maximum of similar to 160 mm yr(-1). No straining is observed within the northern Tonga ridge, suggesting that it comprises part of a rigid microplate. Convergence rates across the Tonga trench increase northwards to a maximum of similar to 240 mm yr(-1). The extraordinary seismic activity of the subducting slab is probably related to this unusually rapid subduction.
C1 UNIV TEXAS, INST GEOPHYS, AUSTIN, TX 78759 USA.
   UNIV TEXAS, CTR SPACE RES, AUSTIN, TX 78712 USA.
   IFREMER ORSTOM, VILLEFRANCHE MER, FRANCE.
   CORNELL UNIV, DEPT GEOL SCI, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA.
   MINIST LANDS SURVEY & NAT RESOURCES, NUKUALOFA, TONGA.
   FIJI MINERAL RESOURCES DEPT, SUVA, FIJI.
   N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA.
   UNIV NAVSTAR CONSORTIUM, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA.
   IFREMER ORSTOM, NOUMEA, NEW CALEDONIA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Ifremer; Cornell University; North Carolina State University
RP BEVIS, M (corresponding author), UNIV HAWAII, HAWAII INST GEOPHYS & PLANETOL, 2525 CORREA RD, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA.
NR 23
TC 331
Z9 366
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6519
BP 249
EP 251
DI 10.1038/374249a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QM387
UT WOS:A1995QM38700046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAMMER, MF
AF HAMMER, MF
TI A RECENT COMMON ANCESTRY FOR HUMAN-Y-CHROMOSOMES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; polymorphism; populations; sequences
AB THE male-specific portion of the Y chromosome is especially useful for studies of human origins. Patterns of nucleotide variation that are neutral with respect to fitness should permit estimates of when and where ancestral Y chromosomes existed(1). However, variation on the human Y chromosome has been observed to be greatly reduced relative to the autosomes and the X chromosome(2-5). One explanation is that selection for a favourable mutation on the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome has resulted in the recent fixation of a single Y haplotype(5,6). A 2.6-kilobase fragment encompassing a polymorphic Alu insertion was sequenced from 16 human and four chimpanzee Y chromosomes. Patterns of nucleotide sequence diversity and divergence provide no evidence for a recent, strong selective sweep on the human Y chromosome. The time back to a common ancestral human Y chromosome is estimated to be 188,000 years, with a 95% confidence interval from 51,000 to 411,000 years. These results are consistent with autosomal and mitochondrial DNA studies that suggest a long-term human effective population size of 10,000 and a sex ratio of 1 (ref. 7). These inferences contradict predictions of the multiregional hypothesis(8) positing a widespread transformation of Homo erectus populations into Homo sapiens.
RP HAMMER, MF (corresponding author), UNIV ARIZONA,MOLEC SYSTEMAT & EVOLUT LAB,BIOSCI W,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA.
NR 26
TC 307
Z9 340
U1 1
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 376
EP 378
DI 10.1038/378376a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300055
PM 7477371
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GRIFFITH, LL
   SHOCK, EL
AF GRIFFITH, LL
   SHOCK, EL
TI A GEOCHEMICAL MODEL FOR THE FORMATION OF HYDROTHERMAL CARBONATES ON MARS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID iceland; origin; reykjanes; deposits; systems
AB IT IS often argued(1-3) that substantially more carbon dioxide and water were degassed from the martian interior that can be found at present in the atmosphere, polar caps and regolith. Calculations have shown that atmospheric escape cannot account for all of the missing volatiles(4). Suggestions that carbon dioxide is stored as marine or lacustrine deposits(5), are challenged by Earth-based and spacecraft remote-sensing data(6,7). Moreover, recent modelling of the martian atmosphere suggests that rainfall or open bodies of water are in any case unlikely to have persisted for extended periods of time(8,9). Hydrothermal carbonates therefore provide a possible solution to this dilemma. Using an accessible terrestrial system (Iceland) as a guide to the underlying processes, and a host rock composition inferred from the least-altered martian meteorite(10), we present a geochemical model for the formation of carbonates in possible martian hydrothermal systems. Our results suggest that an extensive reservoir of carbonate minerals--equivalent to an atmospheric pressure of carbon dioxide of at least one bar--could have been sequestered beneath the surface by widespread hydrothermal activity in the martian past.
RP GRIFFITH, LL (corresponding author), WASHINGTON UNIV,MCDONNELL CTR SPACE SCI,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,CAMPUS BOX 1169,ST LOUIS,MO 63130, USA.
NR 27
TC 64
Z9 72
U1 1
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 406
EP 408
DI 10.1038/377406a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000041
PM 7566116
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WEBER, W
   BACK, CH
   BISCHOF, A
   PESCIA, D
   ALLENSPACH, R
AF WEBER, W
   BACK, CH
   BISCHOF, A
   PESCIA, D
   ALLENSPACH, R
TI MAGNETIC SWITCHING IN COBALT FILMS BY ADSORPTION OF COPPER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anisotropy
AB MAGNETIC storage of information requires the ability to manipulate the magnetization of thin films with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. Non-magnetic overlayers are known to affect the characteristics of magnetic films: for example, the direction of magnetization of cobalt and iron films can be altered by deposition of a monolayer of copper and gold, respectively(1-3). The magnetic properties of cobalt films seem to be particularly sensitive to copper overlayers-deposition of only sub-monolayer amounts of copper will decrease the coercive field required to invert the magnetization direction(4). Here we show that copper coverages as small as three-hundredths of a monolayer are sufficient to rotate by 90 degrees the magnetization of Co films up to 20 atomic layers thick. This implies that the spins of about 500 cobalt atoms switch direction for each copper atom added. Adding more copper eventually switches the magnetization back to its original direction. This fine tuning of thin-film magnetism might be useful for developing sensitive magnetic-field sensors, as well as for magnetic recording.
C1 ETH HONGGERBERG,FESTKORPERPHYS LAB,CH-8093 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP WEBER, W (corresponding author), IBM CORP,DIV RES,ZURICH RES LAB,CH-8803 RUSCHLIKON,SWITZERLAND.
NR 13
TC 129
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6525
BP 788
EP 790
DI 10.1038/374788a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QV315
UT WOS:A1995QV31500038
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TRAU, M
   SANKARAN, S
   SAVILLE, DA
   AKSAY, IA
AF TRAU, M
   SANKARAN, S
   SAVILLE, DA
   AKSAY, IA
TI ELECTRIC-FIELD-INDUCED PATTERN-FORMATION IN COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrorheological fluids
AB THE formation of patterned colloidal structures from dispersions of particles has many potential uses in materials processing(1-3). Structures such as chains of particles that form in the presence of electric or magnetic fields are also central to the behaviour of electrorheological fluids(4-6) and ferrofluids(7). Electrohydrodynamic effects in aqueous suspensions have been described by Rhodes et al.(8). Here we show that such effects can be used to create structures within a non-aqueous colloidal dispersion of dielectric particles, When the conductivity of a particle-rich spherical region (bolus) is higher than that of the surrounding fluid, an electric field deforms the bolus into a prolate ellipsoid. If the conductivities are reversed (by adding salt to the surrounding fluid, for example), a disk-like shape results. In this way, we form colloidal columns, disks and more complex structures. Once formed, these could be frozen in place by solidifying the fluid matrix by gelation or polymerization(9).
C1 PRINCETON UNIV,PRINCETON MAT INST,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
C3 Princeton University
RP TRAU, M (corresponding author), PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT CHEM ENGN,PRINCETON,NJ 08544, USA.
NR 17
TC 97
Z9 110
U1 1
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 437
EP 439
DI 10.1038/374437a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PARADISO, AM
   MASON, SJ
   LAZAROWSKI, ER
   BOUCHER, RC
AF PARADISO, AM
   MASON, SJ
   LAZAROWSKI, ER
   BOUCHER, RC
TI MEMBRANE-RESTRICTED REGULATION OF CA2+ RELEASE AND INFLUX IN POLARIZED EPITHELIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID parotid acinar-cells; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; intracellular calcium; extracellular atp; airway epithelium; oscillations; metabolism; transport; messenger; culture
AB EPITHELIAL cells exist in a complex setting in which responses to mucosal or serosal environments are mediated by receptors expressed on specialized cellular domains, such as apical versus basolateral cell membranes, We investigated whether airway epithelia can react selectively through G-protein-coupled receptors to stimuli in the mucosal or serosal environments by measuring inositol phosphate and intracellular Ca2+ responses in polarized human nasal epithelial monolayers, We report here that unilateral ATP (10(-4) M) administration stimulated P-2 purinoceptors and tapped pools of intracellular Ca2+ associated with the plasma membrane ipsilateral but not contralateral to stimulated receptors. Similarly, activation of plasma membrane Ca2+ influx by ATP was confined to the membrane ipsilateral to receptor stimulation. These findings demonstrate that polarized epithelia restrict P-2 receptor-mediated responses to a single domain of the cell, reflecting membrane-specific generation and catabolism of inositol phosphates and confinement of calcium influx regulation to the membrane ipsilateral to the stimulated receptors.
C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR CYST FIBROSIS PULM RES & TREATMENT,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP PARADISO, AM (corresponding author), UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MED,DIV PULM DIS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA.
NR 16
TC 102
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 643
EP 646
DI 10.1038/377643a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500056
PM 7566178
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ORTOLANI, S
   RENZINI, A
   GILMOZZI, R
   MARCONI, G
   BARBUY, B
   BICA, E
   RICH, RM
AF ORTOLANI, S
   RENZINI, A
   GILMOZZI, R
   MARCONI, G
   BARBUY, B
   BICA, E
   RICH, RM
TI NEAR-COEVAL FORMATION OF THE GALACTIC BULGE AND HALO INFERRED FROM GLOBULAR-CLUSTER AGES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rr lyrae stars; absolute magnitudes; nuclear bulge; galaxy; system
AB THE morphology of our Galaxy is characterized by a disk of stars moving on circular orbits, surrounding a central spheroidal body of stars on high-velocity, randomly oriented orbits. The spheroid is further differentiated into an inner bulge and an outer halo; the bulge stars are rich in elements heavier than helium ('metals'), whereas the halo stars are metal-poor, suggesting that the latter formed very early in the history of the Galaxy. (They have experienced little chemical enrichment, by previous generations of stars.) It is not known, however, whether the bulge is the inner extension of the halo, having formed as part of the same process(1), or whether it formed much later, perhaps by a dynamical distortion of the inner regions of the disk(2,3). Here we report observations obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope of two metal-rich globular clusters that form part of the bulge population. Within the uncertainties, these bulge globular clusters appear to be coeval with halo clusters, which suggests that the formation of the bulge was part of the dynamical process that formed the halo, and that the bulge gas underwent rapid chemical enrichment, in less than a few billion years.
C1 UNIV BOLOGNA,DIPARTMENTO ASTRON,I-40126 BOLOGNA,ITALY.
   EUROPEAN SO OBSERV,W-8046 GARCHING,GERMANY.
   OSSERV ASTRON ROMA,I-00136 ROME,ITALY.
   UNIV SAO PAULO,DEPT ASTRON,BR-05508 SAO PAULO,BRAZIL.
   UNIV FED RIO GRANDE SUL,DEPT ASTRON,PORTO ALEGRE,RS,BRAZIL.
   COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT ASTRON,NEW YORK,NY 10027.
C3 University of Bologna; European Southern Observatory; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Columbia University
RP ORTOLANI, S (corresponding author), UNIV PADUA,DIPARTIMENTO ASTRON,I-35122 PADUA,ITALY.
NR 28
TC 301
Z9 314
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 701
EP 704
DI 10.1038/377701a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHIAVO, G
   GMACHL, MJS
   STENBECK, G
   SOLLNER, TH
   ROTHMAN, JE
AF SCHIAVO, G
   GMACHL, MJS
   STENBECK, G
   SOLLNER, TH
   ROTHMAN, JE
TI A POSSIBLE DOCKING AND FUSION PARTICLE FOR SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID secretion; proteins; family; steps
AB SEVERAL proteins have been implicated in the rapid (millisecond) calcium-controlled release of transmitters at nerve endings(1,2), including soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF3-5) and soluble NSF attachment protein (alpha-SNAP(3,6)), the synaptic SNAP receptor (SNARE)(3,7) and the calcium-binding protein synaptotagmin(2), which may function as a calcium sensor in exocytosis(8). A second SNAP isoform (beta-SNAP), which is 83% identical to alpha-SNAP, is highly expressed in brain(9), but its role is still unclear. Here we show that these proteins assemble cooperatively to form a docking and fusion complex. beta-SNAP (but not alpha-SNAP) binds synaptotagmin and recruits NSF, indicating that the complex may link the process of membrane fusion to calcium entry by attaching a specialized fusion protein (beta-SNAP) to a calcium sensor (synaptotagmin). Polyphosphoinositols that block transmitter release, inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (InsP(4)), inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (InsP(5)) and inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate (InsP(6)), also block the assembly of the particle by preventing beta-SNAP from binding to synaptotagmin.
RP SCHIAVO, G (corresponding author), MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,CELLULAR BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS PROGRAM,1275 YORK AVE,NEW YORK,NY 10021, USA.
NR 26
TC 162
Z9 170
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 733
EP 736
DI 10.1038/378733a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900057
PM 7501022
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KAPSNER, WR
   ALLEY, RB
   SHUMAN, CA
   ANANDAKRISHNAN, S
   GROOTES, PM
AF KAPSNER, WR
   ALLEY, RB
   SHUMAN, CA
   ANANDAKRISHNAN, S
   GROOTES, PM
TI DOMINANT INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION ON SNOW ACCUMULATION IN GREENLAND OVER THE PAST 18,000 YEARS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID younger dryas; ice cores; climate; precipitation; records; event; gisp2; sheet
AB PROJECTIONS of sea-level rise due to greenhouse warming often involve the assumption that increased water vapour pressure will enhance snow accumulation in cold regions of ice sheets, partially offsetting the increased melting of low-latitude and low-altitude ice(1-3). To test whether this has been true in the past, we compare accumulation rates(4) and temperatures derived from the oxygen isotope composition(5) of ice in the deep core obtained by the Greenland Ice Sheet Project II (GISP2), We find that atmospheric circulation, not temperature, seems to have been the primary control on snow accumulation in central Greenland over the past 18,000 years. During both warm (Holocene) and cold (Younger Dryas, Last Glacial Maximum) climate regimes, the sensitivity of accumulation to temperature changes is less than expected if accumulation is controlled thermodynamically by the ability of warmer air to deliver more moisture. During transitions between warm and cold climate states, in contrast, accumulation varies more than can be explained in purely thermodynamic terms, probably because of changes in storm tracks, Thus, in a world warmed by the greenhouse effect, circulation changes may be more important than direct temperature effects in determining snow accumulation in Greenland and its contribution to sea-level change.
C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,QUATERNARY ISOTOPE LAB,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP KAPSNER, WR (corresponding author), PENN STATE UNIV,CTR EARTH SYST SCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA.
NR 35
TC 133
Z9 141
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6509
BP 52
EP 54
DI 10.1038/373052a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QA239
UT WOS:A1995QA23900051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU XU, FF
   COHEN, SN
AF XU, FF
   COHEN, SN
TI RNA DEGRADATION IN ESCHERICHIA-COLI REGULATED BY 3' ADENYLATION AND 5' PHOSPHORYLATIAN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antisense rnai; copy number; gene; stability; plasmids; pcnb; replication; transcript; expression; invivo
AB ALTHOUGH polyadenylation has commonly been regarded as a special feature of eukaryotic messenger RNA(1,2), there are many reports of polyA tails on bacterial RNA (for example, refs 3-8). In Escherichia coli, adenylation mediated by the pcnB gene greatly accelerates decay of RNA I-8, an antisense repressor of replication of ColE1 type plasmids that resembles highly structured transfer RNA but shows the rapid turnover characteristic: of mRNA, Here we report that both 3' adenylation and 5' phosphorylation affect the rate of digestion of RNA I by the 3' exonuclease, polynucleotide phosphorylase(9); conversely, mutation of the polynucleotide phosphorylase-encoding pnp gene affects ribonuclease acting at the 5' end. Together these findings indicate that enzymes attacking RNA I at its separate termini can interact functionally, Additionally, our discovery that adenylation-mediated degradation by polynucleotide phosphorylase imparts an mRNA-like half-life to RNA I suggests a possible mechanism to account for the rapid decay of mRNA(10) in E. coli.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 Stanford University
NR 29
TC 181
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 180
EP 183
DI 10.1038/374180a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700064
PM 7533264
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MCDOWALL, KJ
   KABERDIN, VR
   WU, SW
   COHEN, SN
   LINCHAO, S
AF MCDOWALL, KJ
   KABERDIN, VR
   WU, SW
   COHEN, SN
   LINCHAO, S
TI SITE-SPECIFIC RNASE-E CLEAVAGE OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AND INHIBITION BY STEM-LOOPS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; messenger-rna; ribosomal-rna; degradation; replication
AB THE enzyme RNase E (ref. 1) cuts RNA at specific sites within single-stranded segments(2-6). The role of adjacent regions of secondary structure in such cleavages is controversial(7-10). Here we report that 10-13-nucleotide oligomers lacking any stem-loop but containing the RNase E-cleaved sequence of RNA I11-13, the antisense repressor of replication of ColE1-type plasmids, are cut at the same phosphodiester bond as, and 20 times more efficiently than, RNA I. These findings indicate that, contrary to previous proposals(8,9), stem-loops do not serve as entry sites for RNase E, but instead limit cleavage at potentially susceptible sites. Cleavage was reduced further by mutations in a non-adjacent stem-loop, suggesting that distant conformational changes can also affect enzyme access. Modulation of RNase E cleavages by stem-loop regions and to a lesser extent by higher-order structure may explain why this enzyme, which does not have stringent sequence specificity(6,12,13), cleaves complex RNAs at a limited number of sites.
C1 ACAD SINICA, INST MOL BIOL, TAIPEI, 94305, TAIWAN.
   STANFORD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT GENET, STANFORD, CA USA.
C3 Academia Sinica - Taiwan; Stanford University
NR 24
TC 132
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6519
BP 287
EP 290
DI 10.1038/374287a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QM387
UT WOS:A1995QM38700057
PM 7533896
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TARDUNO, JA
   GEE, J
AF TARDUNO, JA
   GEE, J
TI LARGE-SCALE MOTION BETWEEN PACIFIC AND ATLANTIC HOTSPOTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID true polar wander; latitudinal shift; plate; field; sediments; seamounts; record
AB STUDIES of true polar wander (TPW), the rotation of the solid Earth with respect to the spin axis(1), have suggested that there has been 10-15 degrees of relative motion over the past 130 Myr (refs 2-4). In such studies, the orientation of the spin axis is recovered from continental palaeomagnetic poles (corrected for relative plate motions), and compared with a deep-mantle reference frame defined by hotspot locations. But deducing relative plate motions becomes increasingly difficult for older (Mesozoic) time periods, hindering tests of TPW on timescales comparable to those of large-scale mantle convection; moreover, the assumption of hotspot fixity is controversial(5,6). We examine here a more direct approach(7,8), using palaeolatitudes derived from Pacific guyots. Contrary to predictions from TPW models, these data suggest only minor latitudinal shifts of Pacific hotspots during the Cretaceous period. Instead of TPW, relative motion between the Atlantic and Pacific hotspot groups(9) is required at a velocity of approximately 30 mm yr(-1), more than 50% larger than previously proposed(5).
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 93093.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP TARDUNO, JA (corresponding author), UNIV ROCHESTER,DEPT EARTH & ENVIRONM SCI,601 ELMWOOD AVE,ROCHESTER,NY 14627, USA.
NR 39
TC 89
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 477
EP 480
DI 10.1038/378477a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400066
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BASCHE, T
   KUMMER, S
   BRAUCHLE, C
AF BASCHE, T
   KUMMER, S
   BRAUCHLE, C
TI DIRECT SPECTROSCOPIC OBSERVATION OF QUANTUM JUMPS OF A SINGLE-MOLECULE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic-resonance; fluorescence; atom
AB BOHR'S notion of quantum jumps between electronic states of an excited atom has now been demonstrated experimentally for single ions confined in radio-frequency traps and interacting with a driving laser field(1-3). In these experiments the fluorescence of a strongly allowed transition was shown to cease abruptly when the ion jumped into a metastable state which was coupled to the common electronic ground state by a weak radiative transition. But attempts to monitor quantum jumps of single molecules have been hampered by the fact that the lifetime of the metastable triplet state was too short in relation to the photon detection rate. By using a system with favourable photophysical parameters-terrylene doped into p-terphenyl crystals(4)-we have now been able to observe directly quantum jumps between electronic states of single terrylene molecules. In contrast to single atoms, here the quantum jumps occur as non-radiative transitions between states of different multiplicity, and are manifested as interruptions of the fluorescence signal. These results demonstrate how single-molecule spectroscopy can reveal truly quantum-mechanical effects in large polyatomic molecules.
RP BASCHE, T (corresponding author), UNIV MUNICH,INST PHYS CHEM,SOPHIENSTR 11,D-80333 MUNICH,GERMANY.
NR 16
TC 228
Z9 265
U1 0
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6510
BP 132
EP 134
DI 10.1038/373132a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QB063
UT WOS:A1995QB06300052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ASAMITSU, A
   MORITOMO, Y
   TOMIOKA, Y
   ARIMA, T
   TOKURA, Y
AF ASAMITSU, A
   MORITOMO, Y
   TOMIOKA, Y
   ARIMA, T
   TOKURA, Y
TI A STRUCTURAL PHASE-TRANSITION INDUCED BY AN EXTERNAL MAGNETIC-FIELD
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetoresistance
AB A vast number of compounds are known that exhibit structure transformations in response to changes in temperature, pressure and/or composition, One such example is the family of perovskites, La1-xSrxMnO3; for a limited range of compositions (x), they undergo a structural phase transition from an orthorhombic to a rhombohedral form with increasing temperature(1,2). These compounds are also ferromagnetic, a property that arises from coupling between the charge carriers and localized spin moments of the manganese ions(3-7). Here we show that, through careful tuning of the composition, the local spin moments and the charge carriers can in turn be coupled strongly to changes in the structure, For x = 0.170, the crystal structure of the compound can be switched-reversibly or irreversibly, depending on the temperature-by application of an external magnetic field.
C1 UNIV TOKYO, DEPT PHYS, TOKYO 113, JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP ASAMITSU, A (corresponding author), JOINT RES CTR ATOM TECHNOL, TSUKUBA, IBARAKI 305, JAPAN.
NR 15
TC 677
Z9 704
U1 2
U2 113
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6513
BP 407
EP 409
DI 10.1038/373407a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QE670
UT WOS:A1995QE67000049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHANG, YH
   EMMONS, SW
AF ZHANG, YH
   EMMONS, SW
TI SPECIFICATION OF SENSE-ORGAN IDENTITY BY A CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS PAX-6 HOMOLOG
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; nematode; gene; expression; sequence; pattern; mutants; vectors; cell
AB The Pax-6 transcription-factor gene, containing a paired domain and a paired-type homeodomain, is conserved in structure and ubiquitously present among Metazoa(1-5). It is required for development of the central nervous system, and is mutated in human aniridia, mouse and rat small eye and Drosophila eyeless(6). We identified the Pax-6 gene of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in genetic studies of male tail morphology(7,8). C. elegans Pax-6 encodes at least two independent genetic functions. One, like other Pax-6 genes, contains paired and homeodomains; this constitutes the genetic locus vab-3 (ref. 9). The other, described here, is expressed from an internal promoter and contains only the homeodomain portion; this constitutes the genetic locus mab-18 (ref. 7), The mab-18 form of the gene is expressed in a peripheral sense organ and is necessary for specification of sense-organ identity. Its function in this context could be to regulate the expression of cell recognition and adhesion proteins required for sense-organ assembly.
RP ZHANG, YH (corresponding author), ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED, DEPT MOLEC GENET, 1300 MORRIS PK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10461 USA.
NR 24
TC 127
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6544
BP 55
EP 59
DI 10.1038/377055a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RT725
UT WOS:A1995RT72500054
PM 7659160
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WILCOCKSON, RW
   CREAN, CS
   DAY, TH
AF WILCOCKSON, RW
   CREAN, CS
   DAY, TH
TI HERITABILITY OF A SEXUALLY SELECTED CHARACTER EXPRESSED IN BOTH SEXES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tail ornament size; coelopa-frigida; seaweed fly; mating preference; mate choice; evolution; dimorphism; parasites; traits
AB SEXUAL selection is thought to be responsible for the evolution of exaggerated male characters and of female mate preferences(1-7). Evolutionary mechanisms driven by an advantage to the progeny are only effective if the preferred character has a large genetic component of variance; in most systems in which sexual selection operates, little is known of the relevant genetics(8), We have measured parent-offspring correlations, and report here that the preferred character (adult size) in seaweed flies has large additive genetic variance in males, but not in females, Virtually all the variance in male size is attributable to a chromosomal inversion system and, consequently, because this system is also a major determinant of larval viability(9,10), male size could be used by females as a reliable indicator of offspring survival.
C1 UNIV NOTTINGHAM, QUEENS MED CTR, DEPT GENET, NOTTINGHAM NG7 2UH, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Nottingham
NR 26
TC 43
Z9 49
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 158
EP 159
DI 10.1038/374158a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700057
PM 7877687
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PORTER, JA
   VONKESSLER, DP
   EKKER, SC
   YOUNG, KE
   LEE, JJ
   MOSES, K
   BEACHY, PA
AF PORTER, JA
   VONKESSLER, DP
   EKKER, SC
   YOUNG, KE
   LEE, JJ
   MOSES, K
   BEACHY, PA
TI THE PRODUCT OF HEDGEHOG AUTOPROTEOLYTIC CLEAVAGE ACTIVE IN LOCAL AND LONG-RANGE SIGNALING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polarity gene hedgehog; drosophila-embryo; transformation; cuticle; vectors; larval
AB THE secreted protein products of the hedgehog (hh) gene family are associated with local and long-range signalling activities that are responsible far developmental patterning in multiple systems, including Drosophila embryonic and larval tissues(1-8) and vertebrate neural tube, limbs and somites(9-15). In a process that is critical for full biological activity, the hedgehog protein (Hh) undergoes autoproteolysis to generate two biochemically distinct products, an 18K amino-terminal fragment, N, and a 25K carboxy-terminal fragment, C (ref. 16); mutations that block autoproteolysis impair Hh function. We have identified the site of autoproteolytic cleavage and find that it is broadly conserved throughout the hedgehog family. Knowing the site of cleavage, we were able to test the function of the N and C cleavage products in Drosophila assays. We show here that the N product is the active species in both local and long-range signalling. Consistent with this, all twelve mapped hedgehog mutations either affected the structure of the N product directly or otherwise blocked the release of N from the Hh precursor as a result of deletion or alteration of sequences in the C domain.
C1 UNIV SO CALIF,DEPT BIOL SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089.
C3 University of Southern California
RP PORTER, JA (corresponding author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT MOLEC BIOL & GENET,BALTIMORE,MD 21205, USA.
NR 26
TC 450
Z9 575
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6520
BP 363
EP 366
DI 10.1038/374363a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QN630
UT WOS:A1995QN63000061
PM 7885476
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JEFFREY, PD
   RUSO, AA
   POLYAK, K
   GIBBS, E
   HURWITZ, J
   MASSAGUE, J
   PAVLETICH, NP
AF JEFFREY, PD
   RUSO, AA
   POLYAK, K
   GIBBS, E
   HURWITZ, J
   MASSAGUE, J
   PAVLETICH, NP
TI MECHANISM OF CDK ACTIVATION REVEALED BY THE STRUCTURE OF A CYCLINA-CDK2 COMPLEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; crystal-structure; catalytic subunit; phosphorylation; cyclins; binding; yeast; localization; invitro; program
AB The crystal structure of the human cyclinA-cyclin-dependent kinase2 (CDK2)-ATP complex has been determined at 2.3 Angstrom resolution. CyclinA binds to one side of CDK2's catalytic cleft, inducing large conformational changes in its PSTAIRE helix and T-loop. These changes activate the kinase by realigning active site residues and relieving the steric blockade at the entrance of the catalytic cleft.
C1 MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,CELL BIOL & GENET PROGRAM,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,PROGRAM MOLEC BIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP JEFFREY, PD (corresponding author), MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,CELLULAR BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS PROGRAM,1275 YORK AVE,NEW YORK,NY 10021, USA.
NR 50
TC 1240
Z9 1492
U1 3
U2 119
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6538
BP 313
EP 320
DI 10.1038/376313a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RL443
UT WOS:A1995RL44300040
PM 7630397
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PIERIBONE, VA
   SHUPLIAKOV, O
   BRODIN, L
   HILFIKERROTHENFLUH, S
   CZERNIK, AJ
   GREENGARD, P
AF PIERIBONE, VA
   SHUPLIAKOV, O
   BRODIN, L
   HILFIKERROTHENFLUH, S
   CZERNIK, AJ
   GREENGARD, P
TI DISTINCT POOLS OF SYNAPTIC VESICLES IN NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synapsin-i; short-term; protein; phosphoproteins; synaptotagmin; plasticity; neurons
AB NERVE terminals are unique among cellular secretory systems in that they can sustain vesicular release at a high rate. Although little is known about the mechanisms that account for the distinctive features of neurotransmitter release, it can be assumed that neuron-specific proteins are involved. One such protein family, the synapsins, are believed to regulate neurotransmitter release through phosphorylation-dependent interactions with synaptic vesicles and cytoskeletal elements(1). Here we show that clusters of vesicles at synaptic release sites are composed of two pools, a distal pool containing synapsin and a proximal pool devoid of synapsin and located adjacent to the presynaptic membrane. Presynaptic injection of synapsin antibodies resulted in the loss of the distal pool, without any apparent effect on the proximal pool. Depletion of this distal pool,vas associated with a marked depression of neurotransmitter release evoked by high-frequency (18-20 Hz) but not by low-frequency (0.2 Hz) stimulation. Thus the availability of the synapsin-associated pool of vesicles seems to be required to sustain release of neurotransmitter in response to high-frequency bursts of impulses.
C1 KAROLINSKA INST, DEPT NEUROSCI, S-17177 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN.
C3 Karolinska Institutet
RP PIERIBONE, VA (corresponding author), ROCKEFELLER UNIV, MOLEC & CELLULAR NEUROSCI LAB, 1230 YORK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
NR 24
TC 465
Z9 516
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6531
BP 493
EP 497
DI 10.1038/375493a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RC188
UT WOS:A1995RC18800049
PM 7777058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VONDAMM, KL
   OOSTING, SE
   KOZLOWSKI, R
   BUTTERMORE, LG
   COLODNER, DC
   EDMONDS, HN
   EDMOND, JM
   GREBMEIER, JM
AF VONDAMM, KL
   OOSTING, SE
   KOZLOWSKI, R
   BUTTERMORE, LG
   COLODNER, DC
   EDMONDS, HN
   EDMOND, JM
   GREBMEIER, JM
TI EVOLUTION OF EAST PACIFIC RISE HYDROTHERMAL VENT FLUIDS FOLLOWING A VOLCANIC-ERUPTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemistry; 21-degrees-n; ridge; seawater; system
AB STUDIES of sea-floor hydrothermal vent fluids have shown them to have stable characteristics on a decade timescale(1), with temperatures in the range 350 +/- 30 degrees C (ref. 2) and chemistries(2) that vary from vent to vent, which have most recently been interpreted to reflect phase separation within the hydrothermal system(3-7). Here we report measurements of vent fluid temperature and chemistry from 9 degrees 46.5' N on the East Pacific Rise, which show unprecedented variability on timescales of only a week. Our measured temperatures range up to 403 degrees C, placing the fluids unequivocally in the vapour field at the sampling conditions. Consistent with the fluids being in the vapour phase are the lowest chlorinities and silica contents, and highest hydrogen sulphide contents, yet reported for sea-floor vent fluids, These unusual fluid characteristics are the result of a volcanic eruption having occurred at this site, within weeks of when the first measurements were made(8). The hydrothermal system in the immediate post-eruptive period is thus characterized by previously unknown temperature and chemical characteristics, necessitating revisions to models of hydrothermal fluxes to the oceans.
C1 LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964.
   MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   UNIV TENNESSEE,ECOL PROGRAM,KNOXVILLE,TN 37996.
C3 Columbia University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville
RP VONDAMM, KL (corresponding author), UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,DEPT EARTH SCI,DURHAM,NH 03824, USA.
NR 23
TC 188
Z9 210
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6526
BP 47
EP 50
DI 10.1038/375047a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QW604
UT WOS:A1995QW60400050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MENDILLO, M
   BAUMGARDNER, J
AF MENDILLO, M
   BAUMGARDNER, J
TI CONSTRAINTS ON THE ORIGIN OF THE MOONS ATMOSPHERE FROM OBSERVATION DURING A LUNAR ECLIPSE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extended sodium atmosphere; potassium
AB THE properties of the Moon's rarefied atmosphere, which can be traced through observations of sodium and potassium(1-4), provide important insights into the formation and maintenance of atmospheres on other primitive Solar System bodies(5-7). The lunar atmosphere is believed to be composed of atoms from the surface rocks and soil, which might have been sputtered by micrometeorites(8), by ions in the solar wind(9), or by photons(10,11). It might also form by the evaporation of atoms from the hot, illuminated surface(10,11) Here we report the detection of sodium emission from the Moon's atmosphere during a total lunar eclipse (which occurs when the Moon is full). The sodium atmosphere is considerably more extended at full Moon than expected--it extends to at least nine lunar radii--and its brightness distribution is incompatible with sources involving either solar-wind or micrometeorite sputtering. This leaves photon sputtering or thermal desorption as the preferred explanations for the lunar atmosphere, and suggests that sunlight might also be responsible for the transient atmospheres of other primitive bodies (such as Mercury).
C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT ASTRON,BOSTON,MA 02215.
C3 Boston University
RP MENDILLO, M (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV,CTR SPACE PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA.
NR 22
TC 45
Z9 48
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 404
EP 406
DI 10.1038/377404a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000040
PM 7566115
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEE, DC
   HALLIDAY, AN
AF LEE, DC
   HALLIDAY, AN
TI HAFNIUM-TUNGSTEN CHRONOMETRY AND THE TIMING OF TERRESTRIAL CORE FORMATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID moon; crust
AB THE accretion of the Earth and Moon within the solar nebula is thought(1-3) to have taken 50 to 100 million years. But the timing of formation of the Earth's core has been controversial, with some(4,5) proposing that it took place within the first 15 Myr of Earth's accretion history and others(6,7) proposing that it occurred after 50 Myr of accretion. Meteorite chronometry based on the Hf-182-W-182 system has the potential to resolve this debate, as segregation of a metal core from silicates should induce strong fractionation of hafnium from tungsten. Here we report tungsten isotope compositions for two iron meteorites, two carbonaceous chondrites, and a lunar mare basalt. We see clear W-182 deficits in both iron meteorites, in agreement with previous results(4,5). But the data for chondrites are inconsistent with the hypothesis of early core formation, suggesting that both this event and the formation of the Moon must have occurred at least 62+/-10 Myr after the iron meteorites formed.
RP LEE, DC (corresponding author), UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,1006 CC LITTLE BLDG,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109, USA.
NR 29
TC 207
Z9 222
U1 0
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6559
BP 771
EP 774
DI 10.1038/378771a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TL419
UT WOS:A1995TL41900023
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHANG, HY
   TAKEI, K
   SYDOR, AM
   BORN, T
   RUSNAK, F
   JAY, DG
AF CHANG, HY
   TAKEI, K
   SYDOR, AM
   BORN, T
   RUSNAK, F
   JAY, DG
TI ASYMMETRIC RETRACTION OF GROWTH CONE FILOPODIA FOLLOWING FOCAL INACTIVATION OF CALCINEURIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID grasshopper pioneer neurons; cyclosporine-a; nerve growth; laser inactivation; fasciclin-i; inhibition; phosphorylation; transduction; phosphatase; complexes
AB THE neuronal growth cone is thought to be the site of decision making in nerve growth and guidance(1,2). One likely mechanism of how the growth cone translates various extracellular cues into directed motility involves rises in intracellular calcium, A variety of physiological cues, such as adhesion molecules and neurotransmitters, increases intracellular calcium(1), and artificial manipulations of growth cone calcium levels affect growth cone morphology and neurite outgrowth(3). The molecular events downstream of calcium fluxes are incompletely understood, Here we show that calcineurin, a protein phosphatase enriched in growth cones that is dependent on calcium ions and calmodulin(4), functions in neurite outgrowth and directed filopodial motility in cultured chick dorsal root ganglia neurons. Cyclosporin A and FK506, inhibitors of calcineurin(5), delayed neuritogenesis and inhibited neurite extension, Chromophore-assisted laser inactivation of calcineurin io regions of growth cones causes localized filopodial and lamellipodial retraction and influences the direction of subsequent outgrowth. We suggest that a spatial distribution of calcineurin activity within the growth cone can regulate motility and direct outgrowth.
C1 MAYO CLIN & MAYO FDN,HEMATOL RES SECT,ROCHESTER,MN 55905.
   MAYO CLIN & MAYO FDN,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,ROCHESTER,MN 55905.
C3 Mayo Clinic; Mayo Clinic
RP CHANG, HY (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 30
TC 146
Z9 153
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6542
BP 686
EP 690
DI 10.1038/376686a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RQ672
UT WOS:A1995RQ67200060
PM 7544441
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BANNERMAN, DM
   GOOD, MA
   BUTCHER, SP
   RAMSAY, M
   MORRIS, RGM
AF BANNERMAN, DM
   GOOD, MA
   BUTCHER, SP
   RAMSAY, M
   MORRIS, RGM
TI DISTINCT COMPONENTS OF SPATIAL-LEARNING REVEALED BY PRIOR TRAINING AND NMDA RECEPTOR BLOCKADE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; hippocampal-formation; selective impairment; memory; cortex; rats; ap5; antagonist; acid; transmission
AB SYNAPTIC plasticity dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is thought to underlie certain types of learning and memory(1 3). In support of this, both hippocampal long-term potentiation and spatial learning in a watermaze are impaired by blocking NMDA receptors with a selective antagonist D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5)(4) or by a mutation in one of the receptor subunits(5). Here we report, however, that the AP5-induced learning deficit can be almost completely prevented if rats are pretrained in a different watermaze before administration of the drug. This is not because of stimulus generalization, and occurs despite learning of the second task remaining hippocampus dependent. An APS-induced learning deficit is, however, still seen if the animals are pretrained using a non-spatial task. Thus, despite its procedural simplicity, the watermaze may involve multiple cognitive processes with distinct pharmacological properties; although required for some component of spatial learning, NMDA receptors may not be required for encoding the spatial representation of a specific environment.
C1 UNIV EDINBURGH,SCH MED,CTR NEUROSCI,EDINBURGH EH8 9LE,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   UNIV EDINBURGH,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,EDINBURGH EH8 9LE,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   UNIV EDINBURGH,FUJISAWA INST NEUROSCI,EDINBURGH EH8 9JZ,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh
NR 27
TC 487
Z9 551
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 182
EP 186
DI 10.1038/378182a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900053
PM 7477320
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DASHZEVEG, D
   NOVACEK, MJ
   NORELL, MA
   CLARK, JM
   CHIAPPE, LM
   DAVIDSON, A
   MCKENNA, MC
   DINGUS, L
   SWISHER, C
   ALTANGEREL, P
AF DASHZEVEG, D
   NOVACEK, MJ
   NORELL, MA
   CLARK, JM
   CHIAPPE, LM
   DAVIDSON, A
   MCKENNA, MC
   DINGUS, L
   SWISHER, C
   ALTANGEREL, P
TI EXTRAORDINARY PRESERVATION IN A NEW VERTEBRATE ASSEMBLAGE FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF MONGOLIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB WE report here a new locality, Ukhaa Tolgod ('brown hills'), from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert of Mongolia, which shows an unmatched abundance of well preserved vertebrate fossils, including the highest concentration of mammalian skulls and skeletons from any Mesozoic site. In the main collecting area (about 4 km(2)), recovered and uncollected articulated skeletons of theropod, ankylosaurian and protoceratopsian dinosaurs represent over 100 individuals. Specimens collected also include skulls (many with associated skeletons) of over 400 mammals and lizards, skeletons (including the first known skull) of the bird Mononykus, and nest sites that preserve the first known theropod dinosaur embryos(1). In contrast to other Mesozoic localities, the diversity and abundance of theropods, mammals and lizards are unusually high. The exceptional preservation of vertebrates from the red-bed facies of the Gobi Upper Cretaceous has been attributed to arid conditions(2-4) possibly involving catastrophic death and burial during major sandstorms(5). Although fossils are found in fluvial facies at Ukhaa Tolgod, high concentrations of excellent specimens in aeolian facies support the argument for rapid entombment in sand. This contrasts with conditions for the terrestrial Upper Cretaceous in North and South America, where accretionary preservation of fossils in fluvial deposits predominates.
C1 AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST, DEPT VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA.
   MONGOLIAN ACAD SCI, INST GEOL, ULAAN BATAAR 11, MONGOLIA.
   MONGOLIAN MUSEUM NAT HIST, ULAAN BATAAR, MONGOLIA.
   BERKELEY GEOCHRONOL CTR, BERKELEY, CA 94709 USA.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); Mongolian Academy of Sciences; Berkeley Geochronolgy Center
NR 25
TC 87
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 446
EP 449
DI 10.1038/374446a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TANVIR, NR
   SHANKS, T
   FERGUSON, HC
   ROBINSON, DRT
AF TANVIR, NR
   SHANKS, T
   FERGUSON, HC
   ROBINSON, DRT
TI DETERMINATION OF THE HUBBLE CONSTANT FROM OBSERVATIONS OF CEPHEID VARIABLES IN THE GALAXY M96
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extragalactic distance scale; virgo cluster; planetary-nebulae; standard candles; elliptical galaxy; photometry; universe; age; spectroscopy; catalog
AB New Nubble Space Telescope observations of Cepheid variable stars in the nearby galaxy M96 give a distance to the host galaxy group, Leo I, of 11.6 +/- 0.8 Mpc. This value, used in conjunction with several reliable secondary indicators of relative distance, constrains the distances to more remote galaxy clusters, and yields a value of the Hubble constant (H-0 = 69 +/- 8 km s(-1) Mpc(-1)) that is independent of the velocity of the Leo I group itself.
C1 UNIV DURHAM, DEPT PHYS, DURHAM DH1 3LE, ENGLAND.
   SPACE TELESCOPE SCI INST, BALTIMORE, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Durham University; Space Telescope Science Institute
RP TANVIR, NR (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE, INST ASTRON, MADINGLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HA, ENGLAND.
NR 46
TC 145
Z9 147
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6544
BP 27
EP 31
DI 10.1038/377027a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RT725
UT WOS:A1995RT72500046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YUSTE, R
   DENK, W
AF YUSTE, R
   DENK, W
TI DENDRITIC SPINES AS BASIC FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF NEURONAL INTEGRATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium; transmission; potentiation; responses; slices; brain
AB MOST excitatory synaptic connections occur on dendritic spines(1). Calcium imaging experiments have suggested that spines constitute individual calcium compartments(2,3), but recent results have challenged this idea(4,5). Using two-photon microscopy(6) to image fluorescence with high resolution in strongly scattering tissue, we measured calcium dynamics in spines from CA1 pyramidal neurons in slices of rat hippocampus. Subthreshold synaptic stimulation and spontaneous synaptic events produced calcium accumulations that were localized to isolated spines, showed stochastic failure, and were abolished by postsynaptic blockers, Single somatic spikes induced fast-peaking calcium accumulation in spines throughout the cell. Pairing of spikes with synaptic stimulation was frequently cooperative, that is, it resulted in supralinear calcium accumulations. We conclude: (1) calcium channels exist in spine heads; (2) action potentials invade the spines; (3) spines are individual calcium compartments; and (4) spines can individually detect the temporal coincidence of pre- and postsynaptic activity, and thus serve as basic functional units of neuronal integration.
C1 AT&T BELL LABS,BIOL COMPUTAT RES DEPT,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974.
C3 Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs; AT&T
NR 31
TC 740
Z9 878
U1 1
U2 60
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6533
BP 682
EP 684
DI 10.1038/375682a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RE576
UT WOS:A1995RE57600060
PM 7791901
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KLAGES, N
   STRUBIN, M
AF KLAGES, N
   STRUBIN, M
TI STIMULATION OF RNA-POLYMERASE-II TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION BY RECRUITMENT OF TBP IN-VIVO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tata-binding protein; crystal-structure; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; activation domain; yeast; promoter; dna; elements; complex; region
AB EUKARYOTIC transcriptional activators may stimulate RNA polymerase II activity by promoting assembly of preinitiation complexes on promoters through their interactions with one or more components of the basal machinery(1,2). On the basis of its central role in initiating transcription-complex formation upon binding to the TATA box, the general transcription factor TFIID, which includes the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and several TBP-associated factors(3-5), has been implicated as a target for activators. Consistent with this idea, an increasing number of activators have been reported to bind directly to TBP6-9. To assess the functional importance of these in vitro interactions for transcriptional regulation in vivo, we made use of a novel strategy in yeast to show that a physical interaction with TBP is sufficient for a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein to increase initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. These results imply that binding of TFIID to promoter elements is a limiting step in transcription complex assembly in vivo.
RP KLAGES, N (corresponding author), UNIV GENEVA,CTR MED,DEPT GENET & MICROBIOL,9 AVE CHAMPEL,CH-1211 GENEVA 4,SWITZERLAND.
NR 25
TC 164
Z9 171
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6525
BP 822
EP 823
DI 10.1038/374822a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QV315
UT WOS:A1995QV31500051
PM 7723829
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZELIKOVICH, L
   LIBMAN, J
   SHANZER, A
AF ZELIKOVICH, L
   LIBMAN, J
   SHANZER, A
TI MOLECULAR REDOX SWITCHES BASED ON CHEMICAL TRIGGERING OF IRON TRANSLOCATION IN TRIPLE-STRANDED HELICAL COMPLEXES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-transfer reactions; supramolecular chemistry; recognition; devices
AB THE growing interest in miniaturization of electronic components is stimulating research on molecular assemblies with device-like functionalities(1-5). Molecule-based devices have been reported that might act as sensors(6-8), diodes(9-11), logic gates(12) and switches(5,13-19) Molecular switches should ideally be able to respond controllably and reversibly to external triggers(7,12,14,15,20,21). Here we report the synthesis of molecular redox switches based on helical metal complexes(22-29) in which an iron ion can occupy one of two distinct binding cavities. Reversible translocation of the metal ion between these sites is achieved by chemical oxidation and reduction, owing to the different coordination preferences of the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states, and can be readily monitored spectroscopically.
C1 WEIZMANN INST SCI,DEPT ORGAN CHEM,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
NR 35
TC 239
Z9 248
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6525
BP 790
EP 792
DI 10.1038/374790a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QV315
UT WOS:A1995QV31500039
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MUKHOPADHYAY, D
   TSIOKAS, L
   ZHOU, XM
   FOSTER, D
   BRUGGE, JS
   SUKHATME, VP
AF MUKHOPADHYAY, D
   TSIOKAS, L
   ZHOU, XM
   FOSTER, D
   BRUGGE, JS
   SUKHATME, VP
TI HYPOXIC INDUCTION OF HUMAN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH-FACTOR EXPRESSION THROUGH C-SRC ACTIVATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-tyrosine kinase; overexpressed pp60c-src; cell-transformation; angiogenesis; gene; phosphorylation; family
AB ANGIOGENESIS the formation of new microvasculature by capillary sprouting, is crucial for tumour development(1). Hypoxic regions of solid tumours produce the powerful and directly acting angiogenic protein VEGF/VPF (vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor)(2-6). We now investigate the signal transduction pathway involved in hypoxic induction of VEGF expression. Hypoxia is known to induce a tyrosine kinase cascade that results in the activation of nitrogen-fixation genes in Rhizobium meliloti(7), and activation of tyrosine kinases is critical in signalling triggered by growth factors and ultraviolet light. We show here that genistein, an inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinases blocks VEGF induction. Hypoxia increases the kinase activity of pp60(c-src) and its phosphorylation on tyrosine 416 but does not activate Fyn or Yes. Expression of either a dominant-negative mutant form of c-Src or of Raf-1 markedly reduces VEGF induction. VEGF induction by hypoxia in c-src(-) cells is impaired, although there is a compensatory activation of Fyn. Our results provide an insight into hypoxia-triggered intracellular signalling, define VEGF as a new downstream target for c-Src, and suggest a role for c-Src in promoting angiogenesis.
C1 BETH ISRAEL HOSP, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA.
   ARIAD PHARMACEUT INC, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
   CUNY HUNTER COLL, NEW YORK, NY 10018 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd; Takeda Oncology; City University of New York (CUNY) System; Hunter College (CUNY)
NR 28
TC 547
Z9 590
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6532
BP 577
EP 581
DI 10.1038/375577a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RD287
UT WOS:A1995RD28700048
PM 7540725
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GREENBERG, AS
   AVILA, D
   HUGHES, M
   HUGHES, A
   MCKINNEY, EC
   FLAJNIK, MF
AF GREENBERG, AS
   AVILA, D
   HUGHES, M
   HUGHES, A
   MCKINNEY, EC
   FLAJNIK, MF
TI A NEW ANTIGEN RECEPTOR GENE FAMILY THAT UNDERGOES REARRANGEMENT AND EXTENSIVE SOMATIC DIVERSIFICATION IN SHARKS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monoclonal-antibody; cell; immunoglobulins; recognition; evolution; proteins; xenopus; trees
AB IMMUNOGLOBULIN and T-cell receptor (TCR) molecules are central to the adaptive immune system, Sequence conservation, similarities in domain structure, and usage of similar recombination signal sequences and recombination machinery indicate that there was probably a time during evolution when an ancestral receptor diverged to the modern-day immunoglobulin and TCR(1-3). Other molecules that undergo rearrangement have not been described in vertebrates, nor have intermediates been identified that have features of both these gene families, We report here the isolation of a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily from the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, which contains one variable and five constant domains and is found as a dimer in serum. Analyses of complementary DNA clones show extensive sequence diversity within variable domains, which is generated by both rearrangement and somatic diversification mechanisms, Our results suggest that rearranging loci distinct from immunoglobulin and TCR have arisen during evolution.
C1 BASEL INST IMMUNOL,CH-4058 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
   PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,ERWIN W MUELLER LAB 208,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP GREENBERG, AS (corresponding author), UNIV MIAMI,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,POB 016960,R-138,MIAMI,FL 33101, USA.
NR 23
TC 633
Z9 839
U1 8
U2 146
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 168
EP 173
DI 10.1038/374168a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700061
PM 7877689
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VONDERGATHEN, P
   REX, M
   HARRIS, NRP
   LUCIC, D
   KNUDSEN, BM
   BRAATHEN, GO
   DEBACKER, H
   FABIAN, R
   FAST, H
   GIL, M
   KYRO, E
   MIKKELSEN, IS
   RUMMUKAINEN, M
   STAHELIN, J
   VAROTSOS, C
AF VONDERGATHEN, P
   REX, M
   HARRIS, NRP
   LUCIC, D
   KNUDSEN, BM
   BRAATHEN, GO
   DEBACKER, H
   FABIAN, R
   FAST, H
   GIL, M
   KYRO, E
   MIKKELSEN, IS
   RUMMUKAINEN, M
   STAHELIN, J
   VAROTSOS, C
TI OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE FOR CHEMICAL OZONE DEPLETION OVER THE ARCTIC IN WINTER 1991-92
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polar vortex
AB LONG-TERM depletion of ozone has been observed since the early 1980s in the Antarctic polar vortex, and more recently at midlatitudes in both hemispheres, with most of the ozone loss occurring in the lower stratosphere(1). Insufficient measurements of ozone exist, however, to determine decadal trends in ozone concentration in the Arctic winter. Several studies of ozone concentrations in the Arctic vortex have inferred that chemical ozone loss has occurred(2-11); but because natural variations in ozone concentration at any given location can be large, deducing long-term trends from time series is fraught with difficulties. The approaches used previously have often been indirect, typically relying on relationships between ozone and long-lived tracers. Most recently Manney et al.(11) used such an approach, based on satellite measurements, to conclude that the observed ozone decrease of about 20% in the lower stratosphere in February and March 1993 was caused by chemical, rather than dynamical, processes. Here we report the results of a new approach to calculate chemical ozone destruction rates that allows us to compare ozone concentrations in specific air parcels at different times, thus avoiding the need to make assumptions about ozone/tracer ratios. For the Arctic vortex of the 1991-92 winter we find that, at 20 km altitude, chemical ozone loss occurred only between early January and mid February and that the loss is proportional to the exposure to sunlight. The timing and magnitude are broadly consistent with existing understanding of photochemical ozone-depletion processes.
C1 UNIV BREMEN, INST ENVIRONM PHYS, D-28334 BREMEN, GERMANY.
   BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY, EUROPEAN OZONE RES COORDINATING UNIT, CAMBRIDGE CB3 0ET, ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE, DEPT CHEM, CTR ATMOSPHER SCI, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1EW, ENGLAND.
   DANISH METEOROL INST, DK-2100 COPENHAGEN O, DENMARK.
   NILU, N-2007 KJELLER, NORWAY.
   ROYAL METEOROL INST, B-1180 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
   ATMOSPHER ENVIRONM SERV, N YORK, ON M3H 5T4, CANADA.
   INST NACL TECN AEROSPACIAL, E-28850 MADRID, SPAIN.
   FINNISH METEOROL INST, SF-99600 SODANKYLA, FINLAND.
   ETH HONGGERBERG, ATMOSPHER PHYS LAB, CH-8093 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV ATHENS, DEPT APPL PHYS, GR-16561 ATHENS, GREECE.
C3 University of Bremen; University of Cambridge; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey; University of Cambridge; Danish Meteorological Institute DMI; NILU; Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium; Environment & Climate Change Canada; Meteorological Service of Canada; Finnish Meteorological Institute; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; National & Kapodistrian University of Athens
RP VONDERGATHEN, P (corresponding author), ALFRED WEGENER INST POLAR & MARINE RES, POB 600149, D-14401 POTSDAM, GERMANY.
NR 32
TC 161
Z9 161
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6527
BP 131
EP 134
DI 10.1038/375131a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QX741
UT WOS:A1995QX74100046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PARR, BA
   MCMAHON, AP
AF PARR, BA
   MCMAHON, AP
TI DORSALIZING SIGNAL WNT-7A REQUIRED FOR NORMAL POLARITY OF D-V AND A-P AXES OF MOUSE LIMB
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apical ectodermal ridge; chick limb; pattern-formation; bud cells; morphogenesis; information; outgrowth; mesoderm; domains; embryos
AB FORMATION Of the vertebrate limb requires specification of cell position along three axes(1). Proximal-distal identity is regulated by the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) at the distal tip of the growing limb(2-6). Anterior-posterior identity is controlled by signals from the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) within the posterior limb mesenchyme(7-9). Dorsal-ventral identity is regulated by ectodermally derived signals(10-14). Recent studies have begun to identify signalling molecules that may mediate these patterning activities. Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family are expressed in the AER and can mimic its proximal-distal signalling activity(15,16). Similarly, the gene Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in the ZPA, and Shh-expressing cells, like ZPA cells, can cause digit duplications when transplan ted to the anterior limb margin. In contrast, no signal has yet been identified for the dorsal-ventral axis, although Wnt-7a is expressed in the dorsal ectoderm, suggesting that it mag play such a role(19,20). To test this possibility, we have generated mice lacking Wnt-7a activity. The limb mesoderm of these mice shows dorsal-to-ventral transformations of cell fate, indicating that Wnt-7a is a dorsalizing signal. Many mutant mice also lack posterior digits, demonstrating that Wnt-7a is also required for anterior-posterior patterning. We propose that normal limb development requires interactions between the signalling systems for these two axes.
RP PARR, BA (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV, DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL, 16 DIVIN AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
NR 31
TC 615
Z9 711
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6520
BP 350
EP 353
DI 10.1038/374350a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QN630
UT WOS:A1995QN63000057
PM 7885472
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FONG, GH
   ROSSANT, J
   GERTSENSTEIN, M
   BREITMAN, ML
AF FONG, GH
   ROSSANT, J
   GERTSENSTEIN, M
   BREITMAN, ML
TI ROLE OF THE FLT-1 RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE IN REGULATING THE ASSEMBLY OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor; molecular-cloning; stem-cells; expression; vasculogenesis; angiogenesis; flk-1; mice; tek
AB THE vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its high-affinity binding receptors, the tyrosine kinases Flt-1 and Flk-1, are thought to be important for the development of embryonic vasculature(1-8). Here we report that Flt-1 is essential for the organization of embryonic vasculature, but is not essential for endothelial cell differentiation. Mouse embryos homozygous for a targeted mutation in the flt-1 locus, flt-1(lcz), formed endothelial cells in both embryonic and extra-embryonic regions, but assembled these cells into abnormal vascular channels and died in utero at mid-somite stages. At earlier stages, the blood islands of flt-1(lcz) homozygotes were abnormal, with angioblasts in the interior as well as on the periphery. We suggest that the Flt-1 signalling pathway may regulate normal endothelial cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions during vascular development.
C1 MT SINAI HOSP,SAMUEL LUNENFELD RES INST,TORONTO,ON M5G 1X5,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MOLEC & MED GENET,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Toronto
NR 27
TC 2117
Z9 2530
U1 0
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6535
BP 66
EP 70
DI 10.1038/376066a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RH111
UT WOS:A1995RH11100063
PM 7596436
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GORLICH, D
   VOGEL, F
   MILLS, AD
   HARTMANN, E
   LASKEY, RA
AF GORLICH, D
   VOGEL, F
   MILLS, AD
   HARTMANN, E
   LASKEY, RA
TI DISTINCT FUNCTIONS FOR THE 2 IMPORTIN SUBUNITS IN NUCLEAR-PROTEIN IMPORT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gtp-binding protein; location; translocation; polypeptide; migration; sequence; ran/tc4; steps
AB THE import of nuclear proteins proceeds through the nuclear pore complex and requires nuclear localization signals (NLSs)(1,2), energy(3,4) and soluble factors(5), namely importin-alpha (M(r) 60K)(6-12,28), importin-beta (90K)(8-11,13) and Ran(14,15). Importin-alpha is primarily responsible for NLS recognition(6-12,29) and is a member of a protein family that includes the essential yeast nuclear pore protein SRP1p (ref. 16). As the first event, the complex of importin-alpha and importin-beta binds the import substrate in the cytosols(8,9). Here we show that this nuclear pore targeting complex initially docks as a single entity to the nuclear pore via importin-beta. Then the energy-dependent, Ran-mediated translocation through the pore results in the accumulation of import substrate and importin-alpha in the nucleus. In contrast, importin-beta accumulates at the nuclear envelope, but not in the nucleoplasm. Immunoelectron microscopy detects importin-beta on both sides of the nuclear pore. This suggests that the nuclear pore targeting complex might move as a single entity from its initial docking site through the central part of the nuclear pore before it disassembles on the nucleoplasmic side.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE, DEPT ZOOL, CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EJ, ENGLAND.
   MAX DELBRUCK CENTRUM MOLEK MED, D-13122 BERLIN, GERMANY.
C3 University of Cambridge; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine
RP GORLICH, D (corresponding author), WELLCOME CRC INST, TENNIS COURT RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QR, ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 437
Z9 464
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 246
EP 248
DI 10.1038/377246a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200044
PM 7675110
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SERENO, PC
   MCKENNA, MC
AF SERENO, PC
   MCKENNA, MC
TI CRETACEOUS MULTITUBERCULATE SKELETON AND THE EARLY EVOLUTION OF THE MAMMALIAN SHOULDER GIRDLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID functional-anatomy; monotremes; marsupials
AB A Cretaceous eucosmodont multituberculate mammal skeleton has been found in Mongolia with all of the bony elements of the shoulder girdle in place, This specimen demonstrates a different forelimb stance from that recently hypothesized for another Cretaceous eucosmodont. Primitively, it retains a separate ossified interclavicle, as in monotremes and non-mammalian cynodonts. In other respects it shares with therians and their extinct allies key features associated with mobility of the pectoral girdle and shoulder joint during locomotion, and a more parasagittal forelimb posture, This locomotor transformation appears to have evolved just once among the common ancestors of multituberculates and therians, some time before the Late Jurassic.
C1 AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST, DEPT VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)
RP SERENO, PC (corresponding author), UNIV CHICAGO, DEPT ORGANISMAL BIOL & ANAT, 1025 E 57TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA.
NR 30
TC 46
Z9 52
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 144
EP 147
DI 10.1038/377144a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DENNING, AS
   FUNG, IY
   RANDALL, D
AF DENNING, AS
   FUNG, IY
   RANDALL, D
TI LATITUDINAL GRADIENT OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 DUE TO SEASONAL EXCHANGE WITH LAND BIOTA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID general-circulation model; planetary boundary-layer; carbon-dioxide; global distribution; biosphere; variability; budget; sinks
AB THE concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing, largely because of fossil-fuel combustion, but the rate of increase is only about half of the total emission rate(1). The balance of the carbon must be taken up in the oceans and the terrestrial biosphere, but the relative importance of each of these sinks-as well as their geographical distribution and the uptake mechanisms involved-are still a matter of debate(1-4). Measurements of CO2 concentrations at remote marine sites(5-9) have been used with numerical models of atmospheric transport to deduce the location, nature and magnitude of these carbon sinks(2,10-19). One of the most important constraints on such estimates is the observed interhemispheric gradient in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Published models that simulate the transport of trace gases suggest that the gradient is primarily due to interhemispheric differences in fossil-fuel emissions, with small contributions arising from natural exchange of CO2 with the various carbon reservoirs. Here we use a full atmospheric general circulation model with a more realistic representation of turbulent mixing near the ground to investigate CO2 transport. We find that the latitudinal (meridional) gradient imposed by the seasonal terrestrial biota is nearly half as strong as that imposed by fossil-fuel emissions. Such a contribution implies that the sinks of atmospheric CO2 in the Northern Hemisphere must be stronger than previously suggested.
C1 NASA, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR, INST SPACE STUDIES, NEW YORK, NY 10025 USA.
   UNIV VICTORIA, SCH EARTH & OCEAN SCI, VICTORIA, BC V8W 2Y2, CANADA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; University of Victoria
RP DENNING, AS (corresponding author), COLORADO STATE UNIV, DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI, FT COLLINS, CO 80521 USA.
NR 31
TC 322
Z9 353
U1 1
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6537
BP 240
EP 243
DI 10.1038/376240a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RK331
UT WOS:A1995RK33100042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MANTEGNA, RN
   STANLEY, HE
AF MANTEGNA, RN
   STANLEY, HE
TI SCALING BEHAVIOR IN THE DYNAMICS OF AN ECONOMIC INDEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-organized criticality; stock returns; conditional heteroscedasticity; diffusion; variance; models
AB THE large-scale dynamical properties of some physical systems depend on the dynamical evolution of a large number of nonlinearly coupled subsystems. Examples include systems that exhibit self-organized criticality(1) and turbulence(2,3). Such systems tend to exhibit spatial and temporal sealing behaviour-power-law behaviour of a particular observable. Scaling is found in a wide range of systems, from geophysical(4) to biological(5). Here we explore the possibility that scaling phenomena occur in economic systems-especially especially when the economic system is one subject to precise rules, as is the case in financial market(6-8). Specifically, we show that the scaling of the probability distribution of a particular economic index-the Standard and Poor's 500-can be described by a nongaussian process with dynamics that, for the central part of the distribution, correspond to that predicted for a Levy stable process(9-11). Scaling behaviour is observed for time intervals spanning three orders of magnitude, from 1,000 min to 1 min, the latter being close to the minimum time necessary to perform a trading transaction in a financial market, In the tails of the distribution the fall-off deviates from that for a Levy stable process and is approximately exponential, ensuring that (as one would expect for a price difference distribution) the variance of the distribution is finite, The scaling exponent is remarkably constant over the six-year period (1984-89) of our data, This dynamical behaviour of the economic index should provide a framework within which to develop economic models.
C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
C3 Boston University
RP MANTEGNA, RN (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA.
NR 30
TC 1392
Z9 1532
U1 0
U2 135
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6535
BP 46
EP 49
DI 10.1038/376046a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RH111
UT WOS:A1995RH11100057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI CENTER OF EXCELLENCE ON THE YANGTSE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 2
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 543
EP 543
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100025
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU THORN, SN
   DANIELS, RG
   AUDITOR, MTM
   HILVERT, D
AF THORN, SN
   DANIELS, RG
   AUDITOR, MTM
   HILVERT, D
TI LARGE RATE ACCELERATIONS IN ANTIBODY CATALYSIS BY STRATEGIC USE OF HAPTENIC CHARGE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID physical organic-chemistry; benzisoxazoles; energy
AB GENERAL acid-base catalysis contributes substantially to the efficacy of many enzymes, enabling an impressive array of eliminations, isomerizations, racemizations, hydrolyses and carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions to be carried out with high rates and selectivities(1). The fundamental challenge of exploiting similar effects in designed catalysts such as catalytic antibodies(2,3) is that of correctly positioning the catalytic groups in an appropriate active-site microenvironment, Charge complementarity between antibody and hapten (the template used to induce an antibody) has been used successfully in a number of instances to elicit acids and bases within immunoglobulin combining sites(4-9), but the activities of the catalysts obtained by this strategy are generally considerably lower than those of natural enzymes, Here we report that by optimizing hapten design and efficiently screening the immune response, antibodies can be obtained that act effectively as general base catalysts. Thus a cationic hapten correctly mimicking the transition-state geometry of all reacting bonds and bearing little resemblance to the reaction product has yielded carboxylate-containing antibodies that catalyse an E2 elimination with more than 10(3) turnovers per active site and rate accelerations of greater than 10(8). These results demonstrate that very large effects can be achieved by strategic use of haptenic charge.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CHEM, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT BIOL MOLEC, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
NR 24
TC 137
Z9 157
U1 1
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6511
BP 228
EP 230
DI 10.1038/373228a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QC278
UT WOS:A1995QC27800057
PM 7816136
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DAVISON, W
   GEORGE, DG
   EDWARDS, NJA
AF DAVISON, W
   GEORGE, DG
   EDWARDS, NJA
TI CONTROLLED REVERSAL OF LAKE ACIDIFICATION BY TREATMENT WITH PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acid
AB LAKES that have become acidified by airborne pollutants typically have low biological productivity and support an impoverished flora and fauna(1). In their natural state, these lakes were poorly buffered, and had a pre-industrial pH on the acid side of neutral(2). Although they can be neutralized by adding base, the resulting calcium-rich water supports plant and animal communities that are unlike those found in natural softwater lakes(1). IL is known, however, that the long-term buffering of soft waters can be appreciably influenced by their biological productivity(3-5). Here we report field-study results that show that by adding phosphate fertilizer to stimulate primary productivity, it is possible to generate sufficient: base by the assimilation of nitrate to raise the pH of acid lake waters without drastically altering their community structure. Owing to the high efficiency of base production, only modest additions of phosphate are required, phytoplankton growth is not excessive and there is a marked increase in biological productivity at all trophic levels. In the longer term, additional quantities of base should be generated by the anoxic decomposition of organic material accumulating on the lake bed.
C1 INST FRESHWATER ECOL,AMBLESIDE LA22 0LP,CUMBRIA,ENGLAND.
C3 UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH)
RP DAVISON, W (corresponding author), UNIV LANCASTER,INST ENVIRONM & BIOL SCI,LANCASTER LA1 4YQ,ENGLAND.
NR 14
TC 49
Z9 53
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 504
EP 507
DI 10.1038/377504a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BORIES, JC
   WILLERFORD, DM
   GREVIN, D
   DAVIDSON, L
   CAMUS, A
   MARTIN, P
   STEHELIN, D
   ALT, FW
AF BORIES, JC
   WILLERFORD, DM
   GREVIN, D
   DAVIDSON, L
   CAMUS, A
   MARTIN, P
   STEHELIN, D
   ALT, FW
TI INCREASED T-CELL APOPTOSIS AND TERMINAL B-CELL DIFFERENTIATION-INDUCED BY INACTIVATION OF THE ETS-1 PROTOONCOGENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-binding; transcription factors; gene enhancer; mice; activation; thymocytes; sequence
AB THE Ets-1 proto-oncogene is a member of a transcription factor family characterized by homology to the v-ets oncogene(1-4). In adult mice, Ets-1 is expressed predominantly in lymphoid cells where it has been implicated in regulating transcription of lymphocyte-specific genes(5-7). Following T-cell activation, the specific DNA binding activity of Ets-1 is inactivated by transient phosphorylation, suggesting a function in the transition from the resting to activated state(8,9). Ets-1 has also been suggested to cooperate with the AP-1 transcription factor complex to mediate cellular growth factor responses(4). Here we show, by using RAG-2-deficient blastocyst complementation(10), that Ets-1 deficiency has dramatic, but different, effects on development and function of T- and B-lineage cells, Ets-1-deficient T cells were present in reduced numbers and were highly susceptible to cell death in vitro. In contrast, Ets-1-deficient B cells were present in normal numbers but a large proportion were IgM plasma cells, Our data demonstrate that Ets-1 is essential for maintenance of the normal pool of resting T- and B-lineage cells.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   CTR BLOOD RES,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HOP ST LOUIS,INSERM,U93,F-75475 PARIS,FRANCE.
   INST PASTEUR,MOLEC ONCOL LAB,CNRS,URA 1160,F-59019 LILLE,FRANCE.
   INST PASTEUR,UNITE BIOL DEV,CNRS,URA 1960,F-75724 PARIS,FRANCE.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Universite Paris Cite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Saint-Louis - APHP; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris
RP BORIES, JC (corresponding author), CHILDRENS HOSP,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 24
TC 288
Z9 329
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 635
EP 638
DI 10.1038/377635a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500054
PM 7566176
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DONAHUE, TM
AF DONAHUE, TM
TI EVOLUTION OF WATER RESERVOIRS ON MARS FROM D/H RATIOS IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND CRUST
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID martian atmosphere; escape; abundance; hydrogen; hdo
AB ANCIENT fluvial networks on the surface of Mars suggest that it was warm and wet over three billion years ago. Surface features resembling massive outflow channels provide evidence that, even more recently, the martian crust contained the equivalent of a planet-wide reservoir of water several hundred metres deep(1,2). But arguments based on the isotopic fractionation(3,4) and present-day escape rate of hydrogen in the martian atmosphere require only 0.5 metres of crustal water today and about six metres in the past(5). An additional constraint on the evolution of the isotopic composition of martian water has recently been obtained(6) from measurements of the deuterium to hydrogen ratio of hydrous minerals in the SNC meteorites-meteorites that almost certainly originated on Mars. Here I show that these new data require that the modern crustal reservoirs of martian water must be quite large, at least several metres in global-equivalent depth. The deuterium enrichment of the present martian atmosphere then implies that the reservoir of crustal water on ancient Mars was several hundred metres deep, consistent with the geological evidence(3,4).
RP DONAHUE, TM (corresponding author), UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT ATMOSPHER OCEAN & SPACE SCI,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109, USA.
NR 19
TC 55
Z9 64
U1 1
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 432
EP 434
DI 10.1038/374432a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900051
PM 7700352
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HEIN, L
   BARSH, GS
   PRATT, RE
   DZAU, VJ
   KOBILKA, BK
AF HEIN, L
   BARSH, GS
   PRATT, RE
   DZAU, VJ
   KOBILKA, BK
TI BEHAVIORAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF DISRUPTING THE ANGIOTENSIN-II TYPE-2 RECEPTOR GENE IN MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat-brain; water-intake; expression; injection; mechanisms; subtypes; appetite; drinking; cloning; fetus
AB ANGIOTENSIN II, a potent regulator of blood pressure and of water and electrolyte balance, binds to two different G-protein-coupled receptors. The type-1 receptor (AT(1)) mediates the vasopressive and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II, but the function of the type-2 receptor (AT(2); refs 1, 2) is unknown, although it is expressed in both adult(3) and embryonic(4) life. To address this question, we have generated mice lacking the gene encoding the AT(2) receptor. Mutant mice develop normally, but have an impaired drinking response to water deprivatian as well as a reduction in spontaneous movements. Their baseline blood pressure is normal, but they show an increased vasopressor response to injection of angiotensin II. Thus, although the AT(2) receptor is not required for embryonic development, it plays a role in the central nervous system and cardiovascular functions that are mediated by the renin-angiotensin system.
C1 STANFORD UNIV, FALK CARDIOVASC RES CTR, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
   STANFORD UNIV, DEPT MED, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
   STANFORD UNIV, DEPT GENET, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
   STANFORD UNIV, DEPT PEDIAT, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
   STANFORD UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 30
TC 658
Z9 704
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 744
EP 747
DI 10.1038/377744a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900060
PM 7477266
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ASCHENBACH, B
   EGGER, R
   TRUMPER, J
AF ASCHENBACH, B
   EGGER, R
   TRUMPER, J
TI DISCOVERY OF EXPLOSION FRAGMENTS OUTSIDE THE VELA SUPERNOVA REMNANT SHOCK-WAVE BOUNDARY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proper motion; instability; sn-1987a; pulsars; nebula
AB THE nearby (500 pc) Vela supernova remnant has presented several puzzles. Its true shape has been difficult to determine(1), and as a result it has never been clear whether the pulsar seen in that part of the sky resulted from same explosion that created the remnant(2). Here we present an X-ray image of the Vela supernova remnant which shows that the pulsar is close to the centre, and therefore most probably resulted from the same explosion. We see six extended X-ray features outside the blast-wave front, which apparently originated close to the pulsar. We propose that these features result from the passage through the surrounding medium of fragments formed by instabilities during the collapse and subsequent explosion of the progenitor star.
RP ASCHENBACH, B (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERR PHYS,D-85740 GARCHING,GERMANY.
NR 19
TC 220
Z9 232
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 587
EP 590
DI 10.1038/373587a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MCDANIEL, R
   EBERTKHOSLA, S
   HOPWOOD, DA
   KHOSLA, C
AF MCDANIEL, R
   EBERTKHOSLA, S
   HOPWOOD, DA
   KHOSLA, C
TI RATIONAL DESIGN OF AROMATIC POLYKETIDE NATURAL-PRODUCTS BY RECOMBINANT ASSEMBLY OF ENZYMATIC SUBUNITS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID streptomyces-coelicolor a3(2); nucleotide-sequence; engineered biosynthesis; hybrid antibiotics; deduced function; synthase gene; actinorhodin; glaucescens; cluster
AB Recent advances in understanding of bacterial aromatic polyketide biosynthesis allow the development of a set of design rules for the rational manipulation of chain synthesis, reduction of keto groups and early cyclization steps by genetic engineering. The concept of rational design is illustrated by the preparation of Streptomyces strains that produce two new polyketides by expression of combinations of appropriate enzymatic subunits from naturally occurring polyketide synthases. The potential for generating molecular diversity within this class of molecules by genetic engineering is enormous.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT CHEM ENGN,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   JOHN INNES CTR,DEPT GENET,NORWICH NR4 7UH,NORFOLK,ENGLAND.
C3 Stanford University; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre
NR 32
TC 245
Z9 293
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6532
BP 549
EP 554
DI 10.1038/375549a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RD287
UT WOS:A1995RD28700041
PM 7791871
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NOWAK, MA
   MAY, RM
   PHILLIPS, RE
   ROWLANDJONES, S
   LALLOO, DG
   MCADAM, S
   KLENERMAN, P
   KOPPE, B
   SIGMUND, K
   BANGHAM, CRM
   MCMICHAEL, AJ
AF NOWAK, MA
   MAY, RM
   PHILLIPS, RE
   ROWLANDJONES, S
   LALLOO, DG
   MCADAM, S
   KLENERMAN, P
   KOPPE, B
   SIGMUND, K
   BANGHAM, CRM
   MCMICHAEL, AJ
TI ANTIGENIC OSCILLATIONS AND SHIFTING IMMUNODOMINANCE IN HIV-1 INFECTIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell determinants; lymphocytes-t; selection; virus; recognition; responses; dominance; peptides; genes
AB A TYPICAL protein antigen contains several epitopes that can be recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), but in a characteristic antiviral immune response in vivo, CTL recognize only a small number of these potential epitopes, sometimes only one(1,2), this phenomenon is known as immunodominance(1-10). Antigenic variation within CTL epitopes has been demonstrated for the human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 (ref. 11) and other viruses(12-17) and such 'antigenic escape' may be responsible for viral persistence. Here we develop a new mathematical model that deals with the interaction between CTL and multiple epitopes of a genetically variable pathogen, acid show that the nonlinear competition among CTL responses against different epitopes can explain immunodominance. This model suggests that an antigenically homogeneous pathogen population tends to induce a dominant response against a single epitope, whereas a heterogeneous pathogen population can stimulate complicated fluctuating responses against multiple epitopes. Antigenic variation in the immunodominant epitope can shift responses to weaker epitopes and thereby reduce immunological control of the pathogen population. These ideas are consistent with detailed longitudinal studies of CTL responses in HIV-1 infected patients. For vaccine design, the model suggests that the major response should be directed against conserved epitopes even if they are subdominant.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP,INST MOLEC MED,MOLEC IMMUNOL GRP,OXFORD OX3 9DU,ENGLAND.
   UNIV VIENNA,INST MATH,A-1090 VIENNA,AUSTRIA.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Vienna
RP NOWAK, MA (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,DEPT ZOOL,S PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PS,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 312
Z9 330
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6532
BP 606
EP 611
DI 10.1038/375606a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RD287
UT WOS:A1995RD28700056
PM 7791879
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PARSONS, LM
   FOX, PT
   DOWNS, JH
   GLASS, T
   HIRSCH, TB
   MARTIN, CC
   JERABEK, PA
   LANCASTER, JL
AF PARSONS, LM
   FOX, PT
   DOWNS, JH
   GLASS, T
   HIRSCH, TB
   MARTIN, CC
   JERABEK, PA
   LANCASTER, JL
TI USE OF IMPLICIT MOTOR IMAGERY FOR VISUAL SHAPE-DISCRIMINATION AS REVEALED BY PET
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebral blood-flow; voluntary movements; cortex; brain
AB POSITRON emission tomography (PET) can be used to map brain regions that are active when a visual object (for example, a hand) is discriminated from its mirror form. Chronometric studies(1-3) suggest that viewers 'solve' this visual shape task by mentally modelling it as a reaching task, implicitly moving their left hand into the orientation of any left-hand stimulus (and conversely for a right-hand stimulus). Here we describe an experiment in which visual and somatic processing are dissociated by presenting right hands to the left visual field and vice versa, Frontal (motor), parietal (somatosensory) and cerebellar (sensorimotor) regions similar to those activated by actual(4,5) and imagined(6-8) movement are strongly activated, whereas primary somatosensory and motor cortices are not, We conclude that mental imagery is realized at intermediate-to-high order, modality-specific cortical systems, but does not require primary cortex and is not constrained to the perceptual systems of the presented stimuli.
C1 UNIV TEXAS, DEPT PSYCHOL, AUSTIN, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP PARSONS, LM (corresponding author), UNIV TEXAS, HLTH SCI CTR, CTR RES IMAGING, 7703 FLOYD CURL DR, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78284 USA.
NR 30
TC 542
Z9 579
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6526
BP 54
EP 58
DI 10.1038/375054a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QW604
UT WOS:A1995QW60400053
PM 7723842
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KOSSLYN, SM
   THOMPSON, WL
   KIM, IJ
   ALPERT, NM
AF KOSSLYN, SM
   THOMPSON, WL
   KIM, IJ
   ALPERT, NM
TI TOPOGRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF MENTAL IMAGES IN PRIMARY VISUAL-CORTEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB WE report here the use of positron emission tomography (PET) to reveal that the primary visual cortex is activated when subjects close their eyes and visualize objects. The size of the image is systematically related to the location of maximal activity, which is as expected because the earliest visual areas are spatially organized(1-5). These results were only evident, however, when imagery conditions were compared to a non-imagery baseline in which the same auditory cues were presented (and hence the stimuli were controlled); when a resting baseline was used (and hence brain activation was uncontrolled), imagery activation was obscured because of activation in visual cortex during the baseline condition. These findings resolve a debate in the literature about whether imagery activates early visual cortex(6-11) and indicate that visual mental imagery involves 'depictive' representations, not solely language-like descriptions(12-14). Moreover, the fact that stored visual information can affect processing in even the earliest visual areas suggests that knowledge can fundamentally bias what one sees.
C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,DEPT NEUROL,BOSTON,MA 02114.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,DEPT RADIOL,BOSTON,MA 02114.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP KOSSLYN, SM (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,33 KIRKLAND ST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 20
TC 506
Z9 548
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 496
EP 498
DI 10.1038/378496a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400072
PM 7477406
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HACKNEY, DD
AF HACKNEY, DD
TI HIGHLY PROCESSIVE MICROTUBULE-STIMULATED ATP HYDROLYSIS BY DIMERIC KINESIN HEAD DOMAINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecules; movement
AB STUDIES of immobilized kinesin have shown that a single dimeric molecule can maintain contact with and drive sliding of a microtubule(1,2). In solution, however, native kinesin binds microtubules too weakly(3) and hydrolyses ATP too slowly to produce the high sliding velocities seen in motility assays(4). This apparent inhibition in solution appears to be caused by the binding of kinesin's tail domains to its motor (head) domains in a folded conformation(5). DKH392, a construct containing two heads but no tails, has been shown to display both tight binding to microtubules and high ATPase rates(6). Furthermore, it retains one molecule of ADP per dimer when bound to microtubules(7), which could facilitate a 'hand-over-hand' mechanism for processive motion. Here we show that DKH392 hydrolyses more than 100 ATP molecules per diffusional encounter with a microtubule, even in the high-salt conditions encountered physiologically. This provides direct evidence that kinesin's activity is highly processive, with the motor remaining attached to a microtubule through many cycles of ATP hydrolysis.
RP HACKNEY, DD (corresponding author), CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,4400 5TH AVE,PITTSBURGH,PA 15213, USA.
NR 15
TC 164
Z9 194
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 448
EP 450
DI 10.1038/377448a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000055
PM 7566125
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CALVERT, AJ
AF CALVERT, AJ
TI SEISMIC EVIDENCE FOR A MAGMA CHAMBER BENEATH THE SLOW-SPREADING MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; kane fracture-zone; crustal structure; mark area; reflection data; ocean; 45-degrees-n; 23-degrees-n; constraints; images
AB SEISMIC reflections from magma chambers have been observed along the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise(1,2) and the intermediate-spreading Valu Fa Ridge(3,4); sub-axial reflections also exist beneath the intermediate-spreading Juan de Fuca Ridge(5). But no magma chambers have been identified beneath the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, suggesting that here magma chambers lie unusually deep or are transient features(6-11). Seismic reflection profiles acquired in 1989 over the Snake Pit hydrothermal area, in the rift valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge similar to 25 km south of the Kane fracture zone, showed no evidence of magmatic activity(12), although geochemical analyses of hydrothermal vent fluids suggest the existence of magma at depths as shallow as 1-2 km (13,14). By suppressing in these data high-amplitude coherent noise generated at the sea floor, I have obtained images, in an otherwise non-reflective crust, of seismic reflections beneath, and just south of, the Snake Pit hydrothermal area. These reflections define a small, 4-km-wide dome whose apex is similar to 1,200 m beneath the sea floor. As bright reflections from the upper flanks of this dome occur in the depth range suggested by the vent-fluid geochemistry, I interpret the dome to be the seismic expression of a small magma chamber.
RP CALVERT, AJ (corresponding author), ECOLE POLYTECH,DEPT GENIE MINERAL,CP 6079,SUCC CTR VILLE,MONTREAL,PQ H3C 3A7,CANADA.
NR 34
TC 41
Z9 45
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 410
EP 414
DI 10.1038/377410a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DUFFY, TS
   ZHA, CS
   DOWNS, RT
   MAO, HK
   HEMLEY, RJ
AF DUFFY, TS
   ZHA, CS
   DOWNS, RT
   MAO, HK
   HEMLEY, RJ
TI ELASTICITY OF FORSTERITE TO 16 GPA AND THE COMPOSITION OF THE UPPER-MANTLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; structure beneath; high-p; olivine; velocity; minerals; garnet; phase
AB NEARLY 60 years ago, Bernal(1) proposed that a polymorphic phase transformation in olivine might be responsible for the seismic velocity discontinuity near 410 km depth in the mantle. Phase equilibria experiments(2,3) have since shown that the olivine (alpha) to wadsleyite (beta) transition in (Mg,Fe)(2)SiO4 occurs at the appropriate pressure (13.8 GPa) under mantle conditions. Comparison of laboratory measurements of the acoustic velocity contrast in the alpha-beta system to the magnitude of the seismically observed discontinuity at 410 km provides a way to constrain the olivine content of the mantle at this depth. Here we report measurements of the full set of elastic moduli of single-crystal forsterite (alpha-Mg2SiO4) at pressures between 3 and 16 GPa, using Brillouin scattering in a diamond anvil cell. At 13.8 GPa, the aggregate compressional- and shear-wave velocities of alpha-Mg2SiO4 are 2.7 +/- 0.7% lower than predicted from earlier low-pressure data(4'5). From our data, and assuming a homogeneous mantle composition, the seismic velocity contrast at 410 km depth can be satisfied only by a mantle containing less than similar to 40% olivine. This is well below the olivine abundance assumed in peridotite-based upper-mantle models.
C1 CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,GEOPHYS LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20015.
   CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,CTR HIGH PRESSURE RES,WASHINGTON,DC 20015.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; Carnegie Institution for Science
NR 31
TC 131
Z9 145
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 170
EP 173
DI 10.1038/378170a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DOGGETT, NA
   GOODWIN, LA
   TESMER, JG
   MEINCKE, LJ
   BRUCE, DC
   CLARK, LM
   ALTHERR, MR
   FORD, AA
   CHI, HC
   MARRONE, BL
   LONGMIRE, JL
   LANE, SA
   WHITMORE, SA
   LOWENSTEIN, MG
   SUTHERLAND, RD
   MUNDT, MO
   KNILL, EH
   BRUNO, WJ
   MACKEN, CA
   TORNEY, DC
   WU, JR
   GRIFFITH, J
   SUTHERLAND, GR
   DEAVEN, LL
   CALLEN, DF
   MOYZIS, RK
AF DOGGETT, NA
   GOODWIN, LA
   TESMER, JG
   MEINCKE, LJ
   BRUCE, DC
   CLARK, LM
   ALTHERR, MR
   FORD, AA
   CHI, HC
   MARRONE, BL
   LONGMIRE, JL
   LANE, SA
   WHITMORE, SA
   LOWENSTEIN, MG
   SUTHERLAND, RD
   MUNDT, MO
   KNILL, EH
   BRUNO, WJ
   MACKEN, CA
   TORNEY, DC
   WU, JR
   GRIFFITH, J
   SUTHERLAND, GR
   DEAVEN, LL
   CALLEN, DF
   MOYZIS, RK
TI AN INTEGRATED PHYSICAL MAP OF HUMAN-CHROMOSOME-16
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms; repetitive dna-sequences; human genome; clones; cloning; fragments; regions; vector
AB We describe an integrated physical, genetic and cytogenetic map of human chromosome 16 comprising both a low-resolution megaYAC map and a high-resolution cosmid contig/miniYAC map, which provides nearly complete coverage of the euchromatic arms of the chromosome. The physical map is anchored to a high-resolution cytogenetic breakpoint map and is integrated with genetic and gene transcript maps of the chromosome by sequence-tagged sites and clone hybridizations.
C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV LIFE SCI,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545.
   LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,THEORET BIOL & BIOPHYS GRP,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545.
   LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,APPLICAT PROGRAMMING GRP,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545.
   LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,COMP RES & APPLICAT GRP,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545.
   ADELAIDE CHILDRENS HOSP INC,DEPT CYTOGENET & MOLEC GENET,ADELAIDE,SA 5006,AUSTRALIA.
   UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT CELL BIOL,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of New Mexico
RP DOGGETT, NA (corresponding author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,CTR HUMAN GENOME STUDIES,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA.
NR 46
TC 101
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 
BP 335
EP 365
DI 
PG 31
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA343
UT WOS:A1995TA34300006
PM 7566100
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ICHIKI, T
   LABOSKY, PA
   SHIOTA, C
   OKUYAMA, S
   IMAGAWA, Y
   FOGO, A
   NIIMURA, F
   ICHIKAWA, I
   HOGAN, BLM
   INAGAMI, T
AF ICHIKI, T
   LABOSKY, PA
   SHIOTA, C
   OKUYAMA, S
   IMAGAWA, Y
   FOGO, A
   NIIMURA, F
   ICHIKAWA, I
   HOGAN, BLM
   INAGAMI, T
TI EFFECTS ON BLOOD-PRESSURE AND EXPLORATORY-BEHAVIOR OF MICE LACKING ANGIOTENSIN-II TYPE-2 RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat-brain; expression; subtypes; cloning; antagonists; mechanisms; at1
AB THERE are two major angiotensin II receptor isoforms, AT(1) and AT(2). AT(1) mediates the well-known presser and mitogenic effects of angiotensin II (refs 1-5), but the signalling mechanism and physiological role of AT(2) (refs 6-11) has not been established. Its abundant expression in fetal tissues(12) and certain brain nuclei(13) suggest possible roles in growth, development and neuronal functions. Here we report the unexpected finding that the targeted disruption of the mouse AT(2) gene resulted in a significant increase in blood pressure and increased sensitivity to the presser action of angiotensin II. Thus AT(2) mediates a depressor effect and antagonizes the AT(1)-mediated presser action of angiotensin II. In addition, disruption of the AT(2) gene attenuated exploratory behaviour and lowered body temperature. Our results show that angiotensin II activates AT(1) and AT(2), which have mutually counteracting haemodynamic effects, and that AT(2) regulates central nervous system functions, including behaviour.
C1 VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,NASHVILLE,TN 37232.
   VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,NASHVILLE,TN 37232.
   VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,NASHVILLE,TN 37232.
   VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NASHVILLE,TN 37232.
   TAISHO PHARMACEUT CO LTD,MED RES LABS,LAB 1,OMIYA,SAITAMA 330,JAPAN.
C3 Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Taisho Pharmaceutical Holdings Co Ltd
NR 29
TC 784
Z9 824
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 748
EP 750
DI 10.1038/377748a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900061
PM 7477267
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HUNTER, CP
   KENYON, C
AF HUNTER, CP
   KENYON, C
TI SPECIFICATION OF ANTEROPOSTERIOR CELL FATES IN CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS BY DROSOPHILA HOX PROTEINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; functional specificity; body region; gene; homeodomain; nematode; embryos; larvae
AB ANTENNAPEDIA class homeobox (Hox) genes specify cell fates in successive anteroposterior body domains in vertebrates, insects and nematodes(1-3). The DNA-binding homeodomain sequences are very similar between vertebrate and Drosophila Hox proteins, and this similarity allows vertebrate Hox proteins to function in Drosophila(4-7). In contrast, the Caenorhabditis elegans homeodomains are substantially divertent(8). Further, C. elegans differs from both insects and vertebrates in having a non-segmented body as well as a distinctive mode of development that involves asymmetric early cleavages and invariant cell lineages. Here we report that, despite these differences, Drosophila Hox proteins expressed in C. elegans can substitute for C. elegans Hox proteins in the control of three different cell-fate decisions: the regulation of cell migration, the specification of serotonergic neurons, and the specification of a sensory structure. We also show that the specificity of one C. elegans Hox protein is partly determined by two amino acids that have been implicated in sequence-specific DNA binding. Together these findings suggest that factors important for target recognition by specific Hox proteins have been conserved throughout much of the animal kingdom.
RP HUNTER, CP (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 23
TC 41
Z9 49
U1 1
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 229
EP 232
DI 10.1038/377229a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200039
PM 7675107
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OKAMURA, H
   TSUTSUI, H
   KOMATSU, T
   YUTSUDO, M
   HAKURA, A
   TANIMOTO, T
   TORIGOE, K
   OKURA, T
   NUKADA, Y
   HATTORI, K
   AKITA, K
   NAMBA, M
   TANABE, F
   KONISHI, K
   FUKUDA, S
   KURIMOTO, M
AF OKAMURA, H
   TSUTSUI, H
   KOMATSU, T
   YUTSUDO, M
   HAKURA, A
   TANIMOTO, T
   TORIGOE, K
   OKURA, T
   NUKADA, Y
   HATTORI, K
   AKITA, K
   NAMBA, M
   TANABE, F
   KONISHI, K
   FUKUDA, S
   KURIMOTO, M
TI CLONING OF A NEW CYTOKINE THAT INDUCES IFN-GAMMA PRODUCTION BY T-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE mechanism underlying the differentiation of CD4(+) T cells into functionally distinct subsets (Th1 and Th2) is incompletely understood(1-3), and hitherto unidentified cytokines may be required for the functional maturation of these cells(4). Here we report the cloning of a recently identified IFN-gamma-inducing factor (IGIF) that augments natural killer (NK) activity in spleen cells(5,6). The gene encodes a precursor protein of 192 amino acids and a mature protein of 157 amino acids, which have no obvious similarities to any peptide in the databases. Messenger RNAs for IGIF and interleukin-12 (IL-12) are readily detected in Kupffer cells and activated macrophages. Recombinant IGIF induces IFN-gamma more potently than does IL-12, apparently through a separate pathway. Administration of anti-IGIF antibodies prevents liver damage in mice inoculated with Propionibacterium acnes and challenged with lipopolysaccharide, which induces toxic shock. IGIF may he involved in the development of Th1 cells and also in mechanisms of tissue injury in inflammatory reactions.
C1 HYOGO MED UNIV,DEPT IMMUNOL & MED ZOOL,NISHINOMIYA,HYOGO,JAPAN.
   OSAKA CITY UNIV,TONEYAMA INST TB,TOYONAKA,OSAKA,JAPAN.
   INST MICROBIAL DIS,SUITA,OSAKA,JAPAN.
   HAYASHIBARA CO INC,FUJISAKI INST,HAYASHIBARA BIOCHEM LABS,OKAYAMA,JAPAN.
C3 Hyogo Medical University; Osaka Metropolitan University; Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories, Inc.
RP OKAMURA, H (corresponding author), HYOGO MED UNIV,DEPT BACTERIOL,1-1 MUKOGAWA CHO,NISHINOMIYA,HYOGO,JAPAN.
NR 13
TC 2368
Z9 2797
U1 0
U2 70
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 88
EP 91
DI 10.1038/378088a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900057
PM 7477296
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SABERI, K
   HAFTER, ER
AF SABERI, K
   HAFTER, ER
TI A COMMON NEURAL CODE FOR FREQUENCY-MODULATED AND AMPLITUDE-MODULATED SOUNDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inferior colliculus; auditory-cortex; visual-system; neurons; sensitivity; cat; am; responses; patterns; stimuli
AB MOST naturally occurring sounds are modulated in amplitude or frequencg; important examples include animal vocalizations and species-specific communication signals in mammals, insects, reptiles, birds and amphibians(1-9). Deciphering the information from amplitude-modulated (AM) sounds is a well-understood process, requiring a phase locking of primary auditory afferents to the modulation envelopes(10-12). The mechanism for decoding frequency modulation (FM) is not as clear because the FM envelope is flat (Fig. 1). One biological solution is to monitor amplitude fluctuations in frequency-tuned cochlear filters as the instantaneous frequency of the FM sweeps through the passband of these filters, This view postulates an FM-to-AM transduction whereby a change in frequency is transmitted as a change in amplitude(13,14). This is an appealing idea because, if such transduction occurs early in the auditory pathway, it provides a neurally economical solution to how the auditory system encodes these important sounds. Here we illustrate that an FM and AM sound must be transformed into a common neural code in the brain stem. Observers can accurately determine if the phase of an FM presented to one ear is leading or lagging, by only a fraction of a millisecond, the phase of an AM presented to the other ear. A single intracranial image is perceived, the spatial position of which is a function of this phase difference.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PSYCHOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP SABERI, K (corresponding author), UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT PSYCHOL,CTR HEARING RES,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA.
NR 28
TC 79
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 537
EP 539
DI 10.1038/374537a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900050
PM 7700378
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHEN, C
   NAGY, Z
   RADIC, MZ
   HARDY, RR
   HUSZAR, D
   CAMPER, SA
   WEIGERT, M
AF CHEN, C
   NAGY, Z
   RADIC, MZ
   HARDY, RR
   HUSZAR, D
   CAMPER, SA
   WEIGERT, M
TI THE SITE AND STAGE OF ANTI-DNA B-CELL DELETION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reactive lymphocytes-b; somatic mutation; escape tolerance; autoimmune mice; clonal deletion; bone-marrow; mouse; antibody; autoantibody; elimination
AB ANTIBODIES to DNA and nucleoproteins are found in sera of individuals with systemic autoimmune disease. In the population (and in the autoimmune mouse strain MRL/lpr) there is a great variety of such antinuclear antibodies, but individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus or single MRL mice express a subset only of the antinuclear specificities found in the population. These observations have been interpreted to mean that these antibodies arise by immunization(1) The oligoclonal nature of the autoantibody response and the evidence of selection acting on somatically mutated autoantibodies favour this interpretation(2,3). Specific activation of autoantibodies in disease implies either that autoantibodies are regulated in non-diseased individuals or that autoantigen availability is variable. The former has been demonstrated in anti-DNA transgenic mice. In normal mice, transgene-encoded antibodies against double-stranded (ds) DNA are not expressed in serum or on B cells(4-6). Here we describe modified anti-dsDNA transgenic mice which allow us to study the site and developmental stage at which such B-cell regulation occurs. This model shows that in normal mice B cells expressing anti-DNA specificity are deleted in the bone marrow at a pre-B to immature B transitional stage.
C1 MED COLL PENN,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19129.
   FOX CHASE CANC CTR,INST CANC RES,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111.
   GENPHARM INT INC,MT VIEW,CA 94043.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH MED,DEPT HUMAN GENET,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
C3 Drexel University; Fox Chase Cancer Center; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP CHEN, C (corresponding author), PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,PRINCETON,NJ 08544, USA.
NR 24
TC 262
Z9 295
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6511
BP 252
EP 255
DI 10.1038/373252a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QC278
UT WOS:A1995QC27800066
PM 7816141
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LOVE, JJ
   LI, XA
   CASE, DA
   GIESE, K
   GROSSCHEDL, R
   WRIGHT, PE
AF LOVE, JJ
   LI, XA
   CASE, DA
   GIESE, K
   GROSSCHEDL, R
   WRIGHT, PE
TI STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR DNA BENDING BY THE ARCHITECTURAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR LEF-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-enhancer; nucleoprotein structures; crystal-structure; nucleic-acids; minor-groove; hmg domain; proteins; binding; complex; tcf-1
AB LYMPHOID enhancer-binding factor (LEF-1) and the closely related T-cell factor 1 (TCF-1) are sequence-specific and cell-type-specific DNA-binding proteins that play important regulatory roles in organogenesis and thymocyte differentiation(1-5). LEF-1 participates in regulation of the enhancer associated with the T cell receptor (TCR)-alpha gene by inducing a sharp bend in the DNA and facilitating interactions between Ets-1, PEBP2-alpha, and ATF/CREB transcription factors bound at sites flanking the LEF-1 site(1,2,6,7). It seems that LEF-1 plays an architectural role in the assembly and function of this regulatory nucleoprotein complex(7,8). LEF-1 recognizes a specific nucleotide sequence through a high-mobilty-group (HMG) domain(1,2). Proteins containing HMG domains bind DNA in the minor groove, bend the double helix(6,9,10), and recognize four-way junctions and other irregular DNA structures(9,11). Here we report the solution structure of a complex of the LEF-1 HMG domain and adjacent basic region with its cognate DNA. The structure reveals the HMG domain bound in the widened minor groove of a markedly distorted and bent double helix. The basic region binds across the narrowed major groove and contributes to DNA recognition.
C1 SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, SAN DIEGO, CA 92037 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT MICROBIOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT BIOCHEM, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 31
TC 550
Z9 625
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6543
BP 791
EP 795
DI 10.1038/376791a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RR836
UT WOS:A1995RR83600045
PM 7651541
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SONGAILA, A
   HU, EM
   COWIE, LL
AF SONGAILA, A
   HU, EM
   COWIE, LL
TI A POPULATION OF VERY DIFFUSE LYMAN-ALPHA CLOUDS AS THE ORIGIN OF THE HE+ ABSORPTION SIGNAL IN THE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-redshift; forest; qsos
AB KNOWLEDGE of the physical state of the relatively uniform component of the intergalactic medium (the 'substrate') is critical to understanding the propagation of ionizing radiation and dynamical energy through intergalactic space, and for establishing the boundary conditions for the formation of the intergalactic gas clouds and galaxies that are assumed to have condensed from it. Uniformly distributed hydrogen, and, even more so, He+ will produce characteristic smooth absorption in the spectra of high-redshift quasars(1-4), but at low spectral resolution it is difficult to distinguish such an absorption trough from the cumulative effect of absorption by the Lyman-alpha 'forest' of clouds, We report the detection of a population of weak 'forest' clouds with column density down to 2 x 10(12) cm(-2), and show that absorption in these clouds can account for a recent measurement(1) of strong He+ absorption without necessarily having to invoke a diffuse intergalactic medium.
RP SONGAILA, A (corresponding author), UNIV HAWAII,INST ASTRON,2680 WOODLAWN DR,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA.
NR 16
TC 51
Z9 51
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6527
BP 124
EP 126
DI 10.1038/375124a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QX741
UT WOS:A1995QX74100043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SICHERI, F
   YANG, DSC
AF SICHERI, F
   YANG, DSC
TI ICE-BINDING STRUCTURE AND MECHANISM OF AN ANTIFREEZE PROTEIN FROM WINTER FLOUNDER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics; globular-proteins; alpha-helices; polypeptide; adsorption
AB ANTIFREEZE proteins provide fish with protection against the freezing effect of polar environments by binding to ice surfaces and inhibiting growth of ice crystals. We present the X-ray crystal structure at 1.5 Angstrom resolution of a lone alpha-helical antifreeze protein from winter flounder, which provides a detailed look at its ice-binding features. These consist of four repeated ice-binding motifs, the side chains of which are inherently rigid or restrained by pairwise side-chain interactions to form a flat binding surface. Elaborate amino- and carboxy-terminal cap structures are also present, which explain the protein's rich alpha-helical content in solution. We propose an ice-binding model that accounts for the binding specificity of the antifreeze protein along the [01 (1) over bar 2] axes of the {20 (2) over bar 1} ice planes(1).
C1 MCMASTER UNIV,FAC HLTH SCI,DEPT BIOCHEM,HAMILTON,ON L8N 3Z5,CANADA.
   VET ADM MED CTR,BIOCRYSTALLOG LAB,PITTSBURGH,PA 15240.
C3 McMaster University; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA)
NR 23
TC 364
Z9 419
U1 2
U2 133
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6530
BP 427
EP 431
DI 10.1038/375427a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RB101
UT WOS:A1995RB10100060
PM 7760940
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FRANCEY, RJ
   TANS, PP
   ALLISON, CE
   ENTING, IG
   WHITE, JWC
   TROLIER, M
AF FRANCEY, RJ
   TANS, PP
   ALLISON, CE
   ENTING, IG
   WHITE, JWC
   TROLIER, M
TI CHANGES IN OCEANIC AND TERRESTRIAL CARBON UPTAKE SINCE 1982
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric co2; dioxide; ratio; time
AB CHANCES in the carbon isotope ratio (delta(13)C) of atmospheric CO2 can be used in global carbon-cycle models(1-5) to elucidate the relative roles of oceanic and terrestrial uptake of fossil-fuel CO2. Here we present measurements of delta(13)C made at several stations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres over the past decade. Focusing on the highest-quality data from Cape Grim (41 degrees S), which also provide the longest continuous record, we observe a gradual decrease in delta(13)C from 1982 to 1993, but with a pronounced flattening from 1988 to 1990. There is an inverse relationship between CO2 growth rate(6) and El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events which is not reflected in the isotope record. Thus, for the ENSO events in 1982, 1986 and 1991-92, we deduce that net ocean uptake of CO2 increased, whereas during La Nina events, when equatorial sea surface temperatures are lower, upwelling of carbon-rich water increases the release of CO2 from the oceans. The flattening of the trend from 1988 to 1990 appears to involve the terrestrial carbon cycle, but we cannot yet ascribe firm causes. We find that the large and continuing decrease in CO2 growth starting in 1988(6) involves increases in both terrestrial and oceanic uptake, the latter persisting through 1992.
C1 NOAA, CLIMATE MONITORING & DIAGNOST LAB, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA.
   UNIV COLORADO, DEPT GEOL SCI, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA.
   UNIV COLORADO, INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP FRANCEY, RJ (corresponding author), CSIRO, DIV ATMOSPHER RES, PRIVATE BAG 1, MORDIALLOC, VIC 3195, AUSTRALIA.
NR 20
TC 398
Z9 421
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 326
EP 330
DI 10.1038/373326a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KRUSINELBAUM, L
   TSUEI, CC
   GUPTA, A
AF KRUSINELBAUM, L
   TSUEI, CC
   GUPTA, A
TI HIGH-CURRENT DENSITIES ABOVE 100 K IN THE HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR HGBA2CACU2O6+DELTA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-films; irreversibility line; anisotropy; hgba2cuo4+delta; behavior
AB THE recent discovery(1,2) of a family of mercury-based copper oxide superconductors having transition temperatures above 130 K is of considerable technological interest, But the viability of high-temperature superconductors for many applications will ultimately depend on the size of the current density, J(c), that they are able to support, not only at high temperatures, but also in high magnetic fields, For the cuprate superconductors, and in particular for Hg-based materials, the combination of high transition temperature(1-3) and large mass anisotropy implies that the transport properties will be intrinsically limited by large thermal fluctuations and short superconducting coherence lengths(4). Here we report that high-quality c-axis-oriented epitaxial films of the compound HgBa2CaCu6O6+delta (Hg-1212; ref, 5) can support large in-plane current densities at temperatures higher than has been achieved for other superconductors. In low magnetic fields oriented normal to the film surface, we find J(c) greater than or similar to 10(7) A cm(-2) at 5 K and J(c) similar to 10(5) A cm(-2) at 110 K, at least an order of magnitude larger than for Bi- or Tl-based films(6-11). For in-plane magnetic fields, the critical current (similar to 10(8) A cm(-2)) is close to the theoretical limit even at high fields, indicative of strong intrinsic pinning in this compound.
RP KRUSINELBAUM, L (corresponding author), IBM CORP,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598, USA.
NR 25
TC 102
Z9 103
U1 3
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 679
EP 681
DI 10.1038/373679a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LUO, Y
   HURWITZ, J
   MASSAGUE, J
AF LUO, Y
   HURWITZ, J
   MASSAGUE, J
TI CELL-CYCLE INHIBITION BY INDEPENDENT CDK AND PCNA BINDING DOMAINS IN P21(CIP1)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent kinases; identification; suppression; subunit; p21
AB MAMMALIAN cell-cycle control by antimitogenic signals involves p21(Cip1/WAF1) (refs 1-4), p27(Kip1) (refs 5, 6) and p57(Kip2) (refs 7, 8), a family of proteins that bind to and inhibit cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) required for initiation of S phase. The protein p21 also binds to the DNA polymerase 6 processivity factor, proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and inhibits in vitro PCNA-dependent DNA replication(9,10). The CDK and PCNA inhibitory activities of p21 are shown here to be functionally independent and to reside in separate protein domains. The PCNA binding and inhibitory activities, which are not observed with p27 or p57, reside in the C-terminal domain of p21, whereas the CDK inhibitory activity resides in the conserved N-terminal domains of these proteins. When separately overexpressed in mammalian cells, the CDK and PCNA inhibitory domains prevent DNA replication, demonstrating a dual function of p21 as a cell-cycle inhibitor in vivo.
C1 MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,CELL BIOL & GENET PROGRAM,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,PROGRAM MOLEC BIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 19
TC 540
Z9 606
U1 1
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6527
BP 159
EP 161
DI 10.1038/375159a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QX741
UT WOS:A1995QX74100055
PM 7753174
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BEZRUKOV, SM
   VODYANOY, I
AF BEZRUKOV, SM
   VODYANOY, I
TI NOISE-INDUCED ENHANCEMENT OF SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION ACROSS VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT ION CHANNELS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alamethicin; conductance
AB THE presence of noise in a signal transduction system usually interferes with its ability to transfer information reliably. But many nonlinear systems can use noise to enhance performance(1), and this phenomenon, called stochastic resonance, may underlie the extraordinary ability of some biological systems to detect and amplify small signals in noisy environments(2-5). Previous work has demonstrated the occurrence of stochastic resonance in a complex system of biological transducers and neural signal pathways(6), but the possibility that it could occur at the sub-cellular level has remained open. Here we report the observation of stochastic resonance in a system of voltage-dependent ion channels formed by the peptide alamethicin. A hundred-fold increase in signal transduction induced by external noise is accompanied by a growth in the output signal-to-noise ratio. The system of ion channels considered here represents the simplest biological system yet known to exhibit stochastic resonance.
C1 OFF NAVAL RES, LONDON NW1 5TH, ENGLAND.
   ST PETERSBURG NUCL PHYS INST, GATCHINA 188350, RUSSIA.
   UCL, LONDON, ENGLAND.
C3 National Research Centre - Kurchatov Institute; Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute; University of London; University College London
RP BEZRUKOV, SM (corresponding author), NIH, DIV COMP RES & TECHNOL, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
NR 14
TC 348
Z9 365
U1 1
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 362
EP 364
DI 10.1038/378362a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300049
PM 7477370
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HART, AC
   SIMS, S
   KAPLAN, JM
AF HART, AC
   SIMS, S
   KAPLAN, JM
TI SYNAPTIC CODE FOR SENSORY MODALITIES REVEALED BY C-ELEGANS GLR-1 GLUTAMATE-RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; expression
AB How does the nervous system encode environmental stimuli as sensory experiences? Both the type (visual, olfactory, gustatory, mechanical or auditory) and the quality of a stimulus (spatial position, intensity or frequency) are represented as a neural code. Here we undertake a genetic analysis of sensory modality coding in Caenorhabditis elegans. The ASH sensory neurons respond to two distinct sensory stimuli (nose touch and osmotic stimuli). A mutation in the glr-1 (glutamate receptor) gene eliminates the response to nose touch but not to osmotic repellents. The predicted GLR-1 protein is roughly 40% identical to mammalian AMPA-class glutamate receptor (GluR) subunits. Analysis of glr-1 expression and genetic mosaics indicates that GLR-1 receptors act in synaptic targets of the ASH neurons. We propose that discrimination between the ASH sensory modalities arises from differential release of ASH neurotransmitters in response to different stimuli.
C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02114.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 18
TC 329
Z9 426
U1 2
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 82
EP 85
DI 10.1038/378082a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900055
PM 7477294
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SWAFFIELD, JC
   MELCHER, K
   JOHNSTON, SA
AF SWAFFIELD, JC
   MELCHER, K
   JOHNSTON, SA
TI A HIGHLY CONSERVED ATPASE PROTEIN AS A MEDIATOR BETWEEN ACIDIC ACTIVATION DOMAINS AND THE TATA-BINDING PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-weight proteases; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; multicatalytic proteinase; 26-s protease; yeast; gene; gal4; member; family; purification
AB BIOCHEMICAL and genetic studies suggest the existence of mediators that work between the activation domains (ADs) of regulatory proteins and the basic transcriptional machinery. We have previously shown genetically that Sug1 interacts with the AD of the yeast activator Ga14(1). Here we provide evidence that the Sug1 protein of yeast binds directly to the ADs of Ga14 and the viral activator, VP16. Sug1 protein is associated with the TATA-binding protein in vivo and binds to it in vitro, consistent with a mediator function. We also demonstrate that Sug1 is not a component of the 26S proteasome, contrary to previous reports(2-5). Sug1 is a member of a large, highly conserved family of ATPases, implying a role for ATP hydrolysis in the activation of transcription.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT MED,DALLAS,TX 75325.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,DALLAS,TX 75325.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
NR 30
TC 134
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 88
EP 91
DI 10.1038/374088a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900060
PM 7870180
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TANAKA, Y
   MORITA, CT
   TANAKA, Y
   NIEVES, E
   BRENNER, MB
   BLOOM, BR
AF TANAKA, Y
   MORITA, CT
   TANAKA, Y
   NIEVES, E
   BRENNER, MB
   BLOOM, BR
TI NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC NONPEPTIDE ANTIGENS RECOGNIZED BY HUMAN GAMMA-DELTA T-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mycobacterium-tuberculosis; expansion; receptor; protein; subset
AB T LYMPHOCYTES express either alpha beta or gamma delta T-cell receptor heterodimers(1,2). Most alpha beta T cells recognize antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules but the antigen recognition and biological function of gamma delta T cells is unknown. A major human gamma delta T-cell subset expressing V gamma 2 and V delta 2 germline genes, but having diverse junctional sequences, is found in human mycobacterial lesions(3) and responds in vitro to antigens of bacteria and parasites(4-8). In addition, certain haematopoietic tumour cells are specifically recognized and lysed by these T cells(9). V gamma 2V delta 2-bearing T cells were shown to recognize mycobacterial antigens that are protease resistant and phosphatase sensitive(10-13). Because of the difficulty in isolating natural antigens from mycobacterial culture filtrates or extracts, we synthesized a series of monoalkyl phosphates, and found that some, particularly monoethyl phosphate, could mimic the activity of mycobacterial antigens in stimulating these gamma delta T cells(10). Here we report the identification of natural antigens produced by mycobacteria recognized by human V gamma 2V delta 2-bearing T cells as isopentenyl pyrophosphate and related prenyl pyrophosphate derivatives, compounds involved in the synthesis of complex polyisoprenoid compounds in microbial and mammalian cells. Substitution of phosphate for the pyrophosphate moiety, or elimination of the double bond, greatly reduced antigenic activity of these compounds. These results provide formal evidence that, in contrast to recognition of major histocompatibility complex-bound peptide antigens by alpha beta T cells, human gamma delta T cells can recognize naturally occurring small non-peptidic antigens.
C1 YESHIVA UNIV ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BRONX,NY 10461.
   YESHIVA UNIV ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,BRONX,NY 10461.
   YESHIVA UNIV ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BRONX,NY 10461.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT RHEUMATOL & IMMUNOL,LYMPHOCYTE BIOL SECT,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Yeshiva University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 27
TC 892
Z9 979
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6527
BP 155
EP 158
DI 10.1038/375155a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QX741
UT WOS:A1995QX74100054
PM 7753173
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHORTER, JH
   KOLB, CE
   CRILL, PM
   KERWIN, RA
   TALBOT, RW
   HINES, ME
   HARRISS, RC
AF SHORTER, JH
   KOLB, CE
   CRILL, PM
   KERWIN, RA
   TALBOT, RW
   HINES, ME
   HARRISS, RC
TI RAPID DEGRADATION OF ATMOSPHERIC METHYL-BROMIDE IN SOILS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ch3br
AB METHYL bromide (CH3Br), a widely used agricultural fumigant, may be an important source of atmospheric bromine radicals, which destroy stratospheric ozone(1-10). In current models of this compound's atmospheric behaviour, the main sinks are taken to be oxidation by hydroxyl radicals, photolysis and uptake by the oceans(1-5,7,9,10). But there is also evidence that CH3Br is consumed in soils(8,11-13). Here we report laboratory and field experiments which show that, when exposed to a variety of soil types at low mixing ratios, CH3Br is rapidly and irreversibly removed to below the levels found in the global atmosphere. We show that the uptake process is bacterially mediated. We estimate the global annual soil sink to be 42 +/- 32 Gg; coupled with other removal mechanisms, this suggests an atmospheric lifetime for CH3Br of about 0.8 yr, just half the previous best estimate(9), and an ozone depletion potential that is about 30% smaller than the previous estimate(1).
C1 AERODYNE RES INC,CTR CHEM & ENVIRONM PHYS,BILLERICA,MA 01821.
   UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,INST STUDY EARTH OCEANS & SPACE,DURHAM,NH 03824.
C3 Aerodyne Research; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire
NR 24
TC 133
Z9 139
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 717
EP 719
DI 10.1038/377717a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WANG, Y
   PRIVES, C
AF WANG, Y
   PRIVES, C
TI INCREASED AND ALTERED DNA-BINDING OF HUMAN P53 BY S AND G2/M BUT NOT G1 CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphorylation; protein; mutant; proliferation; replication; inhibit; antigen; genes
AB CENTRAL to the role of p53 in cell regulation are its sequence-specific interactions with genes that control the cell cycle and apoptosis(1,2). p53 response elements contain two or more copies of a somewhat promiscuous consensus sequence: 5'-XXXC(A,T)(T, A)GYYY-3' (where X is a purine and Y is a pyrimidine) (ref, 3), The sequence-specific DNA-binding region of p53 resides in its central conserved region(4). Although this region itself is not known to he phosphorylated, the amino and carboxy termini of human p53 contain sites for phosphorylation by several protein kinases.
RP WANG, Y (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, NEW YORK, NY 10027 USA.
NR 30
TC 334
Z9 366
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6535
BP 88
EP 91
DI 10.1038/376088a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RH111
UT WOS:A1995RH11100068
PM 7596441
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MULLER, CW
   REY, FA
   SODEOKA, M
   VERDINE, GL
   HARRISON, SC
AF MULLER, CW
   REY, FA
   SODEOKA, M
   VERDINE, GL
   HARRISON, SC
TI STRUCTURE OF THE NF-KAPPA-B P50 HOMODIMER BOUND TO DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; binding subunit; transcriptional activation; 3-dimensional structure; cytoplasmic retention; nucleic-acids; p65 subunit; protein; rel; gene
AB The structure of a large fragment of the p50 subunit of the human transcription factor NF-kappa B, bound as a homodimer to DNA, reveals that the Rel-homology region has two beta-barrel domains that grip DNA in the major groove. Both domains contact the DNA backbone. The amino-terminal specificity domain contains a recognition loop that interacts with DNA bases; the carboxy-terminal dimerization domain bears the site of I-kappa B interaction. The folds of these domains are related to immunoglobulin-like modules. The amino-terminal domain also resembles the core domain of p53.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   HARVARD UNIV,DEPT CHEM,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   UNIV TOKYO,FAC PHARMACEUT SCI,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; University of Tokyo
RP MULLER, CW (corresponding author), HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,7 DIVINITY AVE,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 48
TC 517
Z9 592
U1 1
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 311
EP 317
DI 10.1038/373311a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400049
PM 7830764
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RAHMSTORF, S
AF RAHMSTORF, S
TI BIFURCATIONS OF THE ATLANTIC THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION IN RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocean-atmosphere system; north-atlantic; heat; fluxes; model; sea
AB The sensitivity of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation to the input of fresh water is studied using a global ocean circulation model coupled to a simplified model atmosphere. Owing to the nonlinearity of the system, moderate changes in freshwater input can induce transitions between different equilibrium states, leading to substantial changes in regional climate. As even local changes in freshwater flux are capable of triggering convective instability, quite small perturbations to the present hydrological cycle may lead to temperature changes of several degrees on timescales of only a few years.
RP RAHMSTORF, S (corresponding author), INST MEERESKUNDE, DUSTERNBROOKER WEG 20, D-24105 KIEL, GERMANY.
NR 39
TC 562
Z9 602
U1 0
U2 78
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 145
EP 149
DI 10.1038/378145a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JARRIAULT, S
   BROU, C
   LOGEAT, F
   SCHROETER, EH
   KOPAN, R
   ISRAEL, A
AF JARRIAULT, S
   BROU, C
   LOGEAT, F
   SCHROETER, EH
   KOPAN, R
   ISRAEL, A
TI SIGNALING DOWNSTREAM OF ACTIVATED MAMMALIAN NOTCH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding-protein; cell-fate; drosophila; expression; gene; differentiation; enhancer; sequence; receptor; homolog
AB NOTCH belongs to a family of transmembrane proteins that are widely conserved from flies to vertebrates and are thought to be involved in cell-fate decisions. In Drosophila, the Suppressor of hairless (Su(H)) gene(1,2) and genes of the Enhancer of split (E(Spl)) complex, which encode proteins of the basic helix-loop-helix type(3,4) have been implicated in the Notch signalling pathway. Mammalian homologues of E(Spl), such as the mouse Hairy enhancer of split (HES-1)(5), have been isolated. Both HES-1 and the intracellular domain of murine Notch (mNotch) are able to block MyoD-induced myogenesis(5-7). Here we show that activated forms of mNotch associate with the human analogue of Su(H), KBF2/RBP-J kappa (refs 8,9) and act as transcriptional activators through the KBF2-binding sites of the HES-1 promoter.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV, DIV DERMATOL, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
   WASHINGTON UNIV, DEPT MOLEC BIOL & PHARMACOL, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP JARRIAULT, S (corresponding author), INST PASTEUR, CNRS, URA 1149, UNITE BIOL MOLEC EXPRESS GENET, 28 RUE DR ROUX, F-75724 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
NR 24
TC 1238
Z9 1473
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 355
EP 358
DI 10.1038/377355a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100061
PM 7566092
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU UNWIN, N
AF UNWIN, N
TI ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTOR CHANNEL IMAGED IN THE OPEN STATE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nicotinic acetylcholine-receptor; delta-subunit; ligand-binding; ion channels; amino-acids; h-3 chlorpromazine; crystal-structure; tubular crystals; gamma-subunit; agonist
AB The structure of the open-channel form of the acetylcholine receptor has been determined from electron images of Torpedo ray postsynaptic membranes activated by brief (<5 ms) mixing with droplets containing acetylcholine. Comparison with the closed-channel form shows that acetylcholine Initiates small rotations of the subunits in the extracellular domain, which trigger a change in configuration of a-helices lining the membrane-spanning pore. The open pore tapers towards the intracellular membrane face, where it is shaped by a 'barrel' of a-helices having a pronounced right-handed twist.
RP UNWIN, N (corresponding author), MRC, MOLEC BIOL LAB, HILLS RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH, ENGLAND.
NR 49
TC 906
Z9 996
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6509
BP 37
EP 43
DI 10.1038/373037a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QA239
UT WOS:A1995QA23900047
PM 7800037
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WAGNER, RL
   APRILETTI, JW
   MCGRATH, ME
   WEST, BL
   BAXTER, JD
   FLETTERICK, RJ
AF WAGNER, RL
   APRILETTI, JW
   MCGRATH, ME
   WEST, BL
   BAXTER, JD
   FLETTERICK, RJ
TI A STRUCTURAL ROLE FOR HORMONE IN THE THYROID-HORMONE RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID v-erba; estrogen-receptor; nuclear receptor; dna-binding; c-erba; superfamily; refinement; activation; model
AB The crystal structure of the rat a, thyroid hormone receptor ligand-binding domain bound with a thyroid hormone agonist reveals that ligand is completely buried within the domain as part of the hydrophobic core. In addition, the carboxy-terminal activation domain forms an amphipathic helix, with its hydrophobic face constituting part of the hormone binding cavity. These observations suggest a structural role for ligand, in establishing the active conformation of the receptor, that is likely to underlie hormonal regulation of gene expression for the nuclear receptors.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, METAB RES UNIT, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT MED, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   KHEPRI PHARMACEUT INC, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP WAGNER, RL (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, GRAD GRP BIOPHYS, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
NR 49
TC 792
Z9 862
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 690
EP 697
DI 10.1038/378690a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900043
PM 7501015
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HUMPHRIS, SE
   HERZIG, PM
   MILLER, DJ
   ALT, JC
   BECKER, K
   BROWN, D
   BRUGMANN, G
   CHIBA, H
   FOUQUET, Y
   GEMMELL, JB
   GUERIN, G
   HANNINGTON, MD
   HOLM, NG
   HONNOREZ, JJ
   ITURRINO, GJ
   KNOTT, R
   LUDWIG, R
   NAKAMURA, K
   PETERSEN, S
   REYSENBACH, AL
   RONA, PA
   SMITH, S
   STURZ, AA
   TIVEY, MK
   ZHAO, X
AF HUMPHRIS, SE
   HERZIG, PM
   MILLER, DJ
   ALT, JC
   BECKER, K
   BROWN, D
   BRUGMANN, G
   CHIBA, H
   FOUQUET, Y
   GEMMELL, JB
   GUERIN, G
   HANNINGTON, MD
   HOLM, NG
   HONNOREZ, JJ
   ITURRINO, GJ
   KNOTT, R
   LUDWIG, R
   NAKAMURA, K
   PETERSEN, S
   REYSENBACH, AL
   RONA, PA
   SMITH, S
   STURZ, AA
   TIVEY, MK
   ZHAO, X
TI THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF AN ACTIVE SEA-FLOOR MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mid-atlantic ridge; tag; snakepit; 26-degrees-n; circulation; sulfides; zones; model
AB THE hydrothermal circulation of sea water through permeable ocean crust results in rock-water interactions that lead to the formation of massive sulphide deposits. These are the modern analogues of many ancient ophiolite-hosted deposits(1-4), such as those exposed in Cyprus. Here we report results obtained from drilling a series of holes into an actively forming sulphide deposit on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A complex assemblage of sulphide-anhydrite-silica breccias provides striking evidence that such hydrothermal mounds do not grow simply by the accumulation of sulphides on the sea floor. Indeed, the deposit grows largely as an in situ breccia pile, as successive episodes of hydrothermal activity each form new hydrothermal precipitates and cement earlier deposits. During inactive periods, the collapse of sulphide chimneys, dissolution of anhydrite, and disruption by faulting cause brecciation of the deposit. The abundance of anhydrite beneath the present region of focused hydrothermal venting reflects the high temperatures (>150 degrees C) currently maintained within the mound, and implies substantial entrainment of cold sea water into the interior of the deposit. These observations demonstrate the important role of amhydrite in the growth of massive sulphide deposits, despite its absence in those preserved on land.
C1 BERGAKAD FREIBERG,INST MINERAL,D-09595 FREIBURG,GERMANY.
   TEXAS A&M UNIV,OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   UNIV MIAMI,ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI,DEPT MARINE GEOL & GEOPHYS,MIAMI,FL 33149.
   CSIC,INST CICENCIAS TIERRA,E-08028 BARCELONA,SPAIN.
   MAX PLANCK INST CHEM,GEOCHEM ABT,D-55020 MAINZ,GERMANY.
   KYUSHU UNIV 33,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,FUKUOKA 812,JAPAN.
   IFREMER,CTR BREST,DRO GM,F-29280 PLOUZANE,FRANCE.
   UNIV TASMANIA,CODES,HOBART,TAS 7001,AUSTRALIA.
   LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964.
   GEOL SURVEY CANADA,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0E8,CANADA.
   UNIV STOCKHOLM,DEPT GEOL & GEOCHEM,S-10691 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN.
   UNIV STRASBOURG 1,INST GEOL,F-67084 STRASBOURG,FRANCE.
   UNIV WALES COLL CARDIFF,DEPT EARTH SCI,CARDIFF CF1 3YE,S GLAM,WALES.
   UNIV HAWAII MANOA,SCH OCEAN & EARTH SCI & TECHNOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822.
   GEOL SURVEY JAPAN,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
   INDIANA UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405.
   RUTGERS STATE UNIV,INST MARINE & COASTAL SCI,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903.
   UNIV HOUSTON,DEPT GEOSCI,HOUSTON,TX 77204.
   UNIV SAN DIEGO,MARINE & ENVIRONM STUDIES PROGRAM,SAN DIEGO,CA 92110.
   WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT MARINE CHEM & GEOCHEM,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,INST TECTON,DEPT EARTH SCI,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064.
C3 Technical University Freiberg; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Miami; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); Max Planck Society; Kyushu University; Ifremer; University of Tasmania; Columbia University; Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada; Stockholm University; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Cardiff University; University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; University of Houston System; University of Houston; University of San Diego; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP HUMPHRIS, SE (corresponding author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA.
NR 22
TC 270
Z9 297
U1 1
U2 92
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 713
EP 716
DI 10.1038/377713a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GAMES, D
   ADAMS, D
   ALESSANDRINI, R
   BARBOUR, R
   BERTHELETTE, P
   BLACKWELL, C
   CARR, T
   CLEMENS, J
   DONALDSON, T
   GILLESPIE, F
   GUIDO, T
   HAGOPIAN, S
   JOHNSONWOOD, K
   KHAN, K
   LEE, M
   LEIBOWITZ, P
   LIEBERBURG, I
   LITTLE, S
   MASLIAH, E
   MCCONLOGUE, L
   MONTOYAZAVALA, M
   MUCKE, L
   PAGANINI, L
   PENNIMAN, E
   POWER, M
   SCHENK, D
   SEUBERT, P
   SNYDER, B
   SORIANO, F
   TAN, H
   VITALE, J
   WADSWORTH, S
   WOLOZIN, B
   ZHAO, J
AF GAMES, D
   ADAMS, D
   ALESSANDRINI, R
   BARBOUR, R
   BERTHELETTE, P
   BLACKWELL, C
   CARR, T
   CLEMENS, J
   DONALDSON, T
   GILLESPIE, F
   GUIDO, T
   HAGOPIAN, S
   JOHNSONWOOD, K
   KHAN, K
   LEE, M
   LEIBOWITZ, P
   LIEBERBURG, I
   LITTLE, S
   MASLIAH, E
   MCCONLOGUE, L
   MONTOYAZAVALA, M
   MUCKE, L
   PAGANINI, L
   PENNIMAN, E
   POWER, M
   SCHENK, D
   SEUBERT, P
   SNYDER, B
   SORIANO, F
   TAN, H
   VITALE, J
   WADSWORTH, S
   WOLOZIN, B
   ZHAO, J
TI ALZHEIMER-TYPE NEUROPATHOLOGY IN TRANSGENIC MICE OVEREXPRESSING V717F BETA-AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID senile plaques; disease; identification; expression; pathology; deposits; peptide; chain; brain; gene
AB ALZHEIMER'S disease (AD) is the most common cause of progressive intellectual failure in aged humans. AD brains contain numerous amyloid plaques surrounded by dystrophic neurites, and show profound synaptic loss, neurofibrillary tangle formation and gliosis. The amyloid plaques are composed of amyloid beta-peptide (A beta), a 40-42-amino-acid fragment of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP)(1). A primary pathogenic role for APP/A beta is suggested by missense mutations in APP that are tightly linked to autosomal dominant forms of AD(2,3). A major obstacle to elucidating and treating AD has been the lack of an animal model. Animals transgenic for APP have previously failed to show extensive AD-type neuropathology(4-10), but we now report the production of transgenic mice that express high levels of human mutant APP (with valine at residue 717 substituted by phenylalanine) and which progressively develop many of the pathological hallmarks of AD, including numerous extracellular thioflavin S-positive AP deposits, neuritic plaques, synaptic loss, astrocytosis and microgliosis. These mice support a primary role for APP/A beta in the genesis of AD and could provide a preclinical model for testing therapeutic drugs.
C1 ATHENA NEUROSCI INC, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   EXEMPLAR CORP, WORCESTER, MA 01605 USA.
   ELI LILLY & CO, LILLY RES LAB, INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46285 USA.
   SCRIPPS RES INST, RES INST, DEPT NEUROPHARMACOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT NEUROSCI, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   NIMH, CLIN SCI LAB, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Eli Lilly; Lilly Research Laboratories; Scripps Research Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
NR 29
TC 2213
Z9 2652
U1 0
U2 184
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6514
BP 523
EP 527
DI 10.1038/373523a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QF724
UT WOS:A1995QF72400060
PM 7845465
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROSEN, MK
   YAMAZAKI, T
   GISH, GD
   KAY, CM
   PAWSON, T
   KAY, LE
AF ROSEN, MK
   YAMAZAKI, T
   GISH, GD
   KAY, CM
   PAWSON, T
   KAY, LE
TI DIRECT DEMONSTRATION OF AN INTRAMOLECULAR SH2-PHOSPHOTYROSINE INTERACTION IN THE CRK PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphotyrosine-containing proteins; sh3 domains; v-crk; binding; src; identification; product; peptide
AB MANY signal transduction processes are mediated by the binding Of Src-homology-2 (SH2) domains to phosphotyrosine (pTyr)-containing proteins(1). Although most SH2-pTyr interactions occur between tao different types of molecules, some appear to involve only a single molecular type. It has been proposed that the enzymatic activity and substrate recognition of the Src-family kinases(2-4), and the protein-binding and transforming activity of Crk-family adaptor proteins(5), are regulated by intramolecular SH2-pTyr interactions. In addition, the DNA-binding activity of Stat transcription factors seems to be regulated by SH2-mediated homodimerization(6). Here we examine the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of murine Crk II (p-mCrk and mCrk, respectively)(7-9) using a combination of physical techniques. The Crk protein contains a single SH2 domain and two SH3 domains in the order SH2-SH3-SH3. There is a tyrosine-phosphorylation site between the two SH3 domains at residue 221 which is phosphorylated in vivo by the Abl tyrosine kinase(5). Using NMR spectroscopic analysis, we show here that the SH2 domain of purified p-mCrk is bound to pTyr, and by hydrodynamic measurements that the phosphorylated protein is monomeric, These results provide direct demonstration of an intramolecular SH2-pTyr interaction in a signalling molecule.
C1 UNIV TORONTO, DEPT MED GENET, TORONTO, ON M5S 1A8, CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, TORONTO, ON M5S 1A8, CANADA.
   MT SINAI HOSP, SAMUEL LUNENFELD RES INST, PROGRAMME MOLEC BIOL & CANC, TORONTO, ON M5G 1X5, CANADA.
   UNIV ALBERTA, DEPT BIOCHEM, MRC, PROT STRUCT & FUNCT GRP, EDMONTON, AB T6G 2H7, CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Alberta
RP ROSEN, MK (corresponding author), UNIV TORONTO, PROT ENGN NETWORK CTR EXCELLENCE, MED SCI BLDG, TORONTO, ON M5S 1A8, CANADA.
NR 27
TC 107
Z9 121
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 477
EP 479
DI 10.1038/374477a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900065
PM 7700361
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VANDECAR, JC
   JAMES, DE
   ASSUMPCAO, M
AF VANDECAR, JC
   JAMES, DE
   ASSUMPCAO, M
TI SEISMIC EVIDENCE FOR A FOSSIL MANTLE PLUME BENEATH SOUTH-AMERICA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PLATE DRIVING FORCES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID moving mechanisms; amplitude data; flood basalts; heads; evolution; inversion; dynamics; motion; models; times
AB A teleseismic travel-time study reveals the presence of a fossil plume in the deep upper mantle beneath Brazil, which has apparently remained geographically fixed with respect to the overlying continent despite thousands of kilometres of plate motion. This result implies that the upper mantle and lithosphere beneath South America have remained coupled since the breakup of Gondwanaland and may provide an answer to the long-standing question of what forces drive continental plates.
C1 UNIV SAO PAULO, INST ASTRON & GEOFIS, DEPT GEOFIS, BR-05508 SAO PAULO, BRAZIL.
C3 Universidade de Sao Paulo
RP VANDECAR, JC (corresponding author), CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON, DEPT TERR MAGNETISM, 5241 BROAD BRANCH RD NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20015 USA.
NR 39
TC 250
Z9 261
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 25
EP 31
DI 10.1038/378025a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900039
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI HONG-KONG BOOM IN EDUCATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 550
EP 550
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100038
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARESCHAL, M
   KELLETT, RL
   KURTZ, RD
   LUDDEN, JN
   JI, S
   BAILEY, RC
AF MARESCHAL, M
   KELLETT, RL
   KURTZ, RD
   LUDDEN, JN
   JI, S
   BAILEY, RC
TI ARCHEAN CRATONIC ROOTS, MANTLE SHEAR ZONES AND DEEP ELECTRICAL ANISOTROPY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pontiac subprovince; tectonic evolution; canadian shield; western quebec; north-america; constraints; conductivity; distortion; beneath; crust
AB THE extent to which the mantle participated in the growth and stabilization of ancient cratons is central to our understanding of the evolution of the continents(1). The detection of seismic anisotropy beneath Precambrian North America, for example, has been interpreted as showing that strain-induced orientation of mantle minerals in subcontinental lithospheric mantle can preserve a record of ancient episodes of deformation(2). Here we present magnetotelluric measurements from the Superior Province of the Canadian shield, which reveal pronounced electrical anisotropy in the upper 100 km of the underlying mantle. We argue that this anisotropy is best explained by conducting graphite films, oriented within fractures or on grain boundaries, and associated with metasomatism of the mantle roots of major Archaean shear zones which transect the entire Superior Province. The uppermost mantle beneath the Canadian shield has therefore remained fixed to the crust and isolated from significant tectonic reworking since the late Archaean.
C1 UNIV NEW BRUNSWICK,DEPT GEOL,FREDERICTON,NB E3B 5A3,CANADA.
   GEOL SURVEY CANADA,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0Y3,CANADA.
   CTR RECH PETROG & GEOCHIM,F-54501 VANDOEUVRE NANCY,FRANCE.
   UNIV MONTREAL,DEPT GEOL,MONTREAL,PQ H3C 3J7,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT PHYS,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A7,CANADA.
C3 University of New Brunswick; Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada; Universite de Lorraine; Universite de Montreal; University of Toronto
RP MARESCHAL, M (corresponding author), ECOLE POLYTECH,GENIE MIN,CP 6079,SUCC CTR VILLE,MONTREAL,PQ H3C 3A7,CANADA.
NR 33
TC 102
Z9 107
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6527
BP 134
EP 137
DI 10.1038/375134a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QX741
UT WOS:A1995QX74100047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RASTINEJAD, F
   PERLMANN, T
   EVANS, RM
   SIGLER, PB
AF RASTINEJAD, F
   PERLMANN, T
   EVANS, RM
   SIGLER, PB
TI STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS OF NUCLEAR RECEPTOR ASSEMBLY ON DNA DIRECT REPEATS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thyroid-hormone receptor; retinoic acid receptor; binding domain; response elements; x-receptor; vitamin-d; glucocorticoid receptor; gene encodes; rxr-beta; identification
AB Nuclear receptor heterodimers recognize response elements composed of two direct repeats of the consensus sequence 5'-AGGTCA-3' separated by one to five base pairs. The 1.9 Angstrom crystal structure of the complex formed by the DNA-binding domains of the 9-cis retinoic acid receptor and thyroid hormone receptor bound to a thyroid-response element shows that the subunits interact through a DNA-supported interface involving the carboxy-terminal extension of the DNA-binding domain of the thyroid hormone receptor. The stereochemistry suggests a mechanism by which heterodimers recognize the inter-half-site spacing between direct repeats.
C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   YALE UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
C3 Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Salk Institute
NR 50
TC 471
Z9 536
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 203
EP 211
DI 10.1038/375203a0
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100053
PM 7746322
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GOLDBERG, J
   HUANG, HB
   KWON, YG
   GREENGARD, P
   NAIRN, AC
   KURIYAN, J
AF GOLDBERG, J
   HUANG, HB
   KWON, YG
   GREENGARD, P
   NAIRN, AC
   KURIYAN, J
TI 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE CATALYTIC SUBUNIT OF PROTEIN SERINE/THREONINE PHOSPHATASE-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microcystin-lr; calcineurin; identification; mechanism; domain; hydrolysis; refinement; isoforms; enzyme; acid
AB The crystal structure of mammalian protein phosphatase-1, complexed with the toxin microcystin and determined at 2.1 Angstrom resolution, reveals that it is a metalloenzyme unrelated in architecture to the tyrosine phosphatases. Two metal ions are positioned by a central beta-alpha-beta-alpha-beta scaffold at the active site, from which emanate three surface grooves that are potential binding sites for substrates and inhibitors. The carboxy terminus is positioned at the end of one of the grooves such that regulatory sequences following the domain might modulate function. The fold of the catalytic domain is expected to be closely preserved in protein phosphatases 2A and 2B (calcineurin).
C1 HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University
NR 50
TC 772
Z9 887
U1 0
U2 81
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6543
BP 745
EP 753
DI 10.1038/376745a0
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RR836
UT WOS:A1995RR83600032
PM 7651533
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LANYI, JK
AF LANYI, JK
TI BACTERIORHODOPSIN AS A MODEL FOR PROTON PUMPS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytochrome-c-oxidase; x-ray-diffraction; structural-changes; mechanism; photocycle; transport; energy; intermediate; activation; proteins
AB According to a long-standing hypothesis, membrane pumps function by flip-flopping between two protein conformations that allow alternative access of the ion binding site to the two membrane surfaces. Site-specific mutagenesis, time-resolved spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirm this mechanism for bacteriorhodopsin, and implicate change of electrostatic interaction at the active site as the trigger for the global protein conformation change during the proton transport cycle.
RP LANYI, JK (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF IRVINE,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,IRVINE,CA 92717, USA.
NR 50
TC 136
Z9 143
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6531
BP 461
EP 463
DI 10.1038/375461a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RC188
UT WOS:A1995RC18800039
PM 7777054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHMIDBAUR, H
   HOFREITER, S
   PAUL, M
AF SCHMIDBAUR, H
   HOFREITER, S
   PAUL, M
TI SYNTHESIS OF THE GOLD ANALOG OF THE ELUSIVE DOUBLY PROTONATED WATER MOLECULE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemistry; dication
AB SINGLY coordinated metal cations of the type (L)M(+) (where M is Cu, Ag or Au, and L is a donor ligand) are, in terms of their valence orbital characteristics, analogous to the proton(1). The analogy is particularly pronounced for the gold cation, in which relativistic effects strongly contract the 6s valence orbital(2), thereby permitting the incorporation of these proton analogues into stable molecular and ionic species having very short intramolecular bonds. Structural and stoichiometric parallels between gold cations and protons are illustrated by the species CH4 and C(AuL)4, NH4+ and N(AuL)(4)(+) and OH3+ and O(AuL)(3)(+) (refs 3-5), as well as by pairs of hypercoordinated cations such as CH5+ and C(AuL)(5)(+) (refs 6, 7). We have recently synthesized the stable dicationic gold species [(LAu)(6)C](2+) and [(LAu)(5)N](2+) (refs 8, 9); their hydrogen counterparts, CH62+ and NH52+, have never been observed and are expected to be intrinsically unstable(10). Here we describe the preparation of the first stable four-coordinated dicationic oxygen compound, [(LAu)(4)O](2+), whose analogue, the doubly protonated water molecule [H4O](2+), has been predicted to be stable only in the gas phase, or to appear as a transient state during proton transfer in superacid media(11,12).
RP SCHMIDBAUR, H (corresponding author), TECH UNIV MUNICH,INST ANORGAN CHEM,LICHTENBERGSTR 4,D-85747 GARCHING,GERMANY.
NR 17
TC 108
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 503
EP 504
DI 10.1038/377503a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHAWLOT, W
   BEHRINGER, RR
AF SHAWLOT, W
   BEHRINGER, RR
TI REQUIREMENT FOR LIM1 IN HEAD-ORGANIZER FUNCTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeo-box gene; mouse embryos; expression pattern; frog embryos; induction; domain; cells; gastrulation; homeodomain; elegans
AB Lim1 is a homeobox gene expressed in the organizer region of mouse embryos. To investigate the role of Lim1 during embryogenesis, a targeted deletion of the Lim1 gene was generated in embryonic stem cells. Embryos homozygous for the null allele lacked anterior head structures but the remaining body axis developed normally. A partial secondary axis developed anteriorly in some mutant embryos. Lim1 is thus an essential regulator of the vertebrate head organizer.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,MD ANDERSON CANCER CTR,DEPT MOLEC GENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center
NR 50
TC 664
Z9 743
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 425
EP 430
DI 10.1038/374425a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900049
PM 7700351
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BOLTE, M
   HOGAN, CJ
AF BOLTE, M
   HOGAN, CJ
TI CONFLICT OVER THE AGE OF THE UNIVERSE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proper-motion stars; deep ccd photometry; globular-clusters; stellar evolution; distance scale; metallicity; isochrones; constant; m15; m92
AB The ages of the oldest stars in our Galaxy can be estimated by comparing stellar populations in globular clusters to calibrated stellar models. The best data give cluster ages of about 15.8 +/- 2.1 Gyr, which conflicts with the age of the Universe estimated from measurements of the Hubble constant and the 'standard' cosmological model of a flat, matter-dominated universe (8-13 Gyr).
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP BOLTE, M (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ, LICK OBSERV, SANTA CRUZ, CA 95064 USA.
NR 51
TC 145
Z9 152
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6539
BP 399
EP 402
DI 10.1038/376399a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RM639
UT WOS:A1995RM63900044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZUCKERMAN, B
   FORVEILLE, T
   KASTNER, JH
AF ZUCKERMAN, B
   FORVEILLE, T
   KASTNER, JH
TI INHIBITION OF GIANT-PLANET FORMATION BY RAPID GAS DEPLETION AROUND YOUNG STARS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-tauri stars; point-source catalog; sao stars; gg-tauri; disk; evolution; rotation; emission; hd-98800; nebula
AB ALTHOUGH stars form from clouds of gas and dust, there are insignificant amounts of gas around ordinary (Sun-like) stars. This suggests that hydrogen and helium, the primary constituents of planets such as Jupiter and Saturn, are not easily retained in orbit as a star matures. The gas-giant planets in the Solar System must therefore have formed rapidly. Models of their formation generally suggest that a solid core formed in less than or equal to 10(6) yr, followed by the accretion of the massive gaseous envelope in similar to 10(7) yr (refs 1-5). But how and when the gas of the solar nebula dissipated, and how this compares with the predicted timescale of gas-giant formation, remains unclear(6,7), in part because direct observations of circumstellar gas have been made only for stars either younger or older than the critical range of 10(6)-10(7) yr (refs 8-15). Here we report observations of the molecular gas surrounding 20 stars whose ages are likely to be in this range. The gas dissipates rapidly; after a few million years the mass remaining is typically much less than the mass of Jupiter. Thus, if gas-giant planets are common in the Galaxy, they must form even more quickly than present models suggest.
C1 OBSERV GRENOBLE,ASTROPHYS GRP,F-38041 GRENOBLE,FRANCE.
   MIT,CTR SPACE RES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP ZUCKERMAN, B (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024, USA.
NR 42
TC 324
Z9 341
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6514
BP 494
EP 496
DI 10.1038/373494a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QF724
UT WOS:A1995QF72400049
PM 7845460
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI UNIVERSITIES MORE EQUAL THAN THE OTHERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 546
EP 546
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100031
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI CHINA SLOWLY GETTING WIRED
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 545
EP 545
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100029
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ARANY, Z
   NEWSOME, D
   OLDREAD, E
   LIVINGSTON, DM
   ECKNER, R
AF ARANY, Z
   NEWSOME, D
   OLDREAD, E
   LIVINGSTON, DM
   ECKNER, R
TI A FAMILY OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL ADAPTER PROTEINS TARGETED BY THE E1A ONCOPROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tissue-specific extinguisher; regulatory subunit; tse1 encodes; cyclic-amp; activation; kinase; gene
AB THE cellular protein p300 is a target of the adenoviral E1A oncoprotein and is thought to participate in preventing the G0/G1 transition in the cell cycle, activating certain enhancers and stimulating differentiation pathways(1). CBP is a protein that is associated with and coactivates the transcription factor CREB, mediating the induction by cyclic AMP of certain responsive promoters(2-4). The sequences of p300 and CBP are highly related(4,5). We show here that p300, like CBP2, can stimulate transcription, This activity is directly aml specifically inhibited by E1A. We also find that CBP exists in a DNA-bound complex containing a member of the CREB family and that E1A and CBP interact with one another in vivo. In keeping with the idea that E1A functionally targets CBP, cAMP-dependent transcription is repressed by E1A. Thus, p300 and CBP define a family of transcriptional adaptor proteins that are specifically targeted by the E1A oncoprotein.
RP ARANY, Z (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DANA FARBER CANC INST,44 BINNEY ST,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 16
TC 514
Z9 557
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 81
EP 84
DI 10.1038/374081a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900058
PM 7870178
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROTHSTEIN, TL
   WANG, JKM
   PANKA, DJ
   FOOTE, LC
   WANG, ZH
   STANGER, B
   CUI, H
   JU, ST
   MARSHAKROTHSTEIN, A
AF ROTHSTEIN, TL
   WANG, JKM
   PANKA, DJ
   FOOTE, LC
   WANG, ZH
   STANGER, B
   CUI, H
   JU, ST
   MARSHAKROTHSTEIN, A
TI PROTECTION AGAINST FAS-DEPENDENT TH1-MEDIATED APOPTOSIS BY ANTIGEN RECEPTOR ENGAGEMENT IN B-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cd40 ligand; lymphocytes; antibody; signal; mice
AB CYTOTOXIC CD4(+) Th1-cells induce cell death by triggering a Fas-dependent apoptotic pathway(1-6). Potential targets include activated B cells(3,7), but it is not known whether the mode of B-cell stimulation influences susceptibility to Th1-mediated cytotoxicity. Here we report that CD40-ligand-stimulated B cells were extremely sensitive, whereas anti-IgM-stimulated B cells were resistant, to Fas-mediated apoptosis, B cells stimulated by both CD4DL and anti-IgM were not susceptible to cytolysis, demonstrating that anti-IgM-mediated protection is an active, dominant process. Resistance to Th1-mediated cytotoxicity was similarly observed in CD40L-stimulated 3-83 (anti-H-2K(k,b))(8) transgenic B cells co-cultured with H-2K(k) or H-2K(b) (but not H-2K(d)) splenocytes, These results indicate that B cells can participate in regulating their own destruction. Protection against Fas-dependent apoptosis afforded by immunoglobulin-receptor engagement may constitute a fail-safe mechanism that eliminates bystander B cells activated by CD40L-expressing T cells, but ensures survival of antigen-specific B cells.
C1 BOSTON UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL,BOSTON,MA 02118.
   BOSTON UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02118.
   BOSTON UNIV,MED CTR,EVANS MEM DEPT CLIN RES,BOSTON,MA 02118.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Boston University; Boston University; Boston University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP ROTHSTEIN, TL (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MED,88 E NEWTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02118, USA.
NR 28
TC 417
Z9 439
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 163
EP 165
DI 10.1038/374163a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700059
PM 7533263
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KELEMEN, PB
   SHIMIZU, N
   SALTERS, VJM
AF KELEMEN, PB
   SHIMIZU, N
   SALTERS, VJM
TI EXTRACTION OF MID-OCEAN-RIDGE BASALT FROM THE UPWELLING MANTLE BY FOCUSED FLOW OF MELT IN DUNITE CHANNELS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID geochemical evidence; abyssal peridotites; samail ophiolite; ultramafic rock; magma chamber; phase; model; atlantic; disequilibrium; chemistry
AB Like residual peridotites from mid-ocean ridges, peridotites from the mantle section of the Oman ophiolite are far from equilibrium with mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB). By contrast, dunites from Oman are close to equilibrium with MORB, indicating that they were conduits for focused melt flow. Formation of dunite conduits by porous flow is sufficient to explain extraction of MORB from the mantle, and fracture mechanisms may not be necessary in this process.
C1 FLORIDA STATE UNIV, NHMFL, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32310 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida State University
RP KELEMEN, PB (corresponding author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA.
NR 58
TC 705
Z9 778
U1 2
U2 116
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 747
EP 753
DI 10.1038/375747a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900068
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TYERMAN, SD
   WHITEHEAD, LF
   DAY, DA
AF TYERMAN, SD
   WHITEHEAD, LF
   DAY, DA
TI A CHANNEL-LIKE TRANSPORTER FOR NH4+ ON THE SYMBIOTIC INTERFACE OF N-2-FIXING PLANTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID soybean nodules; peribacteroid membrane; current fluctuations; plasma-membrane; root-nodules
AB SYMBIOSIS with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) allows legumes to survive in nitrogen-poor soils. The nitrogen-fixing bacteroids are found inside root nodule cells within the symbiosome, an organelle bounded by the peribacteroid membrane(1). Across this membrane the plant receives fixed nitrogen in exchange for reduced carbon(2). It has been assumed that fixed nitrogen is released from the symbiosome as either NH3 or NH4+, but until now the transport mechanism was unknown(3-5). We report here the use of patch-clamp techniques to show, in membrane patches on isolated symbiosomes, smoothly activating currents that are passive and equivalent to the influx of cations to the plant cytoplasm, The currents are largest with NH4+ as the cation at physiological concentration and they are blocked by calcium ions on the bacteroid side of the membrane. The characteristics of the currents are more like those of a channel than of carrier-mediated transport, III vivo nitrogen would move passively as NH4+ to the cytoplasm upon energization of the membrane and calcium ions may be involved in regulation of the flux.
C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,FAC SCI,DIV BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA.
C3 Australian National University
RP TYERMAN, SD (corresponding author), FLINDERS UNIV S AUSTRALIA,SCH BIOL SCI,ADELAIDE CTR PLANT MEMBRANE BIOL,GPO 2100,ADELAIDE,SA 5001,AUSTRALIA.
NR 30
TC 145
Z9 150
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 629
EP 632
DI 10.1038/378629a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100081
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCOTT, DM
   EHRMANN, IE
   ELLIS, PS
   BISHOP, CE
   AGULNIK, AI
   SIMPSON, E
   MITCHELL, MJ
AF SCOTT, DM
   EHRMANN, IE
   ELLIS, PS
   BISHOP, CE
   AGULNIK, AI
   SIMPSON, E
   MITCHELL, MJ
TI IDENTIFICATION OF A MOUSE MALE-SPECIFIC TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGEN, H-Y
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ubiquitin-activating enzyme-e1; t-cells; gene; expression; chromosome; responses; location; epitopes; peptide; mice
AB THE male-specific transplantation antigen, H-Y, causes rejection of male tissue grafts by genotypically identical female mice(1) and contributes to the rejection of human leukocyte antigen-matched male organ grafts by human females(2). Although first recognized 40 years ago(1), the identity of H-Y has remained elusive. T cells detect several distinct H-Y epitopes(3-5), and these are probably peptides, derived from intracellular proteins, that are presented at the cell surface with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules(6). In the mouse, the gene(s) controlling H-Y expression (Hya) are located on the short arm of the Y chromosome(7,8) between the zinc-finger genes Zfy-1 and Zfy-2 (ref. 9). We have recently identified Smcy, a ubiquitously expressed gene, in this region(10) and its X-chromosome homologue, Smcx(11). Here we report that Smcy encodes an H-YKk epitope that is defined by the octamer peptide TENSGKDI: no similar peptide is found in Smcx. These findings provide a genetic basis for the antigenic difference between males and females that contributes towards a tissue transplant rejection response.
C1 INSERM, U406, F-13005 MARSEILLE, FRANCE.
   BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT OBSTET & GYNAECOL, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT HUMAN & MOLEC GENET, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   UNIV TENNESSEE, DEPT OBSTET & GYNAECOL, MEMPHIS, TN 38105 USA.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center
RP SCOTT, DM (corresponding author), HAMMERSMITH HOSP, ROYAL POSTGRAD MED SCH, MRC, CTR CLIN SCI, DU CANE RD, LONDON W12 0NN, ENGLAND.
NR 28
TC 177
Z9 194
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6542
BP 695
EP 698
DI 10.1038/376695a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RQ672
UT WOS:A1995RQ67200062
PM 7544442
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HORLEIN, AJ
   NAAR, AM
   HEINZEL, T
   TORCHIA, J
   GLOSS, B
   KUROKAWA, R
   RYAN, A
   KAMEL, Y
   SODERSTROM, M
   GLASS, CK
   ROSENFELD, MG
AF HORLEIN, AJ
   NAAR, AM
   HEINZEL, T
   TORCHIA, J
   GLOSS, B
   KUROKAWA, R
   RYAN, A
   KAMEL, Y
   SODERSTROM, M
   GLASS, CK
   ROSENFELD, MG
TI LIGAND-INDEPENDENT REPRESSION BY THE THYROID-HORMONE RECEPTOR-MEDIATED BY A NUCLEAR RECEPTOR CO-REPRESSOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinoid x-receptor; v-erba; transcription factor; rxr-beta; protein; acid; binding; activation; inhibition; silencer
AB Thyroid-hormone and retinoic-acid receptors exert their regulatory functions by acting as both activators and repressors of gene expression. A nuclear receptor co-repressor (N-CoR) of relative molecular mass 270K has been identified which mediates ligand-independent inhibition of gene transcription by these receptors, suggesting that the molecular mechanisms of repression by thyroid-hormone and retinoic-acid receptors are analogous to the co-repressor-dependent transcriptional inhibitory mechanisms of yeast and Drosophila.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT MED, GRAD PROGRAM MOLEC PATHOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SCH MED, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP HORLEIN, AJ (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
NR 52
TC 1711
Z9 1953
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 397
EP 404
DI 10.1038/377397a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000039
PM 7566114
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YAGAMIHIROMASA, T
   SATO, T
   KURISAKI, T
   KAMIJO, K
   NABESHIMA, Y
   FUJISAWASEHARA, A
AF YAGAMIHIROMASA, T
   SATO, T
   KURISAKI, T
   KAMIJO, K
   NABESHIMA, Y
   FUJISAWASEHARA, A
TI A METALLOPROTEASE-DISINTEGRIN PARTICIPATING IN MYOBLAST FUSION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID platelet-aggregation inhibitor; cell-adhesion molecule; sperm-egg fusion; hemorrhagic protein; n-cadherin; myogenesis; integrin; sequence; venom; purification
AB SKELETAL muscle development involves the formation of multinucleated myotubes. This is thought to proceed by the induction of differentiation (acquisition of fusion competence) of myoblast cells, their aggregation, and union of their plasma membranes(1-3) Various membrane proteins including N-(4,5) and M-cadherins(6), N-(5,7-9) and V-CAMs(10) and integrins(10,11) participate in myotube formation, but the molecular mechanisms of muscle cell fusion are poorly understood. Here we report the identification of three new, myoblast-expressed gene products, mcltrin-alpha, beta and gamma, with homology to both viper haemorrhagic factors(12,13) and fertilin (PH-30)(14,15), a membrane protein involved in egg-sperm fusion. Meltrin-alpha, a member of the metalloproteinase/disintegrin protein family, appears to be required for myotube formation. Involvement of a fertilin-related protein in myogenesis suggests that there are common mechanisms in gamete and myoblast fusion.
C1 NATL CTR NEUROL & PSYCHIAT,NATL INST NEUROSCI,DIV MOLEC GENET,KODAIRA,TOKYO 187,JAPAN.
   CHIBA UNIV,FAC SCI,DEPT BIOL,CHIBA 260,JAPAN.
C3 National Center for Neurology & Psychiatry - Japan; Chiba University
NR 30
TC 425
Z9 476
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 652
EP 656
DI 10.1038/377652a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500059
PM 7566181
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SKEATH, JB
   ZHANG, Y
   HOLMGREN, R
   CARROLL, SB
   DOE, CQ
AF SKEATH, JB
   ZHANG, Y
   HOLMGREN, R
   CARROLL, SB
   DOE, CQ
TI SPECIFICATION OF NEUROBLAST IDENTITY IN THE DROSOPHILA EMBRYONIC CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM BY GOOSEBERRY-DISTAL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genes; expression; achaete; segregation; complex; region
AB THE Drosophila central nervous system develops from a segmentally reiterated array of 30 unique neural precursors, called neuroblasts. Each neuroblast goes through a stereotyped cell lineage to produce an invariant clone of neural progeny. It is critical to identify the genes that specify neuroblast identity as these genes control the time of formation, gene expression profile, and cell lineage characteristics of each neuroblast. Here we show that the Pax-type gooseberry-distal gene specifies row 5 neuroblast identity. Initially, four rows of neuroblasts form per segment (1, 3, 5, 7) and gooseberry-distal is expressed in row 5 neuroblasts(1-3). By using 10 molecular markers, and by following the number and orientation of neuroblast divisions, we show that lack of gooseberry-distal transforms row 5 neuroblasts into row 3 neuroblasts, whereas ubiquitous gooseberry-distal generates the reciprocal transformation. Thus, gooseberry-distal is necessary and sufficient to specify row 5 neuroblast identity autonomously, The 10 genes coordinately regulated by gooseberry-distal are prime candidates for controlling specific aspects of neuroblast identity.
C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CELL & STRUCT BIOL,URBANA,IL 61801.
   NORTHWESTERN UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM MOLEC BIOL & CELL BIOL,EVANSTON,IL 60208.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,MADISON,WI.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Northwestern University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP SKEATH, JB (corresponding author), UNIV ILLINOIS,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,URBANA,IL 61801, USA.
NR 18
TC 88
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6539
BP 427
EP 430
DI 10.1038/376427a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RM639
UT WOS:A1995RM63900052
PM 7630418
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PERILLO, NL
   PACE, KE
   SEILHAMER, JJ
   BAUM, LG
AF PERILLO, NL
   PACE, KE
   SEILHAMER, JJ
   BAUM, LG
TI APOPTOSIS OF T-CELLS MEDIATED BY GALECTIN-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galactoside-binding-protein; death; adhesion; identification; glycosylation; biosynthesis; galaptin; cd45
AB GALECTIN-1, a member of the family of beta-galactoside binding proteins(1), has growth regulatory and immunomodulatory activities(2-4). We report here that galectin-1, expressed by stromal cells in human thymus and lymph nodes(5,6), is present at sites of cell death by apoptosis during normal T-cell development and maturation, Galectin-1 induced apoptosis of activated human T cells and human T leukaemia cell lines. Resting T cells also bound galectin-1, but did not undergo apoptosis. Human endothelial cells that expressed galectin-1 induced apoptosis of bound T cells. Galectin-1-induced apoptosis required expression of CD45, and was decreased when N-glycan elongation was blocked by treatment of the cells by swainsonine(7), whereas inhibition of O-glycan elongation(8) potentiated the apoptotic effect of galectin-1. Induction of apoptosis by an endogenous mammalian lectin represents a new mechanism for regulating the immune response.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED, LOS ANGELES, CA 90095 USA.
   INCYTE PHARMACEUT INC, PALO ALTO, CA 94304 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Incyte
NR 30
TC 969
Z9 1087
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 736
EP 739
DI 10.1038/378736a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900058
PM 7501023
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CROSS, DAE
   ALESSI, DR
   COHEN, P
   ANDJELKOVICH, M
   HEMMINGS, BA
AF CROSS, DAE
   ALESSI, DR
   COHEN, P
   ANDJELKOVICH, M
   HEMMINGS, BA
TI INHIBITION OF GLYCOGEN-SYNTHASE KINASE-3 BY INSULIN-MEDIATED BY PROTEIN-KINASE-B
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rabbit skeletal-muscle; molecular-cloning; phosphorylation; identification; subfamily
AB GLYCOGEN synthase kinase-3 (GSK3)(1) is implicated in the regulation of several physiological processes, including the control of glycogen(2) and protein(3) synthesis by insulin, modulation of the transcription factors AP-1 and CREB(4-6), the specification of cell fate in Drosophila(7) and dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus embryos(8). GSK3 is inhibited by serine phosphorylation in response to insulin or growth factors and in vitro by either MAP kinase-activated protein (MAPKAP) kinase-1 (also known as p90(rsk)) or p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70(S6k))(12,13). Here we show, however, that agents which prevent the activation of both MAPKAP kinase-1 and p70(S6k) by insulin in vivo do not block the phosphorylation and inhibition of GSK3. Another insulin-stimulated protein kinase inactivates GSK3 under these conditions, and Ne demonstrate that it is the product of the proto-oncogene protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt/RAC). Like the inhibition of GSK3 (refs 10, 14), the activation of PKB is prevented by inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol (PT) 3-kinase.
C1 FRIEDRICH MIESCHER INST,CH-4002 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research
RP CROSS, DAE (corresponding author), UNIV DUNDEE,DEPT BIOCHEM,MRC,PROT PHOSPHORYLAT LAB,DUNDEE DD1 4HN,SCOTLAND.
NR 29
TC 4476
Z9 5246
U1 2
U2 231
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6559
BP 785
EP 789
DI 10.1038/378785a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TL419
UT WOS:A1995TL41900028
PM 8524413
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YOSHIDA, R
   UCHIDA, K
   KANEKO, Y
   SAKAI, K
   KIKUCHI, A
   SAKURAI, Y
   OKANO, T
AF YOSHIDA, R
   UCHIDA, K
   KANEKO, Y
   SAKAI, K
   KIKUCHI, A
   SAKURAI, Y
   OKANO, T
TI COMB-TYPE GRAFTED HYDROGELS WITH RAPID DE-SWELLING RESPONSE TO TEMPERATURE-CHANGES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID volume phase-transition; modulated skin layers; gels; kinetics; switches
AB MANY polymeric hydrogels undergo abrupt changes in volume in response to external stimuli such as changes in solvent composition(1), pH(2), electric field(3) and temperature(4-6). For several of the potential applications of these materials, such as 'smart' actuators, a fast response is needed. The kinetics of swelling and de-swelling in these gels are typically governed by diffusion-limited transport of the polymeric components of the network in water, the rate of which is inversely poportional to the square of the smallest dimension of the gel(7-9). Several strategies have been explored for increasing the response dynamics(10-14), such as introducing porosity(14). Here we show that we can induce rapid deswelling of a polymer hydrogel by tailoring the gel architecture at the molecular level. We prepare a crosslinked hydrogel in which the polymer chains bear grafted side chains; the latter create hydrophobic regions, aiding the expulsion of water from the network during collapse. Whereas similar gels lacking the grafted side chains can take more than a month to undergo full de-swelling, our materials collapse in about 20 minutes.
C1 TOKYO WOMENS MED COLL,INST BIOMED ENGN,SHINJUKU KU,TOKYO 162,JAPAN.
   WASEDA UNIV,DEPT CHEM ENGN,SHINJUKU KU,TOKYO 169,JAPAN.
C3 Tokyo Women's Medical University; Waseda University
NR 21
TC 1174
Z9 1282
U1 2
U2 454
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6519
BP 240
EP 242
DI 10.1038/374240a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QM387
UT WOS:A1995QM38700043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STAMPF, DR
   FELDER, CE
   SUSSMAN, JL
AF STAMPF, DR
   FELDER, CE
   SUSSMAN, JL
TI PDBBROWSE - A GRAPHICS INTERFACE TO THE BROOKHAVEN PROTEIN DATA-BANK
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 WEIZMANN INST SCI,DEPT BIOL STRUCT,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP STAMPF, DR (corresponding author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT CHEM,UPTON,NY 11973, USA.
NR 6
TC 28
Z9 29
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 572
EP 574
DI 10.1038/374572a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900061
PM 7700388
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU REEVE, MA
   FULLER, CW
AF REEVE, MA
   FULLER, CW
TI A NOVEL THERMOSTABLE POLYMERASE FOR DNA-SEQUENCING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded dna; taq polymerase; exonuclease activity; gene; pcr
C1 AMERSHAM LIFE SCI INC,CLEVELAND,OH 44128.
RP REEVE, MA (corresponding author), AMERSHAM INT PLC,AMERSHAM RES LABS,WHITE LION RD,AMERSHAM HP7 9LL,BUCKS,ENGLAND.
NR 13
TC 59
Z9 96
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6543
BP 796
EP 797
DI 10.1038/376796a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RR836
UT WOS:A1995RR83600046
PM 7651542
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAMMER, B
   NORSKOV, JK
AF HAMMER, B
   NORSKOV, JK
TI WHY GOLD IS THE NOBLEST OF ALL THE METALS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated adsorption; surfaces; dynamics; cu(111); d(2); h-2; chemisorption; d2
AB THE unique role that gold plays in society is to a large extent related to the fact that it is the most noble of all metals: it is the least reactive metal towards atoms or molecules at the interface with a gas or a liquid. The inertness of gold does not reflect a general inability to form chemical bonds, however-gold forms very stable alloys with many other metals. To understand the nobleness of gold, we have studied a simple surface reaction, the dissociation of H-2 On the surface of gold and of three other metals (copper, nickel and platinum) that lie close to it in the periodic table. We present self-consistent density-functional calculations of the activation barriers and chemisorption energies which clearly illustrate that nobleness is related to two factors: the degree of filling of the antibonding states on adsorption, and the degree of orbital overlap with the adsorbate. These two factors, which determine both the strength of the adsorbate-metal interaction and the energy barrier for dissociation, operate together to the maximal detriment of adsorbate binding and subsequent reactivity on gold.
C1 JOINT RES CTR ATOM TECHNOL,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
C3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP HAMMER, B (corresponding author), TECH UNIV DENMARK,DEPT PHYS,CTR ATOM SCALE MAT PHYS,DK-2800 LYNGBY,DENMARK.
NR 22
TC 3330
Z9 3707
U1 47
U2 1588
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6537
BP 238
EP 240
DI 10.1038/376238a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RK331
UT WOS:A1995RK33100041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU POWERS, NL
   SALVI, RJ
   WANG, J
   SPONGR, V
   QIU, CX
AF POWERS, NL
   SALVI, RJ
   WANG, J
   SPONGR, V
   QIU, CX
TI ELEVATION OF AUDITORY-THRESHOLDS BY SPONTANEOUS COCHLEAR OSCILLATIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spontaneous otoacoustic emissions; outer hair-cells; acoustic emissions; ear canals; nerve; responses; frequency; patterns
AB THE inner ear sometimes acts as a robust sound generator, continuously broadcasting sounds (spontaneous otoacoustic emissions) which can be intense enough to be heard by other individuals standing nearby(1-4). Paradoxically, most individuals are unaware of the sounds generated within their ears, Two hypotheses could explain this paradox: (1) the spontaneous emissions may not be transmitted to the central nervous system; or (2) the spontaneous emission produces a continuous, high rate of neural activity, which, like the natural pattern of spontaneous activity, is ignored by the central nervous system. Here we demonstrate that high-intensity spontaneous otoacoustic emissions can vigorously activate auditory nerve fibres in mammals (Chinchilla laniger). This 'internal biological noise' creates a 'line busy' signal that significantly degrades a neuron's ability to respond to sound and results in a hearing loss completely different from that caused by damage to sensory cells(1,4).
C1 SUNY BUFFALO,DEPT COMMUNICAT DISORDERS & SCI,HEARING RES LAB,BUFFALO,NY 14214.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY
NR 30
TC 35
Z9 37
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6532
BP 585
EP 587
DI 10.1038/375585a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RD287
UT WOS:A1995RD28700050
PM 7791874
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRADSHAW, HD
   WILBERT, SM
   OTTO, KG
   SCHEMSKE, DW
AF BRADSHAW, HD
   WILBERT, SM
   OTTO, KG
   SCHEMSKE, DW
TI GENETIC-MAPPING OF FLORAL TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION IN MONKEYFLOWERS (MIMULUS)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fragment length polymorphisms; quantitative traits; mendelian factors; speciation; markers
AB SPECIATION is the process whereby populations acquire sufficient genetic differences to become reproductively isolated(1). Since Darwin it has been recognized that the tempo and mode of speciation are greatly influenced by the number and magnitude of genetic changes required for reproductive isolation(2-6), but detailed genetic studies have been limited to a few taxa such as Drosophila(7). Genome mapping techniques now widely adopted in plant(8,9) and animal(10,11) breeding make it possible to investigate the genetic basis of reproductive isolating mechanisms in natural populations. Here we use this approach to map eight floral traits in two sympatric monkeyflower species that are reproductively isolated owing to pollinator preference by bumblebees or hummingbirds. For each trait we found at least one quantitative trait locus accounting for more than 25% of the phenotypic variance. This suggests that genes of large effect can contribute to speciation.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT BIOCHEM,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT BOT,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP BRADSHAW, HD (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON,CTR URBAN HORT,BOX 354115,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA.
NR 26
TC 332
Z9 373
U1 0
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6543
BP 762
EP 765
DI 10.1038/376762a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RR836
UT WOS:A1995RR83600036
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KENNETT, JP
   INGRAM, BL
AF KENNETT, JP
   INGRAM, BL
TI A 20,000 YEAR RECORD OF OCEAN CIRCULATION AND CLIMATE-CHANGE FROM THE SANTA-BARBARA BASIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID younger dryas event; north-atlantic; intermediate waters; deep circulation; c-14 ages; pacific; ventilation; california; corals
AB MUCH of the evidence for climate-driven fluctuations in ocean circulation during the past 20,000 years has come from studies of the North Atlantic region(1-6). The extent to which such interactions have occurred in other ocean basins, and any associated teleconnections between basins, is poorly understood. Here we present high-resolution palaeoclimate and palaeoceanographic records from a 20,000-year sedimentary sequence from the Santa Barbara basin, on the eastern margin of the North Pacific Ocean. The sequence shows oscillations of the benthic environment between low-oxygen conditions (laminated sediments) during periods of warm climate, and higher-oxygen conditions (non-laminated, bioturbated sediments) during cool intervals. Age differences between coexisting benthic and planktonic foraminifers indicate climate-related changes in the age and source--and, hence, oxygen content--of basin bottom waters. Relatively young bottom waters are associated with the cooler intervals and are considered to reflect high proportions of intermediate waters derived from proximal sources. Conversely, older bottom waters are associated with the warmer intervals and were derived from more distal sources. These climate-driven variations in ocean circulation appear to be synchronous with the main ocean-climate fluctuations in the North Atlantic region(1-6), suggesting that a tight coupling mechanism operates between the two basins.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT GEOG,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP KENNETT, JP (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT GEOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106, USA.
NR 40
TC 279
Z9 331
U1 2
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 510
EP 514
DI 10.1038/377510a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GABBOTT, SE
   ALDRIDGE, RJ
   THERON, JN
AF GABBOTT, SE
   ALDRIDGE, RJ
   THERON, JN
TI A GIANT CONODONT WITH PRESERVED MUSCLE-TISSUE FROM THE UPPER ORDOVICIAN OF SOUTH-AFRICA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB AN exceptionally preserved new specimen of the giant conodont Promissum pulchrum reveals details of the trunk musculature, feeding apparatus and eyes, High-fidelity resolution of ultrastructural features of the trunk myomeres provides the first conclusive evidence of muscle-fibre organization and orientation in an extinct agnathan. The presence of fibrous extrinsic eye muscles confirms the degree of encephalization of the conodonts and is consistent with a cladistic position crownwards of the myxinoids. The soft tissues are uniquely preserved as illite and mixed-layer clay minerals.
C1 GEOL SURVEY,BELLVILLE 7535,SOUTH AFRICA.
RP GABBOTT, SE (corresponding author), UNIV LEICESTER,DEPT GEOL,LEICESTER LE1 7RH,LEICS,ENGLAND.
NR 19
TC 116
Z9 133
U1 1
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6525
BP 800
EP 803
DI 10.1038/374800a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QV315
UT WOS:A1995QV31500043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROBERTS, SGE
   GREEN, MR
AF ROBERTS, SGE
   GREEN, MR
TI TRANSCRIPTION - DICHOTOMOUS REGULATORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID factor-tfiib; kruppel; protein; activation
RP ROBERTS, SGE (corresponding author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,MED CTR,PROGRAM MOLEC MED,HHMI RES LABS,373 PLANTAT ST,WORCESTER,MA 01605, USA.
NR 17
TC 57
Z9 60
U1 1
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6527
BP 105
EP 106
DI 10.1038/375105a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QX741
UT WOS:A1995QX74100027
PM 7753162
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SUGAWARA, N
   IVANOV, EL
   FISHMANLOBELL, J
   RAY, BL
   WU, X
   HABER, JE
AF SUGAWARA, N
   IVANOV, EL
   FISHMANLOBELL, J
   RAY, BL
   WU, X
   HABER, JE
TI DNA STRUCTURE-DEPENDENT REQUIREMENTS FOR YEAST RAD GENES IN GENE CONVERSION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; mating-type; nucleotide-sequence; repair; recombination; cassette; protein
AB IN Saccharomyces cerevisiae, HO endonuclease-induced mating-type (MAT) switching is a specialized mitotic recombination event in which MAT sequences are replaced by those copied from a distant, unexpressed donor (HML or HMR)(1,2). The donors have a chromatin structure inaccessible for both transcription and HO cleavage(1,2). Here we use physical monitoring of DNA to show that MAT switching is completely blocked at an early step in recombination in strains deleted for the DNA repair genes RAD51, RAD52, RAD54, RAD55 or RAD57. We find, however, that only RAD52 is required when the donor sequence is simultaneously not silenced and located on a plasmid. RAD51, RAD54, RAD55 and RAD57 are still required when the same transcribed donor is on the chromosome. We conclude that recombination in vivo occurs between DNA molecules in chromatin, whose structure significantly influences the outcome. RAD51, RAD54, RAD55 and RAD57 are all required to facilitate strand invasion into otherwise inaccessible donor sequences.
C1 BRANDEIS UNIV,ROSENSTIEL BASIC MED SCI RES CTR,WALTHAM,MA 02254.
   BRANDEIS UNIV,DEPT BIOL,WALTHAM,MA 02254.
C3 Brandeis University; Brandeis University
NR 30
TC 161
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6509
BP 84
EP 86
DI 10.1038/373084a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QA239
UT WOS:A1995QA23900062
PM 7800045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CASTIELLO, U
   SCARPA, M
   BENNETT, K
AF CASTIELLO, U
   SCARPA, M
   BENNETT, K
TI A BRAIN-DAMAGED PATIENT WITH AN UNUSUAL PERCEPTUOMOTOR DEFICIT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cortex; perception
AB WHEN interacting,vith objects, the pattern of movements is influenced by such object characteristics as size and position(1-4). Little is known about the effect of higher level categorical encoding of objects upon movements. Here we present evidence for an approval-for-action process which takes into account such encoding. For the brain-damaged subject L.P., the ability to complete actions involving two objects in central vision is influenced by the semantic or functional relationship between the objects. Even though she perceives only one object, she can integrate two related objects into a coordinated action. If the objects are not related she is unable to integrate them into a single motor act, We propose that selection-for-action systems(5) include processes which gate conceptually the behavioural disposition to action.
C1 UNIV MODENA,NEUROL CLIN,I-41100 MODENA,ITALY.
   EUROPEAN MED CTR,BOLOGNA,ITALY.
   UNIV BOLOGNA,DIPARTIMENTO PSICOL,I-40127 BOLOGNA,ITALY.
C3 Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia; University of Bologna
NR 27
TC 13
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6525
BP 805
EP 808
DI 10.1038/374805a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QV315
UT WOS:A1995QV31500045
PM 7723824
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PEARSON, DG
   SNYDER, GA
   SHIREY, SB
   TAYLOR, LA
   CARLSON, RW
   SOBOLEV, NV
AF PEARSON, DG
   SNYDER, GA
   SHIREY, SB
   TAYLOR, LA
   CARLSON, RW
   SOBOLEV, NV
TI ARCHEAN RE-OS AGE FOR SIBERIAN ECLOGITES AND CONSTRAINTS ON ARCHEAN TECTONICS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diamondiferous eclogites; bellsbank kimberlite; mantle signatures; oceanic crustal; south-africa; rb-sr; systematics; diamonds; isotope; nd
AB CONSIDERABLE uncertainty surrounds the nature and evolution of the Earth's mantle in Archaean times (>2.5 Gyr ago). Mantle-derived eclogite xenoliths erupted by kimberlites provide important clues in this regard, because their basaltic composition suggests that they may be remnants of an early (>4 Gyr) magma ocean(1,2), subducted Archaean oceanic crust(3-5), or crystallized high-pressure mantle melts(6-9). Better constraints on the age and origin of mantle eclogites are thus important for our understanding of early Earth processes. Here we present rhenium-osmium isotope data for diamond-bearing eclogites from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe in Siberia, which indicate formation in the Archaean (2.9 +/- 0.4 Gyr). This age is too young for the eclogites to be remnants of early Earth differentiation, but overlaps the age range for crust generation and craton stabilization on both the Aldan and Anabar shields of the Siberian craton (2.85-3.2 Gyr)(10,11). These data, together with 3.1 Gyr Re-Os model ages for diamond-bearing Udachnaya peridotites(12), show that the Siberian craton lithosphere was at least 150 km thick (the minimum required for diamond stability) by the Mid-Archaean.
C1 OPEN UNIV,DEPT EARTH SCI,MILTON KEYNES MK7 6AA,BUCKS,ENGLAND.
   DEPT TERR MAGNETISM,WASHINGTON,DC 20015.
   UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT GEOL SCI,KNOXVILLE,TN 37996.
   RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST MINERAL & PETROG,NOVOSIBIRSK,RUSSIA.
C3 Open University - UK; Carnegie Institution for Science; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; Russian Academy of Sciences; Sobolev Institute of Geology & Mineralogy of the Russian Academy of Sciences
NR 30
TC 187
Z9 197
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6524
BP 711
EP 713
DI 10.1038/374711a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QU304
UT WOS:A1995QU30400046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU THOMAS, SA
   MATSUMOTO, AM
   PALMITER, RD
AF THOMAS, SA
   MATSUMOTO, AM
   PALMITER, RD
TI NORADRENALINE IS ESSENTIAL FOR MOUSE FETAL DEVELOPMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB CATECHOLAMINES such as noradrenaline and adrenaline have been implicated in numerous physiological processes(1-4) but, although catecholamine synthesis begins at mid-gestation(5), previous studies have provided little evidence for any role in early development(6,7). Furthermore, there are several case reports of humans with noradrenaline deficiency(8). To investigate this, we used gene targeting(9) to produce mice lacking dopamine beta-hydroxylase and therefore unable to synthesize noradrenaline or adrenaline. We report here that in heterozygous mothers, most homozygous embryos died in utero, and only about 5% reached adulthood. Survival probably depends on catecholamine transfer across the placenta because, in homozygous mothers, all embryos die in utero. Mortality was due to lack of noradrenaline in utero because it could be prevented by treatment with dihydroxyphenylserine, a precursor that can be converted to noradrenaline in the absence of dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Mutant embryos had a histological phenotype similar to that of embryos deficient in tyrosine hydroxylase(10), suggesting that death might be due to cardiovascular failure.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH MED,VET ADM MED CTR,CTR GERENTOL RES EDUC & CLIN,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH MED,DEPT MED,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP THOMAS, SA (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT BIOCHEM,SL-15,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA.
NR 9
TC 472
Z9 525
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6523
BP 643
EP 646
DI 10.1038/374643a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QT189
UT WOS:A1995QT18900060
PM 7715704
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MENINI, A
   PICCO, C
   FIRESTEIN, S
AF MENINI, A
   PICCO, C
   FIRESTEIN, S
TI QUANTAL-LIKE CURRENT FLUCTUATIONS INDUCED BY ODORANTS IN OLFACTORY RECEPTOR-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monkey macaca-fascicularis; visual transduction; tiger salamander; retinal rods; conductance; channels; cilia
AB MANY sensory systems have evolved signal detection capabilities that are limited only by the physical attributes of the stimulus(1). For example, 'hair' cells of the inner ear can detect displacements of atomic dimensions(2). Likewise, both in vertebrates and in invertebrates photoreceptors can detect a single photon(3,4). The olfactory stimulus also has a quantal unit, the single odorant molecule, Insects are reportedly able to detect a single pheromone molecule(5), whereas quantal responses in vertebrate olfactory receptor cells have not been reported yet. Psychophysical measurements indicate that a minimum of 50 odorant molecules are necessary for human olfactory detection, suggesting that an individual receptor may be activated ba a single odorant molecule(6). We report here measurements of current fluctuations induced by odorants that suggest a quantal event of about 03-1 pA, presumably triggered by the binding of a single odorant molecule.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, NEW YORK, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP MENINI, A (corresponding author), CNR, IST CIBERNET & BIOFIS, I-16146 GENOA, ITALY.
NR 19
TC 73
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6513
BP 435
EP 437
DI 10.1038/373435a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QE670
UT WOS:A1995QE67000058
PM 7830795
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CULLEN, PJ
   HSUAN, JJ
   TRUONG, O
   LETCHER, AJ
   JACKSON, TR
   DAWSON, AP
   IRVINE, RF
AF CULLEN, PJ
   HSUAN, JJ
   TRUONG, O
   LETCHER, AJ
   JACKSON, TR
   DAWSON, AP
   IRVINE, RF
TI IDENTIFICATION OF A SPECIFIC INS(1,3,4,5)P-4-BINDING PROTEIN AS A MEMBER OF THE GAP1 FAMILY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gtpase-activating protein; bud-site-selection; yeast
AB INOSITOL 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P-4) is produced rapidly from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P-3) in stimulated cells(1,2). Despite extensive experimentation, no clearly defined cellular function has yet been described for this inositol phosphate. Binding sites specific for Ins(1,3,4,5)P-4 have been identified in several tissues(3,4), and we have purified one such protein to homogeneity(5). Its high affinity for Ins(1,3,4,5)P-4, and its exquisite specificity for this isomeric configuration(5,6), suggest it may be an Ins(1,3,4,5)P-4 receptor. Here we report the cloning and characterization of this protein as a GTPase-activating protein, specifically a member of the GAP family. In vitro it shows GAP activity against both Rap and Ras, but only the Ras GAP activity is inhibited by phospholipids and is specifically stimulated by Ins(1,3,4,5)P-4.
C1 UNIV E ANGLIA, SCH BIOL SCI, NORWICH NR4 7TJ, NORFOLK, ENGLAND.
   UCL, SCH MED, LUDWIG INST CANC RES, LONDON W1P 8BT, ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE, BABRAHAM INST, DEPT ZOOL, MOLEC SIGNALLING LAB, CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EJ, ENGLAND.
C3 University of East Anglia; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; University of London; University College London; UCL Medical School; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Babraham Institute; University of Cambridge
RP CULLEN, PJ (corresponding author), BABRAHAM INST, INOSITIDE LAB, BABRAHAM HALL, CAMBRIDGE CB2 4AT, ENGLAND.
NR 21
TC 292
Z9 312
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6540
BP 527
EP 530
DI 10.1038/376527a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RN622
UT WOS:A1995RN62200049
PM 7637787
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NORTHUP, RR
   YU, ZS
   DAHLGREN, RA
   VOGT, KA
AF NORTHUP, RR
   YU, ZS
   DAHLGREN, RA
   VOGT, KA
TI POLYPHENOL CONTROL OF NITROGEN RELEASE FROM PINE LITTER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID forests; ecosystems; mineralization; nutrients; dynamics; vanillin; tannins; fungi
AB THE importance of dissolved organic nitrogen in ecosystem nutrient fluxes and plant nutrition is only beginning to be appreciated(1,2). Here we report that the polyphenol concentration of decomposing Pinus muricata litter controls the proportion of nitrogen released in dissolved organic forms relative to mineral forms (NH4+ + NO3-). We have previously shown that concentrations of polyphenols in P. muricata foliage vary along an extreme soil acidity/fertility gradient(3). Apparently this feedback to soil conditions controls the dominant form in which litter nitrogen is mobilized, facilitating nitrogen recovery through pine-mycorrhizal associations, minimizing nitrogen availability to competing organisms, and attenuating nitrogen losses from leaching and denitrification. Polyphenol control of nitrogen dynamics helps explain the convergent evolution of tannin-rich plant communities on highly leached soils.
C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT LAND AIR & WATER RESOURCES,DAVIS,CA 95616.
   YALE UNIV,SCH FORESTRY & ENVIRONM STUDIES,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; Yale University
NR 30
TC 504
Z9 591
U1 0
U2 186
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 227
EP 229
DI 10.1038/377227a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200038
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ELGORESY, A
   ZINNER, E
   MARTL, K
AF ELGORESY, A
   ZINNER, E
   MARTL, K
TI SURVIVAL OF ISOTOPICALLY HETEROGENEOUS GRAPHITE IN A DIFFERENTIATED METEORITE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acapulco meteorite; carbon; nitrogen; diamond; grains
AB PRIMITIVE meteorites (carbonaceous chondrites and unequilibrated ordinary chondrites) are isotopically heterogeneous, indicating that the material from which the Solar System formed was not completely homogenized(1-4). On the other hand, isotopically heterogeneous material is not expected to survive in thermally 'processed' planetary or asteroidal objects. The achondrite meteorite Acapulco is a remnant of one such object; its petrographic and trace-element characteristics suggest that the parent body experienced pervasive heating and partial melting(5). Here we report the discovery of graphite grains in the Acapulco meteorite that have a wide range of carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions (delta(13)C ranging from -34 to -8 parts per thousand and delta(15)N from -154 to -67 parts per thousand). The graphite is associated with metal, and in some cases, graphite grains associated with the same metal grain have very different isotopic compositions. These findings suggest that the graphite grains retain the isotopic signatures of a diverse range of precursor materials, despite the high temperatures reached in the parent asteroid.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV, MCDONNELL CTR SPACE SCI, ST LOUIS, MO 63130 USA.
   WASHINGTON UNIV, DEPT PHYS, ST LOUIS, MO 63130 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT CHEM, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP ELGORESY, A (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST KERNPHYS, SAUPFERCHECKWEG 1, D-69117 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
NR 26
TC 30
Z9 31
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6514
BP 496
EP 499
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QF724
UT WOS:A1995QF72400050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NASSAR, M
   HORN, G
   HERRMANN, C
   SCHERER, A
   MCCORMICK, F
   WITTINGHOFER, A
AF NASSAR, M
   HORN, G
   HERRMANN, C
   SCHERER, A
   MCCORMICK, F
   WITTINGHOFER, A
TI THE 2.2-ANGSTROM CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF THE RAS-BINDING DOMAIN OF THE SERINE THREONINE KINASE C-RAF1 IN COMPLEX WITH RAP1A AND A GTP ANALOG
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ras-p21 gtpase; gene-product; ha-ras; protein; target; raf-1; recognition; inhibition; resolution; hydrolysis
AB The X-ray crystal structure of the complex between the Ras-related protein Rap1A in the GTP-analogue (GppNHp) form and the pas-binding domain (RED) of the Ras effector molecule c-Raf1, a ser/Thr-specific protein kinase, has been solved to a resolution of 2.2 Angstrom. It shows that RED has the ubiquitin superfold and that the structure of Rap1A is very similar to that of Ras. The interaction between the two proteins is mediated by an apparent central antiparallel beta-sheet formed by strands B1-B2 from RED and strands beta 2-beta 3 from Rap1A. Complex formation is mediated by main-chain and side-chain interactions of the so-called effector residues in the switch I region of Rap1A.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST MED RES,BIOPHYS ABT,D-69119 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   ONYX PHARMACEUT,RICHMOND,CA 94806.
C3 Max Planck Society; Onyx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
RP NASSAR, M (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST MOLEK PHYSIOL,STRUKTURELLE BIOL ABT,POSTFACH 102664,D-44026 DORTMUND,GERMANY.
NR 49
TC 576
Z9 643
U1 2
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6532
BP 554
EP 560
DI 10.1038/375554a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RD287
UT WOS:A1995RD28700042
PM 7791872
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MANDEL, MA
   YANOFSKY, MF
AF MANDEL, MA
   YANOFSKY, MF
TI A GENE TRIGGERING FLOWER FORMATION IN ARABIDOPSIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inflorescence development; floral development; thaliana; leafy
AB IN Arabidopsis, the apical shoot meristem produces lateral meristems that develop into either shoots or flowers. The decision to form flowers instead of shoots is mediated by the action of floral-meristem-identity genes, such as APETALA1 (API) and LEAFY (LFY), which specify meristem fate(1-7). Here we show that transgenic plants which constitutively express the AP1 gene show transformations of apical and lateral shoots into flowers, and that these plants flower much earlier than wild-type plants. These results indicate that AP1 alone can convert infloresence shoot meristems into floral meristems, and that ectopic AP1 expression can dramatically reduce the time to flowering.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT BIOL,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,CTR GENET MOLEC,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
NR 20
TC 440
Z9 525
U1 6
U2 56
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 522
EP 524
DI 10.1038/377522a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600060
PM 7566148
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHAI, P
   DUDLEY, R
AF CHAI, P
   DUDLEY, R
TI LIMITS TO VERTEBRATE LOCOMOTOR ENERGETICS SUGGESTED BY HUMMINGBIRDS HOVERING IN HELIOX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID power output; insect flight; muscle
AB OXYGEN consumption(1) and muscle power output(2) of hovering hummingbirds are among the highest recorded for vertebrates. Maximum performance of hummingbirds thus approaches the upper limits of vertebrate aerobic locomotion(3). Because air density is a major determinant of aerodynamic power requirements(4), hovering flight performances(5) can be manipulated non-invasively using normoxic gas mixtures of variable density(6). Here we show that limits to the locomotor capacity of hovering ruby-throated hummingbirds are unequivocally indicated by aerodynamic failure at low densities less than half that of sea-level air. Hummingbirds demonstrate considerable power reserves, with muscle mass-specific power (assuming perfect elastic energy storage) averaging from 98 W kg(-1) in normal air to a maximum value of 133 W kg(-1) before aerodynamic failure, in contrast to such variable power expenditure, however, muscle efficiency remains approximately constant at 10%. Modulation of power output is attained primarily through variation in wing-stroke amplitude, with aerodynamic failure occurring near 180 degrees.
C1 SMITHSONIAN TROP RES INST, BALBOA, PANAMA.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
RP CHAI, P (corresponding author), UNIV TEXAS, DEPT ZOOL, AUSTIN, TX 78712 USA.
NR 18
TC 123
Z9 135
U1 1
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 722
EP 725
DI 10.1038/377722a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEE, KF
   SIMON, H
   CHEN, H
   BATES, B
   HUNG, MC
   HAUSER, C
AF LEE, KF
   SIMON, H
   CHEN, H
   BATES, B
   HUNG, MC
   HAUSER, C
TI REQUIREMENT FOR NEUREGULIN RECEPTOR ERBB2 IN NEURAL AND CARDIAC DEVELOPMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nervous-system; trigeminal motoneurons; chick-embryos; crest cells; expression; migration; ganglia; differentiation; hindbrain; protein
AB THE receptor erbB2/neu is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or erbB) family that also includes erbB3 and erbB4(1). Amplification of the erbB2/neu gene is found in many cancer types and its overexpression is correlated with a poor prognosis for breast and ovarian cancer patients(2). Investigation of the biology of erbB2 led to the identification of a family of ligands termed neuregulins which included the neu-differentiation factors(3,4), the heregulins(5), a ligand with acctylcholine-receptor-inducing activity(6) and glial growth factor(7). Several lines of evidence suggest that heterodimerization of erbB2 with other erbB receptors is required for neuregulin signalling(1). Here we investigate the developmental role of erbB2 in mammalian development in mice carrying an erbB2 null allele. We find that mutant embryos die before E11, probably as a result of dysfunctions associated with a lack of cardiac trabeculae. Development of cranial neural-crest-derived sensory ganglia was markedly affected, DiI retrograde tracing revealed that the development of motor nerves was also compromised. Our results demonstrate the importance of erbB2 in neural and cardiac development.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,MD ANDERSON CANC CTR,DEPT TUMOR BIOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   WHITEHEAD INST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
C3 University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
RP LEE, KF (corresponding author), SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,CLAYTON FDN LABS PEPTIDE BIOL,10010 N TORREY PINES RD,LA JOLLA,CA 92037, USA.
NR 32
TC 1050
Z9 1258
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 394
EP 398
DI 10.1038/378394a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300061
PM 7477377
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KRAUTER, K
   MONTGOMERY, K
   YOON, SJ
   LEBLANCSTRACESKI, J
   RENAULT, B
   MARONDEL, I
   HERDMAN, V
   CUPELLI, L
   BANKS, A
   LIEMAN, J
   MENNINGER, J
   BRAYWARD, P
   NADKARNI, P
   WEISSENBACH, J
   LEPASLIER, D
   RIGAULT, P
   CHUMAKOV, I
   COHEN, D
   MILLER, P
   WARD, D
   KUCHERLAPATI, R
AF KRAUTER, K
   MONTGOMERY, K
   YOON, SJ
   LEBLANCSTRACESKI, J
   RENAULT, B
   MARONDEL, I
   HERDMAN, V
   CUPELLI, L
   BANKS, A
   LIEMAN, J
   MENNINGER, J
   BRAYWARD, P
   NADKARNI, P
   WEISSENBACH, J
   LEPASLIER, D
   RIGAULT, P
   CHUMAKOV, I
   COHEN, D
   MILLER, P
   WARD, D
   KUCHERLAPATI, R
TI A 2ND-GENERATION YAC CONTIG MAP OF HUMAN-CHROMOSOME-12
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast artificial chromosm; human genome; linkage map; clones; sequences
AB Human chromosome 12 constitutes approximately 4.5% of the human genome and has an estimated size of 135 million base pairs (Mb). We have started to construct a high-resolution physical map of chromosome 12 as overlapping yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), using as a foundation the first-generation physical map which contained overlapping clones corresponding to 56 markers. Our second-generation map of this chromosome covers nearly 102 Mb of DNA and includes 426 highly polymorphic, monomorphic and gene-based markers. We also mapped 119 of the YACs, most of which are part of the physical map, by cytogenetic methods. Thus the map integrates genetic, physical and cytogenetic data and provides information about the organization of this chromosome and will help in the localization and cloning of disease-related genes. The strategy used here to generate the chromosome-12 map could be applied for the vapid construction of physical and expression maps for other human chromosomes.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,CTR MED INFORMAT,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   GENETHON SA,F-91002 EVRY,FRANCE.
   JEAN DAUSSET FDN,F-75010 PARIS,FRANCE.
C3 Yale University; Yale University
RP KRAUTER, K (corresponding author), YESHIVA UNIV ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,1300 MORRIS PK AVE,BRONX,NY 10461, USA.
NR 30
TC 118
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 
BP 321
EP 333
DI 
PG 13
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA343
UT WOS:A1995TA34300005
PM 7566099
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WESTLEY, MS
   BARAGIOLA, RA
   JOHNSON, RE
   BARATTA, GA
AF WESTLEY, MS
   BARAGIOLA, RA
   JOHNSON, RE
   BARATTA, GA
TI PHOTODESORPTION FROM LOW-TEMPERATURE WATER ICE IN INTERSTELLAR AND CIRCUMSOLAR GRAINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular clouds; radiation-field; dense clouds; light-ions; dust; magnetosphere; desorption
AB Dust grains in the interstellar medium(1) and the outer Solar System(2-4) commonly have a coating of water ice, which affects their optical properties and surface chemistry, The thickness of these icy mantles may be determined in part by the extent of photodesorption (photosputtering) by background ultraviolet radiation, But this process is poorly understood, with theoretical estimates of the photodesorption rate spanning several orders of magnitude(5,6). Here we report measurements of the absolute ultraviolet photodesorption yield of low-temperature water ice, Our results indicate that the rate of photodesorption is appreciable. In particular, it can account for the absence of icy mantles on grains in diffuse interstellar clouds, it exceeds solar-wind ion erosion and sublimation in the outer Solar System, and it is important in determining the lifetimes of icy mantles in dense molecular clouds.
C1 UNIV CATANIA,OSSERVATORIO ASTROFIS,CATANIA,ITALY.
C3 University of Catania; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF)
RP WESTLEY, MS (corresponding author), UNIV VIRGINIA,THORNTON HALL,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22901, USA.
NR 29
TC 236
Z9 244
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6513
BP 405
EP 407
DI 10.1038/373405a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QE670
UT WOS:A1995QE67000048
PM 7830792
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MAKSE, HA
   HAVLIN, S
   STANLEY, HE
AF MAKSE, HA
   HAVLIN, S
   STANLEY, HE
TI MODELING URBAN-GROWTH PATTERNS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID percolation
AB CITIES grow in a way that might be expected to resemble the growth of two-dimensional aggregates of particles, and this has led to recent attempts(1-3) to model urban growth using ideas from the statistical physics of clusters, In particular, the model of diffusion-limited aggregation(4,5) (DLA) has been invoked to rationalize the apparently fractal nature of urban morphologies(1). The DLA model predicts that there should exist only one large fractal cluster, which is almost perfectly screened from incoming 'development units' (representing, for example, people, capital or resources), so that almost all of the cluster growth takes place at the tips of the cluster's branches. Here we show that an alternative model, in which development units are correlated rather than being added to the cluster at random, is better able to reproduce the observed morphology of cities and the area distribution of sub-clusters ('towns') in an urban system, and can also describe urban growth dynamics, Our physical model, which corresponds to the correlated percolation model(6-8) in the presence of a density gradient(9), is motivated by the fact that in urban areas development attracts further development. The model offers the possibility of predicting the global properties (such as scaling behaviour) of urban morphologies.
C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
   BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
C3 Boston University; Bar Ilan University
RP MAKSE, HA (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA.
NR 14
TC 333
Z9 363
U1 3
U2 124
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 608
EP 612
DI 10.1038/377608a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COLEMAN, M
   HODGES, K
AF COLEMAN, M
   HODGES, K
TI EVIDENCE FOR TIBETAN PLATEAU UPLIFT BEFORE 14-MYR AGO FROM A NEW MINIMUM AGE FOR EAST-WEST EXTENSION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quaternary extension; indian monsoon; southern tibet; miocene; evolution; tectonics
AB IMPORTANT changes in South Asian climate occurred in the Late Miocene epoch (similar to 8 Myr ago)(1,2), and these have been attributed by some researchers to uplift of the Tibetan plateau at about the same time(3-5). Unfortunately, this link has been difficult to test because the timing of plateau uplift remains poorly constrained by independent evidence. One way to determine the minimum age of uplift is to establish the initiation age of the north-striking normal fault systems in southern Tibet that are widely regarded(6-10) as being related to gravitational collapse of the Tibetan plateau. Here we report an 40Ar/39Ar age of similar to 14 Myr for hydrothermal mica from an extensional fracture belonging to such a fault system in north-central Nepal. This age implies that east-west extension began before similar to 14 Myr ago in at least some parts of the Tibetan plateau, suggesting that the plateau attained its high mean elevation well before Late Miocene time.
RP COLEMAN, M (corresponding author), MIT, DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI, 54-1116, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
NR 38
TC 532
Z9 796
U1 5
U2 119
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 49
EP 52
DI 10.1038/374049a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU REBOLO, R
   OSORIO, MRZ
   MARTIN, EL
AF REBOLO, R
   OSORIO, MRZ
   MARTIN, EL
TI DISCOVERY OF A BROWN DWARF IN THE PLEIADES STAR CLUSTER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID low-mass stars; search; spectroscopy; members; spectra
AB BROWN dwarfs are cool star-like objects that have insufficient mass to maintain stable nuclear fusion in their interiors, Although brown dwarfs are not stars, they are expected to form in the same way, and their frequency of occurrence should reflect the trends seen in the birthrates of low-mass stars. But finding brown dwarfs has proved to be difficult, because of their low intrinsic luminosity. The nearby Pleiades star cluster is widely recognized as a likely host for detectable brown dwarfs because of its young age-the still-contracting brown dwarfs should radiate a large fraction of their gravitational energy at near-infrared wavelengths. Here we report the discovery of a brown dwarf near the centre of the Pleiades, The luminosity and temperature of this object are so low that its mass must be less than 0.08 solar masses, the accepted lower limit on the mass of a true star(1-3). The detection of only one brown dwarf within our survey area is consistent with a smooth extrapolation of the stellar mass function of the Pleiades(4), suggesting that brown dwarfs, although probably quite numerous in the Galactic disk, are unlikely to comprise more than similar to 1% of its mass.
RP REBOLO, R (corresponding author), INST ASTROFIS CANARIAS,E-38200 LA LAGUNA,SPAIN.
NR 32
TC 306
Z9 346
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 129
EP 131
DI 10.1038/377129a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400040
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EDWARDS, D
   DUCKETT, JG
   RICHARDSON, JB
AF EDWARDS, D
   DUCKETT, JG
   RICHARDSON, JB
TI HEPATIC CHARACTERS IN THE EARLIEST LAND PLANTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conducting strand; micro-fossils
AB EVIDENCE for terrestrial vegetation in Ordovician and Silurian times, before the advent of vascular plants, comes from palynomorphs (cryptospores(1)), that is, non-dissociating tetrads and dyads(2,3) and cuticles(4). The lack of a megafossil record for the spore producers is usually attributed to low fossilization potential of vegetative tissues, and this, plus spore type(5), contributes to the hypothesis that the plants were embryophytes/archegoniates at a bryophyte level of organization(3,5,6) and perhaps most similar in organization to modern hepatics(5). Here we describe a minute coalified fossil from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian: micrornatus-newportensis Spore Biozone) of the Welsh Borderland(7), which contains obligate, smooth-waded tetrahedral tetrads, similar (by scanning electron microscopy) to those first recorded in the Ordovician. To our knowledge, these are the first data on the gross morphology and tissues of the plants that comprised the earliest embryophyte land flora (Gray's Eoembryophytic epoch(3)), albeit obtained from a relict Devonian example fossilized at a time when the composition of dispersed spore and megafossil assemblages suggests that tracheophytes and tracheophyte-like plants (rhyniophytoids) had generally begun to dominate land vegetation (Gray's Eotracheophyta(3)). Its anatomy in toto finds no exact parallels in embryophytes, but many of the individual cellular features match those in extant hepatics (liverworts).
C1 UNIV LONDON QUEEN MARY & WESTFIELD COLL,SCH BIOL SCI,LONDON E1 4NS,ENGLAND.
   NAT HIST MUSEUM,DEPT PALAEONTOL,LONDON SW7 5BD,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; Queen Mary University London; Natural History Museum London
RP EDWARDS, D (corresponding author), UNIV WALES COLL CARDIFF,DEPT EARTH SCI,POB 914,CARDIFF CF1 3YE,S GLAM,WALES.
NR 21
TC 103
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6523
BP 635
EP 636
DI 10.1038/374635a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QT189
UT WOS:A1995QT18900057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AKOULITCHEV, S
   MAKELA, TP
   WEINBERG, RA
   REINBERG, D
AF AKOULITCHEV, S
   MAKELA, TP
   WEINBERG, RA
   REINBERG, D
TI REQUIREMENT FOR TFIIH KINASE-ACTIVITY IN TRANSCRIPTION BY RNA-POLYMERASE-II
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-terminal domain; largest subunit; promoter; repeat
AB AN array of tandem heptapeptide repeats at the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II constitute a highly conserved structure essential for viability(1-3). Studies have established that the CTD is phosphorylated at different stages of the transcription cycle(4-7), and that it may be involved in transcriptional regulation(8-12). The exact role of the CTD remains elusive, as in vitro reconstituted transcription using the adenovirus major late promoter does not require the CTD13,14. Previous studies(7,15,16) showed that transcription from the murine dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) promoter can be only accomplished by the form of RNA polymerase II that contains the hypophosphorylated CTD (RNAPIIA), but not by the form that lacks it (RNAPIIB)(7). Here we show that the CTD, but not its phosphorylation, is required for initiation of transcription. We also show that transcription requires CTD kinase activity provided by the CDK7 subunit of TFIIH17-19.
C1 UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY,ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MED SCH,DEPT BIOCHEM,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08854.
   MIT,WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
   MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
NR 27
TC 165
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 557
EP 560
DI 10.1038/377557a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600070
PM 7566158
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JOHNSON, RP
   CRAIG, SW
AF JOHNSON, RP
   CRAIG, SW
TI F-ACTIN BINDING-SITE MASKED BY THE INTRAMOLECULAR ASSOCIATION OF VINCULIN HEAD AND TAIL DOMAINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-association; escherichia-coli; alpha-actinin; smooth-muscle; purification; proteins; metavinculin; filaments; sequence; cdna
AB ALTHOUGH vinculin is present at all sites of F-actin attachment to plasma membranes(1) acid is required for linkage of myofibrils to sarcolemma(2), it is unclear how it promotes attachment of actin to membranes. Because biochemical evidence for a direct interaction of vinculin with F-actin is controversial(3-9), current models of actin-membrane linkages depict only an indirect role for vinculin, as a tether for alpha-actinin(10). We demonstrate here that an intramolecular association between the 95K head and 30K tail domains of vinculin(11) masks an F-actin binding site present in the carboxyterminal tail domain. Cosedimentation and crosslinking assays, and direct visualization by transmission electron microscopy, reveal an interaction between F-actin and a bacterially expressed fusion protein containing amino acids 811-1066 of vinculin, and between F-actin and a proteolytic fragment of vinculin containing amino acids 858-1066. Vinculin itself neither cosediments with nor crosslinks F-actin. The amino-terminal 95K head fragment of vinculin, but not intact vinculin, inhibits both cosedimentation and crosslinking. We propose that assembly of vinculin into an adherens junction involves disruption of the head-tail interaction, revealing a site that mediates microfilament attachment.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOL CHEM,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
NR 30
TC 332
Z9 381
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6511
BP 261
EP 264
DI 10.1038/373261a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QC278
UT WOS:A1995QC27800069
PM 7816144
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BAUER, JE
   REIMERS, CE
   DRUFFEL, ERM
   WILLIAMS, PM
AF BAUER, JE
   REIMERS, CE
   DRUFFEL, ERM
   WILLIAMS, PM
TI ISOTOPIC CONSTRAINTS ON CARBON EXCHANGE BETWEEN DEEP-OCEAN SEDIMENTS AND SEA-WATER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dissolved organic-carbon; early diagenesis; metal pollution; north pacific; pore water; c-14; california; oxygen; matter; radiocarbon
AB THE vast reservoirs of organic carbon in marine sediments(1-3) have the potential to influence the properties of organic matter in the overlying water column, For example, it has been suggested that marine sediments are a possible source of the old, refractory dissolved organic carbon (DOC) found in deep water(3,4), Natural radiocarbon and stable carbon isotope ratios (Delta(14)C and delta(13)C) can be used to constrain the role of sediments in the ocean carbon cycle(5-8). Here we report the distributions of Delta(14)C and delta(13)C associated with dissolved organic and inorganic carbon in sediment pore water, together with those of the particulate sedimentary organic carbon, from two geochemically distinct marine environments, Concentration gradients of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon across the sediment-water interface imply significant diffusive fluxes of these solutes from the sediment to the water column. But the DOC fraction in the sediments is greatly enriched in C-14 compared with that in the overlying sea water (by as much as 370 parts per thousand), indicating that the DOC supplied by sediments to ocean waters must be relatively young, and that its remnant ages in the water column itself.
C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV,INST MARINE & COASTAL SCI,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903.
   UNIV CALIF IRVINE,DEPT EARTH SYST SCI,IRVINE,CA 92717.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,DIV MARINE RES,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP BAUER, JE (corresponding author), COLL WILLIAM & MARY,SCH MARINE SCI,GLOUCESTER POINT,VA 23062, USA.
NR 33
TC 73
Z9 77
U1 1
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 686
EP 689
DI 10.1038/373686a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARGULIS, W
   LAURELL, F
   LESCHE, B
AF MARGULIS, W
   LAURELL, F
   LESCHE, B
TI IMAGING THE NONLINEAR GRATING IN FREQUENCY-DOUBLING FIBERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical fibers; generation
AB THE second-order response of a transparent material to intense light creates an oscillatory electromagnetic field at twice the driving frequency. Materials with a strong second-order response can therefore be used for frequency-doubling, for example to convert infrared laser light to visible light(1). Although amorphous materials have no significant intrinsic second-order response, glass fibres can nevertheless exhibit second-harmonic generation after exposure to intense laser irradiation(2). Beating between the electromagnetic fields of the laser light at the fundamental frequency and a weak second-harmonic signal (externally applied or intrinsic to the fibre) permanently modifies the glass and enhances the second-order response; the high efficiency of the response points to the formation of a periodic electric-field grating within the fibre(3-7). High electric fields have been detected in fibres(8) and the existence of a grating has been confirmed indirectly(9). Here we present direct images of this grating in germanosilicate optical fibres, obtained by exposing the fibres to chemical attack by hydrofluoric acid while the grating is in place. The rate of etching is sensitive to the intensity of the internal electric field in the fibres. Our results are consistent with the idea that the grating results from macroscopic separation of charge at the boundary between the fibre core and cladding, rather than from a microscopic reorientation of dipoles throughout the material.
C1 ROYAL INST TECHNOL,DEPT PHYS 2,S-10044 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN.
   UNIV FED RIO DE JANEIRO,INST PHYS,BR-21945970 RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL.
C3 Royal Institute of Technology; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
RP MARGULIS, W (corresponding author), PONTIFICIA UNIV CATOLICA RIO DE JANEIRO,DEPT PHYS,BR-22453900 RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL.
NR 15
TC 34
Z9 37
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 699
EP 701
DI 10.1038/378699a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FUNATSU, T
   HARADA, Y
   TOKUNAGA, M
   SAITO, K
   YANAGIDA, T
AF FUNATSU, T
   HARADA, Y
   TOKUNAGA, M
   SAITO, K
   YANAGIDA, T
TI IMAGING OF SINGLE FLUORESCENT MOLECULES AND INDIVIDUAL ATP TURNOVERS BY SINGLE MYOSIN MOLECULES IN AQUEOUS-SOLUTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID actin-filaments; invitro; subfragment-1; microscopy; hydrolysis; movement
AB VISUALIZATION of single actin filaments by fluorescence microscopy(1) led to the development of new in vitro assays for analysing actomyosin-based motility at the molecular level(2-5). The ability to manipulate actin filaments with a microneedle(6,7) or an optical trap(8) combined with position-sensitive detectors has enabled direct measurements of nanometre displacements and piconewton forces exerted by individual myosin molecules. To elucidate how myosin generates movement, it is necessary to understand how ATP hydrolysis is coupled to mechanical work at the level of the single molecule. But the most sensitive microscopic ATPase assay available still requires over 1,000 myosin(9). To enhance the sensitivity of such assays, we have refined epifluorescence and total internal reflection microscopies to visualize single fluorescent dye molecules. We report here that this approach can be used directly to image single fluorescently labelled myosin molecules and detect individual ATP turnover reactions. In contrast to pre,viously reported single fluorescent molecule imaging methods, which used specimens immobilized on an air-dried surface(10-12), method allows video-rate imaging of single molecules in aqueous solution, and hence can be applied to the study of man types of enzymes and biomolecules.
C1 OSAKA UNIV, DEPT BIOPHYS ENGN, TOYONAKA, OSAKA 560, JAPAN.
C3 University of Osaka
RP FUNATSU, T (corresponding author), JRDC, ERATO, BIOMOTRON PROJECT, SENBA HIGASHI 2-4-14, MINO, OSAKA 562, JAPAN.
NR 24
TC 877
Z9 1074
U1 4
U2 288
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 555
EP 559
DI 10.1038/374555a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900056
PM 7700383
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BOERRIGTER, METI
   DOLLE, MET
   MARTUS, HJ
   GOSSEN, JA
   VIJG, J
AF BOERRIGTER, METI
   DOLLE, MET
   MARTUS, HJ
   GOSSEN, JA
   VIJG, J
TI PLASMID-BASED TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL FOR STUDYING IN-VIVO MUTATIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mice; invivo; rescue; gene; dna
AB A new transgenic mouse model for studying in vivo somatic mutations is based on the efficient recovery of chromosomally integrated lacZ-containing plasmids, using magnetic beads.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02215.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP BOERRIGTER, METI (corresponding author), BETH ISRAEL HOSP,DEPT MED,DIV GERONTOL,MOLEC GENET SECT,330 BROOKLINE AVE,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA.
NR 16
TC 125
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 657
EP 659
DI 10.1038/377657a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500060
PM 7566182
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHEN, YH
   INOBE, J
   MARKS, R
   GONNELLA, P
   KUCHROO, VK
   WEINER, HL
AF CHEN, YH
   INOBE, J
   MARKS, R
   GONNELLA, P
   KUCHROO, VK
   WEINER, HL
TI PERIPHERAL DELETION OF ANTIGEN-REACTIVE T-CELLS IN ORAL TOLERANCE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; collagen-induced arthritis; myelin basic-protein; ii collagen; suppression; induction; mice
AB ORAL administration of antigen is used to induce antigen-specific peripheral immune tolerance(1,2). As well as preventing systemic immune responses to ingested proteins(3), oral tolerance to autoantigens has also been used to suppress autoimmune diseases in animals(4-10) and humans(11,12). Both active suppression and clonal anergy are suggested to be mechanisms of oral tolerance, depending on the dose of antigen fed(13,14). Here we report that oral antigen can delete antigen-reactive T cells in Peyer's patches, in mice transgenic for the ovalbumin-specific T-cell receptor genes, The deletion was mediated by apoptosis, and was dependent on dosage and frequency of feeding. At lower doses deletion was not observed; instead there was induction of antigen-specific cells that produced transforming growth factor (TGF)beta and interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 cytokines. At higher doses, both Th1 and Th2 cells were deleted following their initial activation, whereas cells which secrete TGF-beta were resistant to deletion. These findings demonstrate that orally administered antigen can induce tolerance not only by active suppression and clonal anergy
C1 HARVARD UNIV,BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,SCH MED,CTR NEUROL DIS,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
NR 25
TC 714
Z9 767
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6536
BP 177
EP 180
DI 10.1038/376177a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RJ028
UT WOS:A1995RJ02800062
PM 7603570
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MOLLOY, JE
   BURNS, JE
   KENDRICKJONES, J
   TREGEAR, RT
   WHITE, DCS
AF MOLLOY, JE
   BURNS, JE
   KENDRICKJONES, J
   TREGEAR, RT
   WHITE, DCS
TI MOVEMENT AND FORCE PRODUCED BY A SINGLE MYOSIN HEAD
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sliding movement; actin-filaments; subfragment-1
AB MUSCLE contraction is driven by the cyclical interaction of myosin with actin, coupled to the breakdown of ATP. Studies of the interaction of filamentous myosin(1) and of a double-headed proteolytic fragment, heavy meromyosin (HMM)(2,3), with actin have demonstrated discrete mechanical events, arising from stochastic interaction of single myosin molecules with actin. Here we show, using an optical-tweezers transducer(2,4), that a single myosin subfragment-1 (S1), which is a single myosin head, can act as an independent generator of force and movement. Our analysis accounts for the broad distribution of displacement amplitudes observed, and indicates that the underlying: movement (working stroke) produced by a single acto-S1 interaction is similar to 4 nm, considerably shorter than previous estimates(1-3,5) but consistent with structural data(6). We measure the average force generated by S1 or HMM to be at least 1.7 pN under isometric conditions.
C1 MOLEC BIOL LAB, CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH, ENGLAND.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP MOLLOY, JE (corresponding author), UNIV YORK, DEPT BIOL, YORK YO1 5DW, N YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.
NR 14
TC 512
Z9 597
U1 1
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 209
EP 212
DI 10.1038/378209a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900061
PM 7477328
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COLLINGE, J
   PALMER, MS
   SIDLE, KCL
   HILL, AF
   GOWLAND, I
   MEADS, J
   ASANTE, E
   BRADLEY, R
   DOEY, LJ
   LANTOS, PL
AF COLLINGE, J
   PALMER, MS
   SIDLE, KCL
   HILL, AF
   GOWLAND, I
   MEADS, J
   ASANTE, E
   BRADLEY, R
   DOEY, LJ
   LANTOS, PL
TI UNALTERED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BSE IN TRANSGENIC MICE EXPRESSING HUMAN PRION PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bovine spongiform encephalopathy; creutzfeldt-jakob disease; scrapie; prp; transmission; gene
AB PRION diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative conditions of humans and animals. Prions consist principally of a post-translationally modified form of prion protein (PrP), PrPSc, which is partly protease resistant(1). Transmission of prion diseases between species is limited by a 'species barrier'(2) determined in part by the degree of sequence homology between host PrP and inoculated PrPSc (ref.3) and by prion strain type(4). The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom and other countries has led to concerns that transmission to humans may occur by dietary exposure. BSE appears to be caused by a single strain, distinct from those of natural or experimental scrapie(4), which is also seen in the nerv prion diseases of cats and ruminants that have presumably arisen from dietary BSE exposure(4). Here we show that transgenic mice expressing human PrP in addition to mouse PrP can generate human PrPSc and 'human' prions. These mice therefore provide a model to study experimentally the species barrier limiting BSE transmission to humans. Incubation periods to BSE in transgenic mice are not shortened by expression of human PrP, and only mouse PrPSc is produced in response to such challenge.
C1 ST MARYS HOSP,DEPT NEUROL,LONDON W2 1NY,ENGLAND.
   MAFF,CENT VET LAB,WEYBRIDGE KT15 3NB,SURREY,ENGLAND.
   INST PSYCHIAT,DEPT NEUROPATHOL,LONDON SE5 8AF,ENGLAND.
C3 Imperial College London; University of London; King's College London
RP COLLINGE, J (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED,ST MARYS HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC GENET,LONDON W2 1PG,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 190
Z9 218
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6559
BP 779
EP 783
DI 10.1038/378779a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TL419
UT WOS:A1995TL41900026
PM 8524411
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ALON, R
   HAMMER, DA
   SPRINGER, TA
AF ALON, R
   HAMMER, DA
   SPRINGER, TA
TI LIFETIME OF THE P-SELECTIN-CARBOHYDRATE BOND AND ITS RESPONSE TO TENSILE FORCE IN HYDRODYNAMIC FLOW
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutrophil adhesion; glycoprotein ligand; myeloid cells; shear-flow; binding; identification; recognition; detachment; venules
AB SELECTINS tether to the blood vessel wall leukocytes that are flowing in the bloodstream and support subsequent labile rolling interactions as the leukocytes are subjected to hydrodynamic drag forces(1,2). To support this rolling, selectins have been proposed to have rapid bond association and dissociation rate constants, and special mechanical properties linking tensile forces and bond dissociation(3-6). We have visualized transient tethering and release of neutrophils in hydrodynamic flow on lipid bilayers containing densities of P-selectin below those required to support rolling. We report here that transient tethers had first-order kinetics and other characteristics suggesting a unimolecular interaction between P-selectin and its glycoprotein ligand (PSGL-1). The unstressed dissociation constant (off rate) was 1s(-1) Hydrodynamic shear stresses of up to 1.1 dyn cm(-2), corresponding to a force on the bond of up to 110 pN, increased the off rate only modestly, to 3.5 s(-1). The data was adequately matched by a proposed equation(7) relating off rate to the exponential of tensile force on the bond and the bond interaction distance, and gave a bond interaction distance of 0.5 Angstrom. This distance is compatible with hydrogen and metal coordination bonds between P-selectin and PSGL-1. Fast on and off rates, together with the high tensile strength of the selectin bond, appear necessary to support rolling at physiological shear stresses.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,CTR BLOOD RES,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   CORNELL UNIV,SCH CHEM ENGN,ITHACA,NY 14853.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Cornell University
NR 30
TC 589
Z9 693
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 539
EP 542
DI 10.1038/374539a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900051
PM 7535385
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BACK, CH
   WURSCH, C
   VATERLAUS, A
   RAMSPERGER, U
   MAIER, U
   PESCIA, D
AF BACK, CH
   WURSCH, C
   VATERLAUS, A
   RAMSPERGER, U
   MAIER, U
   PESCIA, D
TI EXPERIMENTAL CONFIRMATION OF UNIVERSALITY FOR A PHASE-TRANSITION IN 2 DIMENSIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ising-model
AB WHEN a system is poised at a critical point between two macroscopic phases, it exhibits dynamical structures on all available spatial scales, even though the underlying microscopic interactions tend to have a characteristic length scale. According to the universality hypothesis(1,2), diverse physical systems that share the same essential symmetry properties will exhibit the same physical behaviour close to their critical points(1,3-5); if this is so, even highly idealized models can be used to describe real systems accurately, Here we report experimental confirmation that the scaling behaviour of thermodynamic variables predicted by the universality hypothesis holds over 18 orders of magnitude, We show that the equation of state of a two-dimensional system (an atomic layer of ferromagnetic iron deposited on a non-magnetic substrate) closely follows the behaviour(6) of the two-dimensional Ising model(7)-the first and most elementary statistical model of a macroscopic system with short-range interactions(3).
RP BACK, CH (corresponding author), ETH ZURICH, FESTKORPERPHYS LAB, CH-8093 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.
NR 21
TC 84
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 597
EP 600
DI 10.1038/378597a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100070
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LOMBARDI, V
   PIAZZESI, G
   FERENCZI, MA
   THIRLWELL, H
   DOBBIE, I
   IRVING, M
AF LOMBARDI, V
   PIAZZESI, G
   FERENCZI, MA
   THIRLWELL, H
   DOBBIE, I
   IRVING, M
TI ELASTIC DISTORTION OF MYOSIN HEADS AND REPRIMING OF THE WORKING STROKE IN MUSCLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID contracting muscle; striated-muscle; fibers; frog; transients; mechanism
AB MUSCLE contraction is driven by a cyclical interaction between the globular head domain of myosin and the actin filaments(1-6). We used quick stretches of 5 nm per half sarcomere to synchronize the movements of myosin heads in active single muscle fibres(5,7,8). The intensity of the 14.5 nm X-ray reflection decreased during the stretch, showing that the instantaneous elasticity of muscle(1,5) involves distortion of myosin heads. Head movement continued at about 1,500 s(-1) after the stretch, accompanied by partial force recovery. This indicates a reversal of the force-generating 'working stroke' in the myosin heads(5,8,9) that is smaller and faster than assumed previously(5,10,11). By 50 ms after the stretch, myosin heads have regained both their original conformation and the ability to execute a normal working stroke. This 'repriming' process is slower than that following shortening(12) but much faster than the ATP turnover rate per myosin head.
C1 NATL INST MED RES,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
   UNIV LONDON KINGS COLL,RANDALL INST,LONDON WC2B 5RL,ENGLAND.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; University of London; King's College London
RP LOMBARDI, V (corresponding author), UNIV FLORENCE,DIPARTIMENTO SCI FISIOL,VIALE GB MORGAGNI 63,I-50134 FLORENCE,ITALY.
FU Telethon [239] Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 102
Z9 107
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 553
EP 555
DI 10.1038/374553a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900055
PM 7700382
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FOSSING, H
   GALLARDO, VA
   JORGENSEN, BB
   HUTTEL, M
   NIELSEN, LP
   SCHULZ, H
   CANFIELD, DE
   FORSTER, S
   GLUD, RN
   GUNDERSEN, JK
   KUVER, J
   RAMSING, NB
   TESKE, A
   THAMDRUP, B
   ULLOA, O
AF FOSSING, H
   GALLARDO, VA
   JORGENSEN, BB
   HUTTEL, M
   NIELSEN, LP
   SCHULZ, H
   CANFIELD, DE
   FORSTER, S
   GLUD, RN
   GUNDERSEN, JK
   KUVER, J
   RAMSING, NB
   TESKE, A
   THAMDRUP, B
   ULLOA, O
TI CONCENTRATION AND TRANSPORT OF NITRATE BY THE MAT-FORMING SULFUR BACTERIUM THIOPLOCA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beggiatoa; peru; denitrification; marine; microgradients; 15-degrees-s; sediments; araucae; chileae
AB MARINE species of Thioploca occur over 3,000 km along the continental shelf off Southern Peru and North and Central Chile(1-4). These filamentous bacteria live in bundles surrounded by a common sheath and form thick mats on the sea floor under the oxygen-minimum zone in the upwelling region, at between 40 and 280 m water depth. The metabolism of this marine bacterium(5,6) remained a mystery until long after its discovery(1,7). We report here that Thioploca cells are able to concentrate nitrate to up to 500 mM in a liquid vacuole that occupies >80% of the cell volume. Gliding filaments transport this nitrate 5-10 cm down into the sediment and reduce it, with concomitant oxidation of hydrogen sulphide, thereby coupling the nitrogen and sulphur cycles in the sediment.
C1 UNIV CONCEPCION, CTR EULA, CONCEPCION, CHILE.
   AARHUS UNIV, INST BIOL, DEPT MICROBIAL ECOL, DK-8000 AARHUS C, DENMARK.
   UNIV COPENHAGEN, NIELS BOHR INST, DEPT GEOPHYS, DK-2200 COPENHAGEN N, DENMARK.
C3 Universidad de Concepcion; Aarhus University; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute
RP FOSSING, H (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST MARINE MICROBIOL, FAHRENHEITSTR 1, D-28359 BREMEN, GERMANY.
NR 17
TC 375
Z9 403
U1 0
U2 84
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6524
BP 713
EP 715
DI 10.1038/374713a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QU304
UT WOS:A1995QU30400047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JAMES, TD
   SANDANAYAKE, KRAS
   SHINKAI, S
AF JAMES, TD
   SANDANAYAKE, KRAS
   SHINKAI, S
TI CHIRAL DISCRIMINATION OF MONOSACCHARIDES USING A FLUORESCENT MOLECULAR SENSOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID active binaphthyl derivatives; binding; recognition; catalysis; receptor
AB MEANS of distinguishing between enantiomers of a chiral molecule are of critical importance in many areas of analytical chemistry and biotechnology, particularly in drug design and synthesis. In particular, solution-based sensor systems capable of chiral recognition would be of tremendous pharmaceutical value. Here we report the chiral discrimination of D- and L-monosaccharides using a designed receptor molecule that acts as a sensor by virtue of its fluorescent response to binding of the guest species. Our receptor contains boronic acid groups that bind saccharides by covalent interactions; such receptor systems have been much studied previously(1-6) for complexation of saccharides, and have an advantage over others based on hydrogen-bonding interactions(7-11), for which polar protic solvents such as water can compete with guest binding. Our molecular sensor also incorporates a fluorescent naphthyl moiety; binding of each enantiomer of the monosaccharides alters the fluorescence intensity to differing degrees, enabling them to be distinguished. These water-soluble molecular sensors might form the basis of a quantitative and selective analytical method for saccharides.
C1 RES DEV CORP JAPAN,CHEMIRECOGN PROJECT,KURUME,FUKUOKA 830,JAPAN.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
NR 21
TC 612
Z9 667
U1 1
U2 210
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6520
BP 345
EP 347
DI 10.1038/374345a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QN630
UT WOS:A1995QN63000055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VIITALA, J
   KORPIMAKI, E
   PALOKANGAS, P
   KOIVULA, M
AF VIITALA, J
   KORPIMAKI, E
   PALOKANGAS, P
   KOIVULA, M
TI ATTRACTION OF KESTRELS TO VOLE SCENT MARKS VISIBLE IN ULTRAVIOLET-LIGHT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID clethrionomys-glareolus; spectral sensitivity; social rank; uv vision; birds; predators; nomadism; urine
AB Is northern Europe, broad four-year oscillations in small rodent and raptor populations are synchronous over hundreds of square kilometres(1-6). Crashes in vole populations can induce wide emigration (>1,000 km) of their predators(7-9), but almost nothing is known about how predators rapidly detect areas of vole abundance, Here we report on laboratory and field experiments on voles (Microtus agrestis) and kestrels (Falco tinnunculus). Voles mark their run-aways with urine and faeces, which are visible in ultraviolet light. Wild kestrels brought into captivity were able to detect vole scent marks in ultraviolet light but not in visible light, In. the field, kestrels hunted preferentially near experimental nest-boxes where artificial trails were treated with vole urine and faeces. We suggest that kestreIs flying over an area can see and use vole scent marks to assess vole numbers. This ability would enable kestrels to 'screen' large areas in a relatively short time, Our results provide a novel explanation for how raptors detect patches of high vole densities without prior knowledge of local food resources.
C1 UNIV JYVASKYLA,DEPT BIO & ENVIRONM SCI,KONNEVESI RES STN,SF-44300 KONNEVESI,FINLAND.
   UNIV TURKU,DEPT BIOL,ECOL ZOOL LAB,SF-20500 TURKU,FINLAND.
C3 University of Jyvaskyla; University of Turku
NR 27
TC 269
Z9 293
U1 0
U2 109
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6513
BP 425
EP 427
DI 10.1038/373425a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QE670
UT WOS:A1995QE67000055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DOUHAL, A
   KIM, SK
   ZEWAIL, AH
AF DOUHAL, A
   KIM, SK
   ZEWAIL, AH
TI FEMTOSECOND MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS OF TAUTOMERIZATION IN MODEL BASE-PAIRS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-proton-transfer; temperature
AB Hydrogen bonds commonly lend robustness and directionality to molecular recognition processes and supramolecular structures(1,2). In particular, the two or three hydrogen bonds in Watson-Crick base pairs bind the double-stranded DNA helix and determine the complementarity of the pairing. Watson and Crick pointed out(3), however, that the possible tautomers of base pairs, in which hydrogen atoms become attached to the donor atom of the hydrogen bond, might disturb the genetic code, as the tautomer is capable of pairing with different partners. But the dynamics of hydrogen bonds in general, and of this tautomerization process in particular, are not well understood. Here we report observations of the femtosecond dynamics of tautomerization in model base pairs (7-azaindole dimers) containing two hydrogen bonds. Because of the femtosecond resolution of proton motions, we are able to examine the cooperativity of formation of the tautomer (in which the protons on each base are shifted sequentially to the other base), and to determine the characteristic timescales of the motions in a solvent-free environment. We find that the first step occurs on a timescale of a few hundred femtoseconds, whereas the second step, to form the full tautomer, is much slower, taking place within several picoseconds; the timescales are changed significantly by replacing hydrogen with deuterium. These results establish the molecular basis of the dynamics and the role of quantum tunnelling.
RP DOUHAL, A (corresponding author), CALTECH, ARTHUR AMOS NOYES LAB CHEM PHYS, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
NR 17
TC 453
Z9 476
U1 0
U2 106
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 260
EP 263
DI 10.1038/378260a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800042
PM 7477342
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BLADT, F
   RIETHMACHER, D
   ISENMANN, S
   AGUZZI, A
   BIRCHMEIER, C
AF BLADT, F
   RIETHMACHER, D
   ISENMANN, S
   AGUZZI, A
   BIRCHMEIER, C
TI ESSENTIAL ROLE FOR THE C-MET RECEPTOR IN THE MIGRATION OF MYOGENIC PRECURSOR CELLS INTO THE LIMB BUD
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hepatocyte growth-factor; scatter factor; epithelial interactions; tyrosine kinase; expression; identification; protooncogene; musculature; protein; origin
AB LIMB muscles develop from cells that migrate from the somites(1,2). The signal that induces migration of myogenic precursor cells to the limb emanates from the mesenchyme of the limb bud(2,3). Here we report that the c-met-encoded receptor tyrosine kinase is essential for migration of myogenic precursor cells into the limb anlage and for migration into diaphragm and tip of tongue. In c-met homozygous mutant (-/-) mouse embryos, the limb bud and diaphragm are not colonized by myogenic precursor cells and, as a consequence, skeletal muscles of the limb and diaphragm do not form. In contrast, development of the axial skeletal muscles proceeds in the absence of c-met signalling. The specific ligand of the c-met protein, the motility and growth factor scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor(4-9), is expressed in limb mesenchyme and can thus provide the signal for migration which is received by c-met. We have therefore identified a paracrine signalling system that regulates migration of myogenic precursor cells.
C1 MAX DELBRUCK CENTRUM MOLEK MED, D-13122 BERLIN, GERMANY.
   UNIV ZURICH, INST NEUROPATHOL, CH-8091 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine; University of Zurich
NR 30
TC 1089
Z9 1246
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6543
BP 768
EP 771
DI 10.1038/376768a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RR836
UT WOS:A1995RR83600038
PM 7651534
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHAUSSIDON, M
   ROBERT, F
AF CHAUSSIDON, M
   ROBERT, F
TI NUCLEOSYNTHESIS OF B-11-RICH BORON IN THE PRE-SOLAR CLOUD RECORDED IN METEORITIC CHONDRULES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isotopic composition; elements; cosmochemistry; abundances
AB MODELS Of the chemical evolution of the Galaxy, in which most elements are created inside stars and distributed by stellar winds and supernovae, cannot produce the observed abundances of boron and beryllium(1). These elements have been produced continuously since the Big Bang by collisions between Galactic cosmic rays (very energetic protons and alpha-particles) and heavier elements, such as carbon and oxygen, in the interstellar medium(2-6). But models of chemical evolution that include these effects predict a boron isotope ratio (B-11/B-10 = 2.5, ref. 2) that is very different from that observed on Earth and in meteorites (B-11/B-10 approximate to 4.0, refs 7-9). Here we present ion-probe measurements of the B-11/B-10 ratio in meteoritic chondrules, which reveal significant variations (3.84-4.25) correlated with the beryllium and boron concentrations. These correlations can be explained by production of B-11-rich boron in the pre-solar cloud, resulting from collisions between interstellar hydrogen (and helium) and low-energy cosmic rays(10) such as the carbon and oxygen nuclei recently observed in the Orion star-forming complex(11). Our results also suggest that isotopic heterogeneities have been partially preserved during the process of chondrule formation.
C1 MUSEUM NATL HIST NAT,F-75015 PARIS,FRANCE.
C3 Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN)
RP CHAUSSIDON, M (corresponding author), CNRS,CRPG,BP 20,F-54501 VANDOEUVRE NANCY,FRANCE.
NR 33
TC 88
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6520
BP 337
EP 339
DI 10.1038/374337a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QN630
UT WOS:A1995QN63000052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHANG, R
   ALT, FW
   DAVIDSON, L
   ORKIN, SH
   SWAT, W
AF ZHANG, R
   ALT, FW
   DAVIDSON, L
   ORKIN, SH
   SWAT, W
TI DEFECTIVE SIGNALING THROUGH THE T-CELL AND B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS IN LYMPHOLD CELLS LACKING THE VAV PROTOONCOGENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine phosphorylation; protooncogene product; hematopoietic-cells; cross-linking; expression; kinase; cd40; rearrangement; stimulation; requirement
AB THE product of the vav proto-oncogene(1), p95(vav) or Vav, is tyrosine phosphorylated upon stimulation of T and B cells by antigen(2-4) and other(5-8) receptors, and contains motifs associated,vith signal transduction(1,9-11). To determine its role in vivo, we used vav-gene-targeted embryonic stem(12) cells and RAG-2(-/-) blastocyst complementation(13). The vav(-/-)-RAG-2(-/-) chimaeras displayed thymic atrophy with reduced numbers of peripheral T cells. Whereas the total number of B cells was normal, the subset of peritoneal B-1 (CD5(+))(14) cells was missing. The vav(-/-) T and B cells were hyporeactive when stimulated through antigen receptors, but vav(-/-) T cells proliferated on exposure to phorbol ester and calcium ionophore(15), whereas B cells responded normally to bacterial mitogen, lipopolysaccharide or the CD40 ligand(16-18). Thus, we have established here a functional role for vav in the control of T- and B-cell development and activation.
C1 CHILDRENS HOSP,DIV HEMATOL ONCOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   CHILDRENS HOSP,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DANA FARBER CANC INST,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   CTR BLOOD RES,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM)
NR 26
TC 381
Z9 399
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 470
EP 473
DI 10.1038/374470a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900063
PM 7700359
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PARGE, HE
   FOREST, KT
   HICKEY, MJ
   CHRISTENSEN, DA
   GETZOFF, ED
   TAINER, JA
AF PARGE, HE
   FOREST, KT
   HICKEY, MJ
   CHRISTENSEN, DA
   GETZOFF, ED
   TAINER, JA
TI STRUCTURE OF THE FIBER-FORMING PROTEIN PILIN AT 2.6-ANGSTROM RESOLUTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pseudomonas-aeruginosa; neisseria-gonorrhoeae; polar pili; dissociation; expression; antibody; fimbriae; mutant; actin; pao
AB The crystallographic structure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae pilin, which assembles into the multifunctional pilus adhesion and virulence factor, reveals an alpha-beta roll fold with a striking 85 Angstrom alpha-helical spine and an O-linked disaccharide. Hey residues stabilize interactions that allow sequence hypervariability, responsible for pilin's celebrated antigenic variation, within disulphide region beta-strands and connections. Pilin surface shape, hydrophobicity and sequence variation constrain pilus assembly to the packing of flat subunit faces against alpha(1) helices. Helical fibre assembly is postulated to form a core of coiled alpha(1) helices banded by beta-sheet, leaving carbohydrate and hypervariable sequence regions exposed to solvent.
C1 SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute
NR 50
TC 406
Z9 474
U1 1
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 32
EP 38
DI 10.1038/378032a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900040
PM 7477282
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BECK, KD
   VALVERDE, J
   ALEXI, T
   POULSEN, K
   MOFFAT, B
   VANDLEN, RA
   ROSENTHAL, A
   HEFTI, F
AF BECK, KD
   VALVERDE, J
   ALEXI, T
   POULSEN, K
   MOFFAT, B
   VANDLEN, RA
   ROSENTHAL, A
   HEFTI, F
TI MESENCEPHALIC DOPAMINERGIC-NEURONS PROTECTED BY GDNF FROM AXOTOMY-INDUCED DEGENERATION IN THE ADULT BRAIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurotrophic factor prevents; fibroblast growth-factor; motor neurons; in-vivo; fimbrial transections; motoneurons; survival; system; death; promotes
AB GLIAL-CELL-LINE-DERIVED neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promotes survival of embryonic dopaminergic neurons in culture(1), and its expression pattern suggests a role as a transient target-derived trophic factor for dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra(2-4). These neurons participate in the control of motor activity, emotional status and cognition(5), and they degenerate in Parkinson's disease for unknown reasons. To test whether GDNF has a trophic effect on dopaminergic neurons in the adult brain, we used a rat model in which these neurons are induced to degenerate by transecting their axons within the medial forebrain bundle(6). We report here that axotomy resulted in loss of half the tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing neurons in the substantia nigra. This loss was largely prevented by repeated injections of GDNF adjacent to the substantia nigra. Our findings suggest that GDNF or related molecules may be useful for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
C1 GENENTECH INC,DEPT PROT CHEM,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   GENENTECH INC,DEPT CELL GENET,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   UNIV SO CALIF,ETHEL PERCY ANDRUS GERONTOL CTR,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089.
C3 Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; University of Southern California
RP BECK, KD (corresponding author), GENENTECH INC,DEPT NEUROSCI,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080, USA.
NR 24
TC 622
Z9 683
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 339
EP 341
DI 10.1038/373339a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400058
PM 7830767
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LUECKE, H
   CHANG, BT
   MAILLIARD, WS
   SCHLAEPFER, DD
   HAIGLER, HT
AF LUECKE, H
   CHANG, BT
   MAILLIARD, WS
   SCHLAEPFER, DD
   HAIGLER, HT
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF THE ANNEXIN-XII HEXAMER AND IMPLICATIONS FOR BILAYER INSERTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-association; calcium; synexin; identification; resolution; membranes; channels
AB ANNEXINS are a family of calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins(1,2) implicated in a number of biological processes including membrane fusion(3) and ion channel formation(4-7). The crystal structure of the annexin XII hexamer, refined at 2.8 Angstrom resolution, forms a concave disk with 3-2 symmetry, about 100 Angstrom in diameter and 70 Angstrom thick with a central hydrophilic pore. Six intermolecular Ca2+ ions are involved in hexamer formation. An additional 18 Ca2+ ions are located on the perimeter of the disk, accessible only from the side of the hexameric disk. On the basis of the hexamer structure we propose here a new mode of protein-phospholipid bilayer interaction that is distinct from the hydrophobic insertion of typical membrane proteins. This speculative model postulates the Ca2+-dependent insertion of the hydrophilic annexin XII hexamer into phospholipid bilayers with local reorientation of the bilayer phospholipids.
C1 UNIV CALIF IRVINE,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,IRVINE,CA 92717.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP LUECKE, H (corresponding author), STANFORD SYNCHROTRON RADIAT LAB,MS 69,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
NR 30
TC 130
Z9 139
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 512
EP 515
DI 10.1038/378512a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400077
PM 7477411
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHI, J
   KIKKAWA, JM
   PROKSCH, R
   SCHAFFER, T
   AWSCHALOM, DD
   MEDEIROSRIBEIRO, G
   PETROFF, PM
AF SHI, J
   KIKKAWA, JM
   PROKSCH, R
   SCHAFFER, T
   AWSCHALOM, DD
   MEDEIROSRIBEIRO, G
   PETROFF, PM
TI ASSEMBLY OF SUBMICROMETER FERROMAGNETS IN GALLIUM-ARSENIDE SEMICONDUCTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID giant magnetoresistance
AB THE discovery of spin-dependent electronic phenomena in magnetic multilayers' and granular solids(2,3) has provided valuable insights into the nature of spin interactions in low-dimensional magnetic systems, and has opened the way to new technologies based on these phenomena. In the case of semiconductors, the incorporation of microscopic magnets would allow the electronic flexibility of semiconductor-based quantum structures to be combined with local magnetism(4), potentially enabling the development of new tunable spin-dependent magneto-electronic and magneto-optical devices. Recent attempts to introduce ferromagnetism into III-V compound semiconductors have involved epitaxial growth of atomically thin layers, yielding two-dimensional magnetic films(5) rather than localized magnetic structures. Here we describe a simple approach for fabricating discrete microscopic ferromagnets in the III-V semiconductor gallium arsenide. The semiconductor is first uniformly implanted with manganese ions. Subsequent heat treatment leads to a striking phase separation, whereby submicrometre crystals of GaMn nucleate and grow from the implanted layer. The resulting particles are ferromagnetic, with Curie temperatures exceeding room temperature.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT MAT & ELECT ENGN,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP SHI, J (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT PHYS,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106, USA.
NR 12
TC 76
Z9 90
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 707
EP 710
DI 10.1038/377707a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CARESS, DW
   MCNUTT, MK
   DETRICK, RS
   MUTTER, JC
AF CARESS, DW
   MCNUTT, MK
   DETRICK, RS
   MUTTER, JC
TI SEISMIC IMAGING OF HOTSPOT-RELATED CRUSTAL UNDERPLATING BENEATH THE MARQUESAS ISLANDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hawaiian-islands; united-states; province; flexure; model; oahu
AB VOLCANISM in active continental rift zones(1,2) or on rifted continental margins(3) is frequently associated with unusually high lower-crustal seismic velocities, indicating the presence of large igneous intrusions at the base of the crust. The only comprehensive investigation of crustal underplating at an oceanic hotspot, beneath Hawaii(4-6), has yielded controversial results(7). Here we report the results of seismic refraction experiments across the Marquesas Islands hotspot trace, which show that the island chain is underlain by crust 15-17 km thick, and that a large lower-crustal region (275 km wide and 2-8 km thick) has seismic velocities (7.3-7.75 km s(-1)) indicative of crustal underplating. Wide-angle reflections occur near the base of the normal lower-crustal velocities and at the base of the underplating complex; we interpret these reflectors as the relict pre-hotspot Moho and the current post-hotspot Moho, respectively. The high-velocity material may be purely intrusive or may consist of a mixture of intrusive and preexisting rocks. The volume of the high-velocity body is impressive, amounting to nearly twice the volume of volcanics erupted at the surface.
C1 SEABEAM INSTRUMENTS,E WALPOLE,MA 02032.
   MIT,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP CARESS, DW (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA.
NR 19
TC 155
Z9 166
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 600
EP 603
DI 10.1038/373600a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MULLER, KA
AF MULLER, KA
TI POSSIBLE COEXISTENCE OF S-WAVE AND D-WAVE CONDENSATES IN COPPER-OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-relaxation rate; yba2cu3o7; state; tc; anisotropy
AB SINCE the discovery of superconductivity in the layered copper a oxide materials(1), a number of microscopic models have been proposed. To know which of these should be considered further, it is important to determine empirically the symmetry of the superconducting order parameter (the wavefunction of the superconducting condensate), For some time there has been conflicting experimental evidence as to whether the superconducting condensate has s- or d-wave symmetry(2); these terms, strictly correct only in tetragonal symmetry, are commonly used to denote whether the superconducting gap is finite in an directions at zero temperature or contains nodes. Tunnelling data along the c axis of these quasi-tetragonal copper oxides, perpendicular to the CuO2 planes, clearly show an s-wave character(3,4). Conversely, tunnelling along the a or b axis of YBa2Cu3O7-delta has indicated a d-wave character of the wavefunction(5-7), with one exception(8). Here I propose that these and other apparently conflicting results can be explained in a consistent way if there exist in the copper oxide superconductors two condensates, with different symmetry but the same transition temperature-in other words, if there are two kinds of superconducting gap.
RP MULLER, KA (corresponding author), UNIV ZURICH,DEPT PHYS,CH-8057 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
NR 24
TC 144
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 133
EP 135
DI 10.1038/377133a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARX, D
   PARRINELLO, M
AF MARX, D
   PARRINELLO, M
TI STRUCTURAL QUANTUM EFFECTS AND 3-CENTER 2-ELECTRON BONDING IN CH5+
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics
AB HYPERCOORDINATE carbonium ions can be formed by protonating saturated hydrocarbons with superacids(1-3). As this leaves a deficiency of bonding electrons, the resulting non-classical carbocations contain bonds in which two electrons are shared between three nuclei. Protonated methane, CH5+, might be seen as the prototype of such species(1-3). But recent calculations(4,5) have suggested that all five C-H bonds are effectively equivalent and exchange dynamically very rapidly. It was therefore concluded(4) that CH5+ is a highly fluxional molecule without a definite structure, in which the representation in terms of three-centre two-electron bonding is misleading. Here we use a recently developed technique(6) to perform ab initio electronic structure calculations that include quantum effects of the nuclei. We find that, although there are prominent quantum-mechanical effects on the structure, including fluxionality, pseudo-rotations and hydrogen scrambling, the quantum ground state is nevertheless dominated on average by configurations in which an H-2 moiety is attached to a CH3 group forming a three-centre two-electron bond. To this extent, CH5+ should therefore resemble other carbonium ions.
C1 IBM CORP, DIV RES, ZURICH RES LAB, CH-8803 RUSCHLIKON, SWITZERLAND.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM Switzerland
RP MARX, D (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST FESTKORPERFORSCH, HEISENBERGSTR 1, D-70569 STUTTGART, GERMANY.
NR 20
TC 184
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 216
EP 218
DI 10.1038/375216a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FRONVAL, T
   JANSEN, E
   BLOEMENDAL, J
   JOHNSEN, S
AF FRONVAL, T
   JANSEN, E
   BLOEMENDAL, J
   JOHNSEN, S
TI OCEANIC EVIDENCE FOR COHERENT FLUCTUATIONS IN FENNOSCANDIAN AND LAURENTIDE ICE SHEETS ON MILLENNIUM TIMESCALES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic; heinrich events; climate; sediments; norway
AB PROXY temperature records from Greenland ice cores(1,2) and North Atlantic sediment cores(3) have provided evidence for a high degree of climate instability during the last glacial period. Much of this variability seems to be linked with the dynamics of the Laurentide ice sheet that covered North America at this time(3), which discharged iceberg flotillas into the North Atlantic that are now recorded in sediment cores as Heinrich events(4). How (if at all) this variability was manifested on the other side of the Atlantic-in the Nordic seas and the ice sheets of northwest Europe and Scandinavia-has been unclear. Here we present sediment, microfossil and oxygen isotope data from a sediment core in the Norwegian sea, which reveal cooling events and iceberg discharges analogous to Heinrich events. We show that these climate fluctuations in the Norwegian Sea were in phase, or were phase-locked, with air temperatures over Greenland, suggesting that the rapid changes in heat fluxes in the North Atlantic recorded in previous records(3) were felt in this high-latitude region. The iceberg discharges in our record seem to have come from the Fennoscandian ice sheet, implying that this and the Laurentide ice sheets fluctuated coherently on timescales shorter than those of Milankovitch orbital cycles.
C1 UNIV LIVERPOOL,DEPT GEOG,LIVERPOOL L69 3BX,MERSEYSIDE,ENGLAND.
   UNIV COPENHAGEN,DEPT GEOPHYS,NIELS BOHR INST,DK-2200 COPENHAGEN N,DENMARK.
   UNIV ICELAND,INST SCI,DEPT GEOPHYS,IS-107 REYKJAVIK,ICELAND.
C3 University of Liverpool; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; University of Iceland
RP FRONVAL, T (corresponding author), UNIV BERGEN,DEPT GEOL,ALLEGATEN 41,N-5007 BERGEN,NORWAY.
NR 22
TC 147
Z9 153
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 443
EP 446
DI 10.1038/374443a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RAMACHANDRAN, VS
   COBB, S
AF RAMACHANDRAN, VS
   COBB, S
TI VISUAL-ATTENTION MODULATES METACONTRAST MASKING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motion perception; cortex
AB HOW does the human visual system 'bind' different fragments in the visual scene to create enduring representations of objects(1-5)? A visual illusion known as 'metacontrast'(6-9) or backward masking provides compelling evidence that perception is not instantaneous and that it occurs sequentially in distinct stages, If a solid white target square is displayed for 50 ms in a tachistoscope, switched off, and followed by a 50 ms display of two flanking mask squares, remarkably, subjects report seeing only the two flanking squares: the first square is simply not 'seen'. By plotting the magnitude of masking as a function of the delay between the target and mask (the stimulus onset asynchrony), one can obtain a characteristic 'U'-shaped function(7) with optimum masking occurring at about 50 ms, and no masking with synchronous target and mask presentations or at delays higher than 300 ms. The illusion is also highly sensitive to elementary stimulus dimensions such as colour, orientation and spatial frequency(8), and it has been suggested(10) that it is based on 'low level' autonomous visual mechanisms rather than cognitive processes, Here we describe a novel visual stimulus that demonstrates that metacontrast can be strongly modulated by 'top down' influences such as voluntary visual attention.
RP RAMACHANDRAN, VS (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,CTR RES BRAIN & COGNIT,BRAIN & PERCEPT LAB,0109,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 17
TC 111
Z9 121
U1 1
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6509
BP 66
EP 68
DI 10.1038/373066a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QA239
UT WOS:A1995QA23900056
PM 7800040
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU REISBERG, L
   LORAND, JP
AF REISBERG, L
   LORAND, JP
TI LONGEVITY OF SUB-CONTINENTAL MANTLE LITHOSPHERE FROM OSMIUM ISOTOPE SYSTEMATICS IN OROGENIC PERIDOTITE MASSIFS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ronda ultramafic complex; northeastern pyrenees; southern spain; sr; nd; france; os; metamorphism; spectrometry; evolution
AB ATTEMPTS to understand the formation and evolution of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) have been hampered by the absence of reliable time constraints, reflecting a lack of appropriate isotopic dating techniques. The most commonly used methods, involving strontium, neodymium and lead isotopes, yield ambiguous results in mantle rocks, and show no relationship with magmatic processes, as the loa concentrations of these elements make them susceptible to later metasomatic disturbance. Osmium, by contrast, is much more abundant in the mantle than in the crust(1), so that peridotite Os isotope ratios are largely immune to recent metasomatic imprints. This provides a way to date the magmatic processes that determine mantle major-element compositions(2). We present here two examples of striking correlations between Os-187/Os-188 and Al2O3 concentration in orogenic peridotites, and argue that these can be used to date the differentiation of the SCLM. The old ages obtained agree with associated lower-crustal Nd model ages(3-5), and indicate that-in these post-Archaean terrains as well as in Archaean cratons(2,6,7)-SCLM can remain isolated from the convecting mantle for more than a billion years.
C1 MUSEUM NATL HIST NAT,MINERAL LAB,CNRS,URA 716,F-75005 PARIS,FRANCE.
C3 Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP REISBERG, L (corresponding author), CTR RECH PETROG & GEOCHIM,CNRS,BP 20,F-54501 VANDOEUVRE NANCY,FRANCE.
NR 38
TC 322
Z9 342
U1 1
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6536
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/376159a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RJ028
UT WOS:A1995RJ02800056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHUMAKOV, IM
   RIGAULT, P
   LEGALL, I
   BELLANNECHANTELOT, C
   BILLAULT, A
   GUILLOU, S
   SOULARUE, P
   GUASCONI, G
   POULLIER, E
   GROS, I
   BELOVA, M
   SAMBUCY, JL
   SUSINI, L
   GERVY, P
   GLIBERT, F
   BEAUFILS, S
   BUI, H
   MASSART, C
   DETAND, MF
   DUKASZ, F
   LECOULANT, S
   OUGEN, P
   PERROT, V
   SAUMLER, M
   SORAVITO, C
   BAHOUAYILA, R
   COHENAKENINE, A
   BARILLOT, E
   BERTRAND, S
   CODANI, JJ
   CATERINA, D
   GEORGES, I
   LACROIX, B
   LUCOTTE, G
   SAHBATOU, M
   SCHMIT, C
   SANGOUARD, M
   TUBACHER, E
   DIB, C
   FAURE, S
   FIZAMES, C
   GYAPAY, G
   MILLASSEAU, P
   NGUYEN, S
   MUSELET, D
   VIGNAL, A
   MORISSETTE, J
   MENNINGER, J
   LIEMAN, J
   DESAI, T
   BANKS, A
   BRAYWARD, P
   WARD, D
   HUDSON, T
   GERETY, S
   FOOTE, S
   STEIN, L
   PAGE, DC
   LANDER, ES
   WEISSENBACH, J
   LEPASLIER, D
   COHEN, D
AF CHUMAKOV, IM
   RIGAULT, P
   LEGALL, I
   BELLANNECHANTELOT, C
   BILLAULT, A
   GUILLOU, S
   SOULARUE, P
   GUASCONI, G
   POULLIER, E
   GROS, I
   BELOVA, M
   SAMBUCY, JL
   SUSINI, L
   GERVY, P
   GLIBERT, F
   BEAUFILS, S
   BUI, H
   MASSART, C
   DETAND, MF
   DUKASZ, F
   LECOULANT, S
   OUGEN, P
   PERROT, V
   SAUMLER, M
   SORAVITO, C
   BAHOUAYILA, R
   COHENAKENINE, A
   BARILLOT, E
   BERTRAND, S
   CODANI, JJ
   CATERINA, D
   GEORGES, I
   LACROIX, B
   LUCOTTE, G
   SAHBATOU, M
   SCHMIT, C
   SANGOUARD, M
   TUBACHER, E
   DIB, C
   FAURE, S
   FIZAMES, C
   GYAPAY, G
   MILLASSEAU, P
   NGUYEN, S
   MUSELET, D
   VIGNAL, A
   MORISSETTE, J
   MENNINGER, J
   LIEMAN, J
   DESAI, T
   BANKS, A
   BRAYWARD, P
   WARD, D
   HUDSON, T
   GERETY, S
   FOOTE, S
   STEIN, L
   PAGE, DC
   LANDER, ES
   WEISSENBACH, J
   LEPASLIER, D
   COHEN, D
TI A YAC CONTIG MAP OF THE HUMAN GENOME
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast artificial chromosm; polymerase chain-reaction; dna; clones; sequences; cloning; vectors; library; repeats; genes
AB A yeast artificial chromosome library containing 33,000 clones with an average insert size of one megabase of human genomic DNA was extensively analysed by several different procedures for detecting overlaps and positional information. We developed an analysis strategy that resulted, after confirmatory tests, in a YAC contig map reliably covering about 75% of the human genome in 225 contigs having an average size of about ten megabases.
C1 GENETHON SA,F-91000 EVRY,FRANCE.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   MIT,WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES,CTR GENOME RES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
   MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   UNIV LAVAL,CTR HOSP,CTR RECH,QUEBEC CITY,PQ G1V 4G2,CANADA.
C3 Yale University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Laval University
RP CHUMAKOV, IM (corresponding author), FDN JEAN DAUSSET,CTR ETUD POLYMORPHISME HUMAIN,27 RUE JULIETTE DODU,F-75010 PARIS,FRANCE.
NR 31
TC 320
Z9 331
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 
BP 175
EP &
DI 
PG 0
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA343
UT WOS:A1995TA34300003
PM 7566096
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GHOSH, P
   AMAYA, M
   MELLINS, E
   WILEY, DC
AF GHOSH, P
   AMAYA, M
   MELLINS, E
   WILEY, DC
TI THE STRUCTURE OF AN INTERMEDIATE IN CLASS-II MHC MATURATION - CLIP BOUND TO HLA-DR3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen-processing mutant; invariant chain peptides; hla-dr molecules; cell line; association; binding
AB A complex between HLA-DR3 and a fragment of invariant chain called CLIP was isolated from a human cell line defective in antigen presentation and its X-ray crystal structure determined. Previous data indicate that this complex is an intermediate in class II histocompatibility maturation, occurring between invariant chain-DR3 and antigenic peptide-DR3 complexes. The structure shows that the CLIP fragment binds to DR3 in a way almost identical to that in which antigenic peptides bind class II histocompatibility glycoproteins. The structure is the substrate for the loading of antigenic peptides by an exchange process catalysed by DM.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   HARVARD UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   UNIV PENN,CHILDRENS HOSP PHILADELPHIA,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   CHILDRENS SEASHORE HOUSE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia
NR 50
TC 540
Z9 596
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 457
EP 462
DI 10.1038/378457a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400059
PM 7477400
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHEFFNER, M
   NUBER, U
   HUIBREGTSE, JM
AF SCHEFFNER, M
   NUBER, U
   HUIBREGTSE, JM
TI PROTEIN UBIQUITINATION INVOLVING AN E1-E2-E3 ENZYME UBIQUITIN THIOESTER CASCADE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID n-end rule; activating enzyme; conjugating enzyme; e6 oncoprotein; p53; e6-ap; degradation; binding; ligase; yeast
AB UBIQUITINATION Of proteins involves the concerted action of the El ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases(1-3). It has been proposed that E3s function as 'docking proteins', specifically binding substrate proteins and specific E2s, and that ubiquitin is then transferred directly from E2s to substrates(1-5). We show here that formation of a ubiquitin thioester on E6-AP, an E3 involved in the human papillomavirus EB-induced ubiquitination of p53 (refs 6-10), is an intermediate step in E6-AP-dependent ubiquitination. The order of ubiquitin transfer is from E1 to E2, from E2 to E6-AP, and finally from E6-AP to a substrate. This cascade of ubiquitin thioester complexes suggests that E3s have a defined enzymatic activity and do not function simply as docking proteins. The cysteine residue of E6-AP responsible for ubiquitin thioester formation was mapped to a region that is highly conserved among several proteins of unknown function, suggesting that these proteins share the ability to form thioesters with ubiquitin.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP SCHEFFNER, M (corresponding author), DEUTSCH KREBSFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM,NEUENHEIMER FELD 242,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
NR 22
TC 845
Z9 1104
U1 0
U2 113
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6509
BP 81
EP 83
DI 10.1038/373081a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QA239
UT WOS:A1995QA23900061
PM 7800044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADINE, MA
   KHOO, CY
   MILLS, AD
   LASKEY, RA
AF MADINE, MA
   KHOO, CY
   MILLS, AD
   LASKEY, RA
TI MCM3 COMPLEX REQUIRED FOR CELL-CYCLE REGULATION OF DNA-REPLICATION IN VERTEBRATE CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID licensing factor; xenopus eggs; yeast; initiation; proteins; nuclei; localization; extract; genes
AB AN intact nuclear membrane restricts DNA replication to only one round in each cell cycle, apparently by excluding an essential replication-licensing factor throughout interphase(1-5). A family of related yeast replication proteins, MCM2, 3 and 5 (also called, after cell-division cycle, CDC46), resemble licensing factor, entering the nucleus only during mitosis(6-8). We have cloned a Xenopus homologue of MCM3 (XMCM3) and raised antibodies against expressed protein, Immunodepletion of Xenopus egg extracts removes a complex of MCM2, 3 and 5 homologues and inhibits replication of Xenopus sperm nuclei or permeable G2 HeLa nuclei. However, G1 HeLa nuclei still replicate efficiently. Mock-depleted extracts replicate all three templates. XMCM3 accumulates in nuclei before replication but anti-XMCM3 staining decreases during replication. These results can explain why replicated nuclei are unable to reinitiate replication in a single cell cycle.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT ZOOL,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EJ,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP MADINE, MA (corresponding author), WELLCOME CRC INST,TENNIS COURT RD,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QR,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 249
Z9 265
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6530
BP 421
EP 424
DI 10.1038/375421a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RB101
UT WOS:A1995RB10100058
PM 7760938
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HJELLMING, RM
   RUPEN, MP
AF HJELLMING, RM
   RUPEN, MP
TI EPISODIC EJECTION OF RELATIVISTIC JETS BY THE X-RAY TRANSIENT GRO J1655-40
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radio jets; ss-433
AB GRO J1655-40, a recently discovered black-hole candidate, is an ideal system for studying Jets of material from the accretion disk around a black hole. Observations of the radio emission show two highly collimated relativistic jets, one on each side of the source, which expand and decay over a few days. The jet ejection, at 92% of the speed of light, appears episodic and asymmetric; the alternate brightening and fading of the jets cannot be explained by relativistic beaming.
RP HJELLMING, RM (corresponding author), NATL RADIO ASTRON OBSERV,SOCORRO,NM 87801, USA.
NR 24
TC 526
Z9 548
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6531
BP 464
EP 468
DI 10.1038/375464a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RC188
UT WOS:A1995RC18800040
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AGASHE, VR
   SHASTRY, MCR
   UDGAONKAR, JB
AF AGASHE, VR
   SHASTRY, MCR
   UDGAONKAR, JB
TI INITIAL HYDROPHOBIC COLLAPSE IN THE FOLDING OF BARSTAR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flow circular-dichroism; globular-proteins; secondary structure; intermediate; mechanism; stability; framework; pathways; state
AB Two models are commonly used to describe the poorly understood earliest steps of protein folding. The framework model(1-3) stresses very early formation of nascent secondary structures, which coalesce into a compact, molten, globule-like form(4,5) from which structure slowly develops(6,7). The hydrophobic collapse model(8-10) gives overriding precedence to a nonspecific collapse of the polypeptide chain which facilitates subsequent formation of specific secondary and tertiary structure(11,12). Here we report our analysis of the earliest observable events of the major folding pathway of barstar, a small protein. We compare the kinetics of folding using circular dichroism at 222 nm and 270 nm, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, fluorescence of the hydrophobic dye 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulphonic acid on binding, and restoration of tryptophan-dansyl fluorescence energy transfer as structure-monitoring probes. We show that the polypeptide chain rapidly collapses (within 4 ms) to a compact globule with a solvent-accessible hydrophobic core(6), but with no optically active secondary or tertiary structure. Thus the earliest event of the major folding pathway of barstar is a nonspecific hydrophobic collapse that does not involve concomitant secondary structure formation.
C1 NATL CTR BIOL SCI,CTR TIFR,BANGALORE 560012,KARNATAKA,INDIA.
C3 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR); National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS)
NR 31
TC 204
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 754
EP 757
DI 10.1038/377754a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900063
PM 7477269
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SATO, TN
   TOZAWA, Y
   DEUTSCH, U
   WOLBURGBUCHHOLZ, K
   FUJIWARA, Y
   GENDRONMAGUIRE, M
   GRIDLEY, T
   WOLBURG, H
   RISAU, W
   QIN, Y
AF SATO, TN
   TOZAWA, Y
   DEUTSCH, U
   WOLBURGBUCHHOLZ, K
   FUJIWARA, Y
   GENDRONMAGUIRE, M
   GRIDLEY, T
   WOLBURG, H
   RISAU, W
   QIN, Y
TI DISTINCT ROLES OF THE RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES TIE-1 AND TIE-2 IN BLOOD-VESSEL FORMATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelial growth-factor; molecular-cloning; angiogenesis; expression; genes; cells; vasculogenesis; member; define; family
AB TIE-1 and Tie-2 define a new class of receptor tyrosine kinases that are specifically expressed in developing vascular endothelial cells. To study the functions of Tie-1 and Tie-2 during vascular endothelial cell growth and differentiation in vivo, targeted mutations of the genes in mice were introduced by homologous recombination. Embryos deficient in Tie-1 failed to establish structural integrity of vascular endothelial cells, resulting in oedema and subsequently localized haemorrhage. However, analyses of embryos deficient in Tie-2 showed that it is important in angiogenesis, particularly for vascular network formation in endothelial cells. This result contrasts with previous reports on Tie-2 function in vasculogenesis and/or endothelial cen survival. Our in vivo analyses indicate that the structurally related receptor tyrosine kinases Tie-1 and Tie-2 have important hut distinct roles in the formation of blood vessels.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST PHYSIOL & CLIN RES,WG KERCHOFF INST,MOLEK ZELLBIOL ABT,D-61231 BAD NAUHEIM,GERMANY.
   UNIV TUBINGEN,INST PATHOL,D-72076 TUBINGEN,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Eberhard Karls University Hospital
RP SATO, TN (corresponding author), ROCHE INST MOLEC BIOL,ROCHE RES CTR,NUTLEY,NJ 07110, USA.
NR 30
TC 1460
Z9 1733
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6535
BP 70
EP 74
DI 10.1038/376070a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RH111
UT WOS:A1995RH11100064
PM 7596437
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU UEHARA, Y
   MINOWA, O
   MORI, C
   SHIOTA, K
   KUNO, J
   NODA, T
   KITAMURA, N
AF UEHARA, Y
   MINOWA, O
   MORI, C
   SHIOTA, K
   KUNO, J
   NODA, T
   KITAMURA, N
TI PLACENTAL DEFECT AND EMBRYONIC LETHALITY IN MICE LACKING HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR/SCATTER FACTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scatter factor; mouse trophoblast; molecular-cloning; met protooncogene; messenger-rna; expression; rat; differentiation; identification; purification
AB HEPATOCYTE growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) functions as a mitogen, motogen and morphogen for a variety of cultured cells(1-7). The genes for HGF/SF and its receptor (the c-met protooncogene product(8)) are expressed in many tissues during the embryonic periods and in the adult(9-14). HGF/SF is thought to mediate a signal exchange between the mesenchyme and epithelia during mouse development(15). To examine the physiological role of HGF/SF, we generated mutant mice with a targeted disruption of the HGF/SF gene. Here we report that homozygous mutant embryos have severely impaired placentas with markedly reduced numbers of labyrinthine trophoblast cells, and die before birth. The growth of trophoblast cells was stimulated by HGF/SF in vitro, and the HCF/SF activity was released by allantois in primary culture of normal but not mutant embryos. These findings suggest that HGF/SF is an essential mediator of allantoic mesenchyme-trophoblastic epithelia interaction required for placental organogenesis.
C1 KANSAI MED UNIV,INST LIVER RES,MORIGUCHI,OSAKA 570,JAPAN.
   CANC INST,DEPT CELL BIOL,TOKYO 170,JAPAN.
   KYOTO UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT,KYOTO 606,JAPAN.
C3 Kansai Medical University; Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research; Kyoto University
NR 30
TC 939
Z9 1034
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 702
EP 705
DI 10.1038/373702a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800055
PM 7854453
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TAKAHARA, PM
   ROSENZWEIG, AC
   FREDERICK, CA
   LIPPARD, SJ
AF TAKAHARA, PM
   ROSENZWEIG, AC
   FREDERICK, CA
   LIPPARD, SJ
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA CONTAINING THE MAJOR ADDUCT OF THE ANTICANCER DRUG CISPLATIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-structure; a-dna; cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(ii); platinum; cis-<pt(nh3)2(d(pgpg))>; protein; single; duplex; groove
AB THE success of cisplatin in cancer chemotherapy derives from its ability to crosslink DNA and alter the structure, Most cisplatin-DNA adducts are intrastrand d(GpG) and d(ApG) crosslinks(1), which unwind and bend the duplex to facilitate the binding of proteins that contain one or more high-mobility-group (HMG) domains(2). When HMG-domain proteins such as HMG1, IXR (intrastrand-crosslink recognition) protein from yeast, or human upstream-binding factor (hUBF) bind cisplatin intrastrand crosslinks, they can be diverted from their natural binding sites on the genome and shield the adducts from excision repair(3-5). These activities sensitize cells to cisplatin and contribute to its cytotoxic properties, Crystallographic information about the structure of cisplatin-DNA adducts has been limited to short single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides such as Cis-[Pt(NH3)(2){d(pGpG)}](6-8). Here we describe the X-ray structure at 2.6 Angstrom resolution of a double-stranded DNA dodecamer containing this adduct. Our information provides, to our knowledge, the first crystallographic look at a platinated DNA duplex and should help the design of new platinum and other metal crosslinking antitumour drug candidates. Moreover, the structure reveals a unique fusion of A- and B-type DNA segments that could be of more general importance.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT BIOL CHEM & MOLEC PHARMACOL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP TAKAHARA, PM (corresponding author), MIT, DEPT CHEM, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
NR 27
TC 756
Z9 845
U1 2
U2 152
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 649
EP 652
DI 10.1038/377649a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500058
PM 7566180
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARCAIDE, JM
   ALBERDI, A
   ROS, E
   DIAMOND, P
   SCHMIDT, B
   SHAPIRO, II
   BAATH, L
   DAVIS, RJ
   DEBRUYN, AG
   ELOSEGUI, P
   GUIRADO, JC
   JONES, DL
   KRICHBAUM, TP
   MANTOVANI, F
   PRESTON, RA
   RATNER, MI
   RIUS, A
   ROGERS, AEE
   SCHILIZZI, RT
   TRIGILIO, C
   WHITNEY, AR
   WITZEL, A
   ZENSUS, A
AF MARCAIDE, JM
   ALBERDI, A
   ROS, E
   DIAMOND, P
   SCHMIDT, B
   SHAPIRO, II
   BAATH, L
   DAVIS, RJ
   DEBRUYN, AG
   ELOSEGUI, P
   GUIRADO, JC
   JONES, DL
   KRICHBAUM, TP
   MANTOVANI, F
   PRESTON, RA
   RATNER, MI
   RIUS, A
   ROGERS, AEE
   SCHILIZZI, RT
   TRIGILIO, C
   WHITNEY, AR
   WITZEL, A
   ZENSUS, A
TI DISCOVERY OF SHELL-LIKE RADIO-STRUCTURE IN SN1993J
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supernovae; emission; remnants; model
AB SUPERNOVA explosions are poorly understood, partly because of difficulties in modelling them theoretically(1), and partly because there have been no supernovae observed in our Galaxy since the invention of the telescope. But the recent discovery(2) of supernova SN1993J in the nearby galaxy M81 offers an opportunity to investigate the evolution of the remnant, and its interaction with the surrounding interstellar medium, at high resolution. Here we present radio observations of SN1993J, made using very-long-baseline interferometry, which show the development of a shell structure. This 8-month-old radio shell is the youngest ever discovered in a supernova. The data suggest that the supernova explosion and the expanding shell of the remnant have nearly spherical symmetry, with small deviations where some parts of the shell are brighter than others. If these deviations arise because of variations in the density of the shell, this may reconcile earlier reports of symmetric radio emission(3) with the observed optical asymmetry(4,5), as the density variations could easily cause the latter. We infer that the radio emission is generated at the interface(6-9), where the surrounding gas is shocked by the ejecta.
C1 HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CTR ASTROPHYS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   CSIC,INST ASTROFIS ANDALUCIA,E-18080 GRANADA,SPAIN.
   NATL RADIO ASTRON OBSERV,SOCORRO,NM 87801.
   ONSALA SPACE OBSERV,S-43992 ONSALA,SWEDEN.
   UNIV MANCHESTER,NUFFIELD RADIO ASTRON LABS,MACCLESFIELD SK11 9DL,CHESHIRE,ENGLAND.
   NETHERLANDS FDN RES ASTRON,7990 AA DWINGELOO,NETHERLANDS.
   CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109.
   MAX PLANCK INST RADIOASTRON,D-53010 BONN,GERMANY.
   CNR,IST RADIOASTRON,I-40129 BOLOGNA,ITALY.
   FAC CIENCIAS MATEMAT MADRID,INST ASTRON & GEODESIA,E-28040 MADRID,SPAIN.
   JOINT INST VLBI EUROPE,7790 AA DWINGELOO,NETHERLANDS.
   CNR,IST RADIOASTRON,NOTO,ITALY.
   MIT,HAYSTACK OBSERV,WESTFORD,MA 01886.
C3 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Harvard University; Smithsonian Institution; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Chalmers University of Technology; University of Manchester; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; Max Planck Society; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC-UCM - Instituto de Astronomia y Geodesia (IAG); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP MARCAIDE, JM (corresponding author), UNIV VALENCIA,DEPT ASTRON,E-46100 BURJASSOT,SPAIN.
NR 23
TC 48
Z9 48
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6509
BP 44
EP 45
DI 10.1038/373044a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QA239
UT WOS:A1995QA23900048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VASCONCELOS, C
   MCKENZIE, JA
   BERNASCONI, S
   GRUJIC, D
   TIEN, AJ
AF VASCONCELOS, C
   MCKENZIE, JA
   BERNASCONI, S
   GRUJIC, D
   TIEN, AJ
TI MICROBIAL MEDIATION AS A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR NATURAL DOLOMITE FORMATION AT LOW-TEMPERATURES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB DOLOMITE (CaMg(CO3)(2)) is a common carbonate mineral which is found in much greater abundance in ancient rocks than in modern carbonate environments. Why this is so remains a mystery. Over the past 30 years, dolomite formation has been observed in several modern environments, and various thermodynamic, kinetic and hydrological factors have been proposed to explain its formation(1,2). But attempts to precipitate dolomite at low temperatures in the laboratory have been unsuccessful(3,4), and the 'dolomite problem' remains a source of controversy in sedimentary geology(5-7). Here we describe experiments in which a ferroan dolomite with a fairly high degree of cation order was precipitated in the presence of sulphate-reducing bacteria from the Desulfovibrio group. We propose that the direct mediation of these anaerobes can overcome the kinetic barrier to dolomite nucleation, and that they may play an active role in the formation of this mineral in natural environments.
C1 ETH ZENTRUM,INST GEOL,CH-8092 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV FED FLUMINENSE,CNPQ,LAGEMAR,NITEROI,RJ,BRAZIL.
   EAWAG,DEPT MICROBIOL,CH-8600 DUBENDORF,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology (EAWAG)
NR 14
TC 642
Z9 824
U1 1
U2 164
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 220
EP 222
DI 10.1038/377220a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200035
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU THOMAS, SM
   SORIANO, P
   IMAMOTO, A
AF THOMAS, SM
   SORIANO, P
   IMAMOTO, A
TI SPECIFIC AND REDUNDANT ROLES OF SRC AND FYN IN ORGANIZING THE CYTOSKELETON
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine phosphorylation; cells; gene; mice; kinases; identification; osteopetrosis; disruption; substrate; encodes
AB MOUSE embryos lacking Csk, a negative regulator of Src family kinases, exhibit defects in neurulation and die at mid-gestation(1,2). To determine the role of activated Src family kinases in the csk(-) phenotype, we have introduced mutations in the src and fyn genes(3,4) into the csk(-) mutant background. Genetic analysis reveals that src, but not fyn, is partly epistatic to the csk gene. Biochemical analysis indicates that several cytoskeletal proteins are hyperphosphorylated an tyrosine residues in csk(-) cells. Regulation of cortactin and tensin hyperphosphorylation is Src-dependent, whereas focal adhesion kinase and paxillin hyperphosphorylation is partly dependent on both Src and Fyn. Furthermore, the src(-) mutation can restore the normal distribution of cortactin and partly correct filamentous actin organization in csk(-) cells. Thus, Src family kinases have both specific and overlapping functions in regulation of the cytoskeleton. The disturbance of these functions may be a molecular basis for the phenotype exhibited by csk(-) mutants.
RP THOMAS, SM (corresponding author), FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR, DIV MOLEC MED, 1124 COLUMBIA ST, SEATTLE, WA 98104 USA.
NR 30
TC 303
Z9 324
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6537
BP 267
EP 271
DI 10.1038/376267a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RK331
UT WOS:A1995RK33100050
PM 7617039
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHITNIS, A
   HENRIQUE, D
   LEWIS, J
   ISHHOROWICZ, D
   KINTNER, C
AF CHITNIS, A
   HENRIQUE, D
   LEWIS, J
   ISHHOROWICZ, D
   KINTNER, C
TI PRIMARY NEUROGENESIS IN XENOPUS EMBRYOS REGULATED BY A HOMOLOG OF THE DROSOPHILA NEUROGENIC GENE-DELTA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell fate; nervous-system; mouse notch; spinal-cord; expression; pattern; melanogaster; serrate; protein; xotch
AB X-Delta-1, a Xenopus homologue of the Drosophila Delta gene, is expressed in the early embryonic nervous system in scattered cells that appear to be the prospective primary neurons. Ectopic X-Delta-1 activity inhibits production of primary neurons and interference with endogenous X-Delta-1 activity results in overproduction of primary neurons. These results indicate that the X-Delta-1 protein mediates lateral inhibition delivered by prospective neurons to adjacent cells, and that commitment to a neural fate in vertebrates is regulated by Delta-Notch signalling as in Drosophila.
C1 UNIV OXFORD, DEPT ZOOL,IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND, DEV GENET & ORGANOGENESIS LABS,DEV BIOL UNIT, OXFORD OX1 3PS, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford
RP CHITNIS, A (corresponding author), SALK INST BIOL STUDIES, POB 85800, SAN DIEGO, CA 92186 USA.
NR 46
TC 635
Z9 708
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 761
EP 766
DI 10.1038/375761a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900070
PM 7596407
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FISCHER, KD
   ZMUIDZINAS, A
   GARDNER, S
   BARBACID, M
   BERNSTEIN, A
   GUIDOS, C
AF FISCHER, KD
   ZMUIDZINAS, A
   GARDNER, S
   BARBACID, M
   BERNSTEIN, A
   GUIDOS, C
TI DEFECTIVE T-CELL RECEPTOR SIGNALING AND POSITIVE SELECTION OF VAV-DEFICIENT CD4(+) CD8(+) THYMOCYTES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine kinase; protooncogene product; hematopoietic-cells; b-cells; phosphorylation; activation; mice
AB DURING lymphocyte development, cellular proliferation and positive and negative selection events ensure the production of T and B lymphocytes bearing highly diverse, but self-tolerant, repertoires of antigen receptors(1,2). These processes are initiated when engagement of growth-factor receptors, or the T-3,T-4 and B-5 lymphocyte antigen receptors, induces tyrosine phosphorylation of specific SH2- and SH3-domain-containing cytoplasmic proteins, including Vav(3,6,7). Here we show that vav(-/-) embryonic stern cells generate only limited numbers of immature and mature T and B lymphocytes in the RAG-2 blastocyst complementation assays. Furthermore, Vav-deficient T lymphocytes showed severely impaired antigen receptor signalling. Finally, we demonstrate that Vav-dependent signalling pathways regulate maturation, but not CD4/ CD8 lineage commitment, during T-cell-receptor-mediated positive selection of immature CD4(+)CD8(+) precursors into mature CD4(+)CD8(-) or CD4(-)CD8(+) T cells.
C1 MT SINAI HOSP,SAMUEL LUNENFELD RES INST,PROGRAM MOLEC BIOL & CANC,TORONTO,ON M5G 1X5,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MOLEC & MED GENET,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A1,CANADA.
   BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB PHARMACEUT RES INST,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,PRINCETON,NJ 08543.
   HOSP SICK CHILDREN,RES INST,DIV IMMUNOL & CANC,TORONTO,ON M5G 1X8,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT IMMUNOL,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A1,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Toronto; Bristol-Myers Squibb; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto
NR 30
TC 286
Z9 305
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 474
EP 477
DI 10.1038/374474a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900064
PM 7700360
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KISSINGER, CR
   PARGE, HE
   KNIGHTON, DR
   LEWIS, CT
   PELLETIER, LA
   TEMPCZYK, A
   KALISH, VJ
   TUCKER, KD
   SHOWALTER, RE
   MOOMAW, EW
   GASTINEL, LN
   HABUKA, N
   CHEN, XH
   MALDONADO, F
   BARKER, JE
   BACQUET, R
   VILLAFRANCA, JE
AF KISSINGER, CR
   PARGE, HE
   KNIGHTON, DR
   LEWIS, CT
   PELLETIER, LA
   TEMPCZYK, A
   KALISH, VJ
   TUCKER, KD
   SHOWALTER, RE
   MOOMAW, EW
   GASTINEL, LN
   HABUKA, N
   CHEN, XH
   MALDONADO, F
   BARKER, JE
   BACQUET, R
   VILLAFRANCA, JE
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES OF HUMAN CALCINEURIN AND THE HUMAN FKBP12-FK506-CALCINEURIN COMPLEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fkbp-fk506
AB CALCINEURIN (CaN) is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase which is critical for several important cellular processes, including T-cell activation(1). CaN is the target of the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A and FK506, which inhibit CaN after forming complexes with cytoplasmic binding proteins (cyclophilin and FKBP12, respectively)(2). We report here the crystal structures of full-length human CaN at 2.1 Angstrom resolution and of the complex of human CaN with FKBP12-FK506 at 3.5 Angstrom resolution. In the native CaN structure, an autoinhibitory element binds at the Zn/Fe-containing active site. The metal-site geometry and active-site water structure suggest a catalytic mechanism involving nucleophilic attack on the substrate phosphate by a metal-activated water molecule. In the FKBP12-FK506-CaN complex, the auto-inhibitory element is displaced from the active site. The site of binding of FKBP12-FK506 appears to be shared by other non-competitive inhibitors of calcine-urin, including a natural anchoring protein.
C1 AGOURON PHARMACEUT INC,SAN DIEGO,CA 92121.
C3 Pfizer; Pfizer USA
NR 29
TC 704
Z9 798
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 641
EP 644
DI 10.1038/378641a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100085
PM 8524402
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EBERS, GC
   SADOVNICK, AD
   RISCH, NJ
   BULMAN, D
   RICE, GPA
   HASHIMOTO, SA
   PATY, D
   OGER, JJF
   METZ, L
   BELL, R
   WARREN, S
   HADER, W
   AUTY, T
   NATH, A
   GRAY, T
   OCONNOR, P
   NELSON, R
   FREEDMAN, M
   BRUNET, D
   PAULSETH, R
   FRANCIS, G
   DUQUETTE, P
   MURRAY, TJ
   BAHN, V
   PRYSEPHILLIPS, W
AF EBERS, GC
   SADOVNICK, AD
   RISCH, NJ
   BULMAN, D
   RICE, GPA
   HASHIMOTO, SA
   PATY, D
   OGER, JJF
   METZ, L
   BELL, R
   WARREN, S
   HADER, W
   AUTY, T
   NATH, A
   GRAY, T
   OCONNOR, P
   NELSON, R
   FREEDMAN, M
   BRUNET, D
   PAULSETH, R
   FRANCIS, G
   DUQUETTE, P
   MURRAY, TJ
   BAHN, V
   PRYSEPHILLIPS, W
TI A GENETIC-BASIS FOR FAMILIAL AGGREGATION IN MULTIPLE-SCLEROSIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID twins; epidemiology; concordance
AB GENETIC-environmental interactions probably underlie spontaneous human autoimmune disorders, a category of complex traits thought to include multiple sclerosis (MS)(1). The geographical distribution and familiar aggregation of this disease have often been ascribed to the role of infectious agents(2), but there is no consensus, Increased family risks range from 300-fold(3,4) for monozygotic twins to 20-40-fold(5) for biological first-degree relatives over the general population prevalence of 0.1% (ref. 6). We screened a population-based sample of 15,000 individuals with MS by using standardized, personally administered questionnaires to identify adopted index cases and/or those who had adopted relatives, The frequency of MS among first-degree non-biological relatives living with the index case was no greater than expected from Canadian population prevalence data and significantly less than for biological relatives, These findings indicate that familial aggregation of MS is genetically determined: no effect of shared environment was detectable.
C1 UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT MED GENET,VANCOUVER,BC V6T 1W5,CANADA.
   STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 University of British Columbia; Stanford University
RP EBERS, GC (corresponding author), UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO,DEPT CLIN NEUROL SCI,LONDON,ON N6A 5A5,CANADA.
NR 14
TC 491
Z9 564
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 150
EP 151
DI 10.1038/377150a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400048
PM 7675080
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LI, XJ
   LI, SH
   SHARP, AH
   NUCIFORA, FC
   SCHILLING, G
   LANAHAN, A
   WORLEY, P
   SNYDER, SH
   ROSS, CA
AF LI, XJ
   LI, SH
   SHARP, AH
   NUCIFORA, FC
   SCHILLING, G
   LANAHAN, A
   WORLEY, P
   SNYDER, SH
   ROSS, CA
TI A HUNTINGTIN-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN ENRICHED IN BRAIN WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR PATHOLOGY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trinucleotide repeat; disease gene; length; expression; tissue; cloning; it-15; onset; yeast; age
AB HUNTINGTON'S disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanding polyglutamine repeat in the IT15 or huntingtin gene(1). Although this gene is widely expressed(2-9) and is required for normal development(10-12), the pathology of HD is restricted to the brain, for reasons that remain poorly understood. The huntingtin gene product is expressed at similar levels in patients and controls, and the genetics of the disorder(13,14) suggest that the expansion of the polyglutamine repeat induces a toxic gain of function, perhaps through interactions with other cellular proteins(15-18). Here we report the identification of a protein (huntingtin-associated protein (HAP)-1) that binds to huntingtin. This binding is enhanced by an expanded polyglutamine repeat, the length of which is also known to correlate with the age of disease onset(19-21). The HAP-1 protein is enriched in the brain, suggesting a possible basis for the selective brain pathology of HD.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PSYCHIAT,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP LI, XJ (corresponding author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,MOLEC NEUROBIOL LAB,BALTIMORE,MD 21205, USA.
NR 31
TC 541
Z9 610
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 398
EP 402
DI 10.1038/378398a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300062
PM 7477378
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VOGEL, A
   RODRIGUEZ, C
   WARNKEN, W
   BELMONTE, JCI
AF VOGEL, A
   RODRIGUEZ, C
   WARNKEN, W
   BELMONTE, JCI
TI DORSAL CELL FATE SPECIFIED BY CHICK LMX1 DURING VERTEBRATE LIMB DEVELOPMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apical ectodermal ridge; bud; embryo; drosophila; mesoderm; gene
AB THE positional cues that govern the fate of cells along the dorsoventral axis of the developing vertebrate limb are established in the mesoderm before outgrowth of limb buds. In Drosophila, a LIM/homeodomain gene, apterous, expressed in the dorsal compartment of the wing disc, specifies dorsal cell fate(1,2). Here we report the isolation of a vertebrate LIM-homeodomain containing gene, Chick Lmx1 (C-Lmx1). Transcripts for C-Lmx1 are detected in the presumptive dorsal limb mesoderm and are restricted thereafter to the dorsal mesoderm of the developing chick bud. C-Lmx1 expression is regulated by the overlying ectoderm where Wnt7a messenger RNA is localized(3). Wnt7a, required for normal development of the dorsoventral axis in mouse limbs(4), can induce ectopic expression of C-Lmx1 in ventral mesoderm, Misexpression of C-Lmx1 during limb outgrowth causes ventral to dorsal transformations of limb mesoderm, We propose that C-Lmx1 specifies dorsal cell fate during chick limb development.
RP VOGEL, A (corresponding author), SALK INST BIOL STUDIES, GENE EXPRESS LAB, 10010 N TORREY PINES RD, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
NR 23
TC 256
Z9 288
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 716
EP 720
DI 10.1038/378716a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900052
PM 7501017
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SAVVA, R
   MCAULEYHECHT, K
   BROWN, T
   PEARL, L
AF SAVVA, R
   MCAULEYHECHT, K
   BROWN, T
   PEARL, L
TI THE STRUCTURAL BASIS OF SPECIFIC BASE-EXCISION REPAIR BY URACIL-DNA GLYCOSYLASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID simplex virus type-1; escherichia-coli; n-glycosidase; sequence; purification; nuclear; enzyme; errors; cells; gene
AB The 1.75-Angstrom crystal structure of the uracil-DNA glycosylase from herpes simplex virus type-L reveals a new fold, distantly related to dinucleotide-binding proteins. Complexes with a trideoxynucleotide, and with uracil, define the DNA-binding site and allow a detailed understanding of the exquisitely specific recognition of uracil in DNA. The overall structure suggests binding models for elongated single- and double-stranded DNA substrates. Conserved residues close to the uracil-binding site suggest a catalytic mechanism for hydrolytic base excision.
C1 UCL, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL, STRUCT BIOCHEM SECT, LONDON WC1E 6BT, ENGLAND.
   UNIV EDINBURGH, DEPT CHEM, EDINBURGH EH9 3JJ, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of Edinburgh
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 38
TC 365
Z9 464
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6514
BP 487
EP 493
DI 10.1038/373487a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QF724
UT WOS:A1995QF72400048
PM 7845459
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MEUNIER, JC
   MOLLEREAU, C
   TOLL, L
   SUAUDEAU, C
   MOISAND, C
   ALVINERIE, P
   BUTOUR, JL
   GUILLEMOT, JC
   FERRARA, P
   MONSARRAT, B
   MAZARGUIL, H
   VASSART, G
   PARMENTIER, M
   COSTENTIN, J
AF MEUNIER, JC
   MOLLEREAU, C
   TOLL, L
   SUAUDEAU, C
   MOISAND, C
   ALVINERIE, P
   BUTOUR, JL
   GUILLEMOT, JC
   FERRARA, P
   MONSARRAT, B
   MAZARGUIL, H
   VASSART, G
   PARMENTIER, M
   COSTENTIN, J
TI ISOLATION AND STRUCTURE OF THE ENDOGENOUS AGONIST OF OPIOID RECEPTOR-LIKE ORL(1) RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pituitary; dynorphin
AB THE ORL(1) receptor, an orphan receptor whose human(1) and murine(2-8) complementary DNAs have recently been characterized, structurally resembles opioid receptors and is negatively coupled with adenylate cyclase(1). ORL(1) transcripts are particularly abundant in the central nervous system. Here we report the isolation, on the basis of its ability to inhibit the cyclase in a stable recombinant CHO(ORL(1)(+)) cell line, of a neuropeptide that resembles dynorphin A(9) and whose amino acid sequence is Phe-Gly-Gly-Phe-Thr-Gly-Ala-Arg-Lys-Ser-Ala-Arg-Lys-Leu-Ala-Asn- Gln. A rat-brain cDNA encodes the peptide flanked by Lys-Arg proteolytic cleavage motifs. The synthetic heptadecapeptide potently inhibits adenylate cyclase in CHO(ORL(1)(+)) cells in culture and induces hyperalgesia when administered intracerebroventricularly to mice. Taken together, these data indicate that the newly discovered heptadecapeptide is an endogenous agonist of the ORL(1) receptor and that it may be endowed with pro-nociceptive properties.
C1 FAC MED & PHARM ST ETIENNE ROUVRAY, IFRMP,CNRS,UNITE NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOL EXPTL, URA 1969, F-76803 ST ETIENNE DU ROUVRAY, FRANCE.
   SANOFI RECH, UNITE BIOCHIM PROT, F-31676 LABEGE, FRANCE.
   FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, CAMPUS HOSP ERASME, IRIBHN, B-1070 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
   SRI INT, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sanofi-Aventis; Sanofi France; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; SRI International
RP MEUNIER, JC (corresponding author), CNRS, UPR 8221, PHARMACOL & TOXICOL FONDAMENTALES LAB, 205 ROUTE NARBONNE, F-31077 TOULOUSE, FRANCE.
NR 17
TC 1792
Z9 1984
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 532
EP 535
DI 10.1038/377532a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600064
PM 7566152
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AVERY, AC
   ZHAO, ZS
   RODRIGUEZ, A
   BIKOFF, EK
   SOHEILIAN, M
   FOSTER, CS
   CANTOR, H
AF AVERY, AC
   ZHAO, ZS
   RODRIGUEZ, A
   BIKOFF, EK
   SOHEILIAN, M
   FOSTER, CS
   CANTOR, H
TI RESISTANCE TO HERPES STROMAL KERATITIS CONFERRED BY AN IGG2A-DERIVED PEPTIDE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell clones; simplex keratitis; antigen; mice; mhc; unresponsiveness; susceptibility; determinants; lymphocytes; allotype
AB NOT all peripheral tissue antigens enter the thymus and it is unclear how the immune system remains tolerant to this class of self antigen. As tolerance to self peptides can generate gaps in the T-cell repertoire for cross-reactive foreign antigens(1,2), we investigated whether this mechanism might also diminish autoimmune reactions to similar peptides expressed by peripheral tissues. Herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) is a virally induced autoimmune reaction against corneal tissues mediated by T cells(3-5), and is a leading cause of human blindness(6). Resistance to HSK in mice is associated with allotypic variation in immunoglobulin genes(7,8), possibly because circulating immunoglobin-derived peptides can cross-tolerize T cells specific for corneal tissue autoantigens. Here we show that HSK is mediated by T-cell clones specific for corneal self antigens which also recognize an allotype-bearing peptide derived from IgG2a, and that exposure of HSK-susceptible mice to a soluble form of this peptide confers resistance to HSK. Shared expression of peptide subsequences between sequestered tissue proteins and circulating proteins may be important for maintenance of self-tolerance and prevention of autoimmunity.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, MASSACHUSETTS EYE & EAR INFIRM,SCH MED, DEPT OPHTHALMOL,HILLES IMMUNOL LAB, BOSTON, MA 02114 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University
RP AVERY, AC (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED,DANA FARBER CANC INST,DEPT PATHOL, IMMUNOPATHOL LAB, 44 BINNEY ST, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
NR 27
TC 99
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6539
BP 431
EP 434
DI 10.1038/376431a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RM639
UT WOS:A1995RM63900053
PM 7630419
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU XIAO, B
   SMERDON, SJ
   JONES, DH
   DODSON, GG
   SONEJI, Y
   AITKEN, A
   GAMBLIN, SJ
AF XIAO, B
   SMERDON, SJ
   JONES, DH
   DODSON, GG
   SONEJI, Y
   AITKEN, A
   GAMBLIN, SJ
TI STRUCTURE OF A 14-3-3 PROTEIN AND IMPLICATIONS FOR COORDINATION OF MULTIPLE SIGNALING PATHWAYS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinase-c; identification; brain
AB A BROAD range of organisms and tissues contain 14-3-3 proteins, which have been associated with many diverse functions including critical roles in signal transduction pathways, exocytosis and cell cycle regulation(1). We report here the crystal structure of the human T-cell 14-3-3 isoform (tau) dimer at 2.6 Angstrom resolution. Each monomer (M(r) 28K) is composed of an unusual arrangement of nine antiparallel alpha-helices organized as two structural domains. The dimer creates a large, negatively charged channel approximately 35 Angstrom broad, 35 Angstrom wide and 20 Angstrom deep. Overall, invariant residues line the interior of this channel whereas the more variable residues are distributed on the outer surface. At the base of this channel is a 16-residue segment of 14-3-3 which has been implicated in the binding of 14-3-3 to protein kinase C.
C1 UNIV YORK,DEPT CHEM,YORK YO1 5DD,N YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
C3 University of York - UK
RP XIAO, B (corresponding author), NATL INST MED RES,DIV PROT STRUCT,MILL HILL,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
NR 24
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6536
BP 188
EP 191
DI 10.1038/376188a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RJ028
UT WOS:A1995RJ02800065
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FERRICK, DA
   SCHRENZEL, MD
   MULVANIA, T
   HSIEH, B
   FERLIN, WG
   LEPPER, H
AF FERRICK, DA
   SCHRENZEL, MD
   MULVANIA, T
   HSIEH, B
   FERLIN, WG
   LEPPER, H
TI DIFFERENTIAL PRODUCTION OF INTERFERON-GAMMA AND INTERLEUKIN-4 IN RESPONSE TO TH1-STIMULATING AND TH2-STIMULATING PATHOGENS BY GAMMA-DELTA T-CELLS IN-VIVO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-beta; listeria-monocytogenes; protective immunity; infection; cytokines; mice; tuberculosis; eosinophilia; appearance; elevation
AB EXPOSURE to various pathogens can stimulate at least two patterns of cytokine production by CD4-positive T cells(1-4) Responses that result in secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), lymphotoxin and interleukin-2 (IL-2) are classified as T-helper-1 (Th1)(5,6); CD4(+) T-cell production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10 and IL-13 is called a T-helper-2 response (Th2)(5,6). Differentiation of CD4(+) T cells into either Th1 or Th2 cells is influenced by the cytokine milieu in which the initial antigen priming occurs(7-9). Here we use flow cytometry to identify the presence of intracellular cytokines (cytoflow) and analyse T-cell production of IFN-gamma and IL-4 from mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. We show that T cells bearing ya receptors discriminate early in infection between these two pathogens by producing cytokines associated with the appropriate T-helper response. Our results demonstrate that gamma delta T cells are involved in establishing primary immune responses.
RP FERRICK, DA (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,DEPT PATHOL MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA.
NR 30
TC 604
Z9 644
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6511
BP 255
EP 257
DI 10.1038/373255a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QC278
UT WOS:A1995QC27800067
PM 7816142
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROBERTSON, MP
   MILLER, SL
AF ROBERTSON, MP
   MILLER, SL
TI AN EFFICIENT PREBIOTIC SYNTHESIS OF CYTOSINE AND URACIL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemical evolution; pyrimidines; acids
AB In contrast to the purines(1-3), the routes that have been proposed for the prebiotic synthesis of pyrimidines from simple precursors give only low yields. Cytosine can be synthesized from cyanoacetylene and cyanate(4,5); the former precursor is produced from a spark discharge in a CH4/N-2 mixture(4,5) and is an abundant interstellar molecule(6). But this reaction requires relatively high concentrations of cyanate (>0.1 M), which are unlikely to occur in aqueous media as cyanate is hydrolysed rapidly to CO2 and NH3. An alternative route that has been explored(7) is the reaction of cyanoacetaldehyde (formed by hydrolysis of cyanoacetylene(8)) with urea. But at low concentrations of urea, this reaction produces no detectable quantities of cytosine(7). Here we show that in concentrated urea solution-such as might have been found in an evaporating lagoon or in pools on drying beaches on the early Earth-cyanoacetaldehyde reacts to form cytosine in yields of 30-50%, from which uracil can be formed by hydrolysis. These reactions provide a plausible route to the pyrimidine bases required in the RNA world(9).
RP ROBERTSON, MP (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 25
TC 206
Z9 229
U1 1
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 772
EP 774
DI 10.1038/375772a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900073
PM 7596408
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEVITAN, D
   GREENWALD, I
AF LEVITAN, D
   GREENWALD, I
TI FACILITATION OF LIN-12-MEDIATED SIGNALING BY SEL-12, A CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS S182 ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE GENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID specifies cell fates; c-elegans; vulval induction; lin-12; glp-1; autonomy; decision; protein; let-60; locus
AB THE lin-12 and glp-1 genes of Caenorhabditis elegans are members of the lin-12/Notch family of receptors for intercellular signals that specify cell fate(1,2). By screening for suppressors of a lin-12 gain-of-function mutation, we identified a new gene, sel-12, which appears to function in receiving cells to facilitate signalling mediated by lin-12 and glp-1. The sel-12 gene encodes a protein with multiple transmembrane domains, and is similar to S182, which has been implicated in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease(3). The high degree of sequence conservation suggests that the function of the SEL-12 and S182 proteins may also be conserved.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV COLL PHYS & SURG,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
   COLUMBIA UNIV COLL PHYS & SURG,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOPHYS,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
   PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University; Columbia University; Princeton University
NR 29
TC 658
Z9 742
U1 1
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 351
EP 354
DI 10.1038/377351a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100060
PM 7566091
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HO, DD
   NEUMANN, AU
   PERELSON, AS
   CHEN, W
   LEONARD, JM
   MARKOWITZ, M
AF HO, DD
   NEUMANN, AU
   PERELSON, AS
   CHEN, W
   LEONARD, JM
   MARKOWITZ, M
TI RAPID TURNOVER OF PLASMA VIRIONS AND CD4 LYMPHOCYTES IN HIV-1 INFECTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cells; aids; individuals; pcr
AB Treatment of infected patients with ABT-538, an inhibitor of the protease of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), causes plasma HIV-1 levels to decrease exponentially (mean half-life, 2.1 +/- 0.4 days) and CD4 lymphocyte counts to rise substantially. Minimum estimates of HIV-1 production and clearance and of CD4 lymphocyte turnover indicate that replication of HIV-1 in vivo is continuous and highly productive, driving the rapid turnover of CD4 lymphocytes.
C1 SANTA FE INST,SANTA FE,NM 87501.
   LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV THEORET,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545.
   ABBOTT LABS,DIV PHARMACEUT PROD,ABBOTT PK,IL 60064.
C3 The Santa Fe Institute; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Abbott Laboratories
RP HO, DD (corresponding author), NYU,SCH MED,AARON DIAMOND AIDS RES CTR,455 1ST AVE,NEW YORK,NY 10016, USA.
NR 20
TC 3792
Z9 4261
U1 8
U2 256
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6510
BP 123
EP 126
DI 10.1038/373123a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QB063
UT WOS:A1995QB06300049
PM 7816094
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FRANK, J
   ZHU, J
   PENCZEK, P
   LI, YH
   SRIVASTAVA, S
   VERSCHOOR, A
   RADERMACHER, M
   GRASSUCCI, R
   LATA, RK
   AGRAWAL, RK
AF FRANK, J
   ZHU, J
   PENCZEK, P
   LI, YH
   SRIVASTAVA, S
   VERSCHOOR, A
   RADERMACHER, M
   GRASSUCCI, R
   LATA, RK
   AGRAWAL, RK
TI A MODEL OF PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS BASED ON CRYOELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THE E-COLI RIBOSOME
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3-dimensional reconstruction; image-reconstruction; escherichia-coli; single particles; rna; subunit; tunnel; ice
AB THE ribosome is formed by assembly of proteins and nucleic acids, and synthesizes proteins according to genetic instructions in all organisms. Many of the biochemical steps of this fundamental process are known, but a detailed understanding requires a well-defined structural model of the ribosome. Electron microscopy combined with image reconstruction of two-dimensional crystals or single ribosomes(4) has been the most promising technique, but the resolution of the resulting models has been insufficient. Here we report a 25-Angstrom reconstruction of the ribosome from Escherichia coli, obtained by combining 4,300 projections of ice-embedded single particles. Our new reconstruction reveals a channel in the small ribosomal subunit and a bifurcating tunnel in the large subunit which may constitute pathways for the incoming message and the nascent polypeptide chain, respectively. Based on these new findings, a three-dimensional model of the basic framework of protein synthesis is presented.
C1 SUNY ALBANY,DEPT BIOMED SCI,ALBANY,NY 12222.
   SUNY ALBANY,DEPT COMP SCI,ALBANY,NY 12222.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY
RP FRANK, J (corresponding author), NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH,WADSWORTH CTR LABS & RES,BOX 509,ALBANY,NY 12201, USA.
NR 24
TC 365
Z9 433
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6539
BP 441
EP 444
DI 10.1038/376441a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RM639
UT WOS:A1995RM63900057
PM 7630422
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI AUSTRALIAN SCIENCE LOOKS UP AND AHEAD
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 177
EP 182
DI 
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100023
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BANFIELD, DK
   LEWIS, MJ
   PELHAM, HRB
AF BANFIELD, DK
   LEWIS, MJ
   PELHAM, HRB
TI A SNARE-LIKE PROTEIN REQUIRED FOR TRAFFIC THROUGH THE GOLGI-COMPLEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID integral membrane-protein; vesicular transport; endoplasmic-reticulum; secretory pathway; yeast genes; apparatus; er; glycoprotein; receptors; retrieval
AB THE secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells comprises several distinct membrane-bound compartments which are interconnected by transport vesicles that pinch off from one membrane and fuse with the next. Targeting of these vesicles is mediated in part by interactions between integral membrane proteins on the vesicles and target organelles (soluble NSF attachment protein receptors (SNAREs)), termed v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs, respectively(1-4). SNAREs required for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi transport and for fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane are already known. Here we identify two yeast membrane proteins that show genetic interactions with Sed5p, which is the t-SNARE for ER-Golgi traffic(3,4). One of these membrane proteins, Sft1p, is structurally similar to the known v-SNAREs and is required for transport from an early to a later Golgi compartment. Our results indicate that a single t-SNARE can control more than one transport step, and provide the first candidate for a SNARE involved in intra-Golgi traffic.
C1 MRC, MOLEC BIOL LAB, CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH, ENGLAND.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
NR 20
TC 135
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 806
EP 809
DI 10.1038/375806a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900083
PM 7596416
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI CHINA SETS AMBITIOUS GOALS FOR R-AND-D
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 542
EP 542
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100090
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JONES, SN
   ROE, AE
   DONEHOWER, LA
   BRADLEY, A
AF JONES, SN
   ROE, AE
   DONEHOWER, LA
   BRADLEY, A
TI RESCUE OF EMBRYONIC LETHALITY IN MDM2-DEFICIENT MICE BY ABSENCE OF P53
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wild-type p53; mdm-2 oncogene; protein; mouse; growth; gene; transactivation; line
AB THE Mdm2 proto-oncogene was originally identified as one of several genes contained on a mouse double minute chromosome present in a transformed derivative of 3T3 cells(1). Overexpression of Mdm2 can immortalize primary cultures of rodent fibroblasts(2). Human MDM2 is amplified in 30-40% of sarcomas, and is overexpressed in leukaemic cells(3,4). The Mdm2 oncoprotein forms a complex with the p53 tumour-suppressor protein and inhibits p53-mediated transregulation of gene expression(5,6) Because Mdm2 expression increases in response to p53, Mdm2-p53 binding may autoregulate Mdm2 expression and modulate the activity of p53 in the cell(7,8). We have created Mdm2-null and Mdm2/p53-null mice to determine whether Mdm2 possesses developmental functions in addition to the ability to complex with p53, and to investigate the biological role of Mdm2-p53 complex formation in development. Mice deficient for Mdm2 die early in development. In contrast, mice deficient for both Mdm2 and p53 develop normally and are viable. These results suggest that a critical role of Mdm2 in development is the regulation of p53 function.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MOLEC VIROL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine
RP JONES, SN (corresponding author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MOLEC & HUMAN GENET,1 BAYLOR PLAZA,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA.
NR 23
TC 1098
Z9 1317
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 206
EP 208
DI 10.1038/378206a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900060
PM 7477327
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ABLE, KP
   ABLE, MA
AF ABLE, KP
   ABLE, MA
TI INTERACTIONS IN THE FLEXIBLE ORIENTATION SYSTEM OF A MIGRATORY BIRD
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic compass; passerculus-sandwichensis; bobolink dolichonyx; savannah sparrows; garden warblers; sylvia-borin; calibration; oryzivorus; ontogeny; equator
AB MIGRATING birds rely on interacting compass senses: magnetic, star, polarized light and perhaps Sun compasses(1,2). During the development of orientation mechanisms, celestial rotation of stars at night(3) and of polarized skylight patterns during the day time(4) provide information about true compass directions that calibrates the direction of migration selected using the magnetic compass(3-11). It might often be advantageous to adjust the magnetic preference by a geographic reference, especially at high northern latitudes where magnetic declination is large. Paradoxically, a magnetic preference so calibrated will be reliable only within a region of similar declination unless magnetic orientation remains open to calibration in older birds, something that earlier studies suggested was not the case(1,2). We report here that in the Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) the same sort of calibration of magnetic orientation found in very young birds also occurs in older individuals exposed during the migration period to clear day and night skies within a shifted magnetic field.
RP ABLE, KP (corresponding author), SUNY ALBANY,DEPT BIOL SCI,ALBANY,NY 12222, USA.
NR 28
TC 64
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 230
EP 232
DI 10.1038/375230a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100061
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TRESEDER, KK
   DAVIDSON, DW
   EHLERINGER, JR
AF TRESEDER, KK
   DAVIDSON, DW
   EHLERINGER, JR
TI ABSORPTION OF ANT-PROVIDED CARBON-DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN BY A TROPICAL EPIPHYTE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID animals
AB ALTHOUGH ant-plant mutualisms have been described in many ecosystems, the magnitude of the direct benefits from such relationships are hard to quantify. In Bake National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia, stunted 'kerangas' forests occur on nutrient-poor sandstone hills(1-3). As trees are widely spaced and have a sparse leaf area, a significant amount of light reaches the tree trunks and enables a diverse community of epiphytes to thrive there(4). One of these epiphytes, Dischidia major (Vahl) Merr. (Asclepiadaceae), has evolved unusual methods for enhancing carbon and nitrogen acquisition. We show here that a mutualistic relationship exists between ants of the genus Philidris and their host, D. major. Using stable isotope analysis, we calculate that 39% of the carbon in occupied host plant leaves is derived from ant-related respiration, and that 29% of the host nitrogen is derived from debris deposited into the leaf cavities by ants.
C1 UNIV UTAH, DEPT BIOL, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
NR 25
TC 153
Z9 172
U1 0
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6527
BP 137
EP 139
DI 10.1038/375137a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QX741
UT WOS:A1995QX74100048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHAPIRO, L
   FANNON, AM
   KWONG, PD
   THOMPSON, A
   LEHMANN, MS
   GRUBEL, G
   LEGRAND, JF
   ALSNIELSEN, J
   COLMAN, DR
   HENDRICKSON, WA
AF SHAPIRO, L
   FANNON, AM
   KWONG, PD
   THOMPSON, A
   LEHMANN, MS
   GRUBEL, G
   LEGRAND, JF
   ALSNIELSEN, J
   COLMAN, DR
   HENDRICKSON, WA
TI STRUCTURAL BASIS OF CELL-CELL ADHESION BY CADHERINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intercellular adherens junctions; expression; identification; molecule
AB Crystal structures of the amino-terminal domain of N-cadherin provide a picture at the atomic level of a specific adhesive contact between cells. A repeated set of dimer interfaces is common to the structure in three lattices. These interactions combine to form a linear zipper of molecules that mirrors the linear structure of the intracellular filaments with which cadherins associate. This cell-adhesion zipper may provide a mechanism to marshal individual molecular adhesive interactions into strong bonds between cells.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
   CUNY MT SINAI SCH MED,BROOKDALE CTR MOLEC BIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10029.
   EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,F-38042 GRENOBLE,FRANCE.
   EUROPEAN SYNCHROTRON RADIAT FACIL,F-38043 GRENOBLE,FRANCE.
   INST MAX VON LAUE PAUL LANGEVIN,F-38042 GRENOBLE,FRANCE.
   UNIV GRENOBLE 1,SPECTROMETRIE PHYS LAB,CNRS,URA 8,F-38402 ST MARTIN DHERES,FRANCE.
   RISO NATL LAB,DK-4000 ROSKILDE,DENMARK.
C3 Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; City University of New York (CUNY) System; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Technical University of Denmark
RP SHAPIRO, L (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOPHYS,630 W 168TH ST,NEW YORK,NY 10032, USA.
NR 51
TC 994
Z9 1174
U1 1
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6520
BP 327
EP 337
DI 10.1038/374327a0
PG 11
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QN630
UT WOS:A1995QN63000051
PM 7885471
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TOON, OB
   TOLBERT, MA
AF TOON, OB
   TOLBERT, MA
TI SPECTROSCOPIC EVIDENCE AGAINST NITRIC-ACID TRIHYDRATE IN POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID physical-chemistry; ozone depletion; vapor-pressures; condensation; antarctica; mechanisms; aerosols; aircraft; system
AB HETEROGENEOUS reactions on polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play a key role in the photochemical mechanism thought to be responsible for ozone depletion in the Antarctic and the Arctic(1,2). Reactions on PSC particles activate chlorine to forms that are capable of photochemical ozone destruction, and sequester nitrogen oxides (NOx) that would otherwise deactivate the chlorine(3,4). Although the heterogeneous chemistry is now well established, the composition of the clouds themselves is uncertain. It is commonly thought that they are composed of nitric acid trihydrate(3), although observations have left this question unresolved(5-14). Here we reanalyse infrared spectra of type I PSCs obtained in Antarctica in September 1987(15,16), using recently measured optical constants of the various compounds that might be present in PSCs17. We find that these PSCs were not composed of nitric acid trihydrate but instead had a more complex composition, perhaps that of a ternary solution. Because cloud formation is sensitive to their composition, this finding will alter our understanding of the locations and conditions in which PSCs form. In addition, the extent of ozone loss depends on the ability of the PSCs to remove NOx permanently through sedimentation. The sedimentation rates depend on PSC particle size which in turn is controlled by the composition and formation mechanism(14).
C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,BOULDER,CO 80309.
   UNIV COLORADO,CIRES,BOULDER,CO 80309.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP TOON, OB (corresponding author), NASA,AMES RES CTR,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035, USA.
NR 30
TC 77
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 218
EP 221
DI 10.1038/375218a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARKWARDT, CB
   OGELMAN, H
AF MARKWARDT, CB
   OGELMAN, H
TI AN X-RAY JET FROM THE VELA PULSAR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extragalactic radio-sources; einstein observations; supernova remnant; psr-0833-45; radiation; nebula; model
AB THE well studied(1-5) Vela pulsar, which has recently(6,7) been demonstrated to lie at the centre of the Vela supernova remnants, loses far more rotational energy than can be accounted for by radiation from the pulsar itself or from a surrounding, compact nebula(9-11). One theory suggests that the energy is carried away by an equatorial wind(12). Here we report the observation of an X-ray-emitting jet, which begins at the pulsar and extends roughly seven parsecs towards the south-southwest and along the pulsar spin axis(13) (indicating a polar, rather than equatorial flow). This jet may provide the loss mechanism for most of the pulsar's rotational spin-down energy, One-sided jets, such as Vela, may also accelerate pulsars to large space velocities.
RP MARKWARDT, CB (corresponding author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT PHYS,1150 UNIV AVE,MADISON,WI 53706, USA.
NR 26
TC 95
Z9 99
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6526
BP 40
EP 42
DI 10.1038/375040a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QW604
UT WOS:A1995QW60400047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DEBELLO, WM
   OCONNOR, V
   DRESBACH, T
   WHITEHEART, SW
   WANG, SSH
   SCHWEIZER, FE
   BETZ, H
   ROTHMAN, JE
   AUGUSTINE, GJ
AF DEBELLO, WM
   OCONNOR, V
   DRESBACH, T
   WHITEHEART, SW
   WANG, SSH
   SCHWEIZER, FE
   BETZ, H
   ROTHMAN, JE
   AUGUSTINE, GJ
TI SNAP-MEDIATED PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS ESSENTIAL FOR NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID squid giant synapse; membrane-fusion; calcium; transport; synaptotagmin; potentiation; docking; family; yeast
AB The constitutive fusion of transport vesicles with intracellular membranes requires soluble proteins called SNAPs(1). Certain presynaptic proteins(2-4) implicated in synaptic vesicle exocytosis(5) also bind SNAPs, suggesting that SNAPs participate in the calcium-regulated membrane fusion events mediating neurotransmitter release(6,7). Here we show that injection of recombinant SNAPs into the giant synapse of squid enhances transmitter release. Conversely, injection of peptides designed to mimic the sites at which SNAP interacts with its binding partners inhibits transmitter release downstream of synaptic vesicle docking. A SNAP-dependent protein complex must therefore mediate transmitter release, showing that transmitter release shares a common molecular mechanism with constitutive membrane fusion.
C1 MARINE BIOL LAB,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
   MAX PLANCK INST BRAIN RES,DEPT NEUROCHEM,D-60528 FRANKFURT,GERMANY.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,CELLULAR BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS PROGRAM,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Marine Biological Laboratory - Woods Hole; Max Planck Society; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP DEBELLO, WM (corresponding author), DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT NEUROBIOL,DURHAM,NC 27710, USA.
NR 30
TC 142
Z9 154
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 626
EP 630
DI 10.1038/373626a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700058
PM 7854421
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TROMP, TK
   KO, MKW
   RODRIGUEZ, JM
   SZE, ND
AF TROMP, TK
   KO, MKW
   RODRIGUEZ, JM
   SZE, ND
TI POTENTIAL ACCUMULATION OF A CFC-REPLACEMENT DEGRADATION PRODUCT IN SEASONAL WETLANDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID halocarbons; transport; basin; air
AB BECAUSE of their refractory nature, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released by industries are eventually transported to the stratosphere, where they are slowly degraded by solar ultraviolet radiation into highly reactive chlorine atoms which can then participate in a catalytic ozone depletion cycle. For this reason, signatories to the Montreal Protocol and subsequent amendments have agreed to phase out the use of CFCs1 in the next few decades. Hydrofluorocarbons acid hydrochlorofluorocarbons have been proposed as CFC replacements; atmospheric degradation of several of these is expected to produce trifluoroacetate (TFA), which is removed from the atmosphere mainly by rain(2,3). The global average TFA concentration in rain water for the year 2010 is estimated(4) to be 0.16 mu g l(-1)-well below the concentrations thought to inhibit plant growth (similar to 10(2)-10(6) mu g l(-1))(5). But our modelling analysis, presented here, indicates that in conditions of high evapotranspiration, TFA could attain appreciable concentrations (>10(2) mu g l(-1)) in the local surface waters of seasonal wetlands within a few decades, if removal by degradation and seepage is limited.
RP TROMP, TK (corresponding author), ATMOSPHER & ENVIRONM RES INC,840 MEM DR,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 32
TC 90
Z9 99
U1 2
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6538
BP 327
EP 330
DI 10.1038/376327a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RL443
UT WOS:A1995RL44300043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HATADA, MH
   LU, XD
   LAIRD, ER
   GREEN, J
   MORGENSTERN, JP
   LOU, MZ
   MARR, CS
   PHILLIPS, TB
   RAM, MK
   THERIAULT, K
   ZOLLER, MJ
   KARAS, JL
AF HATADA, MH
   LU, XD
   LAIRD, ER
   GREEN, J
   MORGENSTERN, JP
   LOU, MZ
   MARR, CS
   PHILLIPS, TB
   RAM, MK
   THERIAULT, K
   ZOLLER, MJ
   KARAS, JL
TI MOLECULAR-BASIS FOR INTERACTION OF THE PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE ZAP-70 WITH THE T-CELL RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID affinity phosphotyrosyl peptide; src homology-2 domain; cyclosporine-a; sh2 domains; zeta-chain; recognition; calcineurin; complexes; subunit; tail
AB The crystal structure of the tandem SH2 domains of human ZAP-70 in complex with a peptide derived from the zeta-subunit of the T-cell receptor reveals an unanticipated interaction between the two domains. A coiled coil of a-helices connects the two SH2 domains, producing apr interface that constitutes one of the two critical phosphotyrosine binding sites. These and other unique features provide the molecular basis for highly selective association of ZAP-70 with the T-cell receptor.
RP HATADA, MH (corresponding author), ARIAD PHARMACEUT INC,26 LANDSDOWNE ST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 47
TC 317
Z9 356
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6544
BP 32
EP 38
DI 10.1038/377032a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RT725
UT WOS:A1995RT72500047
PM 7659156
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KRAPIVINSKY, G
   GORDON, EA
   WICKMAN, K
   VELIMIROVIC, B
   KRAPIVINSKY, L
   CLAPHAM, DE
AF KRAPIVINSKY, G
   GORDON, EA
   WICKMAN, K
   VELIMIROVIC, B
   KRAPIVINSKY, L
   CLAPHAM, DE
TI THE G-PROTEIN-GATED ATRIAL K+ CHANNEL I-KACH IS A HETEROMULTIMER OF 2 INWARDLY RECTIFYING K+-CHANNEL PROTEINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subunit; heart
AB Heart rate is slowed in part by acetylcholine-dependent activation of a cardiac potassium (K+) channel, I-KACh. Activated muscarinic receptors stimulate I-KACh via the G-protein beta gamma-subunits. It has been assumed that the inwardly rectifying K+-channel gene, GIRK1, alone encodes I-KACh. It is now shown that I-KACh is a heteromultimer of two distinct inwardly rectifying K+-channel subunits, GIRK1 and a newly cloned member of the family, CIR.
C1 MAYO CLIN & MAYO FDN,DEPT PHARMACOL,ROCHESTER,MN 55905.
C3 Mayo Clinic
NR 15
TC 777
Z9 862
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 135
EP 141
DI 10.1038/374135a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700050
PM 7877685
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CUENOUD, B
   SZOSTAK, JW
AF CUENOUD, B
   SZOSTAK, JW
TI A DNA METALLOENZYME WITH DNA-LIGASE ACTIVITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human thrombin; rna; binding; aptamer; selection; molecules; invitro
AB SINGLE-STRANDED DNA can fold into well-defined sequence-dependent tertiary structures that specifically bind a variety of target molecules(1-10), raising the possibility that some folded single-stranded DNAs might exhibit catalytic activities similar to those of ribozymes and protein enzymes. Derivatives of the hammerhead ribozyme that contain a majority of deoxyribonucleotides retain the ability to cleave RNA(11), and a 'deoxyribozyme' was generated by leaving all essential ribonucleotides of the hammerhead on the RNA 'substrate'(12). Recently in vitro selection has been used to isolate a DNA sequence that shows Pb2+-dependent RNA-cleaving activity(13). Here we report the isolation by in vitro selection(14-17) of a small single-stranded DNA that is a Zn2+/Cu2+-dependent metalloenzyme. The enzyme catalyses the formation of a new phosphodiester bond by the condensation of the 5'-hydroxyl of one oligodeoxynucleotide and a 3'-phosphorimidazolide on another oligodeoxynucleotide, and shows multiple turnover ligation.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT GENET, BOSTON, MA 02114 USA.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, BOSTON, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
NR 30
TC 382
Z9 453
U1 0
U2 151
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6532
BP 611
EP 614
DI 10.1038/375611a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RD287
UT WOS:A1995RD28700057
PM 7791880
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DAVIS, AP
   WITTE, DP
   HSIEHLI, HM
   POTTER, SS
   CAPECCHI, MR
AF DAVIS, AP
   WITTE, DP
   HSIEHLI, HM
   POTTER, SS
   CAPECCHI, MR
TI ABSENCE OF RADIUS AND ULNA IN MICE LACKING HOXA-11 AND HOXD-11
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vertebrate limb; homeotic transformations; pattern-formation; hox-4 genes; expression; evolution
AB MICE with targeted disruptions(1) in Hox genes have been generated to evaluate the role of the Hox complex in determining the mammalian body plan. This complex of 38 genes encodes transcription factors that specify regional information along the embryonic axes. Early in vertebrate evolution an ancestral complex shared with invertebrates was duplicated twice to give rise to the four linkage groups (Hox A, B, C and D)(2,3). As a consequence, corresponding genes on the separate linkage groups, called paralogues, are most closely related to each other. Based on sequence similarities, the Hox genes have been subdivided into 13 paralogous groups. The five most 5' groups (Hox 9-13) pattern the posterior region of the vertebrate embryo and the appendicular skeleton(4-18). Mice with individual mutations in the paralogous genes hoxa-11 and hoxd-11 have been described(15-18). By breeding these two strains together we have generated double mutants which have dramatic phenotypes not apparent in mice homozygous for the individual mutations. The radius and the ulna of the forelimb are almost entirely eliminated, the axial skeleton shows homeotic transformations, and there are severe kidney defects not present in either single mutant. The limb and axial phenotypes are quantitative: as more mutant alleles are added to the genotype, the phenotype becomes progressively more severe. The appendicular skeleton defects suggest that paralogous Hox genes function together to specify limb outgrowth and patterning along the proximodistal axis.
C1 UNIV UTAH,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT HUMAN GENET,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112.
   UNIV CINCINNATI,COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,CINCINNATI,OH 45229.
   UNIV CINCINNATI,COLL MED,CHILDRENS HOSP RES FDN,DIV BASIC SCI RES & PATHOL,CINCINNATI,OH 45229.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati; University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation
NR 29
TC 503
Z9 571
U1 3
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 791
EP 795
DI 10.1038/375791a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900079
PM 7596412
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHAO, JH
   HOGAN, EM
   BEVENSEE, MO
   BORON, WF
AF ZHAO, JH
   HOGAN, EM
   BEVENSEE, MO
   BORON, WF
TI OUT-OF-EQUILIBRIUM CO2/HCO3- SOLUTIONS AND THEIR USE IN CHARACTERIZING A NEW K/HCO3 COTRANSPORTER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID squid giant-axons; intracellular-ph; mechanism; cell
AB IN typical physiological solutions, CO2 is in equilibrium with HCO3- and H+ (CO2 + H2O reversible arrow HCO3- + H+). Because one cannot independently alter CO2 and HCO3- concentrations and pH, it is impossible to distinguish between the effects of CO2 and HCO3- on physiological processes. Here we describe a continuous-flow, rapid-mixing approach for generating out-of-equilibrium CO2/HCO3- solutions with a physiological pH and CO2 (but little HCO3-), or pH and HCO3- (but little CO2). We have exploited these out-of-equilibrium solutions to introduce HCO3- exclusively to either the outside or inside of a squid giant axon, and verify the presence of a new K/HCO3 cotransporter. The out-of-equilibrium approach could be useful in a variety of applications for independently controlling CO2 and HCO3- concentrations and pH.
RP ZHAO, JH (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELLULAR & MOLEC PHYSIOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510, USA.
NR 22
TC 60
Z9 63
U1 1
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6523
BP 636
EP 639
DI 10.1038/374636a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QT189
UT WOS:A1995QT18900058
PM 7715702
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LI, ZQ
   BARKER, HW
   MOREAU, L
AF LI, ZQ
   BARKER, HW
   MOREAU, L
TI THE VARIABLE EFFECT OF CLOUDS ON ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION OF SOLAR-RADIATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID budget experiment; water clouds; surface; climate; models
AB A four-year global record of solar flux observed from both space and the Earth's surface allows an examination of the effect of clouds on the atmospheric absorption of solar radiation. The results indicate that, contrary to some recent suggestions, the effect of clouds is highly variable and present general circulation models should be able to incorporate cloud absorption Into climate simulations.
C1 ATMOSPHER ENVIRONM SERV,DOWNSVIEW,ON,CANADA.
   INTERA INFORMAT TECHNOL CORP,OTTAWA,ON,CANADA.
C3 Environment & Climate Change Canada; Meteorological Service of Canada
RP LI, ZQ (corresponding author), CANADA CTR REMOTE SENSING,588 BOOTH ST,OTTAWA,ON K1V 0J6,CANADA.
NR 34
TC 146
Z9 154
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6540
BP 486
EP 490
DI 10.1038/376486a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RN622
UT WOS:A1995RN62200037
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WEBSTER, RL
   FRANCIS, PJ
   PETERSON, BA
   DRINKWATER, MJ
   MASCI, FJ
AF WEBSTER, RL
   FRANCIS, PJ
   PETERSON, BA
   DRINKWATER, MJ
   MASCI, FJ
TI EVIDENCE FOR A LARGE UNDETECTED POPULATION OF DUST-REDDENED QUASARS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID objects; spectrum; emission; sample; qsos; bump
AB QUASARS have been detected at many wavelengths, but often ones that are bright at one wavelength are very faint or undetectable at other wavelengths. It has therefore been impossible to design a single search technique that would identify all quasars, raising the question of how many may have gone unidentified. Here we show that quasars selected from a radio catalogue have a wide range of optical colours, which we interpret as arising from varying amounts of dust along the line of sight. Most of this dust probably lies within the quasar host galaxy. If the radio-quiet quasars that would normally be detected optically contain as much dust as the radio-loud ones (and have gone undetected at other wavelengths), then 80% of them have been missed by optical surveys. These missing quasars could adequately account for the observed X-ray background.
C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,MT STROMLO & SIDING SPRING OBSERV,WESTON,ACT 2611,AUSTRALIA.
   ANGLO AUSTRALIAN OBSERV,COONABARABRAN,NSW 2357,AUSTRALIA.
C3 Australian National University
RP WEBSTER, RL (corresponding author), UNIV MELBOURNE,SCH PHYS,PARKVILLE,VIC 3052,AUSTRALIA.
NR 21
TC 248
Z9 253
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6531
BP 469
EP 471
DI 10.1038/375469a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RC188
UT WOS:A1995RC18800041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BONNEFOI, CC
   PROVOST, A
   ALBAREDE, F
AF BONNEFOI, CC
   PROVOST, A
   ALBAREDE, F
TI THE DALY-GAP AS A MAGMATIC CATASTROPHE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long valley; crystallization; crystallinity; systematics; times; glass
AB Igneous rocks very commonly show a strongly bimodal distribution of compositions, one mode corresponding to basalt and the other to felsic magmas(1-3). As fractional crystallization of basaltic parents produces a continuum of compositions, the paucity of rocks of intermediate composition-commonly called the Daly gap-has puzzled petrologists since the time of Daly. Gravitational or viscous trapping(4,5), large crystal loads restraining convection(6,7), and re-melting of deep volcanic layers(2) are among the processes that have been offered as physically meaningful explanations of magmatic gaps. Here we propose an alternative interpretation, transposed from chemical reactor control theory(8): at large undercooling, thermal feedback in a continuously fed and differentiating magma reservoir promotes the existence of competing thermochemical steady states. Small variations in magma residence time and cooling rate induce a large thermal and chemical swing (magmatic bifurcation or catastrophe), which interrupts the liquid line of descent, leading to bimodal erupted products.
C1 ECOLE NORMALE SUPER LYON,F-69364 LYON 7,FRANCE.
C3 Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON)
RP BONNEFOI, CC (corresponding author), UNIV CLERMONT FERRAND,DEPT SCI TERRE,F-63038 CLERMONT FERRAND,FRANCE.
NR 22
TC 68
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 270
EP 272
DI 10.1038/378270a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EMERY, VJ
   KIVELSON, SA
AF EMERY, VJ
   KIVELSON, SA
TI IMPORTANCE OF PHASE FLUCTUATIONS IN SUPERCONDUCTORS WITH SMALL SUPERFLUID DENSITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heavy-fermion superconductors; london penetration depth; magnetic-field; normal state; temperature; tl2ba2cuo6+delta; cuprate; ube13; tc
AB THE superconducting state of a metal is characterized by a complex order parameter with an amplitude and a phase. In the BCS-Eliashberg mean-field theory(1), which is a very good approximation for conventional metals, the phase of the order parameter is unimportant for determining the value of the transition temperature T-c and the change of many physical properties brought about by the transition. Here we argue that superconductors with low superconducting carrier density (such as the organic and high-T-c oxide superconductors) are characterized by a relatively small phase 'stiffness' and poor screening, both of which imply a significantly larger role for phase fluctuations. As a consequence, in these materials the transition to the superconducting state may not display typical mean-field behaviour, and phase fluctuations, both classical and quantum, may have a significant influence on low-temperature properties, For some quasi-two-dimensional materials, notably underdoped high-temperature superconductors, the onset of long-range phase order controls the gross value of T-c as well as its systematic variation from one material to another.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT PHYS, LOS ANGELES, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP EMERY, VJ (corresponding author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, DEPT PHYS, UPTON, NY 11973 USA.
NR 31
TC 1862
Z9 1997
U1 11
U2 295
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 434
EP 437
DI 10.1038/374434a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GIBBS, CS
   COUTRE, SE
   TSIANG, M
   LI, WX
   JAIN, AK
   DUNN, KE
   LAW, VS
   MAO, CT
   MATSUMURA, SY
   MEJZA, SJ
   PABORSKY, LR
   LEUNG, LLK
AF GIBBS, CS
   COUTRE, SE
   TSIANG, M
   LI, WX
   JAIN, AK
   DUNN, KE
   LAW, VS
   MAO, CT
   MATSUMURA, SY
   MEJZA, SJ
   PABORSKY, LR
   LEUNG, LLK
TI CONVERSION OF THROMBIN INTO AN ANTICOAGULANT BY PROTEIN ENGINEERING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID blood-coagulation; structural basis; human-fibrinogen; activation; cofactor; primates; domains; invivo; chain
AB AT sites of vascular injury, thrombin interacts with multiple procoagulant substrates(1-6) to mediate both fibrin clotting and platelet aggregation. But upon binding to thrombomodulin on the vascular endothelium, thrombin instead activates protein C, thereby functioning as an anticoagulant and attenuating clot formation(7). Upon infusion in vivo, both the procoagulant and anticoagulant effects of thrombin were observed(8,9). Preliminary studies indicating that thrombin's protein C activating and fibrinogen clotting activities could be dissociated by mutagenesis(10) suggested to us that a thrombin variant that lacked procoagulant activity while retaining anticoagulant function might be an attractive antithrombotic agent. Using protein engineering, we introduced a single substitution, E229A, that substantially shifted thrombin's specificity in favour of the anticoagulant substrate, protein C. In monkeys, this modified thrombin functioned as an endogenous protein C activator demonstrating dose-dependent, reversible anticoagulation without any indication of procoagulant activity. Notably, template bleeding times were not prolonged, suggesting a reduced potential for bleeding complications.
C1 GILEAD SCI,FOSTER CITY,CA 94404.
C3 Gilead Sciences
NR 27
TC 128
Z9 147
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 413
EP 416
DI 10.1038/378413a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300066
PM 7477382
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LUBIN, D
   JENSEN, EH
AF LUBIN, D
   JENSEN, EH
TI EFFECTS OF CLOUDS AND STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION ON ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION TRENDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID action spectrum; b radiation; toms data; climate; budget
AB ANTHROPOGENIC depletion of ozone in the lower stratosphere has been of global environmental concern for two decades, but the environmentally relevant quantity-the flux of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reading the Earth's surface-remains poorly quantified on a global basis. The three most important parameters governing surface UVR fluxes and trends are solar elevation, total vertically integrated ozone abundance and cloud opacity. Here we use global satellite measurements of total ozone abundance and cloud reflectance to examine how the trends in UVR resulting from established trends in total ozone abundance(1,2) compare with the potentially large natural variability in UVR that results from variations in cloud opacity. We find that throughout many temperate regions-including large parts of continental Europe, North and South America, New Zealand, Australia and southern Africa-interannual variability in cloud opacity is sufficiently small that by the end of this century, trends in summer average local-noon UVR dose rates relevant to mammalian skin cancer or plant damage should be significant with respect to cloud variability.
C1 SEASPACE CORP,SAN DIEGO,CA 92126.
RP LUBIN, D (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,CALIF SPACE INST,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 25
TC 172
Z9 185
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 710
EP 713
DI 10.1038/377710a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LUCCHINI, R
   SOGO, JM
AF LUCCHINI, R
   SOGO, JM
TI REPLICATION OF TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE CHROMATIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribosomal-rna genes; psoralen-crosslinking; rdna enhancer; dna; fork
AB IN eukaryotic cells, active genes and their regulatory sequences are organized into open chromatin conformations in which nucleosomes can be modified, disrupted or totally absent(1-3). It has been proposed that these characteristic chromatin structures and their associated factors might be directly inherited by the newly synthesized daughter strands during chromosome duplication(4-6). Here we show that in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, replication machinery entering upstream of a transcriptionally active ribosomal RNA gene generates two newly replicated coding regions regularly packaged into nucleosomes, indicating that the active chromatin structure cannot be directly inherited at the replication fork. Whereas the establishment of an exposed chromatin conformation at some newly replicated rRNA gene promoters can occur shortly after the passage of the replication fork, regeneration of the active chromatin structure along the coding region is always a post-replicative process involving disruption of preformed nucleosomes.
RP LUCCHINI, R (corresponding author), ETH HONGGERBERG,INST CELL BIOL,CH-8093 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
NR 20
TC 88
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6519
BP 276
EP 280
DI 10.1038/374276a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QM387
UT WOS:A1995QM38700054
PM 7885449
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FOREST, CE
   MOLNAR, P
   EMANUEL, KA
AF FOREST, CE
   MOLNAR, P
   EMANUEL, KA
TI PALAEOALTIMETRY FROM ENERGY-CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate; uplift; floras
AB A KNOWLEDGE of past changes in the mean elevations of large continental areas is important for understanding both dynamic processes in the Earth's mantle(1) and the evolution of the global climate(2). But virtually all methods for determining palaeoelevations are problematic(3), in part because changes in either elevation or climate can give rise to the same observed geological phenomena(4). Ideally, palaeoelevations would be inferred directly from estimates of palaeopressure, and it has recently been shown(5) that vesicles in basaltic lava flows preserve a record of atmospheric pressure at the altitude of emplacement; however, the elevations thus obtained have large errors (similar to 1.4 km), and the method can at present be applied only to lavas that have had a simple emplacement history(5). Palaeobotanical methods for estimating palaeoelevation have received much attention(6-12), but they rely on empirical temperature-elevation relationships, the uncertainties in which are difficult to evaluate for past climates. Here we describe an alternative palaeobotanical approach, based on energy conservation in the atmosphere, in which fossil leaf assemblages are used to infer enthalpy, rather than temperature. This approach is relatively insensitive to palaeoclimate, with an expected error in palaeoelevation of similar to 700 m.
RP FOREST, CE (corresponding author), MIT,CTR METEOROL & PHYS OCEANOG,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 24
TC 68
Z9 86
U1 1
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6520
BP 347
EP 350
DI 10.1038/374347a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QN630
UT WOS:A1995QN63000056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MOSS, SJ
   GORRIE, GH
   AMATO, A
   SMART, TG
AF MOSS, SJ
   GORRIE, GH
   AMATO, A
   SMART, TG
TI MODULATION OF GABA(A) RECEPTORS BY TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID a receptor; molecular-biology; transfected cells; beta-1-subunit; pharmacology; potentiation; subunit; kinase
AB gamma-AMINOBUTYRIC acid type-A (GABA(A)) receptors are the major sites of fast synaptic inhibition in the brain, They are presumed to be pentameric heteroligomers assembled from four classes of subunits with multiple members: alpha (1-6), beta (1-3), gamma (1-3) and delta (1)(1-5). Here, GABA(A) receptors consisting of alpha 1, beta 1 and gamma 2L subunits, coexpressed in mammalian cells with the tyrosine kinase vSRC (the transforming gene product of the Rous sarcoma virus), were phosphorylated on tyrosine residues within the gamma 2L and beta 1 subunits. Tyrosine phosphorylation enhanced the whole-cell current induced by GABA. Site-specific mutagenesis of two tyrosine residues within the predicted intracellular domain of the gamma 2L subunit abolished tyrosine phosphorylation of this subunit and eliminated receptor modulation. A similar modulation of GABA(A) receptor function was observed in primary neuronal cultures. As GABA(A) receptors are critical in mediating fast synaptic inhibition, such a regulation by tyrosine kinases may therefore have profound effects on the control of neuronal excitation.
C1 UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT PHARMACOL,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
   UNIV LONDON,SCH PHARM,DEPT PHARMACOL,LONDON WC1N 1AX,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; University of London School of Pharmacy
RP MOSS, SJ (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,MRC,MOLEC CELL BIOL LAB,GORDON ST,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 210
Z9 250
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 344
EP 348
DI 10.1038/377344a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100058
PM 7566089
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GLENNER, H
   HOEG, JT
AF GLENNER, H
   HOEG, JT
TI A NEW MOTILE, MULTICELLULAR STAGE INVOLVED IN HOST INVASION BY PARASITIC BARNACLES (RHIZOCEPHALA)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cirripedia; crustacea
AB RHIZOCEPHALANS are barnacles (Cirripedia), but are extremely specialized for parasitic life on decapod crustaceans. A cypris larva settles and develops into a new instar, the kentrogon, which inoculates the host with the parasite. The very early primordial parasite has;been argued to consist solely of embryonic stem cells or even eggs(1), hut the true nature of this unknown stage has remained a puzzle for more than a century(2). We present data from in vitro experiments on the rhizocephalan Loxothylacus panopaei documenting that, unlike previous postulations, the recently injected parasite is not naked embryonic cells, but has the form of a motile, vermiform body, enclosed in an acellular sheath, After a period of maturation the vermiform body splits up into a number of naked and independently moving cells, which in our in vitro experiments disperse by amoeboid movements. This suggests that, in vivo, the cells disperse in the haemolymph of the host crab, where each has the potential to develop into an adult parasite, although in most cases only one will succeed.
RP GLENNER, H (corresponding author), UNIV COPENHAGEN,INST ZOOL,DEPT CELL BIOL & ANAT,15 UNIV PK,DK-2100 COPENHAGEN,DENMARK.
NR 18
TC 47
Z9 54
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 147
EP 150
DI 10.1038/377147a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SIMSKE, JS
   KIM, SK
AF SIMSKE, JS
   KIM, SK
TI SEQUENTIAL SIGNALING DURING CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS VULVAR INDUCTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; cell lineages; tyrosine kinase; nematode; gene; pattern; encodes; let-23
AB DURING the induction of the Caenorhabditis elegans vulva, cell signalling causes initially equipotent cells to express a reproducible pattern of cell fates(1,2). The position of the anchor cell determines the pattern of vulval precursor cell fates, such that the closest precursor cell (P6.p) expresses the primary cell fate, the next closest cells (P5.p and P7.p) both express the secondary cell fate, and each of the precursor cells located at a distance (P3.p, P4.p and P8.p) express the tertiary cell fate (Fig. 1a)(3-5). We present data indicating that this stereotypical pattern of cell fates can be generated by sequential signals. We identified genetic mosaic animals in which P5.p and P7.p were defective in the anchor-cell signal-transduction pathway and observed that these cells adopted the secondary cell fate, indicating that anchor-cell signal transduction is not required for the expression of the secondary cell fate. These results suggest that the anchor cell induces P6.p to express the primary cell fate, and that P6.p subsequently induces P5.p and P7.p to express the secondary cell fate.
RP SIMSKE, JS (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT DEV BIOL,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
NR 30
TC 110
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6527
BP 142
EP 146
DI 10.1038/375142a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QX741
UT WOS:A1995QX74100050
PM 7753169
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OTT, M
   SCHAEFFEL, F
AF OTT, M
   SCHAEFFEL, F
TI A NEGATIVELY POWERED LENS IN THE CHAMELEON
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID accommodation
AB CHAMELEONS are arboral Lizards that spot their prey visually and catch it by highly precise shots with their long sticky tongue, They scan their environment by large-amplitude independent saccadic eye movements; once an insect is detected, the head axis is aligned towards the target ('head tracking'(1), both eyes come forward to fixate the insect and, in a phase called 'initial protrusion'(2), the sticky tongue is loaded with tension by a special hyoid apparatus(3) and subsequently shot out of the mouth with great precision, Lenses placed in front of the eyes produce predictable errors in distance estimation(4), suggesting that chameleons rely on accommodation cues when measuring the distance to their prey, but focusing has never been measured directly, Using a new technique to measure accommodation(5), we now show that accommodation is precise enough to serve as the major distance cue. Because accurate focusing requires large retinal images, we have tested image magnification and find that it is higher than in any other vertebrate eye scaled to the same size, This is a result of a unique optical design: unlike other vertebrate eyes, the crystalline lens of the chameleon has negative refractive power, Although there is a trend among vertebrates to increase corneal power and to decrease lens power with higher visual acuity, only in the chameleon eye has this tendency led to a reversal of the sign of the power of the lens.
C1 UNIV TUBINGEN,HOSP EYE,DEPT EXPTL OPHTHALMOL,D-72076 TUBINGEN,GERMANY.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
NR 16
TC 63
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 692
EP 694
DI 10.1038/373692a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800052
PM 7854450
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KAENDERS, WG
   LISON, F
   RICHTER, A
   WYNANDS, R
   MESCHEDE, D
AF KAENDERS, WG
   LISON, F
   RICHTER, A
   WYNANDS, R
   MESCHEDE, D
TI IMAGING WITH AN ATOMIC-BEAM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID velocity; magnets; light; lens
AB FOCUSING of atomic beams has been investigated for more than 40 years(1-9). The formation of images of simple objects such as points or slits has been demonstrated(7-9), but only with long focal lengths and large chromatic aberrations oiling to the velocity distribution of the thermal beam. Lasers can be used to slow and cool the atomic beam(10), reducing the focal length; and by optically narrowing the velocity spread of the beam, chromatic aberrations can be reduced substantially. Here rye report the construction of an atomic imaging device, using a hexapole lens made from permanent magnets, which produces images in the same way as an optical slide projector. A mask is illuminated by a beam of caesium atoms prepared using a laser diode, and its image appears on a 'resonant light screen', where a sheet of laser light excites atomic fluorescence. We can obtain magnified and demagnified images with remarkable resolution, suggesting that this technique might be used to create sub-micrometre atomic structures.
RP KAENDERS, WG (corresponding author), UNIV HANNOVER,INST QUANTENOPT,WELFENGARTEN 1,D-30167 HANNOVER,GERMANY.
NR 20
TC 46
Z9 52
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 214
EP 216
DI 10.1038/375214a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RIKLIN, A
   KATZ, E
   WILLNER, I
   STOCKER, A
   BUCKMANN, AF
AF RIKLIN, A
   KATZ, E
   WILLNER, I
   STOCKER, A
   BUCKMANN, AF
TI IMPROVING ENZYME-ELECTRODE CONTACTS BY REDOX MODIFICATION OF COFACTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glucose-oxidase; polymers; centers
AB EFFICIENT electron transfer of redox proteins to and from their environment is essential for the use of such proteins in biotechnological applications such as amperometric biosensors and photosynthetic biocatalysts(1-3). But most redox enzymes lack pathways that can transport an electron from their embedded redox site to an electrode(4,5) or a diffusing photoexcited species(6). Electrical communication between redox proteins and electrode surfaces has been improved by aligning proteins on chemically modified electrodes(7-9), by attaching electron-transporting groups(10,11) and by immobilizing proteins in polymer matrices tethered by redox groups(12-14). Generally these methods involve contacting the enzymes at random with electron relay units, Here we report an approach that allows site-specific positioning of electron-mediating units in redox proteins, We strip glucose oxidase of its flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactors, modify tbe latter with redox-active ferrocene-containing groups, and then reconstitute the apoprotein with these modified cofactors, In this way, electrical contact between an electrode and the resulting enzyme in solution is greatly enhanced in a controlled and reproducible way.
C1 HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM, INST CHEM, IL-91904 JERUSALEM, ISRAEL.
   GESELL BIOTECHNOL FORSCH MBH, DEPT ENZYMOL, D-38124 BRAUNSCHWEIG, GERMANY.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research
NR 18
TC 217
Z9 238
U1 0
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6542
BP 672
EP 675
DI 10.1038/376672a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RQ672
UT WOS:A1995RQ67200055
PM 7651516
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI COMPETITION AND VENTURES ALL THE RAGE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 540
EP 542
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100024
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HEINTZ, RA
   KOETZLE, TF
   OSTRANDER, RL
   RHEINGOLD, AL
   THEOPOLD, KH
   WU, P
AF HEINTZ, RA
   KOETZLE, TF
   OSTRANDER, RL
   RHEINGOLD, AL
   THEOPOLD, KH
   WU, P
TI UNUSUALLY STRONG INTRAMOLECULAR MAGNETIC COUPLING IN A CHROMIUM HYDRIDE CLUSTER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-based magnets; ground-state; metal-complexes; spin; trihydride
AB MOLECULES With large spins, and associated large magnetic moments, are potential building blocks for magnetic materials(1). To make such molecules, spin-carrying metal ions can be assembled into polynuclear complexes, but the coupling between the spins is usually antiferromagnetic, leading to antiparallel alignment(2). Magnetic coupling leading to parallel alignment occurs only rarely, and even then is usually too weak for the alignment to persist at ambient temperatures(3-14). Here we report the synthesis of a tetranuclear chromium hydride cluster With a ground state of non-zero spin (spin quantum number S = 7/2), in which the intramolecular magnetic coupling is so strong that the magnetic alignment is not disturbed appreciably even at room temperature. This ground state cannot be explained either by simple parallel or antiparallel alignment of spins, but can be understood in terms of antiparallel alignment of three Cr(III) moments with one Cr(II) moment, These findings indicate that hydride ligands can mediate extremely strong magnetic exchange interactions between metal ions, and that metal hydrides may therefore be promising components for the construction of molecular magnetic materials.
C1 UNIV DELAWARE,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,NEWARK,DE 19716.
   BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT CHEM,UPTON,NY 11973.
C3 University of Delaware; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory
NR 33
TC 29
Z9 33
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 359
EP 362
DI 10.1038/378359a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WEINTRAUB, SJ
   CHOW, KNB
   LUO, RX
   ZHANG, SH
   HE, S
   DEAN, DC
AF WEINTRAUB, SJ
   CHOW, KNB
   LUO, RX
   ZHANG, SH
   HE, S
   DEAN, DC
TI MECHANISM OF ACTIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION BY THE RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID large t-antigen; gene-product; binding protein; cell-cycle; c-myc; domain; transactivation; phosphorylation; expression; promoter
AB THE retinoblastoma tumour-suppressor protein (Rb) belongs to a family that share a motif known as the pocket. The pocket was originally identified as the region of Rb required for binding to oncoproteins from DNA tumour viruses(1,2), which disrupt the binding of Rb to the E2F family of cell-cycle transcription factors (referred to collectively here as E2F)(3). Rb switches E2F sites from positive to negative elements(4), suggesting that Rb-E2F is an active complex that blocks transcription. Here we report that Rb is selectively recruited to promoters through E2F, where it in turn inactivates surrounding transcription factors by blocking their interaction with the basal transcription complex. We suggest that this repressor activity is essential for inhibiting promoters that contain enhancers in addition to E2F sites.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
NR 29
TC 460
Z9 508
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 812
EP 815
DI 10.1038/375812a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900085
PM 7596417
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FUNG, DC
   BERG, HC
AF FUNG, DC
   BERG, HC
TI POWERING THE FLAGELLAR MOTOR OF ESCHERICHIA-COLI WITH AN EXTERNAL VOLTAGE-SOURCE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacterial flagella; optical tweezers; rotation; torque; force; streptococcus; light
AB ROTARY motors of bacterial flagella are driven by ions that move across the cytoplasmic membrane down an electrochemical gradient(1-4). For Escherichia coli, the ions are protons, and the maximum work per unit charge that they can do is the protonmotive force. To test whether motor efficiency is limited by proton leakage or mechanical nonlinearities, we measured torque as a function of protonmotive force. Filamentous cells were drawn into micropipettes and energized with an external voltage source. Torque was proportional to protonmotive force up to -150 mV, twice the span accessible by earlier techniques(5-9). This is consistent with a mechanism in which a fixed number of protons, working at unit efficiency, carry the motor through each revolution. We also found that individual torque-generating elements inactivate at low potentials or potentials of reverse sign. When normal potentials are restored, they reactivate sequentially.
C1 UNIV HARTFORD, DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL, CAMBRIDGE 02138, ENGLAND.
NR 28
TC 102
Z9 117
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 809
EP 812
DI 10.1038/375809a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900084
PM 7541114
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BOWYER, S
   LIEU, R
   SIDHER, SD
   LAMPTON, M
   KNUDE, J
AF BOWYER, S
   LIEU, R
   SIDHER, SD
   LAMPTON, M
   KNUDE, J
TI EVIDENCE FOR A LARGE THERMAL PRESSURE IMBALANCE IN THE LOCAL INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin plasmas; emission; stars
AB THE interstellar medium (ISM) comprises a number of components at very different densities and temperatures, from dense molecular gas at 10 K to very diffuse plasma at 10(6) K. It has generally been assumed that the warm (10(4) K) and hot (similar to 10(6) K) components are in thermal pressure equilibrium(1-3), although this has not been universally accepted(4). Here we use the discovery of a shadow in the diffuse extreme ultraviolet background radiation(5), cast by a nearby cloud of cool hydrogen, to calculate directly the thermal pressure in the nearby (less than or equal to 40 pc) hot ISM. We find that it is 20 times greater than in the warm cloud surrounding the Sun. This result directly contradicts the basic assumption of thermal pressure balance in the ISM, indicating that some unidentified force (such as confinement by magnetic fields(6)) must play an important role in the overall pressure balance.
C1 UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED,BLACKETT LAB,ASTROPHYS GRP,LONDON SW7 2BZ,ENGLAND.
   COPENHAGEN UNIV OBSERV,NIELS BOHR INST ASTRON PHYS & GEOPHYS,DK-1350 COPENHAGEN,DENMARK.
C3 Imperial College London; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute
RP BOWYER, S (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,CTR EUV ASTROPHYS,2150 KITTREDGE ST,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA.
NR 21
TC 43
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 212
EP 214
DI 10.1038/375212a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARTY, B
AF MARTY, B
TI NITROGEN-CONTENT OF THE MANTLE INFERRED FROM N-2-AR CORRELATION IN OCEANIC BASALTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mid-atlantic ridge; volatile fluxes; carbon; earth; 14-degrees-n; systematics; evolution; glasses; he
AB RARE Eases have proved to be particularly useful in modelling the early evolution of the Earth's atmosphere(1-3). But it is not straightforward to extend this approach to the main volatile species (such as hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen) that comprise the atmosphere, hydrosphere and sediments, as these elements are chemically reactive and may have experienced different geodynamic histories. A way around this problem is to calibrate major volatile species relative to rare gases(4-8). Here I use a recently developed static mass spectrometry method that allows simultaneous analysis of nitrogen, carbon, helium and argon(9) to analyse gases trapped in vesicles of mid-ocean-ridge basalt glasses. The results show that the abundances of N-2 and Ar-40 (a radiogenic isotope that has been produced through geological time by the decay of K-40 in the solid Earth) correlate well over several orders of magnitude, suggesting that the N-2/Ar-40 ratio in the mantle source is near-constant and comparable to the present-day atmospheric value. In contrast, the inferred mantle N-2/Ar-36 ratio (where Ar-36 is a primordial isotope of argon) is two orders of magnitude higher than the atmospheric ratio. This observation, when combined with argon isotope systematics, allows a better estimate to be made of the nitrogen content of the mantle.
C1 ECOLE NATL SUPER GEOL, F-54001 NANCY, FRANCE.
C3 Universite de Lorraine
RP MARTY, B (corresponding author), CNRS, CTR RECH PETROG & GEOCHIM, RUE NOTRE DAME PAUVRES, BP 20, F-54501 VANDOEUVRE LES NANCY, FRANCE.
NR 24
TC 162
Z9 179
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 326
EP 329
DI 10.1038/377326a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KATZ, EB
   STENBIT, AE
   HATTON, K
   DEPINHO, R
   CHARRON, MJ
AF KATZ, EB
   STENBIT, AE
   HATTON, K
   DEPINHO, R
   CHARRON, MJ
TI CARDIAC AND ADIPOSE-TISSUE ABNORMALITIES BUT NOT DIABETES IN MICE DEFICIENT IN GLUT4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID facilitative glucose transporters; localization; muscle; rats
AB THE insulin-sensitive glucose transporter, GLUT4, is the most abundant facilitative glucose transporter in muscle and adipose tissue, the major sites for postprandial glucose disposal, To assess the role of GLUT4 in glucose homeostasis, we have disrupted the murine GLUT4 gene. Because GLUT4 has been shown to be dysregulated in pathological states such as diabetes and obesity, it was expected that genetic ablation of GLUT4 would result in abnormal glucose homeostasis, The mice deficient in GLUT4 (GLUT4-null) are growth-retarded and exhibit decreased longevity associated with cardiac hypertrophy and severely reduced adipose tissue deposits, Blood glucose levels in female GLUT4-null mice are not significantly elevated in either the fasting or fed state; in contrast, male GLUT4-null mice have moderately reduced glycaemias in the fasted state and increased glycaemias in the fed state, However, both female and male GLUT4-null mice exhibit postprandial hyperinsulinaemia, indicating possible insulin resistance. Increased expression of other glucose transporters is observed in the liver (GLUT2) and heart (GLUT1) but not skeletal muscle. Oral glucose tolerance tests show that both female and male GLUT4-null mice clear glucose as efficiently as controls, but insulin tolerance tests indicate that these mice are less sensitive to insulin action, The GLUT4-null mice demonstrate that functional GLUT4 protein is not required for maintaining nearly normal glycaemia but that GLUT4 is absolutely essential for sustained growth, normal cellular glucose and fat metabolism, and expected longevity.
C1 YESHIVA UNIV ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BRONX,NY 10461.
   YESHIVA UNIV ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,BRONX,NY 10461.
C3 Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine
NR 23
TC 360
Z9 416
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 151
EP 155
DI 10.1038/377151a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400049
PM 7675081
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHMIDT, C
   BLADT, F
   GOEDECKE, S
   BRINKMANN, V
   ZSCHIESCHE, W
   SHARPE, M
   GHERARDI, E
   BIRCHMEIER, C
AF SCHMIDT, C
   BLADT, F
   GOEDECKE, S
   BRINKMANN, V
   ZSCHIESCHE, W
   SHARPE, M
   GHERARDI, E
   BIRCHMEIER, C
TI SCATTER FACTOR/HEPATOCYTE GROWTH-FACTOR IS ESSENTIAL FOR LIVER DEVELOPMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID met receptor; epithelial interactions; molecular-cloning; tyrosine kinase; hepatocyte; identification; cells; motility; gene
AB POLYPEPTIDE growth factors are important effecters of cell growth and differentiation in vitro and are thought to be critical for processes such as specification of cell fate, tissue growth and organogenesis in vivo, Scatter factor(1-3)/hepatocyte growth factor(4,5) (SF/HGF) is the prototype of an emerging family of growth factors that resemble in their domain structure and mechanism of activation the blood proteinase plasminogen(6,7). The cellular responses of SF/HGF are mediated by the c-Met tyrosine kinase receptor(8-10). Here we report that mice lacking SF/HGF fail to complete development and die in utero. The mutation affects the embryonic liver, which is reduced in size and shows extensive loss of parenchymal cells, In addition, development of the placenta, particularly of trophoblast cells, is impaired. Thus, SF/HGF is essential for the development of several epithelial organs.
C1 MAX PLANCK GESELL,MAX DELBRUCK LAB,D-50829 COLOGNE,GERMANY.
   MAX DELBRUCK CTR MOLEC MED,D-13122 BERLIN,GERMANY.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,SCH MED,MRC CTR,ICRF,CELL INTERACT LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
C3 Max Planck Society; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine; University of Cambridge; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
NR 29
TC 1207
Z9 1377
U1 0
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 699
EP 702
DI 10.1038/373699a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800054
PM 7854452
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FEHLING, HJ
   KROTKOVA, A
   SAINTRUF, C
   VONBOEHMER, H
AF FEHLING, HJ
   KROTKOVA, A
   SAINTRUF, C
   VONBOEHMER, H
TI CRUCIAL ROLE OF THE PRE-T-CELL RECEPTOR-ALPHA GENE IN DEVELOPMENT OF ALPHA-BETA BUT NOT GAMMA-DELTA T-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deficient mice; expression; surface; chain; tcr; generation; thymocytes; immature; antigens
AB T-cell precursors, the T-cell-receptor B chain is expressed before the T-cell-receptor alpha chain(1,2) and is sufficient to advance T-cell development in the absence of T-cell receptor a chains(3-7). In immature T cells, the T-cell-receptor beta protein can form disulphide-linked heterodimers with the pre-T-cell-receptor alpha chain(8,9) and associate with signal-transducing CD3 molecules(5). The recently cloned pre-T-cell-receptor alpha gene encodes a transmembrane protein that is expressed in immature but not mature T cells(9,10). Here we show that alpha beta, but not gamma delta, cell development is severely hampered in pre-T-cell-receptor alpha-gene-deficient mice, which establishes a crucial role for the pre-T-cell receptor in early thymocyte development.
C1 INST NECKER,INSERM,U373,F-75730 PARIS 15,FRANCE.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Paris Cite
RP FEHLING, HJ (corresponding author), BASEL INST IMMUNOL,GRENZACHERSTR 487,CH-4005 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
NR 22
TC 470
Z9 529
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 795
EP 798
DI 10.1038/375795a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900080
PM 7596413
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COBB, SR
   BUHL, EH
   HALASY, K
   PAULSEN, O
   SOMOGYI, P
AF COBB, SR
   BUHL, EH
   HALASY, K
   PAULSEN, O
   SOMOGYI, P
TI SYNCHRONIZATION OF NEURONAL-ACTIVITY IN HIPPOCAMPUS BY INDIVIDUAL GABAERGIC INTERNEURONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID membrane-potential oscillations; inhibitory interneurons; pyramidal neurons; rat hippocampus; theta-rhythm; cells; ca1
AB SYNCHRONIZATION Of neuronal activity is fundamental in the operation of cortical networks(1). With respect to an ongoing synchronized oscillation, the precise timing of action potentials is an attractive candidate mechanism for information coding(2-5) Networks of inhibitory interneurons have been proposed to have a role in entraining cortical, synchronized 40-Hz activity(6,7). Here we demonstrate that individual GABAergic interneurons(8) can effectively phase spontaneous firing and subthreshold oscillations in hippocampal pyramidal cells at theta frequencies (4-7 Hz). The efficiency of this entrainment is due to interaction of GABA(A)-receptor-mediated hyperpolarizing synaptic events with intrinsic oscillatory mechanisms tuned to this frequency range in pyramidal cells. Moreover, this GABAergic mechanism is sufficient to synchronize the firing of pyramidal cells. Thus, owing to the divergence of each GABAergic interneuron(9,10), more than a thousand pyramidal cells may share a common temporal reference established by an individual interneuron.
C1 ATTILA JOZSEF UNIV, DEPT ZOOL & CELL BIOL, H-6722 SZEGED, HUNGARY.
C3 Szeged University
RP COBB, SR (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD, DEPT PHARMACOL, MRC, ANAT NEUROPHARMACOL UNIT, MANSFIELD RD, OXFORD OX1 3TH, ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 1212
Z9 1381
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 75
EP 78
DI 10.1038/378075a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900053
PM 7477292
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BESSEN, RA
   KOCISKO, DA
   RAYMOND, GJ
   NANDAN, S
   LANSBURY, PT
   CAUGHEY, B
AF BESSEN, RA
   KOCISKO, DA
   RAYMOND, GJ
   NANDAN, S
   LANSBURY, PT
   CAUGHEY, B
TI NONGENETIC PROPAGATION OF STRAIN-SPECIFIC PROPERTIES OF SCRAPIE PRION PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmissible mink encephalopathy; diseases; biology; model; agent
AB THE infectious agents causing scrapie and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies have been postulated to consist solely of the protease-resistant form of prion protein (PrPSc)(1-6). One unprecedented requirement of the protein-only model is that the 'inheritance' of pathogen strain differences must be mediated by stable variations in PrPSc structure(2,7,8), rather than mutations in an agent-specific nucleic acid(9). Strain differences in PrPSc structure have been described for the hyper (HY) and drowsy (DY) strains of hamster transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME)(7,8), a a scrapie-like disease originating in mink. Although HY and DY PrPSc are both post-translationally derived from the precursor prion protein (PrPc) they are cleaved at different amino-terminal sites by proteinase K (ref. 8). Here we investigate whether this strain-specific property of PrPSc is transmitted to PrPc during formation of new PrPSc. PrPSc from the HY and DY TME strains converted the protease-sensitive PrPc into two distinct sets of protease-resistant PrP products in a cell-free system. These data provide evidence that self-propagation of PrPSc polymers with distinct three-dimensional structures could be the molecular basis of scrapie strains.
C1 MIT,DEPT CHEM,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP BESSEN, RA (corresponding author), NIAID,ROCKY MT LABS,PERSISTENT VIRAL DIS LAB,HAMILTON,MT 59840, USA.
NR 14
TC 471
Z9 523
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6533
BP 698
EP 700
DI 10.1038/375698a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RE576
UT WOS:A1995RE57600065
PM 7791905
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MCDERMOTT, G
   PRINCE, SM
   FREER, AA
   HAWTHORNTHWAITELAWLESS, AM
   PAPIZ, MZ
   COGDELL, RJ
   ISAACS, NW
AF MCDERMOTT, G
   PRINCE, SM
   FREER, AA
   HAWTHORNTHWAITELAWLESS, AM
   PAPIZ, MZ
   COGDELL, RJ
   ISAACS, NW
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF AN INTEGRAL MEMBRANE LIGHT-HARVESTING COMPLEX FROM PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-density maps; rhodopseudomonas-acidophila; refinement
AB The crystal structure of the light-harvesting antenna complex (LH2) from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 10050 shows that the active assembly consists of two concentric cylinders of helical protein subunits which enclose the pigment molecules. Eighteen bacteriochlorophyll a molecules sandwiched between the helices form a continuous overlapping ring, and a further nine are positioned between the outer helices with the bacteriochlorin rings perpendicular to the transmembrane helix axis. There is an elegant intertwining of the bacteriochlorophyll phytol chains with carotenoid, which spans the complex.
C1 UNIV GLASGOW,DEPT CHEM,GLASGOW G12 8QQ,LANARK,SCOTLAND.
   UNIV GLASGOW,DIV BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,GLASGOW G12 8QQ,LANARK,SCOTLAND.
   SERC,DARESBURY LAB,DRAL,WARRINGTON WA4 4AD,CHESHIRE,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Glasgow; University of Glasgow; STFC Daresbury Laboratory
NR 25
TC 2580
Z9 2758
U1 5
U2 316
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 517
EP 521
DI 10.1038/374517a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COSTANTINO, RF
   CUSHING, JM
   DENNIS, B
   DESHARNAIS, RA
AF COSTANTINO, RF
   CUSHING, JM
   DENNIS, B
   DESHARNAIS, RA
TI EXPERIMENTALLY-INDUCED TRANSITIONS IN THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF INSECT POPULATIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biological populations; stable points; time-series; chaos; cycles; oscillations; models; system
AB SIMPLE nonlinear models can generate fixed points, periodic cycles and aperiodic oscillations in population abundance without any external environmental variation. Another familiar theoretical result is that shifts in demographic parameters (such as survival or fecundity) can move a population from one of these behaviours to another(1-4). Unfortunately, empirical evidence to support these theoretical possibilities is scarce(5-15). We report here a joint theoretical and experimental study to test the hypothesis that changes in demographic parameters cause predictable changes in the nature of population fluctuations. Specifically, we developed a simple model describing population growth in the flour beetle Tribolium(16). We then predicted, using standard mathematical techniques to analyse the model, that changes in adult mortality would produce substantial shifts in population dynamic behaviour. Finally, by experimentally manipulating the adult mortality rate we observed changes in the dynamics from stable fixed points to periodic cycles to aperiodic oscillations that corresponded to the transitions forecast by the mathematical model.
C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT MATH,TUCSON,AZ 85721.
   UNIV IDAHO,DEPT FISH & WILDLIFE RESOURCES,MOSCOW,ID 83844.
   CALIF STATE UNIV LOS ANGELES,DEPT BIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90032.
C3 University of Arizona; University of Idaho; California State University System; California State University Los Angeles
RP COSTANTINO, RF (corresponding author), UNIV RHODE ISL,DEPT ZOOL,KINGSTON,RI 02881, USA.
NR 20
TC 156
Z9 169
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 227
EP 230
DI 10.1038/375227a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHOU, XJ
   BENSON, KF
   ASHAR, HR
   CHADA, K
AF ZHOU, XJ
   BENSON, KF
   ASHAR, HR
   CHADA, K
TI MUTATION RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MOUSE PYGMY PHENOTYPE IN THE DEVELOPMENTALLY-REGULATED FACTOR HMGI-C
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID group protein hmg-i(y); gene; expression; domain; locus
AB GROWTH is one of the fundamental aspects in the development of an organism. Classical genetic studies have isolated four viable, spontaneous mouse mutants' disrupted in growth, leading to dwarfism. Pygmy is unique among these mutants because its phenotype cannot be explained by aberrations in the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor endocrine pathway(2-5). Here we show that the pygmy phenotype arises from the inactivation of Hmgi-c (ref. 6), a member of the Hmgi family(7) which function as architectural factors in the nuclear scaffolds and are critical in the assembly of stereospecific transcriptional complexes(9). Hmgi-c and another Hmgi family member, Hmgi(y) (ref. 10), were found to be expressed predominantly during embryogenesis. The HMGI proteins are known to be regulated by cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation which alters their DNA binding affinity(11). These results demonstrate the important role of HMGI proteins in mammalian growth and development.
RP ZHOU, XJ (corresponding author), UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY,ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MED SCH,DEPT BIOCHEM,675 HOES LANE,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08854, USA.
NR 24
TC 554
Z9 607
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6543
BP 771
EP 774
DI 10.1038/376771a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RR836
UT WOS:A1995RR83600039
PM 7651535
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BERLINER, E
   YOUNG, EC
   ANDERSON, K
   MAHTANI, HK
   GELLES, J
AF BERLINER, E
   YOUNG, EC
   ANDERSON, K
   MAHTANI, HK
   GELLES, J
TI FAILURE OF A SINGLE-HEADED KINESIN TO TRACK PARALLEL TO MICROTUBULE PROTOFILAMENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-microscopy; movement; molecules; density; domains
AB KINESIS, a two-headed motor enzyme molecule, hydrolyses ATP to direct organelle transport along microtubules. As it moves along a microtubule, kinesin remains associated with, or (tracks', microtubule protofilaments(1,2). We have prepared truncated kinesin derivatives that contain either two mechanochemical head domains(3) or only a single head. Unlike intact kinesin and the two-headed derivatives, the one-headed enzyme frequently fails to track protofilaments, suggesting that it detaches from microtubules during movement. In this way, the one-headed kinesin derivative is similar to the motor enzyme myosin, which frequently detaches from the actin filament during movement(4). For myosin (which has two heads), the consequence of this detachment is that single molecules do not appear to drive continuous movement along the filament(5). Our observations suggest that the ability of single two-headed kinesin molecules to drive continuous movement(6,7) results from a 'hand-over-hand' mechanism(6-8) in which one head remains bound to the microtubule while the other detaches and moves forwards.
C1 BRANDEIS UNIV, GRAD DEPT BIOCHEM, WALTHAM, MA 02254 USA.
   BRANDEIS UNIV, BIOPHYS PROGRAM, WALTHAM, MA 02254 USA.
   BRANDEIS UNIV, CTR COMPLEX SYST, WALTHAM, MA 02254 USA.
C3 Brandeis University; Brandeis University; Brandeis University
NR 28
TC 169
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 718
EP 721
DI 10.1038/373718a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800060
PM 7854458
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KUMAR, N
   ANDERSON, RF
   MORTLOCK, RA
   FROELICH, PN
   KUBIK, P
   DITTRICHHANNEN, B
   SUTER, M
AF KUMAR, N
   ANDERSON, RF
   MORTLOCK, RA
   FROELICH, PN
   KUBIK, P
   DITTRICHHANNEN, B
   SUTER, M
TI INCREASED BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY AND EXPORT PRODUCTION IN THE GLACIAL SOUTHERN-OCEAN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice-core; atmospheric co2; pacific-ocean; high-latitude; pa-231; record; waters; th-230; be-10; transport
AB A range of complementary radionuclide proxies in sediments of the southernmost Atlantic Ocean over the past 140,000 years indicate that glacial periods were characterized by greatly increased fluxes of biogenic detritus out of surface waters. This increase in export production, which may have contributed to lower concentrations of carbon dioxide in the glacial atmosphere, was accompanied by more than a fivefold increase in accumulation of lithogenic iron transported by winds from Patagonian deserts. These observations support the hypothesis that the iron limitation of today's Southern Ocean productivity was relieved in glacial periods by a greater supply of iron from wind-blown dust.
RP KUMAR, N (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV, SCH INT & PUBL AFFAIRS, NEW YORK, NY 10027 USA.
NR 56
TC 429
Z9 468
U1 0
U2 80
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 675
EP 680
DI 10.1038/378675a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NARAYAN, R
   YI, IS
   MAHADEVAN, R
AF NARAYAN, R
   YI, IS
   MAHADEVAN, R
TI EXPLAINING THE SPECTRUM OF SAGITTARIUS-A-ASTERISK WITH A MODEL OF AN ACCRETING BLACK-HOLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galactic-center; x-ray; boundary-layers; sgr-a; disks; galaxy; region; mass
AB THE radio source at the centre of our Galaxy(1), Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), seems to be a low-luminosity version of active galactic nuclei-a massive black hole that is accreting gas from the surrounding region(1,2). This idea is supported by observations of the gas and stars within 1 pc of Sgr A*, which appear to move under the influence of a large central mass(1,3,4). A recent determination of the upper limit(5,6) to the hard X-ray emission from the Galactic Centre has posed a problem for this picture, however, as the mass accretion rate implied by applying a standard accretion model to the X-ray data is far below that estimated from the observations of gas flows. Here we present a new model of accretion onto Sgr A*, in which most of the energy released is carried along with the gas and lost into the black hole of mass similar to 7 x 10(5) solar masses, rather than appearing as radiation. The model fits the observed spectrum of Sgr A* from radio to hard X-ray wavelengths, and reconciles the low observed luminosity with a high mass-accretion rate.
RP NARAYAN, R (corresponding author), HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CTR ASTROPHYS,60 GARDEN ST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 39
TC 458
Z9 482
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6523
BP 623
EP 625
DI 10.1038/374623a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QT189
UT WOS:A1995QT18900052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TALBOT, WS
   TREVARROW, B
   HALPERN, ME
   MELBY, AE
   FARR, G
   POSTLETHWAIT, JH
   JOWETT, T
   KIMMEL, CB
   KIMELMAN, D
AF TALBOT, WS
   TREVARROW, B
   HALPERN, ME
   MELBY, AE
   FARR, G
   POSTLETHWAIT, JH
   JOWETT, T
   KIMMEL, CB
   KIMELMAN, D
TI A HEMEOBOX GENE ESSENTIAL FOR ZEBRAFISH NOTOCHORD DEVELOPMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeo-box gene; mouse t-gene; floor plate; mesoderm formation; empty spiracles; xenopus-laevis; neural-tube; embryo; expression; induction
AB The notochord is a midline mesodermal structure with an essential patterning function in all vertebrate embryos. Zebrafish floating head (flh) mutants lack a notochord, but develop with prechordal plate and other mesodermal derivatives, indicating that flh functions specifically in notochord development. We show that floating head Is the zebrafish homologue of Xnot, a homeobox gene expressed In the amphibian organizer and notochord. We propose that flh regulates notochord precursor cell fate.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT BIOCHEM,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV OREGON,INST NEUROSCI,EUGENE,OR 97403.
   UNIV NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE,DEPT BIOCHEM & GENET,NEWCASTLE TYNE NE2 4HH,TYNE & WEAR,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Oregon; Newcastle University - UK
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 51
TC 417
Z9 473
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 150
EP 157
DI 10.1038/378150a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900043
PM 7477317
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HEBERLEIN, U
   SINGH, CM
   LUK, AY
   DONOHOE, TJ
AF HEBERLEIN, U
   SINGH, CM
   LUK, AY
   DONOHOE, TJ
TI GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION IN THE DROSOPHILA EYE COORDINATED BY HEDGEHOG
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cell communication; polarity gene hedgehog; beta family; hairy gene; expression; protein; homolog; directs; retina
AB DIFFERENTIATION Of the Drosophila retina is asynchronous: it starts at the posterior margin of the eye imaginal disc and progresses anteriorly over two days. During this time the disc continues to grow, increasing in size by approximately eightfold, An indentation in the epithelium, the morphogenetic furrow(1), marks the front edge of the differentiation wave. Anterior progression of the furrow is thought to be driven by signals emanating from differentiating photoreceptor cells in the posterior eye disc(2,3). A good candidate for such a signal is the product of the hedgehog (hh) gene(4-7); it is expressed, and presumably secreted, by differentiating photoreceptors and its function is required for continued furrow movement(2,3). Here we show that ectopic expression of hedgehog sets in motion ectopic furrows in the anterior eye disc, In addition to changes in cell shape, these ectopic furrows are associated with a tightly orchestrated series of events, including proliferation, cell cycle synchronization and pattern formation, that parallel normal furrow progression. We propose that the morphogenetic furrow coincides with a transient boundary that coordinates growth and differentiation of the eye disc, and that hedgehog is necessary and sufficient to propagate this boundary across the epithelium.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SAN FRANCISCO GEN HOSP,PROGRAM NEUROSCI,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94110.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP HEBERLEIN, U (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SAN FRANCISCO GEN HOSP,DEPT NEUROL,GALLO CTR BLDG 1,RM 101,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94110, USA.
NR 30
TC 183
Z9 218
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 709
EP 711
DI 10.1038/373709a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800057
PM 7854455
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MITCHELL, JFB
   JOHNS, TC
   GREGORY, JM
   TETT, SFB
AF MITCHELL, JFB
   JOHNS, TC
   GREGORY, JM
   TETT, SFB
TI CLIMATE RESPONSE TO INCREASING LEVELS OF GREENHOUSE GASES AND SULFATE AEROSOLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID global emissions; sulfur-oxides; nitrogen
AB CLIMATE models suggest that increases in greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere should have produced a larger global mean warming than has been observed in recent decades, unless the climate is less sensitive than is predicted by the present generation of coupled general circulation models(1,2). After greenhouse gases, sulphate aerosols probably exert the next largest anthropogenic radiative forcing of the atmosphere(3), but their influence on global mean warming has not been assessed using such models, Here me use a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model to simulate past and future climate since the beginning of the near-global instrumental surface-temperature record(4), and include the effects of the scattering of radiation by sulphate aerosols, The inclusion of sulphate aerosols significantly improves the agreement with observed global mean and large-scale patterns of temperature in recent decades, although the improvement in simulations of specific regions is equivocal, We predict a future global mean warming of 0.3 K per decade for greenhouse gases alone, or 0.2 K per decade with sulphate aerosol forcing included, By 2050, all land areas have warmed in our simulations, despite strong negative radiative forcing in some regions. These model results suggest that global warming could accelerate as greenhouse-gas forcing begins to dominate over sulphate aerosol forcing.
RP MITCHELL, JFB (corresponding author), METEOROL OFF,HADLEY CTR CLIMATE PREDICT & RES,BRACKNELL RG12 2SY,BERKS,ENGLAND.
NR 25
TC 626
Z9 686
U1 3
U2 165
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6540
BP 501
EP 504
DI 10.1038/376501a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RN622
UT WOS:A1995RN62200040
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HELD, W
   ROLAND, J
   RAULET, DH
AF HELD, W
   ROLAND, J
   RAULET, DH
TI ALLELIC EXCLUSION OF LY49-FAMILY GENES ENCODING CLASS-I MHC-SPECIFIC RECEPTORS ON NK CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-killer-cells; monoclonal-antibody; membrane-proteins; multigene family; antigen; ly-49; identification; complex; cloning; nkr-p1
AB AN important feature of natural killer (NK) cell activity is the lysis of cells that have extinguished expression of some or all class I major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules(1-7). Accordingly, the Ly49A NK-cell antigen receptor has been shown to deliver an inhibitory signal to NK cells on encounter with D-d or D-k class I MHC on target cells(4). Ly49A belongs to a family of eight or more highly related, tightly linked genes(2,8-10). Expression of Ly49A and Ly49C, another member of the Ly49 family with distinct MHC specificity, define subpopulations of NK cells that are only partly overlapping(10-12). The mechanisms regulating the expression of Ly49 family members are unknown. We show here that the Ly49A and Ly49C NK-cell receptors are each subject to allelic exclusion. Because Ly49 genes are not thought to undergo DNA rearrangement(13,14), allelic exclusion of Ly49 genes could involve a mechanism distinct from that used by B and T lymphocytes(15,16) and is likely to play an important role in the genesis of a putative NK-cell repertoire specific for class I molecules.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,CANC RES LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   INST PASTEUR,DEPT IMMUNOL,F-75724 PARIS,FRANCE.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris
RP HELD, W (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT MOLEC & CELL BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA.
NR 30
TC 179
Z9 193
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6538
BP 355
EP 358
DI 10.1038/376355a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RL443
UT WOS:A1995RL44300051
PM 7630404
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ADAMS, MD
   KERLAVAGE, AR
   FLEISCHMANN, RD
   FULDNER, RA
   BULT, CJ
   LEE, NH
   KIRKNESS, EF
   WEINSTOCK, KG
   GOCAYNE, JD
   WHITE, O
   SUTTON, G
   BLAKE, JA
   BRANDON, RG
   CHIU, MW
   CLAYTON, RA
   CLINE, RT
   COTTON, MD
   EARLEHUGHES, J
   FINE, LD
   FITZGERALD, LM
   FITZHUGH, WM
   FRITCHMAN, JL
   GEOGHAGEN, NSM
   GLODEK, A
   GNEHM, CL
   HANNA, MC
   HEDBLOM, E
   HINKLE, PS
   KELLEY, JM
   KLIMEK, KM
   KELLEY, JC
   LIU, LI
   MARMAROS, SM
   MERRICK, JM
   MORENOPALANQUES, RF
   MCDONALD, LA
   NGUYEN, DT
   PELLEGRINO, SM
   PHILLIPS, CA
   RYDER, SE
   SCOTT, JL
   SAUDEK, DM
   SHIRLEY, R
   SMALL, KV
   SPRIGGS, TA
   UTTERBACK, TR
   WELDMAN, JF
   LI, Y
   BARTHLOW, R
   BEDNARIK, DP
   CAO, LA
   CEPEDA, MA
   COLEMAN, TA
   COLLINS, EJ
   DIMKE, D
   FENG, P
   FERRIE, A
   FISCHER, C
   HASTINGS, GA
   HE, WW
   HU, JS
   HUDDLESTON, KA
   GREENE, JM
   GRUBER, J
   HUDSON, P
   KIM, A
   KOZAK, DL
   KUNSCH, C
   JI, HJ
   LI, HD
   MEISSNER, PS
   OLSEN, H
   RAYMOND, L
   WEI, YF
   WING, J
   XU, C
   YU, GL
   RUBEN, SM
   DILLON, PJ
   FANNON, MR
   ROSEN, CA
   HASELTINE, WA
   FIELDS, C
   FRASER, CM
   VENTER, JC
AF ADAMS, MD
   KERLAVAGE, AR
   FLEISCHMANN, RD
   FULDNER, RA
   BULT, CJ
   LEE, NH
   KIRKNESS, EF
   WEINSTOCK, KG
   GOCAYNE, JD
   WHITE, O
   SUTTON, G
   BLAKE, JA
   BRANDON, RG
   CHIU, MW
   CLAYTON, RA
   CLINE, RT
   COTTON, MD
   EARLEHUGHES, J
   FINE, LD
   FITZGERALD, LM
   FITZHUGH, WM
   FRITCHMAN, JL
   GEOGHAGEN, NSM
   GLODEK, A
   GNEHM, CL
   HANNA, MC
   HEDBLOM, E
   HINKLE, PS
   KELLEY, JM
   KLIMEK, KM
   KELLEY, JC
   LIU, LI
   MARMAROS, SM
   MERRICK, JM
   MORENOPALANQUES, RF
   MCDONALD, LA
   NGUYEN, DT
   PELLEGRINO, SM
   PHILLIPS, CA
   RYDER, SE
   SCOTT, JL
   SAUDEK, DM
   SHIRLEY, R
   SMALL, KV
   SPRIGGS, TA
   UTTERBACK, TR
   WELDMAN, JF
   LI, Y
   BARTHLOW, R
   BEDNARIK, DP
   CAO, LA
   CEPEDA, MA
   COLEMAN, TA
   COLLINS, EJ
   DIMKE, D
   FENG, P
   FERRIE, A
   FISCHER, C
   HASTINGS, GA
   HE, WW
   HU, JS
   HUDDLESTON, KA
   GREENE, JM
   GRUBER, J
   HUDSON, P
   KIM, A
   KOZAK, DL
   KUNSCH, C
   JI, HJ
   LI, HD
   MEISSNER, PS
   OLSEN, H
   RAYMOND, L
   WEI, YF
   WING, J
   XU, C
   YU, GL
   RUBEN, SM
   DILLON, PJ
   FANNON, MR
   ROSEN, CA
   HASELTINE, WA
   FIELDS, C
   FRASER, CM
   VENTER, JC
TI INITIAL ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN GENE DIVERSITY AND EXPRESSION PATTERNS BASED UPON 83-MILLION NUCLEOTIDES OF CDNA SEQUENCE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; human brain; tags; dna; library; identification; clones; efficient; inventory; algorithm
AB In an effort to identify new genes and analyse their expression patterns, 174,472 partial complementary DNA sequences (expressed sequence tags (ESTs)), totalling more than 52 million nucleotides of human DNA sequence, have been generated from 300 cDNA libraries constructed from 37 distinct organs and tissues. These ESTs have been combined with an additional 118,406 ESTs from the database dbEST, for a total of 83 million nucleotides, and treated as a shotgun sequence assembly project. The assembly process yielded 29,599 distinct tentative human consensus (THC) sequences and 58,384 non-overlapping ESTs. Of these 87,983 distinct sequences, 10,214 further characterize previously known genes based on statistically significant similarity to sequences in the available databases; the remainder identify previously unknown genes. Thirty tissues were sampled by over 1,000 ESTs each; only eight genes were matched by ESTs from all 30 tissues, and 227 genes were represented in 20 or more of the tissues sampled with more than 1,000 ESTs. Approximately 40% of identified human genes appear to be associated with basic energy metabolism, cell structure, homeostasis and cell division, 22% with RNA and protein synthesis and processing, and 12% with cell signalling and communication.
C1 INST GENOM RES, ROCKVILLE, MD 20850 USA.
   HUMAN GENOME SCI INC, ROCKVILLE, MD 20850 USA.
C3 J. Craig Venter Institute; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; Human Genome Sciences Inc
NR 68
TC 734
Z9 901
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 
BP 3
EP +
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA343
UT WOS:A1995TA34300002
PM 7566098
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ONO, M
   IGARASHI, T
   OHNO, E
   SASAKI, M
AF ONO, M
   IGARASHI, T
   OHNO, E
   SASAKI, M
TI UNUSUAL THERMAL DEFENSE BY A HONEYBEE AGAINST MASS ATTACK BY HORNETS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hymenoptera; ant; vespidae
AB THE giant hornet Vespa mandarinia japonica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) is the only hornet species known to have evolved en masse predation of other social bees and wasps. Here we show that hornets is initiated by secretion of a foraging-site marking pheromone from the van der Vecht glands (metasomal sternum VI glands) by a single foraging hornet. The lone hornet rubs the basal tuft of the terminal gastral sternite around a prey food resource, such as a honeybee colony, and the hornet nestmates then congregate and attack the marked site ea masse. The sympatric Japanese honeybee Apis cerana japonica (Hymenoptera: Apidae) can detect the hornet marking pheronome, and responds by increasing number of defenders at the nest entrance. When an invading hornet is captured by a defending bee, more than 500 other bees quickly engulf the hornet in a ball which contains isoamyl acetate. Thermography showed that the ball temperature is very high (similar to 47 degrees C), which proves lethal to the hornet but not to the bees. Defenders patrolling the nest entrance also generate high temperatures. These findings suggest that aspects of the interaction between V. mandarinia japonica and A. cerana japonica are specifically coevolved.
RP ONO, M (corresponding author), TAMAGAWA UNIV,FAC AGR,ENTOMOL LAB,MACHIDA,TOKYO 194,JAPAN.
NR 9
TC 190
Z9 207
U1 3
U2 223
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 334
EP 336
DI 10.1038/377334a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KEELING, CD
   WHORF, TP
   WAHLEN, M
   VANDERPLICHT, J
AF KEELING, CD
   WHORF, TP
   WAHLEN, M
   VANDERPLICHT, J
TI INTERANNUAL EXTREMES IN THE RATE OF RISE OF ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE SINCE 1980
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID air-temperature variations; el-nino
AB OBSERVATIONS of atmospheric CO2 concentrations at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, and at the South Pole over the past four decades show an approximate proportionality between the rising atmospheric concentrations and industrial CO2 emissions(1). This proportionality, which is most apparent during the first 20 years of the records, was disturbed in the 1980s by a disproportionately high rate of rise of atmospheric CO2, followed after 1988 by a pronounced slowing down of the growth rate. To probe the causes of these changes, we examine here the changes expected from the variations in the rates of industrial CO2 emissions over this time(2), and also from influences of climate such as El Nino events. We use the C-13/C-12 ratio of atmospheric CO2 to distinguish the effects of interannual variations in biospheric and oceanic sources and sinks of carbon. We propose that the recent disproportionate rise and fan in CO2 growth rate were caused mainly by interannual variations in global air temperature (which altered both the terrestrial biospheric and the oceanic carbon sinks), and possibly also by precipitation. We suggest that the anomalous climate-induced rise in CO2 was partially masked by a slowing down in the growth rate of fossil-fuel combustion, and that the latter then exaggerated the subsequent climate-induced fall.
C1 UNIV GRONINGEN,CTR ISOTOPE RES,9747 AG GRONINGEN,NETHERLANDS.
C3 University of Groningen
RP KEELING, CD (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 26
TC 1040
Z9 1194
U1 2
U2 281
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6533
BP 666
EP 670
DI 10.1038/375666a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RE576
UT WOS:A1995RE57600055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KOYAMA, K
   PETRE, R
   GOTTHELF, EV
   HWANG, U
   MATSUURA, M
   OZAKI, M
   HOLT, SS
AF KOYAMA, K
   PETRE, R
   GOTTHELF, EV
   HWANG, U
   MATSUURA, M
   OZAKI, M
   HOLT, SS
TI EVIDENCE FOR SHOCK ACCELERATION OF HIGH-ENERGY ELECTRONS IN THE SUPERNOVA REMNANT SN1006
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-spectrum; maximum energy; nova remnant; crab-like; sn-1006; emission; models
AB High-energy cosmic rays (relativistic heavy nuclei) play an important role in heating interstellar matter in the Milky Way(1,2), and they affect chemical abundances through collisions with atoms in the interstellar gas(2). Although it has long been thought that these cosmic rays arise from supernovae(3,4), direct evidence for such an association has been lacking. Here we report X-ray observations of the remnant of supernova 1006, made by the ASCA satellite, which indicate that emission from the edges of the remnant shell is dominated by radiation from electrons accelerated to energies of similar to 100 TeV within the shock front. Ions in the shell are likely to have been accelerated to similar energies, thus giving rise to very-high-energy cosmic rays.
C1 NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYS LAB,GREENBELT,MD 20771.
   UNIV SPACE RES ASSOC,SEABROOK,MD 20706.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Universities Space Research Association (USRA)
RP KOYAMA, K (corresponding author), KYOTO UNIV,DEPT PHYS,SAKYO KU,KYOTO 66601,JAPAN.
NR 37
TC 792
Z9 835
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 255
EP 258
DI 10.1038/378255a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800040
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHONG, JPJ
   MAHBUBANI, HM
   KHOO, CY
   BLOW, JJ
AF CHONG, JPJ
   MAHBUBANI, HM
   KHOO, CY
   BLOW, JJ
TI PURIFICATION OF AN MCM-CONTAINING COMPLEXES A COMPONENT OF THE DNA-REPLICATION LICENSING SYSTEM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-free-extracts; subcellular-localization; yeast; cycle; initiation; protein; family; nuclei
AB REPLICATION licensing factor (RLF) ensures that eukaryotic chromosomal DNA is replicated exactly once in each cell cycle(1-4). On exit from metaphase, RLF is activated and binds to or modifies chromatin. This modification (the 'licence') is required for subsequent DNA replication; the licence is also inactivated in the process of replication. Active RLF is not imported into the nucleus, so further DNA replication cannot occur until the DNA is relicensed by passage throught mitosis. We have developed an assay to purify RLF from Xenopus eggs(4). Activity resolves into two components, RLF-M and RLF-B, both of which are required for licensing, RLF-M has been purified to apparent homogeneity: it consists of three polypeptides, one of which is a Xenopus homologue of the yeast MCM3 protein. Xenopus Mcm3 associates with chomatin in G1 and is removed during replication, consistent with its being a component of the RLF system.
C1 IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND, CLARE HALL LABS, S MIMMS EN6 3LD, HERTS, ENGLAND.
   WELLCOME CRC INST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QR, ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 324
Z9 350
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6530
BP 418
EP 421
DI 10.1038/375418a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RB101
UT WOS:A1995RB10100057
PM 7760937
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BAIK, JH
   PICETTI, R
   SAIARDI, A
   THIRIET, G
   DIERICH, A
   DEPAULIS, A
   LEMEUR, M
   BORRELLI, E
AF BAIK, JH
   PICETTI, R
   SAIARDI, A
   THIRIET, G
   DIERICH, A
   DEPAULIS, A
   LEMEUR, M
   BORRELLI, E
TI PARKINSONIAN-LIKE LOCOMOTOR IMPAIRMENT IN MICE LACKING DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basal ganglia; messenger-rna; expression; neurons; gene; sequence; antagonists; catalepsy; sch-23390; proteins
AB DOPAMINERGIC neuronal pathways arise from mesencephalic nuclei and project axons to the striatum, cortex, limbic system and hypothalamus(1,2). Through these pathways dopamine affects many physiological functions, such as the control of coordinated movement and hormone secretion(3). Here we have studied the physiological involvement of the dopamine D2 receptors in dopaminergic transmission, using homologous recombination to generate D2-receptor-deficient mice. Absence of D2 receptors leads to animals that are akinetic and bradykinetic in behavioural tests, and which show significantly reduced spontaneous movements. This phenotype presents analogies with symptoms characteristic of Parkinson's disease(4,5). Our study shows that D2 receptors have a key role in the dopaminergic control of nervous function. These mice have therapeutic potential as a model for investigating and correcting dysfunctions of the dopaminergic system.
C1 INST GENET & BIOL MOLEC & CELLULAIRE,F-67404 ILLKIRCH GRAFFENS,FRANCE.
   FAC MED STRASBOURG,INSERM,U398,F-67085 STRASBOURG,FRANCE.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg
NR 30
TC 473
Z9 535
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 424
EP 428
DI 10.1038/377424a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000048
PM 7566118
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MORI, I
   OHSHIMA, Y
AF MORI, I
   OHSHIMA, Y
TI NEURAL REGULATION OF THERMOTAXIS IN CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; chemosensory neurons; cell lineage; mutant; chemotaxis
AB THERMAL stimulus is an important environmental factor influencing animal behaviour(1). However, the mechanisms underlying thermosensation and thermal adaptation are poorly understood. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans can sense a range of environmental temperatures and migrate towards the cultivation temperature on a thermal gradient(2). This modifiable thermotactic response provides an ideal system for studying the cellular and molecular processes involved in thermosensation and thermal information storage. We have identified neurons critical for thermotaxis by killing individual cells in live animals. The results indicate that an amphid sensory neuron, AFD, is a major thermosensory neuron. Some of the genetically defined cryophilic and thermophilic mutant phenotypes were mimicked when amphid interneurons AIY and AIZ, respectively, were killed, indicating that AIY is responsible for thermophilic movement and AIZ for cryophilic movement. We propose a neural model in which regulation of the activities of the two interneurons in opposite directions, depending on the cultivation temperature, is essential for thermotaxis.
RP MORI, I (corresponding author), KYUSHU UNIV,FAC SCI,DEPT BIOL,FUKUOKA 81281,JAPAN.
NR 14
TC 468
Z9 606
U1 0
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6538
BP 344
EP 348
DI 10.1038/376344a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RL443
UT WOS:A1995RL44300048
PM 7630402
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHEN, Y
   SCHEIRER, DS
   FORSYTH, DW
   MACDONALD, KC
AF SHEN, Y
   SCHEIRER, DS
   FORSYTH, DW
   MACDONALD, KC
TI TRADE-OFF IN PRODUCTION BETWEEN ADJACENT SEAMOUNT CHAINS NEAR THE EAST PACIFIC RISE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mantle flow; convection; volcanism; ridges; plate
AB BATHYMETRIC data and side-scan sonar images collected near the southern East Pacific Rise between 15 degrees and 19 degrees S-1,S-2 have revealed many seamounts on the west flank of the rise, most of which are organized into chains running perpendicular to the rise axis. The number of seamounts of >5 km diameter is at least twice that expected for average East Pacific sea floor(3). The formation of numerous, small (<2,500 m in relief) seamounts in ocean basins has been a subject of study for many years(3-10), yet we have little understanding of how magma is generated and supplied to build the seamounts. Here we report that the production of seamounts in closely spaced (20-25 km), adjacent seamount chains is negatively correlated, suggesting that the chains share common sources. The existence of closely spaced, long-lived (>5 Myr), linear seamount chains and the tendency for fresh lava flows to be found primarily at the near-ridge ends of the chains suggest that there are plume-like sources in the upper mantle, which are relatively stationary, active for extended periods and affected by adjacent sources.
C1 BROWN UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT GEOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
C3 Brown University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
NR 25
TC 34
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6510
BP 140
EP 143
DI 10.1038/373140a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QB063
UT WOS:A1995QB06300055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU XIAO, ZX
   CHEN, JD
   LEVINE, AJ
   MODJTAHEDI, N
   XING, J
   SELLERS, WR
   LIVINGSTON, DM
AF XIAO, ZX
   CHEN, JD
   LEVINE, AJ
   MODJTAHEDI, N
   XING, J
   SELLERS, WR
   LIVINGSTON, DM
TI INTERACTION BETWEEN THE RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN AND THE ONCOPROTEIN MDM2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-product; transcription factor; growth suppression; complex-formation; p53; transactivation; identification; amplification; expression; repression
AB INACTIVATION of tumour-suppressor genes leads to deregulated cell proliferation and is a key factor in human tumorigenesis. Both p53 and retinoblastoma genes are frequently mutated in human cancers(1,2), and the simultaneous inactivation of RB and p53 is frequently observed in a variety of naturally occurring human tumours(3). Furthermore, three distinct DNA tumour virus groups papovaviruses, adenoviruses and human papillomaviruses-transform cells by targeting and inactivating certain functions of both the p53 and retinoblastoma proteins(1,2). The cellular oncoprotein, Mdm2, binds to and downmodulates p53 function(4-6); its human homologue, MDM2, is amplified in certain human tumours, including sarcomas(7-9) and gliomas(10). Overproduction of Mdm2 is both tumorigenic(4) and capable of immortalizing primary rat embryo fibroblasts(11). Here we show that MDM2 interacts physically and functionally with pRB and, as with p53, inhibits pRB growth regulatory function. Therefore, both pRB and p53 can be subjected to negative regulation by the product of a single cellular proto-oncogene.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Princeton University
RP XIAO, ZX (corresponding author), DANA FARBER CANC INST,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 30
TC 554
Z9 616
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6533
BP 694
EP 698
DI 10.1038/375694a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RE576
UT WOS:A1995RE57600064
PM 7791904
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DAS, G
   HINKLEY, CS
   HERR, W
AF DAS, G
   HINKLEY, CS
   HERR, W
TI BASAL PROMOTER ELEMENTS AS A SELECTIVE DETERMINANT OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATOR FUNCTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna polymerase-ii; trans-activator; snrna promoter; binding; domains; oct-1; specificity; expression; enhancer; distinct
AB IN eukaryotes, activation of transcription involves an interplay between activators bound to cis-regulatory elements and factors bound to basal elements near the start site of transcription. The basal elements, for example the TATA box or proximal sequence element (PSE) of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) promoters, nucleate the assembly of basal transcription complexes, components of which interact with activators(1,2). Although one basal transcription complex can interact with many activators, it is unclear whether different basal transcription complexes can direct different responses to particular activators. We show here that changing the arrangement of basal elements can alter the response to transcriptional activation domains. Indeed, in the human U6 snRNA promoter, point mutation of either a TATA box or PSE results in diametrically opposed responses to VP16- and Sp1-derived activation domains. These basal elements can even discriminate small changes in an activation domain. Thus the arrangement of basal promoter elements provides a mechanism for differential regulation of transcription.
C1 COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB,COLD SPRING HARBOR,NY 11724.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
NR 30
TC 106
Z9 117
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6523
BP 657
EP 660
DI 10.1038/374657a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QT189
UT WOS:A1995QT18900064
PM 7715708
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI NANJING-UNIVERSITY - STRIKING THE BALANCE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 543
EP 543
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100026
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MOORMAN, JR
   ACKERMAN, SJ
   KOWDLEY, GC
   GRIFFIN, MP
   MOUNSEY, JP
   CHEN, ZH
   CALA, SE
   OBRIAN, JJ
   SZABO, G
   JONES, LR
AF MOORMAN, JR
   ACKERMAN, SJ
   KOWDLEY, GC
   GRIFFIN, MP
   MOUNSEY, JP
   CHEN, ZH
   CALA, SE
   OBRIAN, JJ
   SZABO, G
   JONES, LR
TI UNITARY ANION CURRENTS THROUGH PHOSPHOLEMMAN CHANNEL MOLECULES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; taurine; myocardium; expression; transport; cloning; heart; isk; k+
AB PHOSPHOLEMMAN (PLM) is a 72-amino-acid peptide with a single transmembrane domain(1-3), the expression of which induces chloride currents in Xenopus oocytes(4-6). It has remained unknown whether PLM is an ion channel or acts as a channel regulator. Here we show, by measuring unitary anion currents across planar phospholipid bilayers to which immunoaffinity-purified recombinant PLM was added, that it does indeed form ion channels. Excised patches of oocytes expressing PLM had similar currents. Of the ions tested, the sulphonic amino acid taurine was the most permeant, and expression of PLM increased fluxes of radiolabelled taurine in oocytes. Phospholemman is the smallest protein in cell membranes known to form an ion channel and the taurine selectivity suggests that it is involved in cell volume regulation.
C1 UNIV VIRGINIA, HLTH SCI CTR, DEPT MOLEC PHYSIOL & BIOL PHYS, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22908 USA.
   UNIV VIRGINIA, HLTH SCI CTR, DEPT PEDIAT, DIV NEONATOL, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22908 USA.
   INDIANA UNIV, SCH MED, KRANNERT INST CARDIOL, DEPT INTERNAL MED, INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46202 USA.
   DUPONT MERCK PHARMACEUT CO, WILMINGTON, DE 19898 USA.
C3 University of Virginia; University of Virginia; Indiana University System; Indiana University Indianapolis; DuPont; DuPont USA
RP MOORMAN, JR (corresponding author), UNIV VIRGINIA, HLTH SCI CTR, DEPT INTERNAL MED, DIV CARDIOVASC, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22908 USA.
NR 25
TC 128
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 737
EP 740
DI 10.1038/377737a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900058
PM 7477264
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GIBBONS, WM
   KOSA, T
   PALFFYMUHORAY, P
   SHANNON, PJ
   SUN, ST
AF GIBBONS, WM
   KOSA, T
   PALFFYMUHORAY, P
   SHANNON, PJ
   SUN, ST
TI CONTINUOUS GRAY-SCALE IMAGE STORAGE USING OPTICALLY ALIGNED NEMATIC LIQUID-CRYSTALS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polarized laser-light; alignment
AB LIQUID crystals have been widely used in flat-panel-display applications for many years. But attempts to use liquid crystals as optical data-storage media(1) have met with limited success, owing to both the difficulties of encoding grey-scale images(2) and the complexity of writing and rewriting schemes(3,4). Fundamental to all liquid-crystal-based optical devices is the control of average molecular orientation over macroscopic length scales, and it has recently been shown that polarized light can be used to induce such alignment with high spatial resolution(5-12). Here we show that a similar strategy can be used to record high-resolution, erasable, continuous grey-scale images. This approach shows potential for low-cost, high-density optical data-storage applications.
C1 KENT STATE UNIV,INST LIQUID CRYSTAL,KENT,OH 44242.
C3 University System of Ohio; Kent State University; Kent State University Salem; Kent State University Kent
RP GIBBONS, WM (corresponding author), ALLIANT TECHSYST,RES CTR,ELSICON UNIT,500 HERCULES RD,WILMINGTON,DE 19808, USA.
NR 19
TC 93
Z9 100
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6544
BP 43
EP 46
DI 10.1038/377043a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RT725
UT WOS:A1995RT72500050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BROWN, ME
   HOLLINGSWORTH, MD
AF BROWN, ME
   HOLLINGSWORTH, MD
TI STRESS-INDUCED DOMAIN REORIENTATION IN UREA INCLUSION-COMPOUNDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; relaxation; clathrate
AB FOR over 50 years urea inclusion compounds (UICs)-in which molecules are entrapped within the cavities of a hydrogen-bonded urea network-have intrigued chemists, crystallographers and spectroscopists(1). Most previous work on these and other inclusion compounds has focused on intrachannel interactions and dynamics. We have now found that UICs can serve as useful models to probe long-range interactions and cooperative phenomena in crystals. Here we report the structure of 2,10-undecanedione/urea (1:9) (1/urea), in which an extended hydrogen-bonded array connecting hosts and guests serves to distort the urea channel away from the hexagonal symmetry normally observed for UIC crystals. The distortion is large enough, and exhibits enough cooperativity, to generate macroscopic domains, but is small enough to allow facile domain reorientation under small compressive stresses. By incorporating a specific impurity (2-undecanone) into 1/urea, we can modify the domain size and optical properties, and make the domain reorientation spontaneously reversible when the uniaxial stress is released. All of these phenomena can be understood in terms of cooperative interactions between different channels of the hydrogen-bonded network formed by urea and its guest.
C1 INDIANA UNIV,DEPT CHEM,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
NR 18
TC 101
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6538
BP 323
EP 327
DI 10.1038/376323a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RL443
UT WOS:A1995RL44300042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TAYLOR, B
   GOODLIFFE, A
   MARTINEZ, F
   HEY, R
AF TAYLOR, B
   GOODLIFFE, A
   MARTINEZ, F
   HEY, R
TI CONTINENTAL RIFTING AND INITIAL SEA-FLOOR SPREADING IN THE WOODLARK BASIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID papua-new-guinea; metamorphic core complexes; dentrecasteaux-islands; isotopic compositions; propagating rifts; crustal extension; red-sea; evolution; margins; transition
AB OCR understanding of the processes by which continents rift and sea-floor spreading initiates is derived primarily from studies either of old passive margins and oceanic crust or of young regions of intra-continental extension where spreading has not yet started. It has been thought that continental rifting ceases when sea-floor spreading begins(1,2), that oceanic fracture zones develop from transfer or transform faults within continental rifts(3,4), and that linear magnetic anomalies correlate with the onset of sea-floor spreading during times of magnetic reversals(5,6). Here we present a marine geophysical survey of one of the few active examples of continental rifting and spreading initiation, the western Woodlark basin/Papuan peninsula region of New Guinea, which shows that in detail these assumptions do not hold. The data confirm models of the rifting to spreading transition that invoke both ridge propagation and nucleation of discrete spreading cells(7-10), and provide an unambiguous example of a spreading centre reorienting by synchronous jumping rather than propagation.
RP TAYLOR, B (corresponding author), UNIV HAWAII,SCH OCEAN & EARTH SCI & TECHNOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA.
NR 39
TC 157
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 534
EP 537
DI 10.1038/374534a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GOSLAR, T
   ARNOLD, M
   BARD, E
   KUC, T
   PAZDUR, MF
   RALSKAJASIEWICZOWA, M
   ROZANSKI, K
   TISNERAT, N
   WALANUS, A
   WICIK, B
   WIECKOWSKI, K
AF GOSLAR, T
   ARNOLD, M
   BARD, E
   KUC, T
   PAZDUR, MF
   RALSKAJASIEWICZOWA, M
   ROZANSKI, K
   TISNERAT, N
   WALANUS, A
   WICIK, B
   WIECKOWSKI, K
TI HIGH-CONCENTRATION OF ATMOSPHERIC C-14 DURING THE YOUNGER DRYAS COLD EPISODE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deep-water; thermohaline circulation; climate change; ice core; ages; deglaciation; radiocarbon; corals; calibration; timescale
AB THE various reservoirs of the global carbon cycle, with their very different residence times, are linked by a complex and evolving system of exchanges for which natural radiocarbon is the most robust tracer(1). Any change in the sizes of these reservoirs, or the exchange rates between them, could perturb the C-14/C-12 ratio of each other reservoir, and the smallest of them--the atmosphere--would be the most sensitive. In particular, high-resolution reconstructions of past atmospheric C-14/C-12 ratios may provide important clues to the mechanisms of abrupt climate change. Annually laminated lake sediments potentially provide an optimal record in this respect, as they preserve information about both past atmospheric C-14 levels and climate changes, providing absolutely dated material beyond the range of tree-ring chronologies and, unlike corals, directly monitor C-14 concentrations in atmospheric CO2. Here we report the relationship between C-14 concentration and climate changes during the Younger Dryas and early Holocene periods, derived from analyses of the annually laminated sediments of Lake Gosciaz, in central Poland. We find that atmospheric C-14 concentrations during the Younger Dryas were abnormally high, which we interpret as a reduced ventilation rate of the deep ocean, most probably as a result of a decrease in intensity of the North Atlantic Deep Water formation.
C1 CEA,CNRS,CTR FAIBLES RADIOACT,F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
   UNIV AIX MARSEILLE 3,CEREGE,CNRS,FU 17,F-13545 AIX EN PROVENCE 4,FRANCE.
   ACAD MINING & MET,FAC PHYS & NUCL TECH,PL-30040 KRAKOW,POLAND.
   SZAFER INST BOT,PL-31512 KRAKOW,POLAND.
   INT ATOM ENERGY AGCY,ISOTOPE HYDROL SECT,A-1400 VIENNA,AUSTRIA.
   UNIV WARSAW,INST GEOG,PL-02110 WARSAW,POLAND.
   POLISH ACAD SCI,INST GEOG & SPATIAL ORG,PL-02110 WARSAW,POLAND.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Aix-Marseille Universite; AGH University of Krakow; Polish Academy of Sciences; W. Szafer Institute of Botany of the Polish Academy of Sciences; International Atomic Energy Agency; University of Warsaw; Polish Academy of Sciences
RP GOSLAR, T (corresponding author), SILESIAN TECH UNIV,INST PHYS,RADIOCARBON LAB,KRZYWOUSTEGO 2,PL-44100 GLIWICE,POLAND.
NR 39
TC 184
Z9 198
U1 1
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 414
EP 417
DI 10.1038/377414a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHIANO, P
   CLOCCHIATTI, R
   SHIMIZU, N
   MAURY, RC
   JOCHUM, KP
   HOFMANN, AW
AF SCHIANO, P
   CLOCCHIATTI, R
   SHIMIZU, N
   MAURY, RC
   JOCHUM, KP
   HOFMANN, AW
TI HYDROUS, SILICA-RICH MELTS IN THE SUB-ARC MANTLE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH ERUPTED ARC LAVAS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trace-element; subducted lithosphere; fluid inclusions; xenoliths; geochemistry; genesis; island; magmas; metasomatism; philippines
AB Hydrous, silica-rich melts migrating through the mantle are preserved as glass inclusions in mantle minerals in xenoliths from Philippine are lavas. These melts, with chemistries that indicate an origin by very low degrees of melting of the subducted ocean crust, have altered; their host peridotites, yielding a metasomatized mantle. This 'fertilized' mantle is the source region of the are magmas, which share continuous chemical trends with the melt inclusions, reflecting mixing and/or varying degrees of melting. These observations provide direct evidence for the importance of slab-mantle interactions in the genesis of island-are magmas.
C1 CENS,LAB PIERRE SUE,F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
   WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
   UNIV BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE,URA 1278,PETROL LAB,F-29287 BREST,FRANCE.
   MAX PLANCK INST CHEM,D-55020 MAINZ,GERMANY.
C3 CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Universite de Bretagne Occidentale; Max Planck Society
RP SCHIANO, P (corresponding author), INST PHYS GLOBE,GEOCHIM & COSMOCHIM LAB,CNRS,URA 1758,4 PL JUSSIEU,F-75252 PARIS,FRANCE.
NR 37
TC 316
Z9 343
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 595
EP 600
DI 10.1038/377595a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VALITUTTI, S
   MULLER, S
   CELLA, M
   PADOVAN, E
   LANZAVECCHIA, A
AF VALITUTTI, S
   MULLER, S
   CELLA, M
   PADOVAN, E
   LANZAVECCHIA, A
TI SERIAL TRIGGERING OF MANY T-CELL RECEPTORS BY A FEW PEPTIDE-MHC COMPLEXES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein kinase-c; class-ii; antigen receptor; recognition; expression; binding
AB T LMPHOCYTES can recognize and be activated by a very small number of complexes of peptide with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules displayed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)(1,2). The interaction between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and its ligand has low affinity and high off-rate(3-6). Both findings suggest that an extremely small number of TCRs must be engaged in interaction with APCs and raise the question of how so few receptors can transduce an activation signal. Here we show that a small number of peptide-MHC complexes can achieve a high TCR occupancy, because a single complex can serially engage and trigger up to similar to 200 TCRs, Furthermore, TCR occupancy is proportional to the T cell's biological response. Our findings suggest that the lovv affinity of the TCR can be instrumental in enabling a small number of antigenic complexes to be detected.
RP VALITUTTI, S (corresponding author), BASEL INST IMMUNOL,GRENZACHERSTR 487,CH-4005 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
NR 25
TC 1007
Z9 1142
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6527
BP 148
EP 151
DI 10.1038/375148a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QX741
UT WOS:A1995QX74100052
PM 7753171
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STROM, R
   JOHNSTON, HM
   VERBUNT, F
   ASCHENBACH, B
AF STROM, R
   JOHNSTON, HM
   VERBUNT, F
   ASCHENBACH, B
TI A RADIO-EMITTING X-RAY BULLET EJECTED BY THE VELA SUPERNOVA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID remnant; cassiopeia; sn-1987a
AB A MASSIVE star that explodes as a supernova produces an expanding remnant-a shell of gas-and leaves behind a neutron star. It has been suggested that instabilities during these explosions may create high-density clumps of ejecta(1,2), but such fragments have never been found in a remnant containing a pulsar. Here we present X-ray and radio observations of a feature outside the shack-wave boundary of the Vela supernova remnant (associated with the pulsar PSR0833 - 45), which appears to be an ejected fragment, with a wake(3). The feature, which has travelled nearly 50 pc from the site of PSR0833 - 45 but is only one parsec across, is a clearcut case of a 'bullet' of ejecta moving supersonically through the surrounding medium. The radio observations show non-thermal emission along the leading edge of the X-ray feature, indicating particle acceleration at the fragment's shock front.
C1 ASTRON INST,3508 TA UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
   MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERR PHYS,D-85748 GARCHING,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP STROM, R (corresponding author), NETHERLANDS FDN RES ASTRON,RADIOSTERRENWACHT,POB 2,7990 AA DWINGELOO,NETHERLANDS.
NR 24
TC 44
Z9 44
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 590
EP 592
DI 10.1038/373590a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU POMBO, CM
   KEHRL, JH
   SANCHEZ, I
   KATZ, P
   AVRUCH, J
   ZON, LI
   WOODGETT, JR
   FORCE, T
   KYRIAKIS, JM
AF POMBO, CM
   KEHRL, JH
   SANCHEZ, I
   KATZ, P
   AVRUCH, J
   ZON, LI
   WOODGETT, JR
   FORCE, T
   KYRIAKIS, JM
TI ACTIVATION OF THE SAPK PATHWAY BY THE HUMAN STE20 HOMOLOG GERMINAL CENTER KINASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB EUKARYOTIC cells respond to different extracellular stimuli by recruiting homologous signalling pathways that use members of the MEKK, MEK and ERK families of protein kinases. The MEKK-->MEK-->ERK core pathways of Saccharomyces cerevisiae may themselves be regulated by members of the STE20 family of protein kinases(1,2). Here we report specific activation of the mammalian stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) pathway by germinal centre kinase (GCK; ref. 3), a human STE20 homologue(3,4). SAPKs, members of the ERK family, are activated in situ by inflammatory stimuli, including tumour-necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1, and phosphorylate and probably stimulate the transactivation function of c-Jun(5-7). Although GCK is found in many tissues, its expression in lymphoid follicles is restricted to the cells of the germinal centre, where it may participate in B-cell differentiation(3). Activation of the SAPK pathway by GCK illustrates further the striking, conservation of eukaryotic signalling mechanisms and defines the first physiological function of a mammalian Ste20.
C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP E, DIABET RES LAB, BOSTON, MA 02129 USA.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP E, CARDIOL UNIT, BOSTON, MA 02129 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT MED, BOSTON, MA 02129 USA.
   NIAID, IMMUNOREGULAT LAB, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
   GEORGETOWN UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT MED, WASHINGTON, DC 20007 USA.
   CHILDRENS HOSP, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   CHILDRENS HOSP, DIV HEMATOL ONCOL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DANA FARBER CANC INST, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   PRINCESS MARGARET HOSP, ONTARIO CANC INST, TORONTO, ON M4X 1K9, CANADA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Georgetown University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre
NR 23
TC 209
Z9 223
U1 1
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 750
EP 754
DI 10.1038/377750a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900062
PM 7477268
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU QIU, RG
   CHEN, J
   KIRN, D
   MCCORMICK, F
   SYMONS, M
AF QIU, RG
   CHEN, J
   KIRN, D
   MCCORMICK, F
   SYMONS, M
TI AN ESSENTIAL ROLE FOR RAC IN RAS TRANSFORMATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; cells
AB THE GTPase Rac(1) is a key component in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton that is induced by growth factors or oncogenic Ras(1). Here we investigate the role of Rac(1) in cell transformation and show that Rat(1) fibroblasts expressing activated Val-12 Rac(1) (Rac(1) with valine at residue 12) display all the hallmarks of malignant transformation. In a focus-forming assay in NIH3T3 fibroblasts to measure the efficiency of transformation, we found that dominant-negative Asn-17 Rac(1) inhibited focus formation by oncogenic Ras, but not by RafCAAX, a Raf kinase targeted to the plasma membrane by virtue of the addition of a carboxyterminal localization signal from K-Ras. This indicates that Rac is essential for transformation by Ras. In addition, Val-12 Rac(1) synergizes strongly with RafCAAX in focus-formation assays, indicating that oncogenic Ras drives both the Rac and MAP-kinase pathways, which cooperate to cause transformation.
RP QIU, RG (corresponding author), ONYX PHARMACEUT,3031 RES DR,RICHMOND,CA 94806, USA.
NR 19
TC 781
Z9 845
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 457
EP 459
DI 10.1038/374457a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900059
PM 7700355
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDUX, BA
   SBRACCIA, P
   KUMAKURA, S
   SASSON, S
   YOUNGREN, J
   FISHER, A
   SPENCER, S
   GRUPE, A
   HENZEL, W
   STEWART, TA
   REAVEN, GM
   GOLDFINE, ID
AF MADDUX, BA
   SBRACCIA, P
   KUMAKURA, S
   SASSON, S
   YOUNGREN, J
   FISHER, A
   SPENCER, S
   GRUPE, A
   HENZEL, W
   STEWART, TA
   REAVEN, GM
   GOLDFINE, ID
TI MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEIN PC-1 AND INSULIN-RESISTANCE IN NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor tyrosine kinase; nucleotide pyrophosphatase; fibroblasts; mechanisms; expression; glucose; cloning; niddm; gene
AB MOST patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are resistant to both endogenous and exogenous insulin(1). Insulin resistance precedes the onset of this disease(2-4), suggesting that it may be an initial abnormality. Insulin-receptor kinase activity is impaired in muscle, fibroblasts and other tissues of many patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(5), but abnormalities in the insulin-receptor gene do not appear to be the cause of this decreased kinase activity(6,7). Skin fibroblasts from certain insulin-resistant patients contain an inhibitor of insulin-receptor tyrosine kinase(8,9). Here we show that this inhibitor is a membrane glycoprotein, termed PC-1 (refs 10,11). We find that PC-1 activity is increased in fibroblasts from seven of nine patients with typical non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In addition, overexpression of PC-1 in transfected cultured cells reduces insulin-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity. These studies raise the possibility that PC-1 has a role in the insulin resistance of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,MT ZION MED CTR,DIV DIABET & ENDOCRINE RES,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94115.
   GENENTECH INC,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   STANFORD UNIV,VET ADM MED CTR,PALO ALTO,CA 94304.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; UCSF Medical Center; UCSF Medical Center at Mount Zion; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Stanford University; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA)
NR 21
TC 298
Z9 320
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6513
BP 448
EP 451
DI 10.1038/373448a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QE670
UT WOS:A1995QE67000062
PM 7830796
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JORGENSEN, EM
   HARTWIEG, E
   SCHUSKE, K
   NONET, ML
   JIN, YS
   HORVITZ, HR
AF JORGENSEN, EM
   HARTWIEG, E
   SCHUSKE, K
   NONET, ML
   JIN, YS
   HORVITZ, HR
TI DEFECTIVE RECYCLING OF SYNAPTIC VESICLES IN SYNAPTOTAGMIN MUTANTS OF CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; membrane-protein; docking; unc-104; tissue
AB SYNAPTOTAGMIN, an integral membrane protein of the synaptic vesicle(1,2), binds calcium and interacts with proteins of the plasma membrane(4-6). These observations suggest several possible functions for synaptotagmin in synaptic vesicle dynamics: it could facilitate exocytosis by promoting calcium-dependent fusion(3), inhibit exocytosis by preventing fusion(7), or facilitate endocytosis of synaptic vesicles from the plasma membrane by acting as a receptor for the endocytotic proteins of the clathrin AP2 complex(8). Here we show that synaptic vesicles are depleted at synaptic terminals in synaptotagmin mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. This depletion is not caused by a defect in transport or by increased synaptic vesicle release, but rather by a defect in retrieval of synaptic vesicles from the plasma membrane. Thus we propose that, as well as being involved in exocytosis, synaptotagmin functions in vesicular recycling.
C1 MIT,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT & NEUROBIOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP JORGENSEN, EM (corresponding author), UNIV UTAH,DEPT BIOL,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112, USA.
NR 26
TC 273
Z9 324
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 196
EP 199
DI 10.1038/378196a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900057
PM 7477324
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WU, H
   KLINGMULLER, U
   BESMER, P
   LODISH, HF
AF WU, H
   KLINGMULLER, U
   BESMER, P
   LODISH, HF
TI INTERACTION OF THE ERYTHROPOIETIN AND STEM-CELL-FACTOR RECEPTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-kit; kinase; protein; expression; phosphorylation
AB MUTATIONS in the KIT transmembrane protein-tyrosine kinase receptor(1) affect erythropoiesis, resulting in fewer committed late progenitors (colony-forming unit erythroid, CFU-E) in the fetal liver(2). As the survival and proliferation of CFU-Es depend absolutely on erythropoietin (EPO)(3), these results suggest that CFU-Es cannot proliferate or mature further unless both the KIT and EPO receptor(4) signalling pathways are functional. How KIT affects proliferation or differentiation of CFU-Es is not clear. Here we show that the KIT ligand SCF (for stem-cell factor) can replace EPO in supporting the growth and survival of HCD57 cells, an EPO-dependent erythroid-progenitor cell line expressing high levels of KIT5. SCF supports the proliferation of 32D cells(6) that express KIT only if they also express the EPO receptor. In HCD57 cells, SCF rapidly induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the EPO receptor, and KIT physically associates with the extended box 2 region(7) in the cytoplasmic domain of the EPO receptor. Our results indicate that KIT may activate the EPO receptor by tyrosine phosphorylation to induce further proliferation and maturation of CFU-Es.
C1 WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
   MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   SLOAN KETTERING INST,PROGRAM MOLEC BIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
NR 21
TC 249
Z9 274
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 242
EP 246
DI 10.1038/377242a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200043
PM 7545788
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SAITOU, M
   SUGAI, S
   TANAKA, T
   SHIMOUCHI, K
   FUCHS, E
   NARUMIYA, S
   KAKIZUKA, A
AF SAITOU, M
   SUGAI, S
   TANAKA, T
   SHIMOUCHI, K
   FUCHS, E
   NARUMIYA, S
   KAKIZUKA, A
TI INHIBITION OF SKIN DEVELOPMENT BY TARGETED EXPRESSION OF A DOMINANT-NEGATIVE RETINOLE ACID RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID keratin expression; epidermal differentiation; terminal differentiation; transgenic mice; gene; mouse; alpha; transcription; tissue
AB ALTHOUGH pharmacological doses of retinoic acid (RA) have a wide variety of actions in vivo(1), experimental difficulties have prevented a definitive assignment of its physiological functions, We recently made a dominant-negative retinoic acid receptor (RAR) by a single amino-acid substitution(2) which creates a dominant-negative thyroid hormone receptor(3). The mutated RAR efficiently inhibited the endogenous activities of RARs (alpha, beta, gamma)(2). Thus, targeted expression of the mutated receptor should reveal RA functions during organogenesis by blocking RA signalling in the tissues concerned. To address this possibility, we expressed the dominant-negative RAR in the epidermis, a potential target organ of RA(4). We report here that the resultant transgenic mice exhibited dramatic suppression of epidermal maturation, demonstrating the requirement of RA in normal skin development.
C1 KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,KYOTO 60601,JAPAN.
   KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT DERMATOL,KYOTO 60601,JAPAN.
   ONO PHARMACEUT,FUKUI INST SAFETY RES,FUKUI 913,JAPAN.
   UNIV CHICAGO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT MOLEC GENET & CELL BIOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
C3 Kyoto University; Kyoto University; Ono Pharmaceutical Co Ltd; University of Chicago; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 29
TC 163
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/374159a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700058
PM 7533262
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHUMACHER, MA
   DIXON, MM
   KLUGER, R
   JONES, RT
   BRENNAN, RG
AF SCHUMACHER, MA
   DIXON, MM
   KLUGER, R
   JONES, RT
   BRENNAN, RG
TI ALLOSTERIC TRANSITION INTERMEDIATES MODELED BY CROSS-LINKED HEMOGLOBINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liganded t-state; human-hemoglobin; carbon-monoxide; oxygen-binding; resolution; deoxyhemoglobin; stereochemistry; dynamics
AB THE structural end-points of haemoglobin's transition from its low-oxygen-affinity (T) to high-oxygen-affinity CR) state, have been well established by X-ray crystallography(1-7), but short-lived intermediates have proved less amenable to X-ray studies, Here we use chemical crosslinking to fix these intermediates for structural characterization. We describe the X-ray structures of three haemoglobins, alpha(2) beta(1)S(82)beta, alpha(2) beta(1)Tm(82)beta and alpha(2) beta(1,82)Tm(82)beta, which were crosslinked between the amino groups of residues beta Val1 and beta Lys82 by 3,3'-stilbenedicarboxylic acid (S) or trimesic acid (Tm) while in the deoxy state, and saturated with carbon monoxide before crystallization. alpha(2) beta(1)S(82)beta, which has almost normal oxygen affinity, is completely in the R-state conformation; however, alpha(2) beta(1)Tm(82)beta and alpha(2) beta(1,82)Tm(82)beta, both of which have low oxygen affinity, have been prevented from completing their transition into the R state and display many features of a transitional intermediate, These haemoglobins therefore represent a snapshot of the nascent R state.
C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,DIV BIOPHYS RES,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT CHEM,LASH MILLER LABS,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A1,CANADA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Toronto
RP SCHUMACHER, MA (corresponding author), OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,3181 SW SAM JACKSON PK RD,PORTLAND,OR 97201, USA.
NR 25
TC 82
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6526
BP 84
EP 87
DI 10.1038/375084a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QW604
UT WOS:A1995QW60400061
PM 7723849
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU THOMSON, DJ
   MACLENNAN, CG
   LANZEROTTI, LJ
AF THOMSON, DJ
   MACLENNAN, CG
   LANZEROTTI, LJ
TI PROPAGATION OF SOLAR OSCILLATIONS THROUGH THE INTERPLANETARY MEDIUM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spectrum estimation; mode oscillations; sun; heliosphere; spacecraft
AB Time-series analysis of the fluxes of Interplanetary charged particles measured by the Ulysses and Voyager spacecraft reveals many periodic components. From 1 to 140 mu Hz, the spectral components are consistent with those estimated (but not confirmed) for gravity-mode oscillations of the Sun: from 1,000 to 4,000 mu Hz, the spectral lines closely match the frequencies of known solar pressure modes. These concordances imply that the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field transmit solar oscillations and thus might be used to probe the interior structure of the Sun.
RP THOMSON, DJ (corresponding author), AT&T BELL LABS,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974, USA.
NR 50
TC 99
Z9 107
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6536
BP 139
EP 144
DI 10.1038/376139a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RJ028
UT WOS:A1995RJ02800051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TRAAS, J
   BELLINI, C
   NACRY, P
   KRONENBERGER, J
   BOUCHEZ, D
   CABOCHE, M
AF TRAAS, J
   BELLINI, C
   NACRY, P
   KRONENBERGER, J
   BOUCHEZ, D
   CABOCHE, M
TI NORMAL DIFFERENTIATION PATTERNS IN PLANTS LACKING MICROTUBULAR PREPROPHASE BANDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arabidopsis-thaliana; f-actin; organization; division; consequences; cells
AB IT is generally accepted that polarized cell expansion and the strict control of division plane alignment are prerequisites for ordered spatial development in higher plants(1). This appears to be linked to the presence of cell walls, which immobilize the cells and fix their relative positions. In this context, the cortical cytoskeleton is thought to play a central role(1-6). Interphase microtubules are often aligned perpendicular to the growth axis and it has been proposed that they control cell expansion, probably in combination with the cell wall. Another cytoskeletal array, the prephophase band, has been associated with division plane alignment. This structure, which girdles the cell at the G2 phase of the cell cycle and at prophase, precisely predicts the future division site and probably fixes it. Here we describe different mutants in Arabidopsis that are unable to form these two cortical microtubular arrays. As expected, this defect is associated with irregular cell expansion and the inability to align division planes. Surprisingly, however, the mutations do not affect differentiation patterns: all cell types and organs are in their correct relative positions.
RP TRAAS, J (corresponding author), INRA,BIOL CELLULAIRE LAB,ROUTE ST CYR,F-78026 VERSAILLES,FRANCE.
NR 20
TC 254
Z9 279
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6533
BP 676
EP 677
DI 10.1038/375676a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RE576
UT WOS:A1995RE57600058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MICHIELS, F
   HABETS, GGM
   STAM, JC
   VANDERKAMMEN, RA
   COLLARD, JG
AF MICHIELS, F
   HABETS, GGM
   STAM, JC
   VANDERKAMMEN, RA
   COLLARD, JG
TI A ROLE FOR RAC IN TIAM1-INDUCED MEMBRANE RUFFLING AND INVASION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gtp-binding-protein; oncogene product; rho gdi; exchange; transfection; cells; gene
AB RHO-LIKE GTPases have been implicated in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton which controls the morphology, adhesion and motility of cells(1-3). Like Ras proteins, they become activated when bound GDP is exchanged for GTP, a process catalysed by GDP-dissociation stimulator (GDS) proteins(4). Several GDS proteins specific for Rho-like GTPases have been identified(5-8). Most of these contain a conserved catalytic domain, the DBL-homology (DH) domain(9), and activate Cdc42 or Rho but not Rac(5-8). We have isolated the invasion-inducing Tiam1 gene, which also encodes a protein with a DH domain(10). Here we show that Tiam1 is a GDS protein for Rho-like GTPases in vitro. In fibroblasts, Tiam1 induces a similar phenotype as constitutively activated (V12)Rac1, including membrane ruffling, and this is inhibited by dominant negative (N17)Rac1. Moreover, T-lymphoma cells expressing V12Rac1 become invasive, indicating that the Tiam1-Rac signalling pathway could be operating in the invasion and metastasis of tumour cells.
C1 NETHERLANDS CANC INST, DIV CELL BIOL, 1066 CX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute
NR 26
TC 515
Z9 556
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6529
BP 338
EP 340
DI 10.1038/375338a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RA030
UT WOS:A1995RA03000057
PM 7753201
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BOTTINI, G
   PAULESU, E
   STERZI, R
   WARBURTON, E
   WISE, RJS
   VALLAR, G
   FRACKOWLAK, RSJ
   FRITH, CD
AF BOTTINI, G
   PAULESU, E
   STERZI, R
   WARBURTON, E
   WISE, RJS
   VALLAR, G
   FRACKOWLAK, RSJ
   FRITH, CD
TI MODULATION OF CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE BY PERIPHERAL SENSORY STIMULI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vestibular stimulation; retractable septa; pet images
AB LACK of awareness of touch associated with brain damage transiently recover after stimulation of the vestibular system We used positron emission tomographic regional cerebral blood flow measurements to study the neurophysiological effect of vestibular stimulation on touch imperception in a subject with a right brain lesion. We tested the hypothesis that the vestibular system aids conscious tactile perception by introducing a bias in the neural system subserving body representation. We show that in normal subjects touch and vestibular signals share projections to the putamen, insula, somatosensory area II, premotor cortex and supramarginal gyrus. In our patient a subset of these regions (right putamen and insula) was spared by the lesion and was maximally active when touch and vestibular stimulations were combined. These results support the suggestion that our phenomenological consciousness is associated with activation in circumscribed brain areas specific to the particular sensation of which we are aware.
C1 HAMMERSMITH HOSP, NEUROL INST, WELLCOME DEPT COGNIT NEUROL, LONDON, ENGLAND.
   HAMMERSMITH HOSP, MRC, CTR CLIN SCI, LONDON, ENGLAND.
   UNIV MILAN, IST SCI H SAN RAFFAELE, CNR, INB, MILAN, ITALY.
   UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA, IRCCS, CLIN S LUCIA, DIPARTIMENTO PSICOL, ROME, ITALY.
   UCL, DEPT PSYCHOL, LONDON, ENGLAND.
C3 Imperial College London; University of London; University College London; Imperial College London; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; University of Milan; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Sapienza University Rome; University of London; University College London
RP BOTTINI, G (corresponding author), OSPED NIGUARDA CA GRANDA, DIV NEUROL, I-20138 MILAN, ITALY.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 16
TC 122
Z9 128
U1 1
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6543
BP 778
EP 781
DI 10.1038/376778a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RR836
UT WOS:A1995RR83600041
PM 7651537
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KINCAID, C
   ITO, G
   GABLE, C
AF KINCAID, C
   ITO, G
   GABLE, C
TI LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF THE INTERACTION OF OFF-AXIS MANTLE PLUMES AND SPREADING CENTERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pb isotope evidence; reykjanes ridge; south-atlantic; hotspot; dynamics; iceland; basalts
AB MANTLE plumes and mid-ocean ridge spreading centres are the dominant phenomena through which mass and heat are transported from the mantle to the Earth's surface. It now seems that the dispersion of near-ridge plumes beneath the lithosphere is modulated strongly by mid-ocean ridges; in particular, geochemical and geophysical observations have suggested that rising plumes are diverted towards and feed nearby ridges(1-7). Here we confirm the feasibility of this model with laboratory experiments that incorporate the essential physical and fluid dynamic aspects of a plume-ridge upper mantle system. Our results indicate that an off-axis plume may communicate thermally and chemically with a spreading ridge through a narrow, sub-horizontal conduit instead of a broader, radially spreading plume head. A necessary condition for this communication Is the presence of a lithospheric or theological boundary layer that thickens away from the ridge axis owing to conductive cooling. Interestingly, we find that for high plume temperatures, increasing the plume thermal buoyancy may inhibit rather than enhance plume-ridge interaction, as a result of increased erosion of the overlying lithosphere.
C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,MIT WHOI JOINT PROGRAM OCEANOG,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
   LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP KINCAID, C (corresponding author), UNIV RHODE ISL,GRAD SCH OCEANOG,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA.
NR 22
TC 63
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6543
BP 758
EP 761
DI 10.1038/376758a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RR836
UT WOS:A1995RR83600035
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SNYDER, EY
   TAYLOR, RM
   WOLFE, JH
AF SNYDER, EY
   TAYLOR, RM
   WOLFE, JH
TI NEURAL PROGENITOR-CELL ENGRAFTMENT CORRECTS LYSOSOMAL STORAGE THROUGHOUT THE MPS-VII MOUSE-BRAIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mucopolysaccharidosis type-vii; beta-glucuronidase deficiency; bone-marrow transplantation; central-nervous-system; gene-transfer; mice; implantation; spleen; lines; model
AB MANY metabolic diseases affecting the central nervous system are refractory to treatment because the blood-brain barrier restricts entry of therapeutic molecules. It may be possible to deliver therapeutic gene products directly to the brain by transplantation of neural progenitor cells, which can integrate into the murine central nervous system in a cytoarchitecturally appropriate manner(1-7). We tested this approach in mucopolysaccharidosis VII (Sly disease), a lysosomal storage disorder of humans, dogs and mice caused by an inherited deficiency of beta-glucuronidase(8-10). Lysosomal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans occurs in the brain and other tissues, causing a fatal progressive degenerative disorder, including mental retardation(11). Treatments are designed to provide a source of normal enzyme for uptake by diseased cells(12-20). We report here that by transplanting beta-glucuronidase-expressing neural progenitors into the cerebral ventricles of newborn mice, donor cells engrafted throughout the neuraxis. At maturity, donor-derived cells were present as normal constituents of diverse brain regions. beta-Glucuronidase activity was expressed along the entire neuraxis, resulting in widespread correction of lysosomal storage in neurons and glia in affected mice.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,CHILDRENS HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,CHILDRENS HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   UNIV PENN,SCH VET MED,PATHOL LAB,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   UNIV PENN,SCH VET MED,MED GENET SECT,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
NR 34
TC 405
Z9 438
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6520
BP 367
EP 370
DI 10.1038/374367a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QN630
UT WOS:A1995QN63000062
PM 7885477
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHEN, JY
   DZIK, J
   EDGECOMBE, GD
   RAMSKOLD, L
   ZHOU, GQ
AF CHEN, JY
   DZIK, J
   EDGECOMBE, GD
   RAMSKOLD, L
   ZHOU, GQ
TI A POSSIBLE EARLY CAMBRIAN CHORDATE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID origin
AB THE first chordate recorded from the Early Cambrian is the cephalochordate Yunnanozoon lividum from the 525 million-year-old Chengjiang fauna. Chordate features of Yunnanozoon are a notochord and an expanded filter-feeding pharynx with an endostyle. Segmented musculature and metameric branchial arches are shared with cephalochordates and craniates. Metameric gonads and an anteriorly extended notochord indicate cephalochordate affinities. Yunnanozoon expands the range of cephalochordate morphology known from the younger Pikaia gracilens and crown group forms such as amphioxus. Our identification predicts that other chordate clades (tunicates and craniates) had evolved by the tate Atdabanian, in the main burst of the Cambrian Explosion.
C1 UPPSALA UNIV, MUSEUM PALEONTOL, S-75236 UPPSALA, SWEDEN.
   NANJING INST GEOL & PALAEONTOL, NANJING 210008, PEOPLES R CHINA.
   POLISH ACAD SCI, INST PALEOBIOL, PL-02089 WARSAW, POLAND.
   AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, SYDNEY, NSW 2000, AUSTRALIA.
C3 Uppsala University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Polish Academy of Sciences; Institute of Paleobiology of the Polish Academy of Sciences; Australian Museum
NR 30
TC 131
Z9 161
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 720
EP 722
DI 10.1038/377720a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEIGHTON, PA
   INGRAM, RS
   EGGENSCHWILER, J
   EFSTRATIADIS, A
   TILGHMAN, SM
AF LEIGHTON, PA
   INGRAM, RS
   EGGENSCHWILER, J
   EFSTRATIADIS, A
   TILGHMAN, SM
TI DISRUPTION OF IMPRINTING CAUSED BY DELETION OF THE H19 GENE REGION IN MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth factor-ii; early mouse embryogenesis; beta-globin; pgk-1 gene; xist gene; expression; rna; dna; promoter; fragments
AB The imprinted H19 gene, which encodes an untranslated RNA, lies at the end of a cluster of Imprinted genes in the mouse. Imprinting of the insulin-2 and insulin-like growth factor 2 genes, which lie about 100 kilobases upstream of H19, can be disrupted by maternal inheritance of a targeted deletion of the H19 gene and its flanking sequence. Animals inheriting the H19 mutation from their mothers are 27% heavier than those inheriting It from their fathers. Paternal inheritance of the disruption has no effect, which presumably reflects the normally silent state of the paternal gene. The somatic overgrowth of heterozygotes for the maternal deletion is attributed to a gain of function of insulin-like growth factor 2, rather than a loss of function of H19.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA.
   COLUMBIA UNIV, DEPT GENET & DEV, NEW YORK, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Columbia University
RP LEIGHTON, PA (corresponding author), PRINCETON UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 50
TC 670
Z9 725
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6526
BP 34
EP 39
DI 10.1038/375034a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QW604
UT WOS:A1995QW60400046
PM 7536897
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HAY, JC
   FISETTE, PL
   JENKINS, GH
   FUKAMI, K
   TAKENAWA, T
   ANDERSON, RA
   MARTIN, TFJ
AF HAY, JC
   FISETTE, PL
   JENKINS, GH
   FUKAMI, K
   TAKENAWA, T
   ANDERSON, RA
   MARTIN, TFJ
TI ATP-DEPENDENT INOSITIDE PHOSPHORYLATION REQUIRED FOR CA2+-ACTIVATED SECRETION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphatidylinositol transfer protein; cytosolic proteins; chromaffin cells; phospholipase-c; exocytosis; membranes; antibody; fusion
AB REGULATED fusion of secretory granules with the plasma membrane in secretory cells requires ATP, Ca2+ and cytosolic(1-3) as well as membrane(4) proteins. ATP-dependent steps in Ca2+-activated secretion from PC12 cells require three cytosolic PEP proteins (priming in exocytosis proteins, PEP1-3)(5,6), the identity of which will provide insights into the required ATP-using reactions. PEP3 was recently identified as phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PtdInsTP)(6), and here we report that PEP1 consists of the type I phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PtdInsP5K), The roles of PEP3/PtdInsTP and PEP1/PtdInsP5K in sequential phosphoinositide recruitment and phosphorylation explains their synergistic activity in ATP-dependent priming, Moreover, inhibition of Ca2+-activated secretion by PtdIns(4,5)P-2-specific antibodies and phospholipase C implies that 5-phosphorylated inositides play a novel, necessary role in the regulated secretory pathway. The results indicate that lipid kinase-mediated phosphorylation is an important basis for ATP use in the exocytotic pathway.
C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BIOCHEM,MADISON,WI 53706.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT PHARMACOL,MADISON,WI 53706.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,CELL & MOLEC BIOL PROGRAM,MADISON,WI 53706.
   UNIV TOKYO,DEPT MOLEC ONCOL,TOKYO 108,JAPAN.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Tokyo
NR 30
TC 457
Z9 510
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 173
EP 177
DI 10.1038/374173a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700062
PM 7877690
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NIELSEN, FC
   OSTERGAARD, L
   NIELSEN, J
   CHRISTIANSEN, J
AF NIELSEN, FC
   OSTERGAARD, L
   NIELSEN, J
   CHRISTIANSEN, J
TI GROWTH-DEPENDENT TRANSLATION OF IGF-II MESSENGER-RNA BY A RAPAMYCIN-SENSITIVE PATHWAY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribosomal protein-s6; insulin; kinase; cells; dna
AB INSULIN-LIKE growth factor (IGF)-II is important for fetal growth and development(1). The human IGF-II gene generates multiple mature transcripts with different 5' untranslated regions (5'UTRs) but identical coding regions and 3'UTRs(2). We have previously shown that a minor 4.8-kilobase messenger RNA was engaged in the synthesis of preproIGF-II, and a major 6.0-kb mRNA was untranslated and stored in a 100S ribonucleoprotein particle(3). Here we demonstrate that the 6.0-kb mRNA is selectively mobilized and translated in dispersed exponentially growing cells. Translational activation is prevented by rapamycin and mimicked by anisomycin, which suggests that translation of the 6.0-kb mRNA is regulated by the p70(S6k)/85(S6k) kinase signalling pathway. Therefore, the minor 4.8-kb mRNA generates a constitutive production of preproIGF-II, whereas the major 6.0-kb mRNA provides a post-transcriptionally regulated species.
C1 UNIV COPENHAGEN,INST MOLEC BIOL,DK-1307 COPENHAGEN K,DENMARK.
   RIGSHOSP,DEPT CLIN BIOCHEM,DK-2100 COPENHAGEN 0,DENMARK.
C3 University of Copenhagen; Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen University Hospital
NR 29
TC 156
Z9 160
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 358
EP 362
DI 10.1038/377358a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100062
PM 7566093
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ANTSON, AA
   OTRIDGE, J
   BRZOZOWSKI, AM
   DODSON, EJ
   DODSON, GG
   WILSON, KS
   SMITH, TM
   YANG, M
   KURECKI, T
   GOLLNICK, P
AF ANTSON, AA
   OTRIDGE, J
   BRZOZOWSKI, AM
   DODSON, EJ
   DODSON, GG
   WILSON, KS
   SMITH, TM
   YANG, M
   KURECKI, T
   GOLLNICK, P
TI THE STRUCTURE OF TRP RNA-BINDING ATTENUATION PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacillus-subtilis; transcription attenuation; escherichia-coli; operon; expression; gene; antitermination; program
AB The crystal structure of the trp RNA-binding attenuation protein of Bacillus subtilis solved at 1.8 Angstrom resolution reveals a novel structural arrangement in which the eleven subunits are stabilized through eleven intersubunit beta-sheets to form a beta-wheel with a large central hole. The nature of the binding of L-tryptophan in clefts between adjacent beta-sheets in the beta-wheel suggests that this binding induces conformational changes in the flexible residues 25-33 and 49-52. It is argued that upon binding, the messenger RNA target forms a matching circle in which eleven U/GAG repeats are bound to the surface of the protein ondecamer modified by the binding of L-tryptophan.
C1 SUNY BUFFALO,DEPT BIOL SCI,BUFFALO,NY 14260.
   DESY,EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,D-22603 HAMBURG,GERMANY.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Helmholtz Association; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
RP ANTSON, AA (corresponding author), UNIV YORK,DEPT CHEM,YORK YO1 5DD,N YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
NR 38
TC 184
Z9 208
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6524
BP 693
EP 700
DI 10.1038/374693a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QU304
UT WOS:A1995QU30400041
PM 7715723
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JIANG, H
   LUO, JQ
   URANO, T
   FRANKEL, P
   LU, ZM
   FOSTER, DA
   FEIG, LA
AF JIANG, H
   LUO, JQ
   URANO, T
   FRANKEL, P
   LU, ZM
   FOSTER, DA
   FEIG, LA
TI INVOLVEMENT OF RAL GTPASE IN V-SRC-INDUCED PHOSPHOLIPASE-D ACTIVATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding protein; kinase; family
AB AN early response to the tyrosine kinase activity of v-Src is an increase in phospholipase D (PLD) activity(1), which leads to the generation of biologically active lipid second messengers, including phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol(2). We have recently demonstrated that v-Src-induced PLD activity is mediated by Ras(3), although Ras involvement was indirect, requiring a cytosolic factor for PLD activation(3). Ras interacts with(4-6) and activates Ral-GDS(13), the exchange factor responsible for the activation of Ral GTPases. Here we report that this newly identified Ras/Ral signalling pathway mediates PLD activation by v-Src. PLD activity could be precipitated from v-Src-transformed cell lysates with immobilized RalA protein and with an anti-Ral antibody. A mutation to the region of RalA analogous to the 'effector domain' of Ras did not reduce the ability of RalA to complex with PLD, although deletion of a Ral-specific amino-terminal region did. Overexpression of RalA potentiated PLD activation by v-Src, and expression of dominant negative RalA mutants inhibited both v-Src- and v-Ras-induced PLD activity. Thus RalA is involved in the tyrosine kinase activation of PLD through its unique N terminus, and that PLD is a downstream target of a Ras/Ral GTPase cascade.
C1 CUNY HUNTER COLL,INST BIOMOLEC STRUCT & FUNCT,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   CUNY HUNTER COLL,DEPT SCI BIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BOSTON,MA 02111.
C3 City University of New York (CUNY) System; Hunter College (CUNY); City University of New York (CUNY) System; Hunter College (CUNY); Tufts University
NR 25
TC 252
Z9 272
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 409
EP 412
DI 10.1038/378409a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300065
PM 7477381
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LANK, DB
   SMITH, CM
   HANOTTE, O
   BURKE, T
   COOKE, F
AF LANK, DB
   SMITH, CM
   HANOTTE, O
   BURKE, T
   COOKE, F
TI GENETIC POLYMORPHISM FOR ALTERNATIVE MATING-BEHAVIOR IN LEKKING MALE RUFF PHILOMACHUS-PUGNAX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xiphophorus-nigrensis; maintenance; strategy; swordtail; tactics; size
AB ALTERNATIVE male mating tactics are widespread among animal taxa(1-3), but there are few well documented examples of genetic polymorphisms for them(4-6). The dimorphism in male courtship behaviour between independent and satellite ruffs, Philomachus pugnax(7,8) (a lekking sandpiper), has often been cited as a potential example but this has been questioned(9-10) because of the lack of data(11) and the widespread phenotypic plasticity in the development or expression of alternative tactics in other species(1-3,9,12-14). By rearing ruffs in captivity, we now show that differential morph development is genetically controlled and consistent with a single-locus, two-allele autosomal genetic polymorphism. Several potentially relevant environmental factors do not appear to alter behavioural development.
C1 UNIV LEICESTER, DEPT ZOOL, LEICESTER LE1 7RH, LEICS, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Leicester
RP LANK, DB (corresponding author), SIMON FRASER UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, BURNABY, BC V5A 1S6, CANADA.
NR 30
TC 283
Z9 316
U1 2
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 59
EP 62
DI 10.1038/378059a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BAKER, MB
   HIRSCHMANN, MM
   GHIORSO, MS
   STOLPER, EM
AF BAKER, MB
   HIRSCHMANN, MM
   GHIORSO, MS
   STOLPER, EM
TI COMPOSITIONS OF NEAR-SOLIDUS PERIDOTITE MELTS FROM EXPERIMENTS AND THERMODYNAMIC CALCULATIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silicate liquids; dry peridotite; high-pressures; magma genesis; upper mantle; disequilibrium; lherzolite; origin; ridge
AB MID-ocean-ridge basalts (MORBs) are probably a mixture of liquids formed by near-fractional melting of upwelling mantle over a range of pressures(1-3). Thus, an understanding of MORE genesis requires knowledge of the compositions of near-solidus melts of mantle peridotite, which have not been measured experimentally. Here we present the results of melting experiments on peridotite using a two-stage diamond-aggregate extraction technique, and the results of thermodynamic calculations of peridotite melting. Both the experiments and the calculations show that at 10 kbar, near-solidus melts (melt fraction F=0.02-0.05) of fertile peridotite are enriched in SiO2, Al2O3 and Na2O and depleted in FeO* (all iron as FeO), MgO and CaO relative to higher-degree melts. At F approximate to 0.02, the partial melt has similar to 57 wt% SiO2 and is qualitatively similar to silica-rich melt inclusions found in spinel peridotites worldwide(4,5). At low melt fractions (F less than or equal to 0.08), measured and calculated clinopyroxene/liquid (cpx/liq) partition coefficients for TiO2 are larger than those calculated from cpx-liq pairs in higher-melt-fraction experiments. This change in titanium partitioning just above the fertile peridotite solidus implies that other highly charged elements (such as Hf, Zr, Th and U) exhibit similarly complex behaviour during the initial stages of mantle melting.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON, DEPT GEOL SCI, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP BAKER, MB (corresponding author), CALTECH, DIV GEOL & PLANETARY SCI, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
NR 35
TC 432
Z9 487
U1 2
U2 61
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6529
BP 308
EP 311
DI 10.1038/375308a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RA030
UT WOS:A1995RA03000047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BULLITT, E
   MAKOWSKI, L
AF BULLITT, E
   MAKOWSKI, L
TI STRUCTURAL POLYMORPHISM OF BACTERIAL ADHESION PILI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID uropathogenic escherichia-coli; subunit; images; proteins; flagella; tip
AB BACTERIAL adhesion pill are designed to bind specifically and maintain attachment of bacteria to target cells. Uropathogenic P-pili are sufficiently mechanically resilient to resist the cleansing action of urine flow that removes most other bacteria(1). P-pili are 68 Angstrom in diameter and similar to 1 mu m long(2), and are composed of similar to 1,000 copies of the principal structural protein, PapA(3). They are attached to the outer membrane by a minor structural protein, PapH(4) and are terminated by an similar to 20 Angstrom diameter fibrillus composed of PapK, PapE and PapF, which presents the host-binding adhesin PapG(5-7). The amino-acid sequences of PapA(3,8), PapE(9), and PapF(9) are similar, with highly conserved C-termini being responsible for binding to PapD(10-12), the periplasmic chaperone. Our three-dimensional reconstruction indicates that pill are formed by the tight winding of a much thinner structure. A structural transition allows the pilus to unravel without depolymerizing, producing a thin, extended structure five times the length of the original pilus.
C1 FLORIDA STATE UNIV, INST MOLEC BIOPHYS, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32306 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida State University
RP BULLITT, E (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT BIOPHYS, BOSTON, MA 02118 USA.
NR 24
TC 197
Z9 231
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6510
BP 164
EP 167
DI 10.1038/373164a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QB063
UT WOS:A1995QB06300063
PM 7816100
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HENRIQUE, D
   ADAM, J
   MYAT, A
   CHITNIS, A
   LEWIS, J
   ISHHOROWICZ, D
AF HENRIQUE, D
   ADAM, J
   MYAT, A
   CHITNIS, A
   LEWIS, J
   ISHHOROWICZ, D
TI EXPRESSION OF A DELTA-HOMOLOG IN PROSPECTIVE NEURONS IN THE CHICK
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurogenic gene-delta; drosophila-melanogaster; transmembrane protein; cell-interactions; serrate encodes; notch; complex; pattern; fate; rna
AB THE product of the Delta gene, acting as ligand, and that of the Notch gene, acting as receptor, are key components in a lateral-inhibition signalling pathway that regulates the detailed patterning of many different tissues in Drosophila(1-8). During neurogenesis in particular, neural precursors, by expressing Delta, inhibit neighbouring Notch-expressing cells from becoming committed to a neural fate(5,9,10). Vertebrates are known to have several Notch genes(11-14), but their functions are unclear and their ligands hitherto unidentified. Here we identify and describe a chick Delta homologue, C-Delta-1. We show that C-Delta-1 is expressed in prospective neurons during neurogenesis, as new cells are being born and their fates decided. Our data from the chick, combined with parallel evidence from Xenopus(15), suggest that both the Delta/Notch signalling mechanism and its role in neurogenesis have been conserved in vertebrates.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,DEPT ZOOL,IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,ORGANOGENESIS LAB,BIOL UNIT,OXFORD OX1 3PS,ENGLAND.
   SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,SAN DIEGO,CA 92186.
C3 University of Oxford; Salk Institute
RP HENRIQUE, D (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,DEV GENET LAB,S PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PS,ENGLAND.
NR 29
TC 941
Z9 1026
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 787
EP 790
DI 10.1038/375787a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900078
PM 7596411
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BEZPROZVANNY, I
   SCHELLER, RH
   TSIEN, RW
AF BEZPROZVANNY, I
   SCHELLER, RH
   TSIEN, RW
TI FUNCTIONAL IMPACT OF SYNTAXIN ON GATING OF N-TYPE AND Q-TYPE CALCIUM CHANNELS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; subunit; docking; brain; cdna
AB RAPID and reliable synaptic transmission depends upon the close proximity of voltage-gated calcium channels and neurotransmitter-containing vesicles in the presynaptic terminal(1). Although it is clear that a local Ca2+ rise conveys the crucial signal from Ca2+ channels to the exocytotic mechanism(2), little is known about whether communication ever proceeds in the opposite direction, from the release machinery to Ca2+ channels(3,4). To look for such signalling, we examined the interaction of various types of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels with syntaxin, a presynaptic membrane protein of relative molecular mass 35,000 (refs 5-7) which may play a key part in synaptic vesicle docking and fusions and which interacts strongly with N-type Ca2+ channels(5,6,9-12). Here we report that co-expression of syntaxin 1A with N-type channels in Xenopus oocytes sharply decreases the availability of these channels. This is due to the stabilization of channel inactivation rather than to a simple block or lack of channel expression, because it is overcome by strong hyperpolarization. Deletion of syntaxin's carboxy-terminal transmembrane domain abolishes its functional effect on Ca2+ channels. Syntaxin produced a similar effect on Q-type Ca2+ channels encoded by alpha(1A) (refs 13-15) but not on L-type Ca2+-channels. Thus, the syntaxin effect is specific for Ca2+ channel types that participate in fast transmitter release in the mammalian central nervous system (ref. 16 and therein). We hypothesize that, in addition to acting as a vesicle-docking site, syntaxin may influence presynaptic Ca2+ channels, opposing Ca2+ entry where it is not advantageous, but allowing it at release sites where synaptic vesicles have become docked and/or ready for fusion.
C1 STANFORD UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR PHYSIOL, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
   STANFORD UNIV, MED CTR, BECKMAN CTR, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
   RUSSIAN ACAD SCI, INST CYTOL, ST PETERSBURG 194064, RUSSIA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Cytology RAS
NR 30
TC 367
Z9 406
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 623
EP 626
DI 10.1038/378623a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100079
PM 8524397
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LIU, X
   ERNFORS, P
   WU, H
   JAENISCH, R
AF LIU, X
   ERNFORS, P
   WU, H
   JAENISCH, R
TI SENSORY BUT NOT MOTOR-NEURON DEFICITS IN MICE LACKING NT4 AND BDNF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine protein-kinase; neurotrophic factor; receptor; trkb; survival
AB NEUROTROPHINS play important roles in neuronal survival during vertebrate development(1-3). Neurotrophin-4 (NT4), alone or in combination with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), has been suggested to be necessary for the survival of peripheral sensory neurons and central nervous system (CNS) neurons, including motor neurons(4-16). To define the role of NT4 in vivo, we generated mice lacking NT4 by gene targeting. NT4-deficient mice were viable but exhibited a loss of sensory neurons in the nodose-petrosal and geniculate ganglia. In contrast, motor neurons of the facial nucleus and sympathetic neurons of the superior cervical ganglion were unaffected, and there was no obvious loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. In mice lacking both NT4 and BDNF14,15, facial motor neurons remained unaffected, whereas the loss of sensory neurons was more severe than with either mutation alone. Thus NT4 is required during development for the survival of some peripheral sensory neurons but not sympathetic or motor neurons.
C1 MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP LIU, X (corresponding author), MIT,WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES,9 CAMBRIDGE CTR,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142, USA.
NR 29
TC 324
Z9 360
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 238
EP 241
DI 10.1038/375238a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100064
PM 7746325
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BEHAN, DP
   HEINRICHS, SC
   TRONCOSO, JC
   LIU, XJ
   KAWAS, CH
   LING, N
   DESOUZA, EB
AF BEHAN, DP
   HEINRICHS, SC
   TRONCOSO, JC
   LIU, XJ
   KAWAS, CH
   LING, N
   DESOUZA, EB
TI DISPLACEMENT OF CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR FROM ITS BINDING-PROTEIN AS A POSSIBLE TREATMENT FOR ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID factor-like immunoreactivity; central nervous-system; factor receptors; human-plasma; rat; crf; diagnosis; disorders; dementia; behavior
AB In Alzheimer's disease (AD) there are dramatic reductions in the content of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)(1-4), reciprocal increases in CRF receptors(1,2), and morphological abnormalities in CRF neurons(5) in affected brain areas. Cognitive impairment in AD patients is associated with a lower cerebrospinal fluid concentration of CRF(6), which is known to induce increases in learning and memory in rodents(7-9). This suggests that CRF deficits contribute to cognitive impairment. The identification in post-mortem brain of CRF-binding protein (CRF-BP)(10,11), a high-affinity binding protein that inactivates CRF, and the differential distribution of CRF-BP12 and CRF receptors(13), provides the potential for improving learning and memory without stress effects of CRF receptor agonists(14). Here we show that ligands that dissociate CRF from CRF-BP increase brain levels of 'free CRF' in AD to control levels and show cognition-enhancing properties in models of learning and memory in animals without the characteristic stress effects of CRF receptor agonists.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, SCH MED, NEUROPATHOL LAB, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 USA.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PATHOL, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 USA.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT NEUROL, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP BEHAN, DP (corresponding author), NEUROCRINE BIOSCI INC, 3050 SCI PK RD, SAN DIEGO, CA 92121 USA.
NR 26
TC 211
Z9 243
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 284
EP 287
DI 10.1038/378284a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800050
PM 7477348
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COHENCORY, S
   FRASER, SE
AF COHENCORY, S
   FRASER, SE
TI EFFECTS OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR ON OPTIC AXON BRANCHING AND REMODELING IN-VIVO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nerve growth-factor; retinal ganglion-cells; receptor; trkb; rat; expression; survival; bdnf; ngf
AB NEUROTROPHINS are thought to be important for the survival and differentiation of vertebrate neurons(1). Roles have been suggested for target-derived neurotrophins, based both on their expression in target tissues at the time of neuron innervation(2,3), and on their effects on axonal sprouting(4-6). However, direct in vivo evidence of their involvement in axon arborization has remained elusive. We have used in vivo microscopy to follow individual optic axons over time, and have examined the role of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in their development. Here we show that injection of BDNF into the optic tectum of live Xenopus laevis tadpoles increased the branching and complexity of optic axon terminal arbors. In contrast, injection of specific neutralizing antibodies to BDNF reduced axon arborization and complexity. The onset of these effects was rapid (within 2 hours) and persisted throughout the 24-hour observation period. Other neurotrophins had little or no significant effects. These results demonstrate the involvement of neurotrophins in the dynamic elaboration of axon terminals, and suggest a direct role for target-derived BDNF during synaptic patterning in the developing central nervous system.
RP COHENCORY, S (corresponding author), CALTECH, CTR BIOL IMAGING, DIV BIOL 139-74, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
NR 30
TC 516
Z9 588
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 192
EP 196
DI 10.1038/378192a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900056
PM 7477323
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CONDRA, JH
   SCHLEIF, WA
   BLAHY, OM
   GABRYELSKI, LJ
   GRAHAM, DJ
   QUINTERO, JC
   RHODES, A
   ROBBINS, HL
   ROTH, E
   SHIVAPRAKASH, M
   TITUS, D
   YANG, T
   TEPPLER, H
   SQUIRES, KE
   DEUTSCH, PJ
   EMINI, EA
AF CONDRA, JH
   SCHLEIF, WA
   BLAHY, OM
   GABRYELSKI, LJ
   GRAHAM, DJ
   QUINTERO, JC
   RHODES, A
   ROBBINS, HL
   ROTH, E
   SHIVAPRAKASH, M
   TITUS, D
   YANG, T
   TEPPLER, H
   SQUIRES, KE
   DEUTSCH, PJ
   EMINI, EA
TI IN-VIVO EMERGENCE OF HIV-1 VARIANTS RESISTANT TO MULTIPLE PROTEASE INHIBITORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reverse-transcriptase; immunodeficiency
AB INHIBITORS Of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease have entered clinical study as potential therapeutic agents for HIV-1 infection. The clinical efficacy of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors has been limited bg the emergence of resistant viral variants. Similarly, variants expressing resistance to protease inhibitors have been derived in cell culture(1-10). We now report the characterization of resistant variants isolated from patients undergoing therapy with the protease inhibitor MX-639 (formerly designated L-735,524). Five of these variants, isolated from four patients, exhibited cross-resistance to all members of a panel of six structurally diverse protease inhibitors. This suggests that combination therapy with multiple protease inhibitors may not prevent loss of antiviral activity resulting from resistance selection. In addition, previous therapy with one compound may abrogate the benefit of subsequent treatment with a second inhibitor.
C1 MERCK SHARP & DOHME LTD,RES LABS,DEPT CLIN PHARMACOL,W POINT,PA 19486.
   THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIV,DIV INFECT DIS,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19107.
   UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT MED,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294.
C3 Merck & Company; Thomas Jefferson University; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham
RP CONDRA, JH (corresponding author), MERCK SHARP & DOHME LTD,RES LABS,DEPT ANTIVIRAL RES,W POINT,PA 19486, USA.
NR 28
TC 901
Z9 985
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 569
EP 571
DI 10.1038/374569a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900060
PM 7700387
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DEARAUJO, CAP
   CUCHIARO, JD
   MCMILLAN, LD
   SCOTT, MC
   SCOTT, JF
AF DEARAUJO, CAP
   CUCHIARO, JD
   MCMILLAN, LD
   SCOTT, MC
   SCOTT, JF
TI FATIGUE-FREE FERROELECTRIC CAPACITORS WITH PLATINUM-ELECTRODES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ceramics
AB A SIGNIFICANT fraction of the computer memory industry is at present involved in the manufacture of non-volatile memory devices(1)-that is, devices which retain information when power is interrupted. For such applications (and also for volatile memories), the use of capacitors constructed from ferroelectric thin films has stimulated much interest(1). In such structures, information is stored in the polarization state of the ferroelectric material itself, which should in principle lead to lower power requirements, faster access time and potentially lower cost(1). But the use of ferroelectrics is not without problems; the memories constructed to date have generally suffered from poor retention of stored information and degradation of performance ('fatigue') with use(1-3). Here we describe the preparation and characterization of thin-film capacitors using ferroelectric materials from a large family of layered perovskite oxides, exemplified by SrBi2Ta2O9, SrBi2NbTaO9 and SrBi4Ta4O15. The structural flexibility of these materials allows their properties to be tailored so that many of the problems associated with previous ferroelectric memories are avoided. In particular, our capacitors do not show significant fatigue after 10(12) switching cycles, and they exhibit good retention characteristics and low leakage currents even with films less than 100 nm thick.
C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT ELECT & COMP ENGN,COLORADO SPRINGS,CO 80933.
   ROYAL MELBOURNE INST TECHNOL,FAC SCI APPL,MELBOURNE,VIC 3001,AUSTRALIA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado at Colorado Springs; Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT)
RP DEARAUJO, CAP (corresponding author), SYMETRIX CORP,5055 MARK DABLING BLVD,COLORADO SPRINGS,CO 80918, USA.
NR 33
TC 1924
Z9 1959
U1 4
U2 401
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6523
BP 627
EP 629
DI 10.1038/374627a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QT189
UT WOS:A1995QT18900054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WADE, MJ
   CHANG, NW
AF WADE, MJ
   CHANG, NW
TI INCREASED MALE-FERTILITY IN TRIBOLIUM-CONFUSUM BEETLES AFTER INFECTION WITH THE INTRACELLULAR PARASITE WOLBACHIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytoplasmic incompatibility; drosophila-simulans; flour beetles; inheritance; populations; speciation; symbiont; spread
AB THE cytoplasmically inherited microorganism Wolbachia pipientis behaves like a sexually selected trait in its host, the flour beetle Tribolium confusum, enhancing male fertility at the expense of female fecundity. Here we show that infected females have fewer offspring than uninfected females but infected males have a large fertility advantage over uninfected males within multiply-inseminated infected or uninfected females. The male fertility effect accelerates the spread of the Wolbachia through the host population and expands the initial opportunity for hitch-hiking of host nuclear genes. Sperm competition in a host, mediated by endosymbionts, has not been previously described.
RP WADE, MJ (corresponding author), UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT ECOL & EVOLUT,1101 E 57TH ST,CHICAGO,IL 60637, USA.
NR 28
TC 108
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6509
BP 72
EP 74
DI 10.1038/373072a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QA239
UT WOS:A1995QA23900058
PM 7800041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ERSKINE, DJ
   HOLMES, NC
AF ERSKINE, DJ
   HOLMES, NC
TI WHITE-LIGHT VELOCIMETRY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oriented graphite; interferometer; transformation; diamond; system
AB RADIATION reflected from a moving object experiences a Doppler shift in its frequency. This basic phenomenon underlies practical interferometric techniques for remote velocity measurement used widely in meteorology and law enforcement, as well as in medicine(1) (using acoustic waves) and other fields of science and engineering(2-5). Existing velocimetric techniques use coherent quasimonochromatic sources of illumination, which, for optical applications, generally limits practical sources to lasers operating in single-frequency mode. Such sources are not, however, sufficiently powerful for applications where simultaneous velocity measurements at many points on a target are desired. Here we describe a technique for remote velocity measurement that uses broadband incoherent illumination. The viability of this technique is demonstrated by measuring the velocity of a target moving at 16 m s(-1) using white light from an incandescent source. Powerful, compact and inexpensive radiation sources (such as flash and are lamps, or lasers operating at several wavelengths) can now be exploited for high-power applications of remote-target velocimetry.
RP ERSKINE, DJ (corresponding author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,5000 E AVE,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA.
NR 18
TC 14
Z9 16
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 317
EP 320
DI 10.1038/377317a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KREGE, JH
   JOHN, SWM
   LANGENBACH, LL
   HODGIN, JB
   HAGAMAN, JR
   BACHMAN, ES
   JENNETTE, JC
   OBRIEN, DA
   SMITHIES, O
AF KREGE, JH
   JOHN, SWM
   LANGENBACH, LL
   HODGIN, JB
   HAGAMAN, JR
   BACHMAN, ES
   JENNETTE, JC
   OBRIEN, DA
   SMITHIES, O
TI MALE-FEMALE DIFFERENCES IN FERTILITY AND BLOOD-PRESSURE IN ACE-DEFICIENT MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID angiotensin-converting enzyme; essential-hypertension; gene; polymorphism; mouse; association; expression
AB ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING enzyme (ACE) is a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase that generates the vasoconstricting peptide angiotensin II and inactivates the vasodilating peptide bradykinin(1). The gene encoding ACE is composed of two homologous regions and codes for both a somatic and testis isoenzyme(2-4). Experiments with hypertensive rats(5,6) and some(7-9), but not other(10-13), studies of humans suggest that sequences at or linked to the gene influence blood pressure. The testis-specific form of ACE has its own promoter within intron 12 (ref, 14), is encoded by the 3' region of the gene, and is found only in postmeiotic spermatogenic cells and sperm(15). Its function is unknown(16) Here we investigate the role of the Ace gene in blood pressure control and reproduction using mice generated to carry an insertional mutation that is designed to inactivate both forms of ACE. All homozygous female mutants were found to be fertile, but the fertility of homozygous male mutants was greatly reduced. Heterozygous males but not females had blood pressures that were 15-20 mm Hg less than normal, although both male and female heterozygotes had reduced serum ACE activity.
C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PATHOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
   UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PEDIAT,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
   UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT CELL BIOL & ANAT,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP KREGE, JH (corresponding author), UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT INTERNAL MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA.
NR 25
TC 592
Z9 624
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6527
BP 146
EP 148
DI 10.1038/375146a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QX741
UT WOS:A1995QX74100051
PM 7753170
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GOLLER, F
   SUTHERS, RA
AF GOLLER, F
   SUTHERS, RA
TI IMPLICATIONS FOR LATERALIZATION OF BIRD SONG FROM UNILATERAL GATING OF BILATERAL MOTOR PATTERNS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB FUNCTIONAL lateralization of the brain, once considered unique to human language, remains poorly understood(1-5). The most convincing example of this phenomenon in animals is singing behaviour in songbirds(1,4), in which asymmetries range from a clear unilateral dominance(6-8) to approximately equal contributions from each side of the vocal organ, the syrinx(9). Here we report that in brown thrashers (Toxostoma rufum) only the activity of muscles that gate sound production by regulating airflow through each side of the syrinx is lateralized. Other syringeal muscles that primarily control the phonetic structure of vocalizations are active on both sides of the syrinx. This explains the puzzling absence of laterality in the morphology(10,11) and activity(12,13) of the higher central song control nuclei and suggests that song lateralization did not evolve as a means of achieving a single 'executive' command centre, or as a way of economizing on motor circuits to free brain space for other tasks(14,16).
C1 INDIANA UNIV,PROGRAM NEURAL SCI,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP GOLLER, F (corresponding author), INDIANA UNIV,SCH MED,MYERS HALL,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405, USA.
NR 20
TC 71
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6509
BP 63
EP 66
DI 10.1038/373063a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QA239
UT WOS:A1995QA23900055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FINEBLUM, WL
   RAUSHER, MD
AF FINEBLUM, WL
   RAUSHER, MD
TI TRADEOFF BETWEEN RESISTANCE AND TOLERANCE TO HERBIVORE DAMAGE IN A MORNING GLORY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ipomoea-purpurea; plant; resource; defense; costs
AB MANY plant characters, including toxic secondary compounds, trichomes, spines and tough, nutrient-poor leaves have evolved at least in part as defences against pathogens and herbivores, including phytophagous insects(1-6). Models of the evolution of resistance(7) (9) predict that allocation to defence is determined by a tradeoff between the benefits of resistance, such as reduction in herbivore damage, and costs of resistance, generally envisaged as reduction in fitness in an environment in which herbivores are absent(9). However, despite attempts to determine the tests of resistance, there is little convincing evidence that they exist and constrain the evolution of defences(10,11). Here me report the existence of such a cost in the tall morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea: genotypes that exhibit relatively high levels of resistance to insects that cause damage to apical meristems exhibit relatively low tolerence to this form of damage. We also show how this type of tradeoff constrains the evolution of resistance.
C1 DUKE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,DURHAM,NC 27706.
C3 Duke University
NR 24
TC 306
Z9 347
U1 0
U2 98
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 517
EP 520
DI 10.1038/377517a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BUDRENE, EO
   BERG, HC
AF BUDRENE, EO
   BERG, HC
TI DYNAMICS OF FORMATION OF SYMMETRICAL PATTERNS BY CHEMOTACTIC BACTERIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli
AB MOTILE cells of Escherichia coli aggregate to form stable patterns of remarkable regularity when grown from a single point on certain substrates. Central to this self-organization is chemotaxis, the motion of bacteria along gradients of a chemical attractant that the cells themselves excrete(1). Here we show how these complex patterns develop. The long-range spatial order arises from interactions between two multicellular aggregate structures: a 'swarm ring' that expands radially, and focal aggregates that have lower mobility. Patterning occurs through alternating domination by these two sources of excreted attractant (which we identify here as aspartate). The pattern geometries vary in a systematic way, depending on how long an aggregate remains active; this depends, in turn, on the initial concentration of substrate (here, succinate).
C1 ROWLAND INST SCI INC,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
RP BUDRENE, EO (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,16 DIVIN AVE,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 16
TC 431
Z9 475
U1 2
U2 71
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6535
BP 49
EP 53
DI 10.1038/376049a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RH111
UT WOS:A1995RH11100058
PM 7596432
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHAPMAN, CR
   VEVERKA, J
   THOMAS, PC
   KLAASEN, K
   BELTON, MJS
   HARCH, A
   MCEWEN, A
   JOHNSON, TV
   HELFENSTEIN, P
   DAVIES, ME
   MERLINE, WJ
   DENK, T
AF CHAPMAN, CR
   VEVERKA, J
   THOMAS, PC
   KLAASEN, K
   BELTON, MJS
   HARCH, A
   MCEWEN, A
   JOHNSON, TV
   HELFENSTEIN, P
   DAVIES, ME
   MERLINE, WJ
   DENK, T
TI DISCOVERY AND PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES OF DACTYL, A SATELLITE OF ASTEROID 243-IDA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID family
AB OBSERVATIONS Of Stellar occultations by asteroids have suggested that some may have satellites(1), But given the absence of any confirmatory evidence, the prevailing view has been that although such satellites probably do exist, they are likely to be rare(2). Here we report the discovery(3) by the Galileo spacecraft of a satellite associated with the asteroid 243 Ida, Although the satellite, Dactyl, is only 1.6 km across, it has been imaged with sufficient resolution for geological analysis, We describe the physical properties of Dactyl, with emphasis on its notably smooth shape, its crater population (which includes a crater chain) and its photometric properties, We find that, spectroscopically, Dactyl resembles both Ida and the other members of the Koronis asteroid family, implying a similar composition; small spectral differences may reflect a space weathering process that slightly alters the colours with time, We argue that Dactyl originated during the breakup of the Koronis parent body, and that satellites could be common around other asteroids (particularly members of asteroid families).
C1 CORNELL UNIV,CTR RADIOPHYS & SPACE RES,ITHACA,NY 14853.
   CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109.
   NATL OPT ASTRON OBSERV,TUCSON,AZ 85719.
   US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001.
   RAND CORP,SANTA MONICA,CA 90406.
   INST PLANETENERKUNDUNG,D-12484 BERLIN,GERMANY.
C3 Cornell University; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); National Optical Astronomy Observatory; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; RAND Corporation
RP CHAPMAN, CR (corresponding author), SJI,INST PLANETARY SCI,620 N 6TH AVE,TUCSON,AZ 85705, USA.
NR 23
TC 88
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6525
BP 783
EP 785
DI 10.1038/374783a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QV315
UT WOS:A1995QV31500036
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OSTRIKER, JP
   STEINHARDT, PJ
AF OSTRIKER, JP
   STEINHARDT, PJ
TI THE OBSERVATIONAL CASE FOR A LOW-DENSITY UNIVERSE WITH A NONZERO COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inflationary universe; fluctuations; flatness; perturbations; scenario; horizon
AB OBSERVATIONS are providing progressively tighter constraints on cosmological models advanced to explain the formation of large-scale structure in the Universe, These include recent determinations of the Hubble constant(1-3) (which quantifies the present expansion rate of the Universe) and measurements of the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background(4.5), Although the limits imposed by these diverse observations have occasionally led to suggestions(6) that cosmology is facing a crisis, we show here that there remains a wide range of cosmological models in good concordance with these constraints. The combined observations point to models in which the matter density of the Universe falls well below the critical energy density required to halt its expansion, But they also permit a substantial contribution to the energy density from the vacuum itself (a positive 'cosmological constant'), sufficient to recover the critical density favoured by the simplest inflationary models, The observations do not yet rule out the possibility that we live in an ever-expanding 'open' Universe, but a Universe having the critical energy density and a large cosmological constant appears to be favoured.
C1 UNIV PENN,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
RP OSTRIKER, JP (corresponding author), PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT ASTROPHYS SCI,PRINCETON,NJ 08544, USA.
NR 43
TC 677
Z9 708
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 600
EP 602
DI 10.1038/377600a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BUCKBINDER, L
   TALBOTT, R
   VELASCOMIGUEL, S
   TAKENAKA, I
   FAHA, B
   SEIZINGER, BR
   KLEY, N
AF BUCKBINDER, L
   TALBOTT, R
   VELASCOMIGUEL, S
   TAKENAKA, I
   FAHA, B
   SEIZINGER, BR
   KLEY, N
TI INDUCTION OF THE GROWTH INHIBITOR IGF-BINDING PROTEIN-3 BY P53
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinases; p21
AB TRANSCRIPTIONAL activation of target genes represents an important component of the tumour-suppressor function of p53 and provides a functional link between p53 and various growth-regulatory processes, including cell cycle progression (p21/WAF1)(1-3), DNA repair (GADD45)(4) and apoptosis (bax)(5). Here we use a differential cloning approach to identify the gene encoding insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGF-BP3) as a novel p53-regulated target gene. Induction of IGF-BP3 gene expression by wild-type but not mutant p53 is associated with enhanced secretion of an active form of IGF-BP3 capable of inhibiting mitogenic signalling by the insulin-like growth factor IGF-1, Our results indicate that ICF-BP3 may link p53 to potential novel autocrine/paracrine signalling pathways and to processes regulated by or dependent on IGF(s), such as cellular growth, transformation and survival.
C1 BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB PHARMACEUT RES INST,DEPT MOLEC GENET,PRINCETON,NJ 08543.
C3 Bristol-Myers Squibb
NR 21
TC 755
Z9 832
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 646
EP 649
DI 10.1038/377646a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500057
PM 7566179
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VAADIA, E
   HAALMAN, I
   ABELES, M
   BERGMAN, H
   PRUT, Y
   SLOVIN, H
   AERTSEN, A
AF VAADIA, E
   HAALMAN, I
   ABELES, M
   BERGMAN, H
   PRUT, Y
   SLOVIN, H
   AERTSEN, A
TI DYNAMICS OF NEURONAL INTERACTIONS IN MONKEY CORTEX IN RELATION TO BEHAVIORAL EVENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cross-correlation analysis; cat striate cortex; visual-cortex; synchronization; connectivity; network
AB IT is possible that brain cortical function is mediated by dynamic modulation of coherent firing in groups of neurons. Indeed, a correlation of firing between cortical neurons, seen following sensory stimuli or during motor behaviour, has been described(1-5). However, the time course of modifications of correlation in relation to behaviour was not evaluated systematically. Here we show that correlated firing between single neurons, recorded simultaneously in the frontal cortex of monkeys performing a behavioural task, evolves within a fraction of a second, and in systematic relation to behavioural events. Moreover, the dynamic patterns of correlation depend on the distance between neurons, and can emerge even without modulation of the firing rates. These findings support the notion that neurons can associate rapidly into a functional group in order to perform a computational task, at the same time becoming dissociated from concurrently activated competing groups. Thus, they call for a revision of prevailing models of neural coding that rely solely on single neuron firing rates(6-8).
C1 HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,CTR NEURAL COMPUTAT,IL-91010 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL.
   WEIZMANN INST SCI,CTR RES HIGHER BRAIN FUNCT,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP VAADIA, E (corresponding author), HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,HADASSAH MED SCH,DEPT PHYSIOL,IL-91010 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL.
NR 24
TC 617
Z9 666
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6514
BP 515
EP 518
DI 10.1038/373515a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QF724
UT WOS:A1995QF72400057
PM 7845462
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRUNS, D
   JAHN, R
AF BRUNS, D
   JAHN, R
TI REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT OF TRANSMITTER RELEASE FROM SINGLE SYNAPTIC VESICLES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID identified leech neurons; neurotransmitter release; chromaffin cells; transmission; culture; fusion; synaptobrevin; acetylcholine; tetanus
AB NEUROTRANSMITTER release is mediated by Ca2+ dependent exocytosis of synaptic vesicles', Neither the amount of transmitter released from individual synaptic vesicles nor the kinetics of this process have yet been directly determined, Using carbon fibres as electrochemical detectors(2,3), we have measured release of the neurotransmitter serotonin from cultured neurons of the leech(4). This technique allowed us to monitor transmitter discharge from single synaptic vesicles as spike-like oxidation currents at high time resolution, providing new insight into the mechanism of neuronal exocytosis, Two types of signals were characterized, corresponding to exocytosis of small clear and large dense core vesicles present in these cells, A small vesicle discharges about 4,700 transmitter molecules with a time constant in the region of 260 mu s, whereas large vesicles release their content of approximately 80,000 molecules with a time constant of about 1.3 ms, Release from both vesicle types is initiated rapidly, with a rise time of less than 60 mu s, suggesting an abrupt opening of a preassembled fusion pore.
C1 YALE UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PHARMACOL, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 USA.
   YALE UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT CELL BIOL, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University
RP BRUNS, D (corresponding author), YALE UNIV, SCH MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 USA.
NR 21
TC 356
Z9 404
U1 1
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6544
BP 62
EP 65
DI 10.1038/377062a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RT725
UT WOS:A1995RT72500056
PM 7659162
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GREWAL, IS
   XU, JC
   FLAVELL, RA
AF GREWAL, IS
   XU, JC
   FLAVELL, RA
TI IMPAIRMENT OF ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC T-CELL PRIMING IN MICE LACKING CD40 LIGAND
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hyper-igm syndrome
AB LACK of functional expression of CD40 ligand (CD40L) on T cells results in hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM1), a human immunodeficiency associated with a severely impaired humoral immune response that is consistent with defects in B-cell responses(1-3). Patients also succumb to recurrent opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis carinii and a Cryptosporidial diarrhoea(4,5), suggesting that T-cell functions are also compromised in these individuals, but so far this has not been explained. We have previously shown that mice deficient for CD40L, like HIGM1 patients, show grossly abnormal humoral responses(6). Here we report that CD40L-deficient mice are defective in antigen-specific T-cell responses, Adoptively transferred antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells lacking CD40L failed to expand upon antigen challenge of the recipients, showing that expression of CD40L on T cells is required for in vivo priming of CD4(+) T cells and therefore for the initiation of specific T-cell immune responses.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,IMMUNOBIOL SECT,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
C3 Yale University
RP GREWAL, IS (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510, USA.
NR 16
TC 445
Z9 497
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 617
EP 620
DI 10.1038/378617a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100077
PM 8524395
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BARONE, MV
   COURTNEIDGE, S
AF BARONE, MV
   COURTNEIDGE, S
TI MYC BUT NOT FOS RESCUE OF PDGF SIGNALING BLOCK CAUSED BY KINASE INACTIVE SRC
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-myc; growth-factor; cell-proliferation; proto-oncogene; 3t3 cells; tyrosine kinases; antisense rna; messenger-rna; gene; expression
AB GROWTH factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) elicit the transcriptional activation of a large number of immediate early genes (many of which encode transcription factors), and ultimately DNA synthesis(1). Both AP1 and Myc are activated in fibroblasts in response to growth factor stimulation(2-5), and various experiments suggest their importance in proliferation(6-10). Src family kinases are required for PDGF (and other growth factors) to induce DNA synthesis(11,12). We have examined which transcription factors, when constitutively expressed, 'rescue' the block elicited by dominant negative Src. We report here that Myc, but not Fos and/or Jun, was able to rescue the block. In contrast, Fos and Jun, but not Myc, rescued the block induced by dominant negative Ras. Our data suggest that Src kinases control the transcriptional activation of Myc.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,DIFFERENTIAT PROGRAMME,D-69012 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   SUGEN INC,REDWOOD CITY,CA 94063.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
NR 30
TC 292
Z9 312
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 509
EP 512
DI 10.1038/378509a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400076
PM 7477410
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KRIEG, AM
   YI, AK
   MATSON, S
   WALDSCHMIDT, TJ
   BISHOP, GA
   TEASDALE, R
   KORETZKY, GA
   KLINMAN, DM
AF KRIEG, AM
   YI, AK
   MATSON, S
   WALDSCHMIDT, TJ
   BISHOP, GA
   TEASDALE, R
   KORETZKY, GA
   KLINMAN, DM
TI CPG MOTIFS IN BACTERIAL-DNA TRIGGER DIRECT B-CELL ACTIVATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID systemic lupus-erythematosus; binding; oligonucleotides; phosphorothioate; stimulation; lymphocytes; fragments; mice
AB UNMETHYLATED CpG dinucleotides are more frequent in the genomes of bacteria and viruses than of vertebrates. We report here that bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CPG dinucleotides induce murine B cells to proliferate and secrete immunoglobulin in vitro and in vivo. This activation is enhanced by simultaneous signals delivered through the antigen receptor. Optimal B-cell activation requires a DNA motif in which an unmethylated CpG dinucleotide is flanked by two 5' purines and two 3' py,rimidines. Oligodeoxynucleotides containing this CpG motif induce more than 95% of all spleen B cells to enter the cell cycle. These data suggest a possible evolutionary link between immune defence based on the recognition of microbial DNA and the phenomenon of CpG suppression' in vertebrates. The potent immune activation by CpG oligonucleotides has implications for the design and interpretation of studies using 'antisense' oligonucleotides and points to possible new applications as adjuvants.
C1 UNIV IOWA,COLL MED,DEPT PATHOL,IOWA CITY,IA 52242.
   UNIV IOWA,COLL MED,DEPT MICROBIOL,IOWA CITY,IA 52242.
   UNIV IOWA,COLL MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,IOWA CITY,IA 52242.
   VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,IOWA CITY,IA 52246.
   US FDA,CTR BIOL EVALUAT & RES,RETROVIRAL IMMUNOL SECT,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 University of Iowa; University of Iowa; University of Iowa; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); Iowa City VA Health Care System; US Food & Drug Administration (FDA); Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research (CBER)
RP KRIEG, AM (corresponding author), UNIV IOWA,COLL MED,DEPT INTERNAL MED,IOWA CITY,IA 52242, USA.
NR 29
TC 2983
Z9 3772
U1 3
U2 197
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 546
EP 549
DI 10.1038/374546a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900053
PM 7700380
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JO, SA
   ZHU, XJ
   MARCHIONNI, MA
   BURDEN, SJ
AF JO, SA
   ZHU, XJ
   MARCHIONNI, MA
   BURDEN, SJ
TI NEUREGULINS ARE CONCENTRATED AT NERVE-MUSCLE SYNAPSES AND ACTIVATE ACH-RECEPTOR GENE-EXPRESSION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acetylcholine-receptor; subunit gene; transgenic mice; epsilon-subunit; basal lamina; family; protein; member; neu; her4/p180(erbb4)
AB Two different signalling pathways mediate the localization of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) to synaptic sites in skeletal muscle. The signal for one pathway is agrin, a protein that triggers a redistribution of previously unlocalized cell surface AChRs to synaptic sites(1). The signal for the other pathway is not known, but this signal stimulates transcription of AChR genes in myofibre nuclei near the synaptic site(2). Neuregulins, identified originally as a potential ligand for erbB2 (Neu differentiation factor, NDF)(3), stimulate proliferation of Schwann cells (glial growth factor, GGF)(4), increase the rate of AChR synthesis in cultured muscle cells (AChR-inducing activity)(5) and are expressed in motor neurons(4,5). These results raise the possibility that neuregulin is the signal that activates AChR genes in synaptic nuclei. Here we show that neuregulin activates AChR gene expression in C2 muscle cells and that the neuregulin response element in the AChR delta-subunit gene is contained in the same 181 base pairs that confer synapse-specific expression in transgenic mice. We use antibodies to show that neuregulins are concentrated at synaptic sites and that, like the extracellular signal that stimulates synapse-specific expression, neuregulins remain at synaptic sites in the absence of nerve and muscle. We show that C2 muscle cells contain erbB2 and erbB3 messenger RNA but little or no erbB4 mRNA, and that neuregulin stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of erbB2 and erbB3, indicating that neuregulin signalling in skeletal muscle may be mediated by a complex of erbB2 and erbB3.
C1 MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   CAMBRIDGE NEUROSCI INC,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP JO, SA (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,CTR BLOOD RES,200 LONGWOOD AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 28
TC 249
Z9 276
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6510
BP 158
EP 161
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QB063
UT WOS:A1995QB06300061
PM 7816098
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CORIA, RA
   SALGADO, L
AF CORIA, RA
   SALGADO, L
TI A NEW GIANT CARNIVOROUS DINOSAUR FROM THE CRETACEOUS OF PATAGONIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB LARGE carnivorous animals, the top members of the trophic chain, are rare, and flesh-eating dinosaurs were rarer still. For years the only known giant theropods were Tyrannosaurus rex(1) and the poorly known Deinocheirus mirificus(2), both from the Northern Hemisphere, but many important new dinosaurs have been discovered in the Southern Hemisphere during the past decade, considerably increasing our knowledge of ancient ecosystems. Here me report a new giant carnivorous dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of northwestern Patagonia (Argentina). This new taxon, Giganotosaurus carolinii gen, et. sp, nov., is characterized by a proportionally low skull, a reduced shoulder girdle, and robust vertebrae and hind limbs. It represents a primitive evolutionary iteration of large theropods, and provides an opportunity to examine the Gondwanan dinosaur palaeocommunities and their relationships to those from Laurasia. Several characters place G. carolinii within the Tetanurae(3), and closer to Neotetanurae(4) than to Torvosauroidea(4). G. carolinii is the largest theropod ever recorded from the Southern Hemisphere, and is probably the world's biggest predatory dinosaur, having a body 12.5 metres long and an estimated weight of 6 to 8 tonnes.
C1 UNIV NACL COMAHUE,MUSEO CIENCIAS NAT,RA-8300 NEUQUEN,ARGENTINA.
C3 Universidad Nacional del Comahue
RP CORIA, RA (corresponding author), MUSEO CARMEN FUNES,RA-8318 PLAZA HUINCUL,ARGENTINA.
NR 17
TC 157
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 224
EP 226
DI 10.1038/377224a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200037
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROUZO, S
   RABINOWICZ, M
   BRIAIS, A
AF ROUZO, S
   RABINOWICZ, M
   BRIAIS, A
TI SEGMENTATION OF MIDOCEAN RIDGES WITH AN AXIAL VALLEY INDUCED BY SMALL-SCALE MANTLE CONVECTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID australian-antarctic discordance; atlantic ridge; midocean ridges; isostatic compensation; spreading center; south-atlantic; propagation; beneath; discontinuity; morphology
AB THE small-scale segmentation of mid-ocean ridges with an axial rise has been modelled by considering each ridge segment as a giant crack in the lithosphere with a tip propagating along the ridge axis(1,2). For ridges with an axial valley, however, this type of model fails because the lithosphere is too thick to tear(3). Yet such ridges are clearly segmented, as defined by morphology, gravity and structure at the 50-100 km length scale. The-ridge offsets are large(4,5), and vary dramatically with time. This type of segmentation is commonly related to a three-dimensional, small-scale mantle flow occurring in the partially molten asthenosphere below the ridge(6-8). Here we propose a model for segmentation in such ridges, in which the convective flow below the ridge favours an asymmetrical breaking of the axial-valley lithosphere. This leads to the development and separation of ridge segments in a pattern that mimics the observed geometry and temporal evolution of the segmentation of most ridges,vith an axial valley, If our model is correct, it implies that coupling of oceanic lithosphere to small-scale convection controls the dynamics of mid-ocean ridges.
C1 GRP RECH GEODESIE SPATIALE,CNRS,UMR39,F-31400 TOULOUSE,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP ROUZO, S (corresponding author), GRP RECH GEODESIE SPATIALE,CNRS,UPR234,14 AVE EDOUARD BELIN,F-31400 TOULOUSE,FRANCE.
NR 31
TC 20
Z9 20
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6525
BP 795
EP 798
DI 10.1038/374795a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QV315
UT WOS:A1995QV31500041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KARL, DM
   LETELIER, R
   HEBEL, D
   TUPAS, L
   DORE, J
   CHRISTIAN, J
   WINN, C
AF KARL, DM
   LETELIER, R
   HEBEL, D
   TUPAS, L
   DORE, J
   CHRISTIAN, J
   WINN, C
TI ECOSYSTEM CHANGES IN THE NORTH PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL GYRE ATTRIBUTED TO THE 1991-92 EL-NINO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocean; trichodesmium
AB SUBTROPICAL ocean gyres are considered to be the marine analogues of terrestrial deserts because of chronic nutrient depletion and low standing stocks of organisms(1). Despite their presumed low rates of primary and export production, oligotrophic habitats contribute significantly to global productivity because of their large extent(2). Therefore, even small changes in ecosystem production can produce large effects in the global carbon cycle. The North Pacific subtropical gyre has generally been thought to support a homogeneous, stable biological community(3,4), but recent investigations have suggested instead that the ecosystem of this gyre is temporally and spatially variable(5-7). The causes of this variability are not well understood. Here we present evidence of a major change in the structure and productivity of the pelagic ecosystem in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean, an effect that we attribute to the 1991-92 EI Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. Decreased upper-ocean mixing and a change in circulation resulted in an increased abundance and activity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms and a shift from a primarily nitrogen-limited to a primarily phosphorus-limited habitat with attendant changes in total and export production and in nutrient cycling pathways and rates.
RP KARL, DM (corresponding author), UNIV HAWAII, SCH OCEAN & EARTH SCI & TECHNOL, DEPT OCEANOG, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA.
NR 29
TC 257
Z9 271
U1 1
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6511
BP 230
EP 234
DI 10.1038/373230a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QC278
UT WOS:A1995QC27800058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EPSTEIN, RI
   BUCHWALD, MI
   EDWARDS, BC
   GOSNELL, TR
   MUNGAN, CE
AF EPSTEIN, RI
   BUCHWALD, MI
   EDWARDS, BC
   GOSNELL, TR
   MUNGAN, CE
TI OBSERVATION OF LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENT COOLING OF A SOLID
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE possibility that an object might cool through its interaction with radiation vas suggested as early as 1929 by Pringsheim(1) After Landau(2) established the basic thermodynamic consistency of such a process, certain aspects of fluorescent cooling were vigorously pursued(3-11). In particular, laser 'Doppler' cooling of gas-phase atoms and ions has today grown into a robust research area In contrast, attempts to cool solids with light have met with limited success; non-radiative heating effects tend to dominate, and fluorescent cooling has at best resulted in a reduction in overall heating rates(6). Here we report the experimental realization of net cooling of a solid with radiation. The cooling efficiencies achieved (up to 2%) are more than 10(4) times those observed in Doppler cooling of gases. By pumping a fluorescent cooling element with a high-efficiency diode laser, it may be possible to construct a compact, solid-state optical cryocooler, thereby allowing widespread deployment of cryogenic electronics and detectors in space and elsewhere(16).
C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,CONDENSED MATTER & THERMAL PHYS GRP,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP EPSTEIN, RI (corresponding author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,ASTROPHYS & RADIAT MEASUREMENT GRP,NIS-2,MAIL STOP D436,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545, USA.
NR 19
TC 657
Z9 741
U1 2
U2 101
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 500
EP 503
DI 10.1038/377500a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GILBERT, SP
   WEBB, MR
   BRUNE, M
   JOHNSON, KA
AF GILBERT, SP
   WEBB, MR
   BRUNE, M
   JOHNSON, KA
TI PATHWAY OF PROCESSIVE ATP HYDROLYSIS BY KINESIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adp release; microtubules; movement; myosin; motor; identification; subfragment-1; actomyosin; molecules; motility
AB Direct measurement of the kinetics of kinesin dissociation from microtubules, the release of phosphate and ADP from kinesin, and rebinding of kinesin to the microtubule have defined the mechanism for the kinesin ATPase cycle. The processivity of ATP hydrolysis is ten molecules per site at low salt concentration but is reduced to one ATP per site at higher salt concentration. Kinesin dissociates from the microtubule after ATP hydrolysis. This step is rate-limiting. The subsequent rebinding of kinesin ADP to the microtubule is fast, so kinesin spends only a small fraction of its duty cycle in the dissociated state. These results provide an explanation for the motility differences between skeletal myosin and kinesin.
C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802.
   NATL INST MED RES,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM026726] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 265
Z9 301
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 671
EP 676
DI 10.1038/373671a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800045
PM 7854446
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HODELL, DA
   CURTIS, JH
   BRENNER, M
AF HODELL, DA
   CURTIS, JH
   BRENNER, M
TI POSSIBLE ROLE OF CLIMATE IN THE COLLAPSE OF CLASSIC MAYA CIVILIZATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lake valencia; record; panama; calibration; venezuela; america; florida; history; aridity; pollen
AB THE Maya civilization developed around 3,000 years ago in Mesoamerica, and after flourishing during the so-called Classic period, it collapsed around 750-900 AD(1). It has been speculated(2-6) that climate change may have played a part in this collapse. But efforts to reconstruct the last three millennia of Mesoamerican climate using palynological methods have met with equivocal success, because human-mediated deforestation has altered regional vegetation in ways that mimic climate shifts, making it difficult to discriminate between natural and anthropogenic changes(7-15). Here we use temporal variations in oxygen isotope and sediment composition in a 4.9-m sediment core from Lake Chichancanab, Mexico, to reconstruct a continuous record of Holocene climate change for the central Yucatan peninsula. The interval between 1,300 and 1,100 yr up (AD 800-1,000) was the driest of the middle to late Holocene epoch, and coincided with the collapse of Classic Maya civilization, This continuous climate proxy record thus provides evidence of climate deterioration in the Maya region during the terminal Classic period.
C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT FISHERIES & AQUAT SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32653.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida
RP HODELL, DA (corresponding author), UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT GEOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA.
NR 41
TC 682
Z9 826
U1 5
U2 249
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6530
BP 391
EP 394
DI 10.1038/375391a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RB101
UT WOS:A1995RB10100049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RENZINI, A
   GREGGIO, L
   ALIGHIERI, SD
   CAPPELLARI, M
   BURSTEIN, D
   BERTOLA, F
AF RENZINI, A
   GREGGIO, L
   ALIGHIERI, SD
   CAPPELLARI, M
   BURSTEIN, D
   BERTOLA, F
TI AN ULTRAVIOLET FLARE AT THE CENTER OF THE ELLIPTIC GALAXY NGC4552
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nearby galaxy
AB MOST present-day galaxies are not 'active', in that they show no signs of continuing, high-energy events. The high energy output of an active galaxy is usually attributed to accretion of gas onto a massive black hole at its centre. Yet it remains an open question whether such black holes might exist at the centre of most large galaxies, and be undetected because no gas is presently being accreted to power a nuclear emission(1). Here we report the detection of an ultraviolet flare at the centre of NGC4552, an otherwise optically quiescent elliptical galaxy. The flare reached a luminosity about one million times that of the Sun, and probably arose from a mild accretion event onto a central black hole. The accreted gas could have come either from a star passing nearby, or from an interstellar cloud. This serendipitous discovery suggests that ultraviolet flares near the centres of galaxies may be common events, and offers a new way to search for black-hole-related activities in otherwise quiescent galaxies.
C1 UNIV BOLOGNA, DEPT ASTRON, I-40126 BOLOGNA, ITALY.
   OSSERV ASTROFIS ARCETRI, FLORENCE, ITALY.
   UNIV PADUA, DEPT ASTRON, PADUA, ITALY.
   ARIZONA STATE UNIV, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, TEMPE, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 University of Bologna; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Padua; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP RENZINI, A (corresponding author), EUROPEAN SO OBSERV, D-85748 GARCHING, GERMANY.
NR 19
TC 83
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 39
EP 41
DI 10.1038/378039a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HIRATA, J
   NAKAGOSHI, H
   NABESHIMA, Y
   MATSUZAKI, F
AF HIRATA, J
   NAKAGOSHI, H
   NABESHIMA, Y
   MATSUZAKI, F
TI ASYMMETRIC SEGREGATION OF THE HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN PROSPERO DURING DROSOPHILA DEVELOPMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; transformation; embryos; cells
AB ASYMMETRIC divisions that produce two distinct cells play fundamental roles in generating different cell types during development(1,2). In the Drosophila central nervous system, neural stem cells called neuroblasts divide unequally into another neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell which is Subsequently cleaved into neurons. Correct gene expression of ganglion mother tells requires the transcription factor Prospero(3-5). Here we demonstrate the asymmetric segregation of Prospero on neuroblast division, Prospero synthesized in neuroblasts is retained in the cytoplasm and at mitosis is exclusively partitioned to ganglion mother cells, in which it is translocated to the nucleus, Differential segregation of Prospero was also found in the endoderm. We have identified a region in Prospero that is responsible for this event, The region shares a common motif with Numb(6), which also shows unequal segregation(7). We propose that asymmetric segregation of transcription factors is an intrinsic mechanism for establishing asymmetry in gene expression between sibling cells.
C1 UNIV TOKYO,FAC MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP HIRATA, J (corresponding author), NATL CTR NEUROL & PSYCHIAT,NATL INST NEUROSCI,DEPT MOLEC GENET,4-1-1 OGAWAHIGASHI,KODAIRA,TOKYO 187,JAPAN.
NR 27
TC 309
Z9 332
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 627
EP 630
DI 10.1038/377627a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500051
PM 7566173
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MUGLIA, L
   JACOBSON, L
   DIKKES, P
   MAJZOUB, JA
AF MUGLIA, L
   JACOBSON, L
   DIKKES, P
   MAJZOUB, JA
TI CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE DEFICIENCY REVEALS MAJOR FETAL BUT NOT ADULT GLUCOCORTICOID NEED
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID respiratory-distress syndrome; surfactant; dexamethasone; expression; secretion; stress
AB The body responds to stress by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and release of glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoid production in the adult regulates carbohydrate and amino-acid metabolism, maintains blood pressure, and restrains the inflammatory response(1). In the fetus, exogenous glucocorticoids accelerate maturation of lung(2) and gastrointestinal enzyme systems(3) and promote hepatic glycogen deposition(4). Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a 41-amino-acid neuropeptide produced in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and many regions of the cerebral cortex(5,6), has been implicated in both the HPA axis(7) and behavioural responses(8) to stress. To define the importance of CRH in the response of the HPA axis to stress and fetal development, we have constructed a mammalian model of CRH deficiency by targeted mutation in embryonic stem (ES) cells(9). We report here that corticotropin-releasing hormone-deficient mice reveal a fetal glucocorticoid requirement for lung maturation. Postnatally, despite marked glucocorticoid deficiency, these mice exhibit normal growth, fertility and longevity, suggesting that the major role of glucocorticoid is during fetal rather than postnatal life.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, CHILDRENS HOSP, SCH MED, DEPT NEUROL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP MUGLIA, L (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DIV ENDOCRINOL, 300 LONGWOOD AVE, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 444
Z9 474
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6513
BP 427
EP 432
DI 10.1038/373427a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QE670
UT WOS:A1995QE67000056
PM 7830793
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HENRY, RW
   SADOWSKI, CL
   KOBAYASHI, R
   HERNANDEZ, N
AF HENRY, RW
   SADOWSKI, CL
   KOBAYASHI, R
   HERNANDEZ, N
TI A TBP-TAF COMPLEX REQUIRED FOR TRANSCRIPTION OF HUMAN SNRNA GENES BY RNA-POLYMERASE-II AND RNA-POLYMERASE-III
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tata-binding protein; factor-tfiiib
AB THE TATA-box-binding protein TBP exists in the cell complexed with different sets of TBP-associated factors (TAFs)(1). In general, each of these TBP-TAP complexes is dedicated to transcription by a single RNA polymerase. Thus, SL1, TFIID and TFIIIB are required for transcription by polymerases I, II and III, respectively(2-10). Here we characterize a fourth TBP-TAF complex called SNAPc(11). Unlike the other TBP-TAF complexes, SNAPc is implicated in transcription by two types of polymerases; it is required for transcription of both the RNA polymerase II and III small-nuclear RNA genes and binds specifically to the proximal sequence element PSE, a non-TATA-box basal promoter element common to these two types of genes(11-13). In addition to TBP, SNAPc is composed of at least three TAFs, SNAP43, SNAP45 and SNAP50. The predicted amino-acid sequence of SNAP43 reveals that it corresponds to a new protein.
C1 SUNY STONY BROOK, DEPT PHARMACOL, STONY BROOK, NY 11794 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP HENRY, RW (corresponding author), COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, POB 100, COLD SPRING HARBOR, NY 11724 USA.
NR 16
TC 129
Z9 149
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6523
BP 653
EP 656
DI 10.1038/374653a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QT189
UT WOS:A1995QT18900063
PM 7715707
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FRASCH, M
AF FRASCH, M
TI INDUCTION OF VISCERAL AND CARDIAC MESODERM BY ECTODERMAL DPP IN THE EARLY DROSOPHILA EMBRYO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone morphogenetic protein-4; homeobox-containing gene; ventralizing factor; beta family; germ layers; cell fates; xenopus; expression; pattern; repression
AB AFTER gastrulation, progenitor cells of the cardiac, visceral and body wall musculature arise at defined positions within the mesodermal layer of the Drosophila embryo(1-4). The regulatory mechanisms underlying this process of pattern formation are largely unknown, although ablation experiments carried out in other insects indicate that inductive influences from ectodermal cells have major roles in embryonic mesoderm differentiation(5,6). An early and important event in the regional subdivision of the mesoderm is the restriction of tinman expression to dorsal mesodermal cells(2,3). Genetic analysis has shown that this homeobox gene controls the formation of the visceral musculature and the heart from dorsal portions of the mesoderm(3,7). We now show that an inductive signal from dorsal ectodermal cells is required for activation of tinman in the underlying mesoderm and present evidence that Decapentaplegic (Dpp), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily(8), serves as a signalling molecule in this process. This demonstrates that the spatial expression of dpp in the ectoderm determines which cells of the mesoderm become competent to develop into visceral mesoderm and the heart.
RP FRASCH, M (corresponding author), CUNY MT SINAI SCH MED,BROOKDALE CTR MOLEC BIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10029, USA.
NR 30
TC 358
Z9 401
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 464
EP 467
DI 10.1038/374464a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900061
PM 7700357
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SINGH, HB
   KANAKIDOU, M
   CRUTZEN, PJ
   JACOB, DJ
AF SINGH, HB
   KANAKIDOU, M
   CRUTZEN, PJ
   JACOB, DJ
TI HIGH-CONCENTRATIONS AND PHOTOCHEMICAL FATE OF OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS IN THE GLOBAL TROPOSPHERE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organic-compounds; atmosphere; chemistry; emissions
AB OXYGENATED species in the atmosphere are important sources of free radicals and are intricately linked with the fate of nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are themsel es necessary for tropospheric ozone formation(1,2). With the exception of formaldehyde, oxygenated hydrocarbons have rarely been measured in the free troposphere. Here we report airborne measurements indicating the presence of high concentrations (compared to those of routinely measured C-2-C-6 tropospheric hydrocarbons(3,4)) of acetone and methanol. We use a three-dimensional model to show that acetone photochemistry provides a quantitatively significant (up to 50%) pathway for sequestering NOx in the form of peroxyacetylnitrate, a relatively unreactive temporary reservoir of NOx. Furthermore, in the dry regions of the upper troposphere, acetone can provide a large primary source of HOx (OH + HO2) radicals, resulting in increased ozone production. This surprisingly significant contribution of such oxygenated hydrocarbons to tropospheric NOx, HOx and ozone cycling is likely to be affected by their changing natural and anthropogenic emissions due to land-use change, biomass burning and alcohol-based biofuel use.
C1 CEA,CNRS,CTR FAIBLES RADIOACTIV,F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
   MAX PLANCK INST CHEM,D-55020 MAINZ,GERMANY.
   HARVARD UNIV,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Max Planck Society; Harvard University
RP SINGH, HB (corresponding author), NASA,AMES RES CTR,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035, USA.
NR 26
TC 516
Z9 567
U1 0
U2 111
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 50
EP 54
DI 10.1038/378050a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KNOBLICH, JA
   JAN, LY
   JAN, YN
AF KNOBLICH, JA
   JAN, LY
   JAN, YN
TI ASYMMETRIC SEGREGATION OF NUMB AND PROSPERO DURING CELL-DIVISION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; c-elegans embryos; caenorhabditis-elegans; drosophila embryos; gene; embryogenesis; visualization; cytokinesis; patterns; granules
AB A CELL can divide asymmetrically by specifically segregating a determinant into one of its daughter cells(1). The Numb protein is a candidate for such a determinant in the asymmetric cell divisions of the developing Drosophila nervous system(2,3). Numb is a membrane-associated protein that localizes asymmetrically during cell division and segregates into one daughter cell, where it is required for the specification of the correct cell fate(3-5). Here we show that a nuclear protein, Prospero(6,7), translocates to the membrane at the beginning of cell division and colocalizes with Numb throughout mitosis, suggesting a common mechanism for asymmetric segregation. Numb and Prospero localization is coupled to mitosis and tightly correlated with the position of one of the two centrosomes. In contrast to centrosome positioning, however, Numb and Prospero localization is independent of microtubules. Cytochalasin D treatment suggests that the process is also independent of actin, We propose that there is an organizer of asymmetric cell division which provides positional information for both the orientation of the mitotic spindle and asymmetric localization of Numb and Prospero.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PHYSIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP KNOBLICH, JA (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 26
TC 426
Z9 483
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 624
EP 627
DI 10.1038/377624a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500050
PM 7566172
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CRICK, F
   KOCH, C
AF CRICK, F
   KOCH, C
TI ARE WE AWARE OF NEURAL ACTIVITY IN PRIMARY VISUAL-CORTEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID selective cells; macaque; monkey; organization; cat
AB It is usually assumed that people are visually aware of at least some of the neuronal activity in the primary visual area, V1, of the neocortex. But the neuroanatomy of the macaque monkey suggests that, although primates may be aware of neural activity in other visual cortical areas, they are not directly aware of that in area V1. There is some psychophysical evidence in humans that supports this hypothesis.
C1 CALTECH, COMPUTAT & NEURAL SYST PROGRAM, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP CRICK, F (corresponding author), SALK INST BIOL STUDIES, 10010 N TORREY PINES RD, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
NR 43
TC 603
Z9 670
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6527
BP 121
EP 123
DI 10.1038/375121a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QX741
UT WOS:A1995QX74100042
PM 7753166
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KOCH, AE
   HALLORAN, MM
   HASKELL, CJ
   SHAH, MR
   POLVERINI, PJ
AF KOCH, AE
   HALLORAN, MM
   HASKELL, CJ
   SHAH, MR
   POLVERINI, PJ
TI ANGIOGENESIS MEDIATED BY SOLUBLE FORMS OF E-SELECTIN AND VASCULAR CELL-ADHESION MOLECULE-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-endothelial-cells; tumor necrosis factor; expression; distinct; epitopes; lewis
AB ENDOTHELIAL adhesion molecules facilitate the entry of leukocytes into inflamed tissues. This in turn promotes neovascularization, a process central to the progression of rheumatoid arthritis, tumour growth and wound repair(1). Here we test the hypothesis that soluble endothelial adhesion molecules promote angiogenesis(2-4), Human recombinant soluble E-selectin and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 induced chemotaxis of human endothelial cells in vitro and were angiogenic in rat cornea. Soluble E-selectin acted on endothelial cells in part through a sialyl Lewis-X-dependent mechanism, while soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 acted on endothelial cells in part through a very late antigen (VLA)-4 dependent mechanism, The chemotactic activity of rheumatoid synovial fluid for endothelial cells, and also its angiogenic activity, were blocked by antibodies to either soluble E-selectin or soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. These results suggest a novel function for soluble endothelial adhesion molecules as mediators of angiogenesis.
C1 LAKESIDE VET ADM MED CTR,CHICAGO,IL 60611.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH DENT,MOLEC PATHOGENESIS LAB,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP KOCH, AE (corresponding author), NORTHWESTERN UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,ARTHRIT & CONNECT TISSUE DIS SECT,303 E CHICAGO AVE,CHICAGO,IL 60611, USA.
NR 25
TC 536
Z9 610
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6540
BP 517
EP 519
DI 10.1038/376517a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RN622
UT WOS:A1995RN62200045
PM 7543654
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PUSCH, M
   LUDEWIG, U
   REHFELDT, A
   JENTSCH, TJ
AF PUSCH, M
   LUDEWIG, U
   REHFELDT, A
   JENTSCH, TJ
TI GATING OF THE VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT CHLORIDE CHANNEL CIC-O BY THE PERMEANT ANION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potassium channel; sodium-channel; amino-acids; k+ channels; inactivation; activation; expression; mutations; cloning
AB CHLORIDE channels of the ClC family are important for the control of membrane excitability(1-3), cell volume regulation(4,5), and possibly transepithelial transport lacking the typical voltage-sensor found in cation gating of ClC channels is clearly voltage-dependent. For the prototype Torpedo channel ClC-0 (refs 11-15) we now show that channel opening is strongly facilitated by external chloride. Other less permeable anions can substitute for chloride with less efficiency. ClC-0 conductance shows an anomalous mole fraction behaviour with Cl-/NO3- mixtures, suggesting a multi-ion pore. Gating shows a similar anomalous behaviour, tightly linking permeation to gating. Eliminating a positive charge at the cytoplasmic end of domain D12 changes kinetics, concentration dependence and halide selectivity of gating, and alters pore properties such as ion selectivity, single-channel conductance and rectification. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that in these channels voltage-dependent gating is conferred by the permeating ion itself, acting as the gating charge.
C1 UNIV HAMBURG,CTR MOLEC NEUROBIOL,D-20246 HAMBURG,GERMANY.
C3 University of Hamburg
NR 29
TC 315
Z9 338
U1 1
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6514
BP 527
EP 531
DI 10.1038/373527a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QF724
UT WOS:A1995QF72400061
PM 7845466
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PACKER, C
   COLLINS, DA
   SINDIMWO, A
   GOODALL, J
AF PACKER, C
   COLLINS, DA
   SINDIMWO, A
   GOODALL, J
TI REPRODUCTIVE CONSTRAINTS ON AGGRESSIVE COMPETITION IN FEMALE BABOONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID olive baboons; papio-anubis; primates; age
AB COMPETITIVE interaction between females of the same social group is characteristic of most primate species(1-3). In old World monkeys, females of high social rank maintain priority of access to scarce resources and harass low-ranking companions(1-6). But different field studies have found differing correlations between female dominance and reproductive success: several populations show an advantage of rank whereas others do not(1,3,5,7). Although such variation may reflect divergent levels of predation, food availability or social stress in different environments, female competitive ability may also be balanced by significant reproductive costs and thus be subject to strong stabilizing selection, We report here that high-ranking female baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) at Gombe National Park, Tanzania, enjoy shorter interbirth intervals, improved infant survival, and accelerated maturation of their daughters. These advantages, however, are countered by a significantly higher probability of miscarriage, and a proportion of high-ranking females suffer from reduced fertility.
C1 UNIV EDINBURGH,INST CELL ANIM & POPULAT BIOL,ASHWORTH LAB,EDINBURGH EH9 3JT,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   GOMBE STREAM RES CTR,KIGOMA,TANZANIA.
C3 University of Edinburgh
RP PACKER, C (corresponding author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT EEB,1987 UPPER BUFORD CIRCLE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA.
NR 27
TC 144
Z9 161
U1 1
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6509
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/373060a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QA239
UT WOS:A1995QA23900054
PM 7800039
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TECOTT, LH
   SUN, LM
   AKANA, SF
   STRACK, AM
   LOWENSTEIN, DH
   DALLMAN, MF
   JULIUS, D
AF TECOTT, LH
   SUN, LM
   AKANA, SF
   STRACK, AM
   LOWENSTEIN, DH
   DALLMAN, MF
   JULIUS, D
TI EATING DISORDER AND EPILEPSY IN MICE LACKING 5-HT2C SEROTONIN RECEPTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna; nervous-system; rat-brain
AB SEROTONIN (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a monoaminergic neurotransmitter that is believed to modulate numerous sensory, motor and behavioural processes in the mammalian nervous system(1-3). These diverse responses are elicited through the activation of a large family of receptor subtypes(4). The complexity of this signalling system and the paucity of selective drugs have made it difficult to define specific roles for 5-HT receptor subtypes, or to determine bow serotonergic drugs modulate mood and behaviour. To address these issues, we have generated mutant mice lacking functional 5-HT2C receptors (previously termed 5-HT1C), prominent G-protein-coupled receptors that are widely expressed throughout the brain and spinal cord and which have been proposed to mediate numerous central nervous system (CNS) actions of serotonin(3.5-6). Here we show that 5-HT2C receptor-deficient mice are overweight as a result of abnormal control of feeding behaviour, establishing a role for this receptor in the serotonergic control of appetite. Mutant animals are also prone to spontaneous death from seizures, suggesting that 5-HT2C receptors mediate tonic inhibition of neuronal network excitability.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT PHARMACOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT PSYCHIAT, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT PHYSIOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT NEUROL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT ANAT, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 30
TC 1108
Z9 1261
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 542
EP 546
DI 10.1038/374542a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900052
PM 7700379
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHEN, CT
   WANG, YB
   WU, BC
   WU, KC
   ZENG, WL
   YU, LH
AF CHEN, CT
   WANG, YB
   WU, BC
   WU, KC
   ZENG, WL
   YU, LH
TI DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF AN ULTRAVIOLET-TRANSPARENT NONLINEAR-OPTICAL CRYSTAL SR2BE2B2O7
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB POWERFUL, tunable ultraviolet laser sources, required for many spectroscopic applications, rely on the frequency-doubling of lasers in the visible range. Such second-harmonic generation (SHG) depends on the development of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials with high SHG coefficients, a wide transparent region in the ultraviolet, and moderate birefringence. Few such materials are available; those most widely used at present are the inorganic crystals beta-BaB2O4 (BBO)(1) and LiB3O5 (LBO)(2). These crystals are effective for SHG only down to wavelengths of 205 nm (ref. 3), because of a limited ultraviolet-transparent range in the former case and birefringence problems in the latter. We have developed previously(4) a new inorganic NLO crystal, KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF); which avoids both of these problems to a large degree. But it is hard to grow large crystals of KBBF because of weak binding between its layered structural units. We have now developed an improved material by rational design: Sr2Be2B2O7 (SBBO), which shares (and in fact slightly improves on) all of the favourable NLO properties of KBBF and is easy to grow as large (so far up to 7 x 7 x 3 mm) crystals of high optical quality. The large SHG coefficients and wide range of ultraviolet transparency make this material a promising candidate for frequency doubling into the ultraviolet.
RP CHEN, CT (corresponding author), CHINESE ACAD SCI,FUJIAN INST RES STRUCT MATTER,FUZHOU 350002,PEOPLES R CHINA.
NR 12
TC 927
Z9 977
U1 3
U2 356
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 322
EP 324
DI 10.1038/373322a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FARNSWORTH, CL
   FRESHNEY, NW
   ROSEN, LB
   GHOSH, A
   GREENBERG, ME
   FEIG, LA
AF FARNSWORTH, CL
   FRESHNEY, NW
   ROSEN, LB
   GHOSH, A
   GREENBERG, ME
   FEIG, LA
TI CALCIUM ACTIVATION OF RAS MEDIATED BY NEURONAL EXCHANGE FACTOR RAS-GRF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; nucleotide exchange; protein; gene; expression; domain; cdc25; identification; association; inhibition
AB TYROSINE kinase receptors stimulate the Ras signalling pathway by enhancing the activity of the SOS nucleotide-exchange factor(1) This occurs, at least in part, by the recruitment of an SOS-GRB2 complex to Ras in the plasma membrane. Here we describe a different signalling pathway to Ras that involves activation of the Ras-GRF exchange factor(2-4) in response to Ca2+-influx, In particular, se show that the ability of Ras-CRF to activate Ras in vivo is markedly enhanced by raised Ca2+ concentrations. Activation is mediated by calmodulin binding to an IQ motif(5) in Ras-GRF, because substitutions in conserved amino acids in this motif prevent both calmodulin binding to Ras-CRF and Ras-GRF activation in vivo, So far, full-length Ras-GRF has been detected only in brain neurons(2,6,7), Our findings implicate Ras-GRF in the regulation of neuronal functions that are influenced by Ca2+ signals.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,CHILDRENS HOSP,DEPT NEUROL,BOSTON,MA 02111.
   HARVARD UNIV,CHILDRENS HOSP,DIV NEUROSCI,BOSTON,MA 02111.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL,BOSTON,MA 01215.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP FARNSWORTH, CL (corresponding author), TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA.
NR 28
TC 388
Z9 444
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6540
BP 524
EP 527
DI 10.1038/376524a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RN622
UT WOS:A1995RN62200048
PM 7637786
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEWIS, C
   NEIDHART, S
   HOLY, C
   NORTH, RA
   BUELL, G
   SURPRENANT, A
AF LEWIS, C
   NEIDHART, S
   HOLY, C
   NORTH, RA
   BUELL, G
   SURPRENANT, A
TI COEXPRESSION OF P2X(2) AND P2X(3) RECEPTOR SUBUNITS CAN ACCOUNT FOR ATP-GATED CURRENTS IN SENSORY NEURONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat
AB Cation-selective P2X receptor channels were first described in sensory neurons(1-4) where they are important for primary afferent neurotransmission and nociception(5,6). Here we report the cloning of a complementary DNA (P2X(3)) from rat dorsal root ganglia that had properties dissimilar to those of sensory neurons. We also found RNA for (P2X(1)) (ref. 7), (P2X(2)) (ref. 8) and P2X(4) (ref. 9) in sensory neurons; channels expressed from individual cDNAs did not reproduce those of sensory ganglia. Coexpression of P2X(3) with P2X(2), but not other combinations, yielded ATP-activated currents that closely resembled those in sensory neurons. These properties could not be accounted for by addition of the two sets of channels, indicating that a new channel had formed by subunit heteropolymerization. Although in some tissues responses to ATP can be accounted for by homomeric channels(1,7-10), our results indicate that ATP-gated channels of sensory neurons may form by a specific heteropolymerization of P2X receptor subunits.
RP LEWIS, C (corresponding author), GLAXO INST MOLEC BIOL SA,CH-1228 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND.
NR 20
TC 904
Z9 990
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 432
EP 435
DI 10.1038/377432a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000050
PM 7566120
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VARNUM, BC
   YOUNG, C
   ELLIOTT, G
   GARCIA, A
   BARTLEY, TD
   FRIDELL, YW
   HUNT, RW
   TRAIL, G
   CLOGSTON, C
   TOSO, RJ
   YANAGIHARA, D
   BENNETT, L
   SYLBER, M
   MEREWETHER, LA
   TSENG, A
   ESCOBAR, E
   LIU, ET
   YAMANE, HK
AF VARNUM, BC
   YOUNG, C
   ELLIOTT, G
   GARCIA, A
   BARTLEY, TD
   FRIDELL, YW
   HUNT, RW
   TRAIL, G
   CLOGSTON, C
   TOSO, RJ
   YANAGIHARA, D
   BENNETT, L
   SYLBER, M
   MEREWETHER, LA
   TSENG, A
   ESCOBAR, E
   LIU, ET
   YAMANE, HK
TI AXL RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE STIMULATED BY THE VITAMIN-K-DEPENDENT PROTEIN ENCODED BY GROWTH-ARREST-SPECIFIC GENE-6
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID blood-coagulation; sequence; cdna
AB THE Axl receptor tyrosine kinase was identified as a protein encoded by a transforming gene from primary human myeloid leukaemia cells by DNA-mediated transformation of NIH 3T3 cells(1-3). Axl is the founding member of a family of related receptors that includes Eyk(4), encoded by a chicken proto-oncogene originally described as a retroviral transforming gene, and c-Mer(5), encoded by a human proto-oncogene expressed in neoplastic B- and T-cell lines. The transforming activity of Axl demonstrates that the receptor can drive cellular proliferation. The function of Axl in non-transformed cells and tissues is unknown, but may involve the stimulation of cell proliferation in response to an appropriate signal, namely a ligand that activates the receptor. We report here the purification of an Axl stimulatory factor, and its identification as the product of growth-arrest-specific gene 6 (ref. 6). This is, to our knowledge, the first description of a ligand for the Axl family of receptors.
C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,LINEBERGER COMPREHENS CANC CTR,DEPT MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP VARNUM, BC (corresponding author), AMGEN INC,AMGEN CTR,THOUSAND OAKS,CA 91320, USA.
NR 15
TC 433
Z9 500
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 623
EP 626
DI 10.1038/373623a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700057
PM 7854420
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHI, TH
   LIEBERMAN, P
   ELLWOOD, K
   CAREY, M
AF CHI, TH
   LIEBERMAN, P
   ELLWOOD, K
   CAREY, M
TI A GENERAL MECHANISM FOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL SYNERGY BY EUKARYOTIC ACTIVATORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epstein-barr-virus; rna polymerase-ii; preinitiation complex; gal4 derivatives; dna-binding; promoter; domains; zebra; initiation; interacts
AB One of the important regulatory concepts to emerge from studies of eukaryotic gene expression is that RNA polymerase II promoters and their upstream activators are composed of functional modules whose synergistic action regulates the transcriptional activity of a nearby gene(1-3). Biochemical analysis of synergy by ZEBRA, a non-acidic activator of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic cycle(4), showed that the synergistic transcriptional effect of promoter sites and activation modules correlates with assembly of the TFIID:TFIIA (DA) complex in DNase I footprinting and gel shift assays, The activator-dependent DA complex differs from a basal DA complex by its ability to bind TFIIB stably in an interaction regulated by TATA-binding protein-associated factors (TAFs), TFIIB enhances the degree of synergism by increasing complex stability. Similar findings were made with the acidic activator GAL4-VP16. Our data suggest a unifying mechanism for gene activation and synergy by acidic and non-acidic activators, and indicate that synergy is manifested at the earliest stage of preinitiation complex assembly.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH MED,DEPT BIOL CHEM,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
   ROCHE INST MOLEC BIOL,DEPT GENE EXPRESS,NUTLEY,NJ 07110.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
NR 29
TC 175
Z9 195
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 254
EP 257
DI 10.1038/377254a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200047
PM 7675113
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CASTANDER, FJ
   BOWER, RG
   ELLIS, RS
   ARAGONSALAMANCA, A
   MASON, KO
   HASINGER, G
   MCMAHON, RG
   CARRERA, FJ
   MITTAZ, JPD
   PEREZFOURNON, I
   LEHTO, HJ
AF CASTANDER, FJ
   BOWER, RG
   ELLIS, RS
   ARAGONSALAMANCA, A
   MASON, KO
   HASINGER, G
   MCMAHON, RG
   CARRERA, FJ
   MITTAZ, JPD
   PEREZFOURNON, I
   LEHTO, HJ
TI DEFICIT OF DISTANT X-RAY EMITTING GALAXY CLUSTERS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CLUSTER EVOLUTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID medium-sensitivity survey; sample; catalog; matter
AB CLUSTERS of galaxies are the largest gravitationally bound systems in the Universe and therefore provide important constraints on the formation and evolution of large-scale structure. Cluster evolution can be inferred from observations of the X-ray emission of the gas in distant clusters, but interpreting these data is not straight-forward. Tn a simplified view, clusters grow from perturbations in the matter distribution, and the intracluster gas is compressed and shock-heated by the gravitational collapse(1). If the gas is in hydrostatic equilibrium the resulting X-ray emission is related in a simple way to the evolving gravitational potential. But if processes such as radiative cooling or pre-collapse heating of the gas are also important, the X-ray evolution will be strongly influenced by the thermal history of the gas. Here we present the results of a faint flux-limited sample of X-ray selected clusters observed by Rosat. Very few distant dusters have been identified, and their redshift distribution seems to be inconsistent with simple models based on the evolution of the gravitational potential, Our results thus suggest that radiative cooling or non-gravitational heating of intracluster gas must be important in the evolution of clusters.
C1 ROYAL OBSERV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH EH6 3HJ, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND.
   UCL, MULLARD SPACE SCI LAB, DORKING RH5 6NT, SURREY, ENGLAND.
   MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERR PHYS, W-8046 GARCHING, GERMANY.
   ASTROPHYS INST POTSDAM, D-14482 POTSDAM, GERMANY.
   INST ASTROFIS CANARIAS, E-38200 LA LAGUNA, SPAIN.
   TURKU UNIV OBSERV, SF-21500 TUORLA, FINLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London; Max Planck Society; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias; University of Turku
RP CASTANDER, FJ (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE, INST ASTRON, MADINGLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HA, ENGLAND.
NR 13
TC 60
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6544
BP 39
EP 41
DI 10.1038/377039a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RT725
UT WOS:A1995RT72500048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEE, JW
   RYAN, F
   SWAFFIELD, JC
   JOHNSTON, SA
   MOORE, DD
AF LEE, JW
   RYAN, F
   SWAFFIELD, JC
   JOHNSTON, SA
   MOORE, DD
TI INTERACTION OF THYROID-HORMONE RECEPTOR WITH A CONSERVED TRANSCRIPTIONAL MEDIATOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 26-s protease; transactivation; activation; modulator; domain; yeast
AB THE thyroid-hormone receptors are hormone-dependent transcription factors that control expression of many target genes(1,2). This regulation is presumably a consequence of hormone-dependent contacts between the receptors and the basal transcription machinery(3). We used the yeast two-hybrid system(4,5) to identify a candidate human transcriptional mediator that interacts with both the thyroid-hormone receptor and the retinoid-X receptor in a ligand-dependent fashion. This protein, Trip1 (for thyroid-hormone-receptor Interacting protein), shares striking sequence conservation with the yeast transcriptional mediator Sug1 (refs 6, 7). Here we show that Trip1 can functionally substitute for Sug1 in yeast, and that both proteins interact in vitro with the thyroid-hormone receptor, acid with the transcriptional activation domains of yeast GAL4 and of herpes virus VP16.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT MED,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,DALLAS,TX 75235.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
RP LEE, JW (corresponding author), MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,WELLMAN 9,BOSTON,MA 02114, USA.
NR 20
TC 393
Z9 415
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 91
EP 94
DI 10.1038/374091a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900061
PM 7870181
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TSE, JS
   KLUG, DD
AF TSE, JS
   KLUG, DD
TI EVIDENCE FROM MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS FOR NONMETALLIC BEHAVIOR OF SOLID HYDROGEN ABOVE 160 GPA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; megabar pressures; dense hydrogen; approximation; transitions; temperature; deuterium; phases; vibron; energy
AB THE behaviour of molecular hydrogen at high pressures has implications for the interiors of the giant planets, which consist mainly of hydrogen, In particular, the question of whether solid hydrogen becomes metallic under these conditions has been much debated(1-9), in part because the structure that molecular hydrogen adopts at high pressure is not known, Here we report the results of first-principles molecular dynamics simulations of solid hydrogen at pressures up to 270 GPa. We find that at 77 K, hydrogen exists as a stable, orientationally disordered phase up to 60 GPa, consistent with experimental results(1,10). As the presssure is raised, a gradual transformation to an ordered orthorhombic structure begins at 160 GPa, and by 260 GPa the solid becomes semiconducting, with an indirect band gap of 1.4 eV. The calculated vibrational density of states of this phase is consistent with infrared and Raman spectra measured up to 160 GPa (ref. 11). Although limitations on the simulation time and size may result in an overestimate of the absolute pressure, our calculations show that solid hydrogen does not become metallic, even at pressures approaching 260 GPa.
RP TSE, JS (corresponding author), NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA, STEACIE INST MOLEC SCI, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA.
NR 29
TC 34
Z9 38
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 595
EP 597
DI 10.1038/378595a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100069
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YEATS, RS
   HUFTILE, GJ
AF YEATS, RS
   HUFTILE, GJ
TI THE OAK-RIDGE FAULT SYSTEM AND THE 1994 NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ventura-basin; california; deformation; tectonics
AB THE 17 January 1994 Northridge earthquake (moment magnitude M(W) = 6.7) in the San Fernando Valley in southern California illuminated a hitherto unrecognized blind reverse fault with a moderate southward dip(1). This fault lies beneath the active north-dipping Santa Susana fault system and uplifted both the footwall and the hanging wall of the Santa Susana fault during the earthquake(1). Here we argue that footwall uplift on the Santa Susana fault before the earthquake could have been used to identify the Northridge blind thrust as an active fault. Moreover, we propose that the Northridge earthquake occurred on a continuation of the Oak Ridge fault system, which reaches the surface in the Ventura basin to the west. Slip rates on the western part of this fault system(2,3) are nearly three times larger than on the Northridge blind thrust(4), increasing the probability of a Northridge-sized earthquake in the heavily populated Ventura basin.
RP YEATS, RS (corresponding author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA.
NR 17
TC 58
Z9 62
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6513
BP 418
EP 420
DI 10.1038/373418a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QE670
UT WOS:A1995QE67000053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VAUGHAN, J
   DONALDSON, C
   BITTENCOURT, J
   PERRIN, MH
   LEWIS, K
   SUTTON, S
   CHAN, R
   TURNBULL, AV
   LOVEJOY, D
   RIVIER, C
   RIVIER, J
   SAWCHENKO, PE
   VALE, W
AF VAUGHAN, J
   DONALDSON, C
   BITTENCOURT, J
   PERRIN, MH
   LEWIS, K
   SUTTON, S
   CHAN, R
   TURNBULL, AV
   LOVEJOY, D
   RIVIER, C
   RIVIER, J
   SAWCHENKO, PE
   VALE, W
TI UROCORTIN, A MAMMALIAN NEUROPEPTIDE RELATED TO FISH UROTENSIN-I AND TO CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID edinger-westphal nucleus; rat; expression; cloning; crf; sequence; receptor; system; gene
AB Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a peptide first isolated from mammalian brain(1), is critical in the regulation of the pituitary-adrenal axis, and in complementary stress-related endocrine, autonomic and behavioural responses(2). Fish urotensin I and amphibian sauvagine were considered to be homologues(3) of CRF until peptides even more closely related to CRF were identified in these same vertebrate classes(4,5). We have characterized another mammalian member of the CRF family and have localized its urotensin-like immunoreactivity to, and cloned related complementary DNAs from, a discrete rat midbrain region. The deduced protein encodes a peptide that we name urocortin, which is related to urotensin (63% sequence identity) and CRF (45% sequence identity). Synthetic urocortin evokes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) both in vitro and in vivo and binds and activates transfected type-1 CRF receptors(6,9), the subtype expressed by pituitary corticotropes. The coincidence of urotensin-like immunoreactivity with type-2 CRF receptors(10-13) in brain, and our observation that urocortin is more potent than CRF at binding and activating type-2 CRF receptors, as well as at inducing c-Fos (an index of cellular activation) in regions enriched in type-2 CRF receptors, indicate that this new peptide could be an endogenous ligand for type-2 CRF receptors.
C1 SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,CLAYTON FDN LABS PEPTIDE BIOL,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
   SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,NEURONAL STRUCT & FUNCT LAB,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
C3 Salk Institute; Salk Institute
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-26741] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1367
Z9 1476
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 287
EP 292
DI 10.1038/378287a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800051
PM 7477349
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BECK, RA
   BURBANK, DW
   SERCOMBE, WJ
   RILEY, GW
   BARNDT, JK
   BERRY, JR
   AFZAL, J
   KHAN, AM
   JURGEN, H
   METJE, J
   CHEEMA, A
   SHAFIQUE, NA
   LAWRENCE, RD
   KHAN, MA
AF BECK, RA
   BURBANK, DW
   SERCOMBE, WJ
   RILEY, GW
   BARNDT, JK
   BERRY, JR
   AFZAL, J
   KHAN, AM
   JURGEN, H
   METJE, J
   CHEEMA, A
   SHAFIQUE, NA
   LAWRENCE, RD
   KHAN, MA
TI STRATIGRAPHIC EVIDENCE FOR AN EARLY COLLISION BETWEEN NORTHWEST INDIA AND ASIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tectonics; himalaya; evolution; ladakh; mechanism; pakistan; zanskar; tethys; basin
AB THE collision of India with Asia(1) had a profound influence on late Cretaceous and Cenozoic oceanography(2), climate(3), faunal extinctions(4) and the motion of at least some of the Earth's lithospheric plates(5). As the collision ended a period of rapid Indo-Asian convergence, a precise knowledge of its timing (when the crust of the neo-Tethys ocean was completely subducted(7), at some point along the plate boundary) is important for understanding its wider consequences, But current estimates of the collision age range from 65 to 38 Myr before present(6,8-11), Here we report the results of extensive biostratigraphic analyses from Waziristan and Kurram in northwest Pakistan, which show that accretionary-prism and trench strata Were first thrust onto the northwest Indian passive margin after 66 Myr but before 55.5 Myr. After this time, volcanic-are fragments, the accretionary prism, trench material and imbricates of the north Indian slope were raised to shallow water depths and overlapped by upper Palaeocene shallow-water carbonates and shales(12-14), indicative of post-collision thrusting in this region. Finally, both the suture and the Indian craton were overlapped by continuous unconformable upper Lower Eocene shallow-marine strata, demonstrating that suturing was complete by 49 Myr.
C1 AMOCO PROD CO, HOUSTON, TX 77253 USA.
   HYDROCARBON DEV INST PAKISTAN, ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN.
   OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT EARTH SCI, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA.
   UNIV PESHAWAR, NATL CTR EXCELLENCE GEOL, PESHAWAR 25120, PAKISTAN.
C3 BP; Oregon State University; University of Peshawar
RP BECK, RA (corresponding author), UNIV SO CALIF, DEPT EARTH SCI, LOS ANGELES, CA 90089 USA.
NR 69
TC 497
Z9 615
U1 1
U2 77
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6509
BP 55
EP 58
DI 10.1038/373055a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QA239
UT WOS:A1995QA23900052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZUBER, MT
   PARMENTIER, EM
AF ZUBER, MT
   PARMENTIER, EM
TI FORMATION OF FOLD-AND-THRUST BELTS ON VENUS BY THICK-SKINNED DEFORMATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mountain belts; ishtar-terra; tectonics; magellan; topography; mechanics; elevation; ridge
AB ON Venus, fold-and-thrust belts-which accommodate large-scale horizontal crustal convergence-are often located at the margins of kilometre-high plateaux(1-5). Such mountain belts, typically hundreds of kilometres long and tens to hundreds of kilometres wide, surround the Lakshmi Planum plateau in the Ishtar Terra highland (Fig. 1). In explaining the origin of fold-and-thrust belts, it is important to understand the relative importance of thick-skinned deformation of the whole lithosphere and thin-skinned, large-scale overthrusting of near-surface layers. Previous quantitative analyses of mountain belts on Venus have been restricted to thin-skinned models(6-8), but this style of deformation does not account for the pronounced topographic highs at the plateau edge. We propose that the long-wavelength topography of these venusian fold-and-thrust belts is more readily explained by horizontal shortening of a laterally heterogeneous lithosphere. In this thick-skinned model, deformation within the mechanically strong outer layer of Venus controls mountain building. Our results suggest that lateral variations in either the thermal or mechanical structure of the interior provide a mechanism for focusing deformation due to convergent, global-scale forces on Venus.
C1 MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   BROWN UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Brown University
RP ZUBER, MT (corresponding author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21218, USA.
NR 42
TC 6
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 704
EP 707
DI 10.1038/377704a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SONGYANG, Z
   CARRAWAY, KL
   ECK, MJ
   HARRISON, SC
   FELDMAN, RA
   MOHAMMADI, M
   SCHLESSINGER, J
   HUBBARD, SR
   SMITH, DP
   ENG, C
   LORENZO, MJ
   PONDER, BAJ
   MAYER, BJ
   CANTLEY, LC
AF SONGYANG, Z
   CARRAWAY, KL
   ECK, MJ
   HARRISON, SC
   FELDMAN, RA
   MOHAMMADI, M
   SCHLESSINGER, J
   HUBBARD, SR
   SMITH, DP
   ENG, C
   LORENZO, MJ
   PONDER, BAJ
   MAYER, BJ
   CANTLEY, LC
TI CATALYTIC SPECIFICITY OF PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES IS CRITICAL FOR SELECTIVE SIGNALING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID substrate-specificity; phosphorylation; domains; invitro; antigen; sites
AB How do distinct protein-tyrosine kinases activate specific downstream events? Src-homology-2 (SH2) domains on tyrosine kinases or targets of tyrosine kinases recognize phosphotyrosine in a specific sequence context and thereby provide some specificity(1-3). The role of the catalytic site of tyrosine kinases in determining target specificity has not been fully investigated. Here we use a degenerate peptide library to show that each of nine tyrosine kinases investigated has a unique optimal peptide substrate. We find that the cytosolic tyrosine kinases preferentially phosphorylate peptides recognized by their own SH2 domains or closely related SH2 domains (group I; ref. 3), whereas receptor tyrosine kinases preferentially phosphorylate peptides recognized by subsets of group In SH2 domains(3). The importance of these findings for human disease is underscored by our observation that a point mutation in the RET receptor-type tyrosine kinase, which causes multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B, results in a shift in peptide substrate specificity.
C1 BETH ISRAEL HOSP, DEPT MED, DIV SIGNAL TRANSDUCT, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT CELL BIOL, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA.
   TUFTS UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PHYSIOL, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA.
   CHILDRENS HOSP, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   CHILDRENS HOSP, MOLEC MED LAB, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   UNIV MARYLAND, SCH MED, DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL, BALTIMORE, MD 21201 USA.
   UNIV MARYLAND, MARYLAND BIOTECHNOL INST, CTR MED BIOTECHNOL, BALTIMORE, MD 21201 USA.
   NYU, MED CTR, DEPT PHARMACOL, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA.
   COLUMBIA UNIV, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOPHYS, NEW YORK, NY 10032 USA.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE, DEPT PATHOL, CRC, HUMAN CANC GENET RES GRP, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QP, ENGLAND.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DANA FARBER CANC INST, DEPT MED, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT MICROBIOL & MOLEC GENET, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Tufts University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; New York University; Columbia University; University of Cambridge; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 25
TC 839
Z9 966
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6514
BP 536
EP 539
DI 10.1038/373536a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QF724
UT WOS:A1995QF72400063
PM 7845468
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHOU, QY
   QUAIFE, CJ
   PALMITER, RD
AF ZHOU, QY
   QUAIFE, CJ
   PALMITER, RD
TI TARGETED DISRUPTION OF THE TYROSINE-HYDROXYLASE GENE REVEALS THAT CATECHOLAMINES ARE REQUIRED FOR MOUSE FETAL DEVELOPMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superior cervical-ganglion; mice; rat; cells; phenotype; protooncogene; neurons; brain
AB TYROSINE hydroxylase catalyses the initial, rate-limiting step in the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway. Catecholamines, which include dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline, are important neurotransmitters and hormones that regulate visceral functions, motor coordination and arousal in adults(1). The gene encoding tyrosine hydroxylase becomes transcriptionally active in developing neuroblasts during mid-gestation of rodent embryos, before the onset of neurotransmission(2-6). Here we show that inactivation of both tyrosine hydroxylase alleles results in mid-gestational lethality: about 90% of mutant embryos die between embryonic days 11.5 and 15.5, apparently of cardiovascular failure. Administration of L-DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine), the product of the tyrosine hydroxylase reaction, to pregnant females results in complete rescue of mutant mice in utero. Without further treatment, however, they die before weaning. We conclude that catecholamines are essential for mouse fetal development and postnatal survival.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON, DEPT BIOCHEM, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP ZHOU, QY (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, SL-15, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
NR 22
TC 396
Z9 438
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6523
BP 640
EP 643
DI 10.1038/374640a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QT189
UT WOS:A1995QT18900059
PM 7715703
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PELLEGRINI, L
   SONG, T
   RICHMOND, TJ
AF PELLEGRINI, L
   SONG, T
   RICHMOND, TJ
TI STRUCTURE OF SERUM RESPONSE FACTOR CORE BOUND TO DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ternary complex-formation; c-fos; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; binding specificity; transcription factors; crystal-structure; protein; mcm1; element; srf
AB The human serum response factor is a transcription factor belonging to the MADS domain protein family with members characterized from the plant and animal kingdoms. The X-ray crystal structure of the serum response factor core in a specific-recognition DNA complex shows that the functions of DNA binding, dimerization and accessory-factor Interaction are compactly Integrated into a novel protein unit. The intrinsic and induced conformation of the serum response element DNA is the principal DNA feature recognized in the specific complex.
C1 ETH ZURICH,INST MOLEK BIOL & BIOPHYS,CH-8093 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
NR 51
TC 310
Z9 356
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6540
BP 490
EP 498
DI 10.1038/376490a0
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RN622
UT WOS:A1995RN62200038
PM 7637780
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHEN, CC
   AKOPIAN, AN
   SIVILOTTI, L
   COLQUHOUN, D
   BURNSTOCK, G
   WOOD, JN
AF CHEN, CC
   AKOPIAN, AN
   SIVILOTTI, L
   COLQUHOUN, D
   BURNSTOCK, G
   WOOD, JN
TI A P2X PURINOCEPTOR EXPRESSED BY A SUBSET OF SENSORY NEURONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atp-activated channels; rat; transcription; receptors; invitro
AB ATP is known to depolarize sensory neurons, and may play a role in nociceptor activation when released from damaged tissue(1-10). Here we report the molecular cloning and characterization of a new member of the P2X receptor family(3,11,12), P2X(3), expressed by these cells, The channel transcript was present in a subset of rat dorsal-root-ganglion sensory neurons, some of which express nociceptor-associated markers; it was absent in other tissues that were tested, including sympathetic, enteric and central nervous system neurons. Moreover, when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, the channel showed an ATP-dependent cation flux, P2X(3) is the only ligand-gated channel known to be expressed exclusively by a subset of sensory neurons. The remarkable selectivity of expression of the channel coupled with its sensory neuron-like pharmacology suggests that this channel may transduce ATP-evoked nociceptor activation.
C1 UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT PHARMACOL,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP CHEN, CC (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT ANAT & DEV BIOL,GOWER ST,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 913
Z9 1035
U1 1
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 428
EP 431
DI 10.1038/377428a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000049
PM 7566119
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RHODES, J
   CHEN, H
   HALL, SR
   BEESLEY, JE
   JENKINS, DC
   COLLINS, P
   ZHENG, B
AF RHODES, J
   CHEN, H
   HALL, SR
   BEESLEY, JE
   JENKINS, DC
   COLLINS, P
   ZHENG, B
TI THERAPEUTIC POTENTIATION OF THE IMMUNE-SYSTEM BY COSTIMULATORY SCHIFF-BASE-FORMING DRUGS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell activation; antigen; lymphocytes; expression; responses; receptor; cloning; acid
AB IMMUNE responses are orchestrated by CD4 T lymphocytes, which receive a cognitive signal when clonally distributed receptors are occupied by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-bound peptides on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)(1,2). The APCs provide costimulatory signals, through macromolecules such as CD80, that regulate outcomes in terms of T-cell activation or anergy(3-6). We have studied essential complementary chemical events in the form of Schiff base formation between carbonyls and amines that are constitutively expressed on presenting cell and T-cell surfaces(7-9) and provide a new target for manipulation of immune responses(10,11). Here we show that small Schiff base-forming molecules can substitute for the physiological donor of carbonyl groups and provide a costimulatory signal to CD4 Th-cells through a mechanism that activates clofilium-sensitive K+ and Na+ transport. One such molecule, tucaresol, enhances CD4 Th-cell responses, selectively favouring a Th1-type profile of cytokine production, in vivo tucaresol potently enhances CD4 Th-cell priming and CD8 cytotoxic T-cell priming to viral antigens, and has substantial therapeutic activity in murine models of disease.
C1 WELLCOME RES LABS,CORE SUPPORT GRP,BECKENHAM BR3 3BS,KENT,ENGLAND.
   WELLCOME RES LABS,EXPTL BIOL GRP,BECKENHAM BR3 3BS,KENT,ENGLAND.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom
RP RHODES, J (corresponding author), WELLCOME RES LABS,MOLEC IMMUNOL GRP,BECKENHAM BR3 3BS,KENT,ENGLAND.
NR 25
TC 127
Z9 145
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6544
BP 71
EP 75
DI 10.1038/377071a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RT725
UT WOS:A1995RT72500059
PM 7659167
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHOU, JN
   HOFMAN, MA
   GOOREN, LJG
   SWAAB, DF
AF ZHOU, JN
   HOFMAN, MA
   GOOREN, LJG
   SWAAB, DF
TI A SEX DIFFERENCE IN THE HUMAN BRAIN AND ITS RELATION TO TRANSSEXUALITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bed nucleus; stria terminalis; gonadal-steroids; rat; androgen; immunoreactivity; forebrain; septum; area
AB TRANSSEXUALS have the strong feeling, often from childhood onwards, of having been born the wrong sex. The possible psychogenic or biological aetiology of transsexuality has been the subject of debate for many years(1,2). Here we show that the volume of the central subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTc), a brain area that is essential for sexual behaviour(3,4), is larger in men than in women. A female-sized BSTc was found in male-to-female transsexuals. The size of the BSTc was not influenced by sex hormones in adulthood and was independent of sexual orientation. Our study is the first to show a female brain structure in genetically male transsexuals and supports the hypothesis that gender identity develops as a result of an interaction between the developing brain and sex hormones(5,6).
C1 NETHERLANDS INST BRAIN RES,GRAD SCH NEUROSCI,1105 AZ AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   FREE UNIV AMSTERDAM HOSP,DEPT ENDOCRINOL,1007 MB AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Amsterdam University Medical Center
NR 28
TC 490
Z9 572
U1 4
U2 147
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 68
EP 70
DI 10.1038/378068a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900051
PM 7477289
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DARCANGELO, G
   MIAO, GG
   CHEN, SC
   SOARES, HD
   MORGAN, JI
   CURRAN, T
AF DARCANGELO, G
   MIAO, GG
   CHEN, SC
   SOARES, HD
   MORGAN, JI
   CURRAN, T
TI A PROTEIN RELATED TO EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX PROTEINS DELETED IN THE MOUSE MUTANT REELER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural cell-adhesion; gene; mice; cerebellum; mutations; molecules; encodes; brain
AB THE autosomal recessive mouse mutation reeler(1-3) leads to impaired motor coordination, tremors and ataxia(4). Neurons in affected mice fail to reach their correct locations in the developing brain, disrupting the organization of the cerebellar and cerebral cortices and other laminated regions(5-8). Here we use a previously characterized reeler allele (rl(tg))(9) to clone a gene, reelin, deleted in two reeler alleles. Normal but not mutant mice express reelin in embryonic and postnatal neurons during periods of neuronal migration. The encoded protein resembles extracellular matrix proteins involved in cell adhesion. The reeler phenotype thus seems to reflect a failure of early events associated with brain lamination which are normally controlled by reelin.
C1 HOFFMANN LA ROCHE INC, NEUROGENET PROGRAM, NUTLEY, NJ 07110 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA
RP DARCANGELO, G (corresponding author), HOFFMANN LA ROCHE INC, ROCHE INST MOLEC BIOL, NUTLEY, NJ 07110 USA.
NR 30
TC 1484
Z9 1664
U1 2
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6524
BP 719
EP 723
DI 10.1038/374719a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QU304
UT WOS:A1995QU30400049
PM 7715726
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WIDEMO, F
   OWENS, IPF
AF WIDEMO, F
   OWENS, IPF
TI LEK SIZE, MALE MATING SKEW AND THE EVOLUTION OF LEKKING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mate retention; ungulate leks; larger leks; hotspots
AB DESPITE extensive theoretical effort(1,8), the evolution of lekking as a mating system remains a controversial issue(9,10). Leks are nonresource-based matins aggregations(2), but may also be regarded as patches differing in female encounter rate(2,3,5,7). We report here a new distribution model that incorporates variation in male mating skew with lek size. The model predicts that, under specified conditions, high-ranking males have smaller optimal lek sizes than low-ranking males. All males benefit from initial clustering, but only low-ranking males gain from large aggregations. This generates progressive clustering around high-ranking males at hotspots determined by female spatial distributions. The predictions of our model were validated in two ways using empirical data on lekking ruffs, Philomachus pugnax. Our model integrates the basic elements of the previously competing hotspot(2,3) and hotshot(4) models of lek evolution by a simple mechanism, and could explain the evolution of lekking.
C1 ZOOL SOC LONDON,INST ZOOL,LONDON NW1 4RY,ENGLAND.
   UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT GENET & BIOMETRY,LONDON NW1 2HE,ENGLAND.
C3 Zoological Society of London; University of London; University College London
RP WIDEMO, F (corresponding author), UPPSALA UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,ANIM ECOL SECT,VILLAVAGEN 9,S-75236 UPPSALA,SWEDEN.
NR 16
TC 111
Z9 124
U1 1
U2 62
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6510
BP 148
EP 151
DI 10.1038/373148a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QB063
UT WOS:A1995QB06300058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRAIMAN, Y
   LINDNER, JF
   DITTO, WL
AF BRAIMAN, Y
   LINDNER, JF
   DITTO, WL
TI TAMING SPATIOTEMPORAL CHAOS WITH DISORDER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB DISORDER and noise in physical systems usually tend to destroy spatial and temporal regularity, but recent research into nonlinear systems provides intriguing counter-examples. In the phenomenon of stochastic resonance(1), for example, the presence of noise improves the ability of some nonlinear systems to transfer information reliably. Noise can also remove chaos in a model oscillator(2), and facilitate synchronization in an extended array of bistable elements(3). Here we explore the use of disorder as a means to control spatiotemporal chaos(4-8) in coupled arrays of forced, damped, nonlinear oscillators. Chaotic behaviour in spatially extended systems, especially in biology and physiology(9,10), might be amenable to control, as occurs in low-dimensional temporally chaotic systems(11,12). In our numerical experiments, one- and two-dimensional arrays of identical oscillators behave chaotically, but the introduction of slight, uncorrelated differences between the oscillators induces ordered motion characterized by complex but regular spatiotemporal patterns.
C1 GEORGIA INST TECHNOL, SCH PHYS, APPL CHAOS LAB, ATLANTA, GA 30332 USA.
   COLL WOOSTER, WOOSTER, OH 44691 USA.
C3 University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; University System of Ohio; College of Wooster
NR 12
TC 205
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 465
EP 467
DI 10.1038/378465a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400061
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHILLER, PH
AF SCHILLER, PH
TI EFFECT OF LESIONS IN VISUAL CORTICAL AREA V4 ON THE RECOGNITION OF TRANSFORMED OBJECTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID state dependent activity; broad-band channels; color-opponent; rhesus-monkey; cortex; macaque; discrimination; perception; vision; depth
AB THE primate visual system has a remarkable capability for recognizing objects irrespective of the multitude of images they form on the retinal surface by virtue of changes in size, perspective, contrast, colour and partial obstruction by other stimuli in the visual scene. There is increasing evidence that this remarkable capacity is brought about by processes that occur earlier in the visual system than had previously been thought(1-14). Here I show that after ablation of area V4 in the rhesus monkey, major deficits arise in the recognition of objects that have been transformed in size, in the degree of occlusion, and in the amount of contour information provided. The ability to detect these objects when presented individually was unaffected by these lesions.
RP SCHILLER, PH (corresponding author), MIT,DEPT BRAIN & COGNIT SCI,E25-634,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 20
TC 68
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6538
BP 342
EP 344
DI 10.1038/376342a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RL443
UT WOS:A1995RL44300047
PM 7630401
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ATTARD, GS
   GLYDE, JC
   GOLTNER, CG
AF ATTARD, GS
   GLYDE, JC
   GOLTNER, CG
TI LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE PHASES AS TEMPLATES FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF MESOPOROUS SILICA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE synthesis of inorganic mesoporous materials using ionic surfactant template molecules was first reported in 1992(1,2), and surfactant-mediated synthesis has since been used to form a variety of mesoporous materials(3-8). Such materials could find application in catalysis, membrane and separation technology, and molecular engineering. Previous syntheses have used low surfactant concentrations, and the templating mechanism (which is still controversial) is thought to be a cooperative process involving the interaction of inorganic ions vith discrete surfactant aggregates(1,2,5,9). Here we report the templating of silica mesostructures from ordered liquid-crystalline mesophases: the resulting silica phase, with pores of similar to 3 nm diameter, is a cast of the organic mesophase. As the phase diagram of the surfactant/silica/water system at high surfactant concentration is similar to the (known) phase diagram of surfactant/water alone, this approach should introduce an element of predictability into the synthesis of mesoporous materials.
RP ATTARD, GS (corresponding author), UNIV SOUTHAMPTON,DEPT CHEM,SOUTHAMPTON SO17 1BJ,HANTS,ENGLAND.
NR 13
TC 1000
Z9 1122
U1 0
U2 253
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 366
EP 368
DI 10.1038/378366a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GREGORIO, CC
   WEBER, A
   BONDAD, M
   PENNISE, CR
   FOWLER, VM
AF GREGORIO, CC
   WEBER, A
   BONDAD, M
   PENNISE, CR
   FOWLER, VM
TI REQUIREMENT OF POINTED-END CAPPING BY TROPOMODULIN TO MAINTAIN ACTIN FILAMENT LENGTH IN EMBRYONIC CHICK CARDIAC MYOCYTES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tropomyosin-binding; mechanisms; protein; muscle; cells
AB CONTROL of actin filament length and dynamics is important for cell motility and architecture and is regulated in part by capping proteins that block elongation and depolymerization at both the fast-growing (barbed) and slow-growing (pointed) ends(1-4). Tropomodulin is a capping protein for the pointed end of the actin filament(5,6); it is associated with the free, pointed ends of the thin filaments in striated muscle, where it is thought to bind to both tropomyosin and actin(7,8). In embryonic chick cardiac myocytes, tropomodulin assembles after the thin, as well as the thick, filaments have become organized into periodic I and A bands(8), suggesting that tropomodulin might be involved in maintaining actin filament length. Here we show that microinjection of an antibody that inhibits tropomodulin's pointed-end-capping activity in vitro results in a marked elongation of actin filaments from their pointed ends and a >80% reduction in the percentage of beating cells. This demonstrates that pointed-end capping by tropomodulin is required to maintain actin filament length in vivo and that this is essential for contractile function in embryonic chick cardiac myocytes.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CELL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   UNIV PENN, DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; University of Pennsylvania
NR 21
TC 159
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6544
BP 83
EP 86
DI 10.1038/377083a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RT725
UT WOS:A1995RT72500062
PM 7544875
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WINKLER, J
   SUHR, ST
   GAGE, FH
   THAL, LJ
   FISHER, LJ
AF WINKLER, J
   SUHR, ST
   GAGE, FH
   THAL, LJ
   FISHER, LJ
TI ESSENTIAL ROLE OF NEOCORTICAL ACETYLCHOLINE IN SPATIAL MEMORY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleus basalis magnocellularis; excitotoxic lesions; cholinergic system; senile dementia; ibotenic acid; forebrain; rats; neurons; acetyltransferase; physostigmine
AB THE cholinergic system plays a crucial role in learning and memory. Lesions of cholinergic nuclei(1-4), pharmacological manipulations of cholinergic systems(5-8), intracerebral transplantation of fetal tissue(9-11) and anatomical changes in cholinergic pathways during ageing(12-14) have all been correlated with altered cognitive behaviour. However, it has not been proved that regional acetylcholine is causally required for learning and memory. Here we describe how we achieved a permanent and selective impairment of learning and memory by damaging the nucleus basalis magnocellularis, a nucleus that provides the major cholinergic innervation of the neocortex(15,16), in adult rats. To test the hypothesis that acetylcholine is essential for restoration of cognitive function, we implanted genetically modified cells that produce acetylcholine(17) into denervated neocortical target regions. After grafting, rats with increased neocortical acetylcholine levels showed a significant improvement in a spatial navigation task. Acetylcholine is thus not only necessary for learning and memory, as previously argued, but its presence within the neocortex is also sufficient to ameliorate learning deficits and restore memory following damage to the nucleus basalis.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT NEUROSCI,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,DEPT NEUROL,SAN DIEGO,CA 92161.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA)
NR 29
TC 257
Z9 289
U1 1
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6531
BP 484
EP 487
DI 10.1038/375484a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RC188
UT WOS:A1995RC18800047
PM 7777056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NAKANE, H
   TAKEUCHI, S
   YUBA, S
   SAIJO, M
   NAKATSU, Y
   MURAI, H
   NAKATSURU, Y
   ISHIKAWA, T
   HIROTA, S
   KITAMURA, Y
   KATO, Y
   TSUNODA, Y
   MIYAUCHI, H
   HORIO, T
   TOKUNAGA, T
   MATSUNAGA, T
   NIKAIDO, O
   NISHIMUNE, Y
   OKADA, Y
   TANAKA, K
AF NAKANE, H
   TAKEUCHI, S
   YUBA, S
   SAIJO, M
   NAKATSU, Y
   MURAI, H
   NAKATSURU, Y
   ISHIKAWA, T
   HIROTA, S
   KITAMURA, Y
   KATO, Y
   TSUNODA, Y
   MIYAUCHI, H
   HORIO, T
   TOKUNAGA, T
   MATSUNAGA, T
   NIKAIDO, O
   NISHIMUNE, Y
   OKADA, Y
   TANAKA, K
TI HIGH-INCIDENCE OF ULTRAVIOLET-B-INDUCED OR CHEMICAL-CARCINOGEN-INDUCED SKIN TUMORS IN MICE LACKING THE XERODERMA-PIGMENTOSUM GROUP-A GENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID repair gene; damaged dna; protein; binding; cells
AB XERODERMA pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a high frequency of skin cancer on sun-exposed areas, and neurological complications, XP has a defect in the early step(s) of nucleotide-excision repair (NER) and consists of eight different genetic complementation groups (groups A-G and a variant)(1). We established XPA (group-A XP) gene-deficient mice by gene targeting of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. The XPA-deficient mice showed neither obvious physical abnormalities nor pathological alterations, but were defective in NER and highly susceptible to ultraviolet-B- or 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benz[a]anthracene-induced skin carcinogenesis. These findings provide is vivo evidence that the XPA protein protects mice from carcinogenesis initiated by ultraviolet or chemical carcinogen, The XPA-deficient mice may provide a good in vivo model to study the high incidence of skin carcinogenesis in group A XP patients.
C1 OSAKA UNIV,INST MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO,FAC MED,DEPT PATHOL,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   OSAKA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   KINKI UNIV,COLL AGR,ANIM REPROD LAB,NARA 631,JAPAN.
   KANSAI MED UNIV,DEPT DERMATOL,OSAKA 570,JAPAN.
   NATL INST ANIM IND,REPROD BIOCHEM LAB,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
   KANAZAWA UNIV,FAC PHARMACEUT SCI,DIV RADIAT BIOL,KANAZAWA,ISHIKAWA 920,JAPAN.
   OSAKA UNIV,MICROBIAL DIS RES INST,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Tokyo; University of Osaka; Kindai University (Kinki University); Kansai Medical University; National Agriculture & Food Research Organization - Japan; Kanazawa University; University of Osaka
NR 17
TC 253
Z9 274
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 165
EP 168
DI 10.1038/377165a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400053
PM 7675085
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DEWEERD, P
   GATTASS, R
   DESIMONE, R
   UNGERLEIDER, LG
AF DEWEERD, P
   GATTASS, R
   DESIMONE, R
   UNGERLEIDER, LG
TI RESPONSES OF CELLS IN MONKEY VISUAL-CORTEX DURING PERCEPTUAL FILLING-IN OF AN ARTIFICIAL SCOTOMA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptive-fields; macaque monkey; striate cortex; connections
AB WHEN we view a scene through one eye, we typically do not see the scotomas created by the optic disc and the blood vessels overlying the retinal surface. Similarly, when a texture field containing a hole is steadily viewed in peripheral vision (artificial scotoma), the hole appears to fill in with the surrounding texture in a matter of seconds, demonstrating that the visual system fills in information across regions where no information is available(1-5). Here we show that, in monkeys viewing a similar texture field with a hole, the responses of extrastriate visual neurons with receptive fields covering the hole increase gradually to a level comparable to that elicited by the same texture without a hole. The time course of these dynamic changes in activity parallels the time course of perceived filling-in of the hole by human observers, suggesting that this process mediates perceptual filling-in.
C1 NIMH,PSYCHOL & PSYCHOPATHOL LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   NIMH,NEUROPSYCHOL LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   UNIV FED RIO DE JANEIRO,BIOPHYS INST CARLOS CHAGAS,DEPT NEUROBIOL,BR-21941 RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
NR 22
TC 184
Z9 197
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 731
EP 734
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900056
PM 7477262
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PEI, DQ
   WEISS, SJ
AF PEI, DQ
   WEISS, SJ
TI FURIN-DEPENDENT INTRACELLULAR ACTIVATION OF THE HUMAN STROMELYSIN-3 ZYMOGEN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID secretory pathway; metalloproteinases; precursor; cleavage; cells; endoprotease; inhibition; protein; fusion; gene
AB HUMAN stromelysin-3, a new member of the matrix metalloproteinase family, is expressed in tissues undergoing the active remodelling associated with embryonic development, wound healing and tumour invasion(1-3). But like all other members of the matrix metalloproteinase gene family, stromelysin3 is synthesized as an inactive precursor that must be processed to its mature form in order to express enzymic activity(4,5). Here we identify stromelysin-3 as the first matrix metalloproteinase to be discovered that can be processed directly to its enzymically active form by an obligate intracellular proteolytic event that occurs within the constitutive secretory pathway. Intracellular activation is regulated by an unusual 10-amino-acid insert sandwiched between the pro- and catalytic-domains of stromelysin-3, which is encrypted with an Arg-X-Arg-X-Lys-Arg recognition motif for the Golgi-associated proteinase, furin, a mammalian homologue of the yeast Kex2 pheromone convertase(6,7). A furin-stromelysin-3 processing axis not only differentiates the regulation of this enzyme from all previously characterized matrix metalloproteinases, but also identifies pro-protein convertases as potential targets for therapeutic intervention in matrix-destructive disease states.
C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,CTR COMPREHENS CANC,DEPT INTERNAL MED,DIV HEMATOL ONCOL,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
NR 27
TC 528
Z9 596
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 244
EP 247
DI 10.1038/375244a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100066
PM 7746327
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COLLINS, JE
   COLE, CG
   SMINK, LJ
   GARRETT, CL
   LEVERSHA, MA
   SODERLUND, CA
   MASLEN, GL
   EVERETT, LA
   RICE, KM
   COFFEY, AJ
   GREGORY, SG
   GWILLIAM, R
   DUNHAM, A
   DAVIES, AF
   HASSOCK, S
   TODD, CM
   LEHRACH, H
   HULSEBOS, JM
   WEISSENBACH, J
   MORROW, B
   KUCHERLAPATI, RS
   WADEY, R
   SCAMBLER, PJ
   KIM, UJ
   SIMON, MI
   PEYRARD, M
   XIE, YG
   CARTER, NP
   DURBIN, R
   DUMANSKI, JP
   BENTLEY, DR
   DUNHAM, I
AF COLLINS, JE
   COLE, CG
   SMINK, LJ
   GARRETT, CL
   LEVERSHA, MA
   SODERLUND, CA
   MASLEN, GL
   EVERETT, LA
   RICE, KM
   COFFEY, AJ
   GREGORY, SG
   GWILLIAM, R
   DUNHAM, A
   DAVIES, AF
   HASSOCK, S
   TODD, CM
   LEHRACH, H
   HULSEBOS, JM
   WEISSENBACH, J
   MORROW, B
   KUCHERLAPATI, RS
   WADEY, R
   SCAMBLER, PJ
   KIM, UJ
   SIMON, MI
   PEYRARD, M
   XIE, YG
   CARTER, NP
   DURBIN, R
   DUMANSKI, JP
   BENTLEY, DR
   DUNHAM, I
TI A HIGH-DENSITY YAC CONTIG MAP OF HUMAN-CHROMOSOME-22
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast artificial chromosm; sequence tagged sites; human genome; human dna; clones; library; region; cloning; genes; transpeptidase
AB We have constructed a high-resolution clone map of human chromosome 22 which integrates the available physical and genetic information, establishing a single consensus. The map consists of all classes of DNA landmarks ordered on 705 yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) at an average landmark density of more than one per 70 kilobases. This map represents the practical limits of currently available YAC resources and provides the basis for determination of the entire gene content and genomic DNA sequence of human chromosome 22.
C1 SANGER CTR,CAMBRIDGE,ENGLAND.
   UNITED MED & DENT SCH,GUYS HOSP,DIV MED & MOLEC GENET,LONDON SE1 9RT,ENGLAND.
   MAX PLANCK INST MOLEC GENET,D-14195 BERLIN,GERMANY.
   UNIV AMSTERDAM,ACAD MED CTR,INST HUMAN GENET,1105 AZ AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   GENETHON SA,CNRS,URA 1922,F-91002 EVRY,FRANCE.
   YESHIVA UNIV ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,BRONX,NY 10461.
   INST CHILD HLTH,DIV BIOCHEM & GENET,MOLEC MED UNIT,LONDON WC1N 1EH,ENGLAND.
   CALTECH,DIV BIOL,PASADENA,CA 91125.
   KAROLINSKA HOSP,DEPT MOLEC GENET,CLIN GENET UNIT,S-17176 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; King's College London; Max Planck Society; University of Amsterdam; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University; University of London; University College London; California Institute of Technology; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 53
TC 95
Z9 96
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 
BP 367
EP 379
DI 
PG 13
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA343
UT WOS:A1995TA34300007
PM 7566101
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SIMON, MN
   DEVIRGILIO, C
   SOUZA, B
   PRINGLE, JR
   ABO, A
   REED, SI
AF SIMON, MN
   DEVIRGILIO, C
   SOUZA, B
   PRINGLE, JR
   ABO, A
   REED, SI
TI ROLE FOR THE RHO-FAMILY GTPASE CDC42 IN YEAST MATING-PHEROMONE SIGNAL PATHWAY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae gene; cell-division-cycle; molecular-cloning; binding protein; human homolog; polarity; encodes; kinase; g25k
AB IN the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the process of conjugation of haploid cells of genotype MAT alpha and MAT alpha to form MAT alpha/alpha diploids is triggered by pheromones produced by each mating type. These pheromones stimulate a cellular response by interaction with receptors linked to a heterotrimeric G protein. Although genetic analysis indicates that the pheromone signal is transmitted through the G beta gamma dimer, the initial target(s) of G protein activation remain to be determined. Temperature-sensitive cells with mutations of the CDC24 and CDC42 genes, which are incapable of budding and of generating cell polarity at the restrictive temperature(1-3), are also unable to mate(4). Cdc24 acts as a guanylyl-nucleotide-exchange factor for the Rho-type GTPase Cdc42(5), which has been shown to be a fundamental component of the molecular machinery controlling morphogenesis in eukaryotic cells(6-10). Therefore, the inability of cdc24 and cdc42 mutants to mate has been presumed to be due to a requirement for generation of cell polarity and related morphogenetic events during conjugation, But here we show that Cdc42 has a direct signalling role in the mating-pheromone response between the G protein and the downstream protein kinase cascade.
C1 SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT BIOL MOLEC, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   UNIV N CAROLINA, DEPT BIOL, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA.
   ONYX PHARMACEUT, RICHMOND, CA 94806 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Onyx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
NR 30
TC 193
Z9 216
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6542
BP 702
EP 705
DI 10.1038/376702a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RQ672
UT WOS:A1995RQ67200064
PM 7651520
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WELP, U
   GUNTER, DO
   CRABTREE, GW
   ZHONG, W
   BALACHANDRAN, U
   HALDAR, P
   SOKOLOWSKI, RS
   VLASKOVLASOV, VK
   NIKITENKO, VI
AF WELP, U
   GUNTER, DO
   CRABTREE, GW
   ZHONG, W
   BALACHANDRAN, U
   HALDAR, P
   SOKOLOWSKI, RS
   VLASKOVLASOV, VK
   NIKITENKO, VI
TI IMAGING OF TRANSPORT CURRENTS IN SUPERCONDUCTING (BI,PB)(2)SR2CA2CU3OX COMPOSITES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB IMPROVEMENTS in the current carrying capacity of high-T-c superconducting composite conductors will come from a detailed understanding of the connection between current how and microstructure. Slicing experiments(1-3) on silver-sheathed monofilamentary (Bi, Pb)(2)Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox (Bi-2223), combined with microstructural studies(4,5), have suggested that current dow is enhanced in well textured Bi-2223 layers at the superconductor/silver interface, but the spatial resolution of the slicing experiments is insufficient to identify the actual current path, More recently, magneto-optical imaging in an applied field(6-10) has been used to measure spatial variations in the shielding critical current density on a micrometre scale in Bi-2212 and Bi-2223 mono- and multifilamentary composites, Here we use an extension of this technique to measure spatial variations in transport critical current density; J(c), in a Bi-2223 multifilamentary composite at close to real operating conditions, Current densities of up to 8 x 10(4) a cm(-2) at 77 K in self-field are observed in well aligned Bi-2223 grain colonies of 2-3 mu m width. The superconductor/silver interface does not, in general, constitute a continuous high-current path because of frequent interruptions by second-phase particles; elimination of these particles in the interface layer could result in a threefold increase in J(c).
C1 ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV ENERGY TECHNOL,ARGONNE,IL 60439.
   INTERMAGNET GEN CORP,LATHAM,NY 12110.
   INST SOLID STATE PHYS,CHERNOGOLOVKA 142432,RUSSIA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; Russian Academy of Sciences; Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics RAS
RP WELP, U (corresponding author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV MAT SCI,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA.
NR 14
TC 57
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6535
BP 44
EP 46
DI 10.1038/376044a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RH111
UT WOS:A1995RH11100056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KETCHUM, KA
   JOINER, WJ
   SELLERS, AJ
   KACZMAREK, LK
   GOLDSTEIN, SAN
AF KETCHUM, KA
   JOINER, WJ
   SELLERS, AJ
   KACZMAREK, LK
   GOLDSTEIN, SAN
TI A NEW FAMILY OF OUTWARDLY RECTIFYING POTASSIUM CHANNEL PROTEINS WITH 2 PORE DOMAINS IN TANDEM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; k+
AB POTASSIUM channels catalyse the permeation of K+ ions across cellular membranes and are identified by a common structural moth, a highly conserved signature sequence of eight amino acids in the P domain of each channel's pore-forming alpha-subunit(1,2), Here we describe a novel K+ channel (TOK1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that contains two P domains within one continuous polypeptide, Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing the channel exhibit a unique, outwardly rectifying, K+-selective current. The channel is permeable to outward how of ions at membrane potentials above the K+ equilibrium potential; its conduction-voltage relationship is thus sensitive to extracellular K+ ion concentration. In excised membrane patches, external divalent cations block the channel in a voltage-dependent manner, and their removal in this configuration allows inward channel current, These attributes are similar to those described for inwardly rectifying K+ channels(3,4), but in the opposite direction, a previously uorecognized channel behaviour. Our results identify a new class of K+ channel which is distinctive in both its primary structure and functional properties. Structural homologues of the channel are present in the genome of Caenorhabditis elegans.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,BOYER CTR MOLEC MED,DEPT GENET,NEW HAVEN,CT 06536.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,BOYER CTR MOLEC MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06536.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,BOYER CTR MOLEC MED,DEPT CELLULAR & MOLEC PHYSIOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06536.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Yale University
RP KETCHUM, KA (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,SCH MED,BOYER CTR MOLEC MED,DEPT PEDIAT,295 CONGRESS AVE,NEW HAVEN,CT 06536, USA.
NR 24
TC 370
Z9 420
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6542
BP 690
EP 695
DI 10.1038/376690a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RQ672
UT WOS:A1995RQ67200061
PM 7651518
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEAKEY, MG
   FEIBEL, CS
   MCDOUGALL, I
   WALKER, A
AF LEAKEY, MG
   FEIBEL, CS
   MCDOUGALL, I
   WALKER, A
TI NEW 4-MILLION-YEAR-OLD HOMINID SPECIES FROM KANAPOI AND ALLIA BAY, KENYA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hadar formation; ethiopia; australopithecus; morphology; turkana
AB Nine hominid dental, cranial and postcranial specimens from Kanapoi, Henya, and 12 specimens from Allia Bay, Kenya, are described here as a new species of Australopithecus dating from between about 3.9 million and 4.2 million years ago. The mosaic of primitive and derived features shows this species to be a possible ancestor to Australopithecus afarensis and suggests that Ardipithecus ramidus is a sister species to this and all later hominids. A tibia establishes that hominids were bipedal at least half a million years before the previous earliest evidence showed.
C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV, DEPT ANTHROPOL, NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ 08903 USA.
   AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV, RES SCH EARTH SCI, CANBERRA, ACT 0200, AUSTRALIA.
   PENN STATE UNIV, DEPT ANTHROPOL, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA.
   PENN STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOL, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Australian National University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP LEAKEY, MG (corresponding author), NATL MUSEUMS KENYA, POB 40658, NAIROBI, KENYA.
NR 25
TC 370
Z9 435
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6541
BP 565
EP 571
DI 10.1038/376565a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RP756
UT WOS:A1995RP75600043
PM 7637803
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ARAV, N
   KORISTA, KT
   BARLOW, TA
   BEGELMAN, MC
AF ARAV, N
   KORISTA, KT
   BARLOW, TA
   BEGELMAN, MC
TI RADIATIVE ACCELERATION OF GAS IN QUASARS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID broad absorption-line; stellar objects
AB QUASARS can radiate up to a thousand times the energy of the entire Galaxy, yet this energy is generated in a small region approximately one light day across. (By comparison, the diameter of the Milky Way is about 100,000 light years.) Because of tbe high energy density in this region, it has often been suggested that radiation pressure might play an important dynamical role in quasars(1-3). Here we show that radiative acceleration can readily explain a prominent feature observed in the spectra of several broad-absorption-line (BAL) quasars. The broad absorption lines are themselves attributed to matter flowing towards the observer with velocities approaching one-tenth of the speed of light(4,5), and our results suggest that radiative acceleration is the dominant driving mechanism in these outflows. As most quasars are believed to have BAL outflows(6) (although they are seen in only about 10% of them because of viewing angle7,8), radiative acceleration is likely to be an important dynamical process in quasars in general.
C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40506.
   UNIV COLORADO,DEPT ASTROPHYS PLANETARY & ATMOSPHER SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309.
C3 University of Kentucky; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP ARAV, N (corresponding author), CALTECH,DEPT ASTRON,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 15
TC 42
Z9 45
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6541
BP 576
EP 578
DI 10.1038/376576a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RP756
UT WOS:A1995RP75600045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MASSONNET, D
   BRIOLE, P
   ARNAUD, A
AF MASSONNET, D
   BRIOLE, P
   ARNAUD, A
TI DEFLATION OF MOUNT ETNA MONITORED BY SPACEBORNE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB GROUND-BASED measurements of volcano deformation can be used to assess eruptive hazard, but require the costly (and often hazardous) installation and maintenance of an instrument network, Here we show that spaceborne radar interferometry, which has already shown its utility in mapping earthquake-related deformation(1), can be used to monitor long-term volcano deformation. Two families of synthetic aperture radar images, acquired from ascending and descending orbits by the satellite ERS-1, and looking at Mount Etna from opposite sides, cover the time period from 17 May 1992 to 24 October 1993, and include the second half of Etna's most recent eruption, Despite artefacts of the interferometric technique, we can observe a volcano-wide deflation, which is an expected consequence of the eruption, but which had not previously been appreciated, We quantify it using a simple model based on the change of pressure in a sphere located in an elastic half-space; the modelled deformation increases linearly with time until the end of the eruption. Our results show that it will be possible to use this technique to detect the inflation of volcanic edifices that usually precedes eruptions.
C1 INST PHYS GLOBE,F-75005 PARIS,FRANCE.
   GRP CISI,F-31400 TOULOUSE,FRANCE.
C3 Universite Paris Cite
RP MASSONNET, D (corresponding author), CTR NATL ETUD SPATIALES,18 AVE EDOUARD BELIN,F-31055 TOULOUSE,FRANCE.
NR 14
TC 467
Z9 539
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6532
BP 567
EP 570
DI 10.1038/375567a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RD287
UT WOS:A1995RD28700045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DAS, A
   GILBERT, CD
AF DAS, A
   GILBERT, CD
TI LONG-RANGE HORIZONTAL CONNECTIONS AND THEIR ROLE IN CORTICAL REORGANIZATION REVEALED BY OPTICAL-RECORDING OF CAT PRIMARY VISUAL-CORTEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monkey striate cortex; functional architecture; intrinsic signals; organization; neurons; projections; lesions; maps
AB THE cortical 'point spread' (PS) is the area of cortex activated by a minimal visual stimulus(1). Here we use the PS to explore the functional role of lateral connectivity in normal cat primary visual cortex (V1) and its involvement in topographic reorganization of cortex following retinal lesions. We compared the distributions of PSs measured with optical recording, which reflects both spiking and subthreshold activity, with those measured with extracellular electrodes, which reveal spiking activity alone. The spiking PS represented only 5% of the area of activation shown in the optical PS, indicating that the remaining 95% was probably generated by subthreshold activation. The orientation dependence of the pattern of the subthreshold activation and its close match with orientation columns suggests that long-range horizontal connections radiating from the locus of spiking activity were responsible for the observed activation. The spike PS showed anisotropies and inhomogeneities that were related to the pattern of orientation columns and indicated distortions in the representation of visual space on the cortical surface. In the reorganized cortex the spike PS expanded, approximating the extent of the optical PS seen in normal cortex, and suggesting that reorganization was mediated by an unmasking of normally subthreshold activation to suprathreshold levels. The orientation map of the reorganized cortex showed a close match to that obtained before placing the lesion, despite the large shift in topography, supporting the idea that intrinsic horizontal connections were responsible for the remapping.
RP DAS, A (corresponding author), ROCKEFELLER UNIV,NEW YORK,NY 10021, USA.
NR 24
TC 349
Z9 387
U1 1
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 780
EP 784
DI 10.1038/375780a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900076
PM 7596409
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JIN, CQ
   WU, XJ
   LAFFEZ, P
   TATSUKI, T
   TAMURA, T
   ADACHI, S
   YAMAUCHI, H
   KOSHIZUKA, N
   TANAKA, S
AF JIN, CQ
   WU, XJ
   LAFFEZ, P
   TATSUKI, T
   TAMURA, T
   ADACHI, S
   YAMAUCHI, H
   KOSHIZUKA, N
   TANAKA, S
TI SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AT 80 K IN (SR,CA)(3)CU2O4+DELTA-CL2-Y INDUCED BY APICAL OXYGEN DOPING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-pressure
AB RECENT work(1,2) has shown that superconducting copper oxyhalides can be synthesized, with the La2CuO4 structure but with no oxygen in the 'apical' positions outside the CuO2 planes. For these materials to be rendered superconducting, charge carriers must be introduced into the CuO2 planes; in previous work, positive carriers (holes) have been introduced by the incorporation of interstitial fluorine in Sr2CuO2F2+delta (transition temperature T-c = 46 K)(1), or by the substitution of sodium for calcium in (Ca,Na)(2)CuO2Cl2 (T-c = 26 K)(2). Here we present an alternative doping approach for this copper oxyhalide family: holes are introduced by partially replacing the (monovalent) halogen that occupies the apical sites with (divalent) oxygen. We have obtained bulk superconductivity with T-c above 77 K in a new double-layer compound (Sr,Ca)(3)Cu2O4+deltaCl2-y, which is isostructural with (La,Sr)(2)CaCu2O6 (ref. 3), with (Sr,Ca) at the (La,Sr) or Ca sites, and Cl at the apical sites outside the CuO2 planes.
C1 CHINESE ACAD SCI, INST PHYS, BEIJING 100080, PEOPLES R CHINA.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Physics, CAS
RP JIN, CQ (corresponding author), INT SUPERCONDUCT TECHNOL CTR, SUPERCONDUCT RES LAB, KOTO KU, 10-13 SHINONOME 1-CHOME, TOKYO 135, JAPAN.
NR 18
TC 114
Z9 126
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6529
BP 301
EP 303
DI 10.1038/375301a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RA030
UT WOS:A1995RA03000044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RUIZAVILA, L
   MCLAUGHLIN, SK
   WILDMAN, D
   MCKINNON, PJ
   ROBICHON, A
   SPICKOFSKY, N
   MARGOLSKEE, RF
AF RUIZAVILA, L
   MCLAUGHLIN, SK
   WILDMAN, D
   MCKINNON, PJ
   ROBICHON, A
   SPICKOFSKY, N
   MARGOLSKEE, RF
TI COUPLING OF BITTER RECEPTOR TO PHOSPHODIESTERASE THROUGH TRANSDUCIN IN TASTE RECEPTOR-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-acid sequence; gtp-binding protein; rod outer segments; alpha-subunit; conformational-changes; adenosine receptor; cdna sequence; rhodopsin; proteolysis; activation
AB THE rod and cone transducins rue specific G proteins originally thought to be present only in photoreceptor cells of the vertebrate retina(1-4). Transducins convert light stimulation of photoreceptor opsins into activation of cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (reviewed in refs. 5-7). A transducin-like G protein, gustducin, has been identified and cloned from rat taste cells(8). We report here that rod transducin is also present in vertebrate taste cells, where it specifically activates a phosphodiesterase isolated from taste tissue. Furthermore, the bitter compound denatonium in the presence of taste-ceh membranes activates transducin but not G(i). A peptide that competitively inhibits rhodopsin activation of transducing also blocks taste-cell membrane activation of transducin, arguing for the involvement of a seven-transmembrane-helix G-protein-coupled receptor. These results suggest that rod transducin tranduces bitter taste by coupling taste receptor(s) to taste-cell phosphodiesterase. Phosphodiesterase-mediated degradation of cyclic nucleotides may lead to taste-cell depolarization through the recently identified cyclic-nucleotide-suppressible conductance(10).
C1 HOFFMANN LA ROCHE INC, ROCHE RES CTR, ROCHE INST MOLEC BIOL, NUTLEY, NJ 07110 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA
NR 30
TC 180
Z9 200
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6535
BP 80
EP 85
DI 10.1038/376080a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RH111
UT WOS:A1995RH11100066
PM 7596440
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LOGAN, GA
   HAYES, JM
   HIESHIMA, GB
   SUMMONS, RE
AF LOGAN, GA
   HAYES, JM
   HIESHIMA, GB
   SUMMONS, RE
TI TERMINAL PROTEROZOIC REORGANIZATION OF BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon isotope ratios; fossil record; organic-compounds; water column
AB THE Proterozoic aeon (2,500-540 million years ago) saw episodic increases in atmospheric oxygen content(1), the evolution of multicellular life(2,3) and, at its close, an enormous radiation of animal diversity(3). These profound biological and environmental changes must have been linked, but the underlying mechanisms have been obscure, Here we show that hydrocarbons extracted from Proterozoic sediments in several locations worldwide are derived mainly from bacteria or other heterotrophs rather than from photosynthetic organisms, Biodegradation of algal products in sedimenting matter was therefore unusually complete, indicating that organic material was extensively reworked as it sank slowly through the water column, We propose that a significant proportion of this reworking will have been mediated by sulphate-reducing bacteria, forming sulphide, The production of sulphide and consumption of oxygen near the ocean surface will have inhibited transport of O-2 to the deep ocean, We find that preservation of algal-lipid skeletons improves at the beginning of the Cambrian, reflecting the increase in transport by rapidly sinking faecal pellets, We suggest that this rapid removal of organic matter will have increased oxygenation of surface waters, leading to a descent of the O-2-sulphide interface to the sea Boor and to marked changes in the marine environment, ultimately contributing to the Cambrian radiation.
C1 INDIANA UNIV, DEPT CHEM, BLOOMINGTON, IN 47405 USA.
   GEOL SURVEY AUSTRALIA ORG, CANBERRA, ACT 2601, AUSTRALIA.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP LOGAN, GA (corresponding author), INDIANA UNIV, DEPT GEOL SCI, BIOGEOCHEM LABS, BLOOMINGTON, IN 47405 USA.
NR 38
TC 375
Z9 421
U1 0
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6535
BP 53
EP 56
DI 10.1038/376053a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RH111
UT WOS:A1995RH11100059
PM 11536694
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HINSHAW, JE
   SCHMID, SL
AF HINSHAW, JE
   SCHMID, SL
TI DYNAMIN SELF-ASSEMBLES INTO RINGS SUGGESTING A MECHANISM FOR COATED VESICLE BUDDING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gtp-binding proteins; mechanochemical enzyme; drosophila; microtubules; endocytosis; shibire; domain
AB DYNAMIN, a 100K member of the GTPase superfamily(1), is the mammalian homologue of the Drosophila shihire gene product(2,3). Mutations in shibire cause a defect in endocytosis Leading to accumulation of coated pits and deep invaginations at the plasma membrane of all tissues examined(4,5). Similarly, invaginated coated pits accumulate in mammalian cells overexpressing dominant-negative mutants of dynamin, establishing that dynamin is required for the formation of 'constricted' coated pits and for coated vesicle budding(6). Whether dynamin functions in the classic GTPase mode as a molecular switch to regulate events leading to coated vesicle budding or instead actively participates as a mechanochemical enzyme driving coated vesicle formation is unclear(7). Here we show that dynamin spontaneously self-assembles into rings and stacks of interconnected rings, comparable in dimension to the 'collars' observed at the necks of invaginated coated pits that accumulate at synaptic terminals in shibire flies(4). We propose that invaginated coated pits become constricted by the assembly of dynamin into rings around their necks. A concerted conformational change would then close the rings and pinch off the budding coated vesicles.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CELL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute
NR 17
TC 678
Z9 804
U1 1
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 190
EP 192
DI 10.1038/374190a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700067
PM 7877694
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PETRIJ, F
   GILES, RH
   DAUWERSE, HG
   SARIS, JJ
   HENNEKAM, RCM
   MASUNO, M
   TOMMERUP, N
   VANOMMEN, GJB
   GOODMAN, RH
   PETERS, DJM
   BREUNING, MH
AF PETRIJ, F
   GILES, RH
   DAUWERSE, HG
   SARIS, JJ
   HENNEKAM, RCM
   MASUNO, M
   TOMMERUP, N
   VANOMMEN, GJB
   GOODMAN, RH
   PETERS, DJM
   BREUNING, MH
TI RUBINSTEIN-TAYBI SYNDROME CAUSED BY MUTATIONS IN THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATOR CBP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID denovo reciprocal translocation; paired box gene; cyclic-amp; short arm; protein; dna; 16p13.3
AB THE Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is a well-defined syndrome with facial abnormalities, broad thumbs, broad big toes and mental retardation as the main clinical features(1-3). Many patients with RTS have been shown to have breakpoints in, and microdeletions of, chromosome 16p13.3 (refs 4-8). Here we report that all these breakpoints are restricted to a region that contains the gene for the human CREB binding protein (CBP), a nuclear protein participating co-activator in cyclic-AMP-regulated gene expression(9-12). We show that RTS results not only from gross chromosomal rearrangements of chromosome 16p, but also from point mutations in the CBP gene itself. Because the patients are heterozygous for the mutations, we propose that the loss of one functional copy of the CBP gene underlies the developmental abnormalities in RTS and possibly the propensity for malignancy.
C1 UNIV AMSTERDAM,ACAD MED CTR,DEPT HUMAN GENET,1105 AZ AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV AMSTERDAM,ACAD MED CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,1105 AZ AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   KANAGAWA CHILDRENS MED CTR,DIV MED GENET,YOKOHAMA,KANAGAWA,JAPAN.
   JOHN F KENNEDY INST,DANISH CTR HUMAN GENOME RES,DK-2600 GLOSTRUP,DENMARK.
   ULLEVAL UNIV HOSP,DEPT MED GENET,OSLO,NORWAY.
   OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,VOLLUM INST,PORTLAND,OR 97201.
C3 University of Amsterdam; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam; University of Amsterdam; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam; Aarhus University; University of Oslo; Oregon Health & Science University
RP PETRIJ, F (corresponding author), LEIDEN UNIV,SYLVIUS LABS,DEPT HUMAN GENET,LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
NR 28
TC 985
Z9 1126
U1 1
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6538
BP 348
EP 351
DI 10.1038/376348a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RL443
UT WOS:A1995RL44300049
PM 7630403
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AHLBERG, PE
AF AHLBERG, PE
TI ELGINERPETON PANCHENI AND THE EARLIEST TETRAPOD CLADE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fossils
AB THE first 'tetrapod-like' bones from the Scottish Upper Devonian site of Seat Craig (Seat Craig beds, Upper Frasnian) were figured and discussed in 1991 (ref. 1). Additional specimens have since been discovered that permit a formal description, and the background knowledge of Devonian tetrapod anatomy has greatly improved(2-7). These discoveries emphasize the uniqueness and phylogenetic importance of the Seat Craig material. Elginerpeton pancheni gen. et sp. nov., described here on the basis of cranial remains from Seat Craig, is, together with the fragmentary genus Obruchevichthys from the Upper Frasnian of Latvia and Russia(1,8,9), the oldest known stem tetrapod. Elginerpeton and Obruchevichthys form a clade that is the sister group of all other Tetrapoda. This contrasts with the later Devonian stem tetrapods, which all seem to represent separate plesions. Elginerpeton also has a unique, derived head morphology; it shows that the earliest phase of tetrapod evolution was accompanied by previously unrecognized morphological and phylogenetic diversification.
RP AHLBERG, PE (corresponding author), BRITISH MUSEUM NAT HIST, DEPT PALAEONTOL, CROMWELL RD, LONDON SW7 5BD, ENGLAND.
NR 22
TC 90
Z9 99
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6513
BP 420
EP 425
DI 10.1038/373420a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QE670
UT WOS:A1995QE67000054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KOLESNIKOV, SS
   MARGOLSKEE, RF
AF KOLESNIKOV, SS
   MARGOLSKEE, RF
TI A CYCLIC-NUCLEOTIDE-SUPPRESSIBLE CONDUCTANCE ACTIVATED BY TRANSDUCIN IN TASTE CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adenylate-cyclase; gated conductance; receptor-cells; outer segment; protein; phosphodiesterase; membrane; stimuli; gmp
AB TASTE can be divided into four primary sensations: salty, sour, sweet and bitter, Salty and sour are directly transduced by apical channels(1-4), whereas sweet and bitter utilize cyclic nucleotide second messengers(5-11). We have shown that rod transducin is present in mammalian taste receptor cells, where it is activated by a bitter receptor and in turn activates a phosphodiesterase(12). Here we introduce into frog taste cells peptides derived from transducin's phosphodiesterase-interaction region, which cause an inward whole-cell current in a subset of cells, We find that the peptides' effects are reversibly suppressed by IBMX and forskolin, indicative of a transducin-activated phosphodiesterase. Cyclic nucleotides suppress the whole-cell current, indicating that cyclic nucleotides may regulate taste-cell conductance. IBMX modifies taste-cell responses to two taste stimuli, implicating phosphodiesterase in taste transduction. Submicromolar cyclic nucleotides directly suppress the conductance of inside-out patches derived from the taste-cell plasma membrane, independently of protein phosphorylation. The channels are unusual in that they are suppressed, rather than activated by cyclic nucleotides, We propose that transducin, via phosphodiesterase, decreases cyclic nucleotide levels to activate the cyclic-nucleotide-suppressible conductance, leading to Ca2+ influx and taste-cell depolarization.
C1 ROCHE INST MOLEC BIOL,ROCHE RES CTR,NUTLEY,NJ 07110.
   RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST CELL BIOPHYS,PUSHCHINO 142292,RUSSIA.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Russian Academy of Sciences; Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research (PSCBI) of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS
NR 28
TC 100
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6535
BP 85
EP 88
DI 10.1038/376085a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RH111
UT WOS:A1995RH11100067
PM 7541117
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GLOVER, JNM
   HARRISON, SC
AF GLOVER, JNM
   HARRISON, SC
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF THE HETERODIMERIC BZIP TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR C-FOS-C-JUN BOUND TO DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray structure; leucine zipper; basic region; binding domains; coiled-coil; protein; complex; recognition; specificity; expression
AB THE FOS and Jun families of eukaryotic transcription factors heterodimerize to form complexes capable of binding 5'-TGAGTCA-3' DNA elements. We have determined the X-ray crystal structure of a heterodimer of the bZIP regions of c-Fos and c-Jun bound to DNA. Both subunits form continuous alpha-helices. The carboxy-terminal regions form an asymmetric coiled-coil, and the amino-terminal regions make base-specific contacts with DNA in the major groove. Comparison of the two crystallographically distinct protein-DNA complexes show that the coiled-coil is flexibly joined to the basic regions and that the Fos-Jun heterodimer does not recognize the asymmetric 5'-TGAGTCA-3' recognition element in a unique orientation. There is an extensive network of electrostatic interactions between subunits within the coiled-coil, consistent with proposals that these interactions determine preferential formation of the heterodimer over either of the homodimers.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 Harvard University
RP GLOVER, JNM (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,7 DIVIN AVE,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 28
TC 686
Z9 827
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6511
BP 257
EP 261
DI 10.1038/373257a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QC278
UT WOS:A1995QC27800068
PM 7816143
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KOMIYAMA, NH
   MIYAZAKI, G
   TAME, J
   NAGAI, K
AF KOMIYAMA, NH
   MIYAZAKI, G
   TAME, J
   NAGAI, K
TI TRANSPLANTING A UNIQUE ALLOSTERIC EFFECT FROM CROCODILE INTO HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; carbon-dioxide; hemoglobin; binding
AB CROCODILES are able to remain under water for more than one hour without surfacing to breathe(1,2) and often kill their prey by drowning it. How do crocodiles stay under water for a long time? When they hold their breath, bicarbonate ions, the final product of respiration, accumulate and drastically reduce the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin, releasing it large fraction of haemoglobin-bound oxygen into the tissues(3,4). We have now located the bicarbonate-ion-binding site at the alpha(1) beta(2)-subunit interface by making various human-crocodile chimaeric haemoglobins. Furthermore, we have been able to transplant the bicarbonate effect into human haemoglobin by replacing only a few residues, even though the amino-acid sequence identity between crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) and human haemoglobins is only 68% for the alpha- and 51% for the beta-subunit(5). These results indicate that an entirely new function which enables species to adapt to a new environment could evolve in a protein by a relatively small number of amino-acid substitutions in key positions(6).
C1 MRC,MOLEC BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
   OSAKA UNIV,FAC ENGN SCI,DEPT BIOPHYS,TOYONAKA,OSAKA 560,JAPAN.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; University of Osaka
NR 19
TC 79
Z9 83
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6511
BP 244
EP 246
DI 10.1038/373244a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QC278
UT WOS:A1995QC27800063
PM 7816138
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHATTERJEE, S
   STRUHL, K
AF CHATTERJEE, S
   STRUHL, K
TI CONNECTING A PROMOTER-BOUND PROTEIN TO TBP BYPASSES THE NEED FOR A TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION DOMAIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; tata elements; yeast; binding; invitro; specificity; mechanism; mutants; complex; cloning
AB BIOCHEMICAL analyses have suggested potential targets for transcriptional activation domains, which include several components of the RNA polymerase II machinery(1-7), as well as the chromatin template(8-12). Here we examine the mechanism of transcriptional activation in yeast cells by connecting a heterologous DNA-binding domain (LexA) to the TATA-binding protein (TBP), LexA-TBP efficiently activates transcription from a promoter containing a LexA operator upstream of a TATA element, Activation is promoter-specific and is sensitive to mutations on the DNA-binding surface of TBP; hence it is not due to a fortuitous activation domain on TBP, Thus a promoter-bound protein lacking an activation domain can stimulate transcription if it is directly connected to TBP. This suggests that recruitment of TBP to the promoter can be a rate-limiting step for transcription in vivo, and that interactions between activation domains and factors that function after TBP recruitment can be bypassed for activation.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOL CHEM & MOLEC PHARMACOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 31
TC 176
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6525
BP 820
EP 822
DI 10.1038/374820a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QV315
UT WOS:A1995QV31500050
PM 7723828
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MATZUK, MM
   KUMAR, TR
   VASSALLI, A
   BICKENBACH, JR
   ROOP, DR
   JAENISCH, R
   BRADLEY, A
AF MATZUK, MM
   KUMAR, TR
   VASSALLI, A
   BICKENBACH, JR
   ROOP, DR
   JAENISCH, R
   BRADLEY, A
TI FUNCTIONAL-ANALYSIS OF ACTIVINS DURING MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID preimplantation mouse embryos; xenopus embryogenesis; axial structures; expression; mesoderm; inhibin; cloning; induce; genes
AB ACTIVINS are dimeric (beta A beta A; beta B beta B; beta A beta B) members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily(1). They are widely expressed during murine development(1-6), are highly conserved during vertebrate evolution(1,7-11), and may be involved in mesoderm induction and neurulation in Xenopus laevis and Oryzias latipes(10-17). To investigate the function of mammalian activins in vivo, we generated mice with mutations either in activin-beta A or in both activin-beta A and activin-beta B. Activin-beta A-deficient mice develop to term but die within 24 h of birth. They lack whiskers and lower incisors and have defects in their secondary palates, including cleft palate, demonstrating that activin-beta A must have a role during craniofacial development. Mice lacking both activin subunits show the defects of both individual mutants but no additional defects, indicating that there is no functional redundancy between these proteins during embryogenesis. In contrast to observations in lower vertebrates(10-17), zygotic expression of activins is not essential for mesoderm formation in mice.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PATHOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
   MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP MATZUK, MM (corresponding author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MOLEC & HUMAN GENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA.
NR 31
TC 519
Z9 563
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6520
BP 354
EP 356
DI 10.1038/374354a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QN630
UT WOS:A1995QN63000058
PM 7885473
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KEEFE, AD
   NEWTON, GL
   MILLER, SL
AF KEEFE, AD
   NEWTON, GL
   MILLER, SL
TI A POSSIBLE PREBIOTIC SYNTHESIS OF PANTETHEINE, A PRECURSOR TO COENZYME-A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID purine nucleosides; acids
AB THE involvement of coenzyme A in many enzyme reactions suggests that it acted in this capacity very early in the development of life on Earth. Particularly relevant in this regard is its role in the activation of amino acids and hydroxy acids in the biosynthesis of some peptide antibiotics(1,2)-a mechanism of peptide synthesis that forms the basis for the proposal that a thioester world(3) could have preceded the RNA world(4), The components of coenzyme A have been shown to be probable prebiotic compounds: beta-alanine, pantoyl lactone and cysteamine(5,6) and possibly adenosine(7,8). We show here that the pantetheine moiety of coenzyme A (which also occurs in a number of enzymes) can be synthesized in yields of several per cent by heating pantoyl lactone, beta-alanine and cysteamine at temperatures as low as 40 degrees C. These components are extremely soluble and so would have been preferentially concentrated in evaporating bodies of water, for example on beaches and at lagoon margins. Our results show that amide bonds can be formed at temperatures as low as 40 degrees C, and provide circumstantial support for the suggestion that pantetheine and coenzyme A were important in the earliest metabolic systems.
RP KEEFE, AD (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 19
TC 66
Z9 73
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 683
EP 685
DI 10.1038/373683a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800049
PM 7854449
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WILLIAMS, GV
   GOLDMANRAKIC, PS
AF WILLIAMS, GV
   GOLDMANRAKIC, PS
TI MODULATION OF MEMORY FIELDS BY DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTORS IN PREFRONTAL CORTEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primate cerebral-cortex; working memory; parkinsons-disease; target-cells; neurons; rat; schizophrenia; amphetamine; involvement; stimulation
AB Dopamine has been implicated in the cognitive process of working memory but the cellular basis of its action has yet to be revealed. By combining iontophoretic analysis of dopamine receptors with single-cell recording during behaviour, we found that D1 antagonists can selectively potentiate the 'memory fields' of prefrontal neurons which subserve working memory. The precision shown for D1 receptor modulation of mnemonic processing Indicates a direct gating of selective excitatory synaptic inputs to prefrontal neurons during cognition.
RP WILLIAMS, GV (corresponding author), YALE UNIV, SCH MED, NEUROBIOL SECT, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 USA.
NR 45
TC 1348
Z9 1496
U1 0
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6541
BP 572
EP 575
DI 10.1038/376572a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RP756
UT WOS:A1995RP75600044
PM 7637804
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GALARNEAU, A
   BARODAWALLA, A
   PINNAVAIA, TJ
AF GALARNEAU, A
   BARODAWALLA, A
   PINNAVAIA, TJ
TI POROUS CLAY HETEROSTRUCTURES FORMED BY GALLERY-TEMPLATED SYNTHESIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-sieves
AB THE mesoporous molecular sieves developed recently(1,2) have stimulated a great deal of interest in large-pore materials for selective rs catalysis and other applications(6). The synthesis of these materials involves the use of ionic surfactants which interact with the inorganic ions in a cooperative process to form a range of ordered mesostructures(7,8). Many of these same surfactants can be intercalated into layered inorganic materials(9,10), and we explore here the possibility of using intercalated surfactants for the templated synthesis of structures within the interlayer spaces (galleries) of clays. The surfactants act in concert with aqueous silicate species to form a silica framework between the layers. Removal of the surfactant by calcination then leaves a mesoporous solid with thermally stable pores of widths in the range 14-22 Angstrom. These materials, which we call porous clay heterostructures, might provide new opportunities for the rational design of heterogeneous catalysts.
C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,E LANSING,MI 48824.
   MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,CTR FUNDAMENTAL MAT RES,E LANSING,MI 48824.
C3 Michigan State University; Michigan State University
NR 19
TC 324
Z9 345
U1 3
U2 70
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 529
EP 531
DI 10.1038/374529a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RIDDLE, DR
   LO, DC
   KATZ, LC
AF RIDDLE, DR
   LO, DC
   KATZ, LC
TI NT-4-MEDIATED RESCUE OF LATERAL GENICULATE NEURONS FROM EFFECTS OF MONOCULAR DEPRIVATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nerve growth-factor; rat visual-cortex; factor ngf; gene-expression; striate cortex; messenger-rna; nucleus; organization; microspheres; plasticity
AB ALTERING the balance of activity between the two eyes during the critical period for visual-system development profoundly affects competitive interactions among neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex(1-6). Neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus that are deprived of activity by closing or silencing one eye atrophy as a result of competition with non-deprived neurons for some critical factor(s) presumed to be present in the cortex. Based on their actions in the developing visual system(7-12) neurotrophins are attractive candidates for such factors. We tested whether neurotrophins mediate intracortical competition of afferents from the lateral geniculate nucleus by using monocular deprivation and a new method for highly localized, in vivo delivery of neurotrophins. This method allowed unambiguous identification of neurons that were exposed to neurotrophin. Here we report that only one neurotrophin, the TrkB ligand NT-4, rescued neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus from the dystrophic effects of monocular deprivation.
RP RIDDLE, DR (corresponding author), DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT NEUROBIOL,DURHAM,NC 27710, USA.
NR 29
TC 192
Z9 200
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 189
EP 191
DI 10.1038/378189a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900055
PM 7477322
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GREENBAUM, E
   LEE, JW
   TEVAULT, CV
   BLANKINSHIP, SL
   METS, LJ
AF GREENBAUM, E
   LEE, JW
   TEVAULT, CV
   BLANKINSHIP, SL
   METS, LJ
TI CO2 FIXATION AND PHOTOEVOLUTION OF H-2 AND O-2 IN A MUTANT OF CHLAMYDOMONAS LACKING PHOTOSYSTEM-I
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reaction centers; pheophytin; photoreduction; chloroplast; reduction; light; photosynthesis; requirement; evolution; nadp+
AB Although mutant B4 of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii lacks photosystem I (PS I), it is capable of photoautotrophic assimilation of atmospheric carbon dioxide and sustained simultaneous photo-evolution of molecular oxygen and hydrogen. Here we report that at saturating light intensities, carbon dioxide reduction is stable under anaerobiosis but unstable in air. At lower light intensities, carbon dioxide reduction is stable in both atmospheres. The data indicate that OS I is not necessary for autotrophic photosynthesis. One interpretation of these results is that oxygenic photosynthesis developed as a single-light-reaction process, presumably from a bacterium with a phaeophytin-quinone reaction centre, but became unstable as oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere accumulated. PS I was the seconde light reaction, added to confer stability in oxygen-containing atmospheres. Viewed from this perspective, the well-known Z scheme of modern photosynthesis is seen as a specialized adaptation for performing low-potential reductive photochemistry in oxygen-containing atmospheres, but is not an irreducible necessity for satisfying the thermodynamic and mechanistic requirements of carbon dioxide photoreduction using water as the source of reductant.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT MOLEC GENET & CELL BIOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
C3 University of Chicago
RP GREENBAUM, E (corresponding author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV CHEM TECHNOL,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA.
NR 20
TC 59
Z9 65
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6539
BP 438
EP 441
DI 10.1038/376438a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RM639
UT WOS:A1995RM63900056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHAFER, WR
   KENYON, CJ
AF SCHAFER, WR
   KENYON, CJ
TI A CALCIUM-CHANNEL HOMOLOG REQUIRED FOR ADAPTATION TO DOPAMINE AND SEROTONIN IN CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genetics; neurons
AB PROCESSING and storage of information by the nervous system requires the ability to modulate the response of excitable cells to neurotransmitter. A simple process of this type, known as adaptation or desensitization, occurs when prolonged stimulation triggers processes that attenuate the response to neurotransmitter. Here we report that the Caenorhabditis elegans gene unc-2 is required for adaptation to two neurotransmitters, dopamine and serotonin. A loss-of-function mutation in unc-2 resulted in failure to adapt either to paralysis by dopamine or to stimulation of egg laying by serotonin. In addition, unc-2 mutants displayed behaviours similar to those induced by serotonin treatment. We found that unc-2 encodes a homologue of a voltage-sensitive calcium-channel alpha-1 subunit. Expression of unc-2 occurs in two types of neurons implicated in the control of egg laying, a behaviour regulated by serotonin, Unc-2 appears to be required in modulatory neurons to downregulate the response of the egg-laying muscles to serotonin, We propose that adaptation to serotonin occurs through activation of an Unc-2-dependent calcium influx, which modulates the postsynaptic response to serotonin, perhaps by inhibiting the release of a potentiating neuropeptide.
RP SCHAFER, WR (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 23
TC 238
Z9 303
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6526
BP 73
EP 78
DI 10.1038/375073a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QW604
UT WOS:A1995QW60400058
PM 7723846
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HOPFIELD, JJ
AF HOPFIELD, JJ
TI PATTERN-RECOGNITION COMPUTATION USING ACTION-POTENTIAL TIMING FOR STIMULUS REPRESENTATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inferior colliculus; interaural time; visual-cortex; delay-lines; brain-stem; information; oscillations; circuit; cells; bat
AB A computational model is described in which the sizes of variables are represented by the explicit times at which action potentials occur, rather than by the more usual 'firing rate' of neurons. The comparison of patterns over sets of analogue variables is done by a network using different delays for different information paths. This mode of computation explains how one scheme of neuroarchitecture can be used for very different sensory modalities and seemingly different computations. The oscillations and anatomy of the mammalian olfactory systems have a simple interpretation in terms of this representation, and relate to processing in the auditory system. Single-electrode recording would plot detect such neural computing. Recognition 'units' in this style respond more like radial basis function units than elementary sigmoid un its.
C1 CALTECH,DIV BIOL,PASADENA,CA 91125.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP HOPFIELD, JJ (corresponding author), CALTECH,DIV CHEM & CHEM ENGN,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 33
TC 859
Z9 970
U1 1
U2 96
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6535
BP 33
EP 36
DI 10.1038/376033a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RH111
UT WOS:A1995RH11100054
PM 7596429
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KIKKAWA, M
   ISHIKAWA, T
   WAKABAYASHI, T
   HIROKAWA, N
AF KIKKAWA, M
   ISHIKAWA, T
   WAKABAYASHI, T
   HIROKAWA, N
TI 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE KINESIN HEAD-MICROTUBULE COMPLEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cryo-electron microscopy; surface lattice; reconstruction; decoration; tubulin; system; images
AB KINESIN is a microtubule (MT)-associated 'motor' molecule fundamental to organelle transport(1,2). Recently, various kinesin superfamily members (KIFs) have also been identified and suggested as being responsible for the transport of specific organelles(3-5). Kinesin is a heterotetramer composed of two heavy chains and two light chains. The heavy chains form two globular heads, a rod and a fan-like tail completed by the light chains(6,7). The globular head, which is composed of approximately 340 amino-terminal residues of the heavy chain, includes both ATP-binding and MT-binding domains, and its recombinant protein also has these properties(8). To improve the understanding of the mechanism of force generation by an MT-based molecular motor, kinesin, we report here the three-dimensional structure of the complex of a recombinant kinesin head and MTs, as revealed by helical reconstruction from cryoelectron micrographs. A kinesin head is a globular teardrop-like structure binding to the ridge of one protofilament of MTs. We have determined the polarity of the structure of the complex of MTs and the kinesin head in relation to MT polarity.
C1 UNIV TOKYO, FAC MED, DEPT ANAT & CELL BIOL, BUNKYO KU, TOKYO 113, JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO, FAC SCI, DEPT PHYS, BUNKYO KU, TOKYO 113, JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo
NR 30
TC 89
Z9 100
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6537
BP 274
EP 277
DI 10.1038/376274a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RK331
UT WOS:A1995RK33100052
PM 7617041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DINCHUK, JE
   CAR, BD
   FOCHT, RJ
   JOHNSTON, JJ
   JAFFEE, BD
   COVINGTON, MB
   CONTEL, NR
   ENG, VM
   COLLINS, RJ
   CZERNIAK, PM
   GORRY, SA
   TRZASKOS, JM
AF DINCHUK, JE
   CAR, BD
   FOCHT, RJ
   JOHNSTON, JJ
   JAFFEE, BD
   COVINGTON, MB
   CONTEL, NR
   ENG, VM
   COLLINS, RJ
   CZERNIAK, PM
   GORRY, SA
   TRZASKOS, JM
TI RENAL ABNORMALITIES AND AN ALTERED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN MICE LACKING CYCLOOXYGENASE-II
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat preovulatory follicles; prostaglandin synthase; hormonal-regulation; arachidonic-acid; messenger-rna; h synthase; cells; mouse; expression; induction
AB PROSTAGLANDINS have wide-ranging effects in the body and are thought to be important mediators of inflammation. Cyclooxygenase (COX) plays a keg regulatory role in prostaglandin synthesis, and occurs in both constitutive (COX-1) and inducible (COX-2) isoforms(1,2). COX-1 is thought to provide cytoprotective effects(3), whereas COX-2 is both inducible and the major isoform of inflammatory cells(4), Reduction of prostaglandin production by inhibition of cyclooxygenases appears to be the main mechanism of action of most non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)(5), Here we present an animal model of COX-2 deficiency that was generated by gene targeting. Defects in null mice correlating with reduced viability included renal alterations, characteristic of renal dysplasia (100% penetrance), and cardiac fibrosis (50% penetrance). Female Cox-2 -/- mice were infertile, COX-2 deficiency failed to alter inflammatory responses in several standard models, but striking mitigation of endotoxin-induced hepatocellular cytotoxicity was observed.
C1 UNIV PENN, ANIM RESOURCES LAB, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA.
   DUPONT MERCK PHARMACEUT CO, WILMINGTON, DE 19880 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; DuPont; DuPont USA
RP DINCHUK, JE (corresponding author), DUPONT MERCK PHARMACEUT CO, GLENOLDEN, PA 19036 USA.
NR 30
TC 858
Z9 928
U1 2
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 406
EP 409
DI 10.1038/378406a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300064
PM 7477380
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU IRVING, M
   ALLEN, TS
   SABIDODAVID, C
   CRAIK, JS
   BRANDMEIER, B
   KENDRICKJONES, J
   CORRIE, JET
   TRENTHAM, DR
   GOLDMAN, YE
AF IRVING, M
   ALLEN, TS
   SABIDODAVID, C
   CRAIK, JS
   BRANDMEIER, B
   KENDRICKJONES, J
   CORRIE, JET
   TRENTHAM, DR
   GOLDMAN, YE
TI TILTING OF THE LIGHT-CHAIN REGION OF MYOSIN DURING STEP LENGTH CHANGES AND ACTIVE FORCE GENERATION IN SKELETAL-MUSCLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID contracting muscle; mechanical transients; frog-muscle; fibers; orientation; stiffness; head
AB FORCE generation and relative sliding between the myosin and actin filaments in muscle are thought to be caused by tilting of the head region of the myosin crossbridges between the filaments(1-3). Structural and spectroscopic experiments have demonstrated segmental flexibility of myosin in muscle(4-6), but have not shown a direct linkage between tilting of the myosin heads and either force generation or filament sliding. Here we use fluorescence polarization to detect changes in the orientation of the light-chain region of the head, the part most likely to tilt(5,7,8), and synchronized head movements by imposing rapid length steps(9-11). We found that the light-chain region of the myosin head tilts both during the imposed filament sliding and during the subsequent quick force recovery that is thought to signal the elementary force-generating event.
C1 UNIV PENN,DEPT DEV & CELL BIOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   NATL INST MED RES,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
   MRC,MOLEC BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
   UNIV PENN,PENN MUSCLE INST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; University of Pennsylvania
RP IRVING, M (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON KINGS COLL,RANDALL INST,26-29 DRURY LANE,LONDON WC2B 5RL,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 35
TC 183
Z9 187
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6533
BP 688
EP 691
DI 10.1038/375688a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RE576
UT WOS:A1995RE57600062
PM 7791902
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU REJTO, PA
   BINDEWALD, E
   CHANDLER, D
AF REJTO, PA
   BINDEWALD, E
   CHANDLER, D
TI VISUALIZATION OF FAST ENERGY-FLOW AND SOLVENT CAGING IN UNIMOLECULAR DYNAMICS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conformational isomerization; transition-state; cyclohexane; liquids; relaxation; activation
AB ENERGY flow in solution between physically or chemically evolving solute molecules and the surrounding solvent significantly affects the nature of chemical dynamics in liquids. It determines the extent to which the statistical theory of reaction rates(1,2) is valid; the transfer of energy between solute and solvent influences the ease with which the transition state evolves into the products-the process central to transition-state theory. But analysing the energy flow in liquid-phase dynamics is difficult because these systems are so complex, and the degrees of freedom are consequently so numerous. Here we present a way to address this challenge. We introduce an approach for visualizing the energy flow directly, and apply it to the isomerization of cyclohexane (between boat and chair conformations) in liquid carbon disulphide, a process for which detailed information about the molecular motions is available from molecular dynamics simulations(8). Our method reveals in pictorial form the formation and relaxation of a solvent cage, and shows that the relaxation has a strong effect on energy flow to and from the transition state on sub-picosecond timescales. We anticipate that this visualization approach will be generally useful for elucidating dynamical molecular processes in solution.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT CHEM,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
NR 22
TC 11
Z9 11
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6527
BP 129
EP 131
DI 10.1038/375129a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QX741
UT WOS:A1995QX74100045
PM 7753167
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FARRAR, CD
   SOREY, ML
   EVANS, WC
   HOWLE, JF
   KERR, BD
   KENNEDY, BM
   KING, CY
   SOUTHON, JR
AF FARRAR, CD
   SOREY, ML
   EVANS, WC
   HOWLE, JF
   KERR, BD
   KENNEDY, BM
   KING, CY
   SOUTHON, JR
TI FOREST-KILLING DIFFUSE CO2 EMISSION AT MAMMOTH MOUNTAIN AS A SIGN OF MAGMATIC UNREST
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long valley caldera; carbon-dioxide; california; eruptions; volcano; soil
AB MAMMOTH Mountain, in the western United States, is a large dacitic volcano with a long history of volcanism that began 200 kyr ago(1) and produced phreatic eruptions as recently as 500+/- 200 yr sp (ref. 2). Seismicity, ground deformation and changes in fumarole gas composition suggested an episode of shallow dyke intrusion in 1989-90 (refs 3, 4), Areas of dying forest and incidents of near asphyxia in confined spaces, first reported in 1990, prompted us to search for diffuse flank emissions of magmatic CO2, as have been described at Mount Etna(5) and Vulcano(6). Here we report the results of a soil-gas survey, begun in 1994, that revealed CO2 concentrations of 30-96% in a 30-hectare region of killed trees, from which we estimate a total CO2 flux of greater than or equal to 1,200 tonnes per day, The forest die-off is the most conspicuous surface manifestation of magmatic processes at Mammoth Mountain, which hosts only weak fumarolic vents and no summit activity, Although the onset of tree kill coincided with the episode of shallow dyke intrusion, the magnitude and duration of the CO2 flux indicates that a larger, deeper magma source and/or a large reservoir of high-pressure gas is being tapped.
C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025.
   US GEOL SURVEY,SACRAMENTO,CA 95825.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94551.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP FARRAR, CD (corresponding author), US GEOL SURVEY,CARNELIAN BAY,CA 96140, USA.
NR 23
TC 242
Z9 265
U1 3
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6542
BP 675
EP 678
DI 10.1038/376675a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RQ672
UT WOS:A1995RQ67200056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PLAGA, R
AF PLAGA, R
TI DETECTING INTERGALACTIC MAGNETIC-FIELDS USING TIME DELAYS IN PULSES OF GAMMA-RAYS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inflation
AB INTERGALACTIC magnetic fields (IGMFs) can be produced by a number of mechanisms, but are expected to be weak and have not so far been detected, 'Primordial' magnetic fields might have been produced in the very early Universe, either by quantum fluctuations during the 'inflationary' period(1,2) or through the decoupling transitions of the fundamental forces(3,4). The much later ejection of magnetized plasma into intergalactic space from galaxies and active galactic nuclei should also produce IGMFs, though it is possible that some fraction of the Universe retains its 'primordial' field(5). Previous studies(6) have placed an upper limit of 10(-9) gauss on the strength of an IGMF (with a coherence length of 1 Mpc), but the strength may be much less than this, posing a formidable challenge to current observational capabilities. Here I propose a highly sensitive method for probing weak IGMFs by exploiting their effect on the arrival times of gamma-rays from extragalactic sources. The delay in arrival owing to the action of intergalactic magnetic fields on electron cascades caused by scattering of the gamma-ray photons might be used to measure fields as weak as 10(-24) gauss. I suggest that this effect may already have been seen in the arrival times of high-energy photons after the main burst of a gamma-ray burster(7).
RP PLAGA, R (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST PHYS & ASTROPHYS,FOHRINGER RING 6,D-80805 MUNICH,GERMANY.
NR 19
TC 203
Z9 212
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 430
EP 432
DI 10.1038/374430a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MASCHMEYER, T
   REY, F
   SANKAR, G
   THOMAS, JM
AF MASCHMEYER, T
   REY, F
   SANKAR, G
   THOMAS, JM
TI HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS OBTAINED BY GRAFTING METALLOCENE COMPLEXES ONTO MESOPOROUS SILICA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zeolite-beta; titanoaluminosilicates
AB THE synthesis of mesoporous siliceous solids with large-diameter channel apertures (25-100 Angstrom) has greatly expanded the capabilities of heterogeneous catalysis(1-7). The large apertures in such mesoporous silicas can, for example, be modified by framework substitution to create highly selective catalysts(4,5). Here we show that direct grafting of an organometallic complex onto the inner walls of mesoporous silica MCM-41 (ref. 1) generates a shape-selective catalyst with a large concentration of accessible, well spaced and structurally well defined active sites. Specifically, attachment of a titanocene-derived catalyst precursor to the pore walls of MCM-41 produces a catalyst for the epoxidation of cyclohexene and more bulky cyclic alkenes.
C1 UCL ROYAL INST GREAT BRITAIN, DAVY FARADAY RES LAB, LONDON W1X 4BS, ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London
NR 29
TC 1194
Z9 1283
U1 4
U2 347
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/378159a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CAVANAUGH, AH
   HEMPEL, WM
   TAYLOR, LJ
   ROGALSKY, V
   TODOROV, G
   ROTHBLUM, LI
AF CAVANAUGH, AH
   HEMPEL, WM
   TAYLOR, LJ
   ROGALSKY, V
   TODOROV, G
   ROTHBLUM, LI
TI ACTIVITY OF RNA-POLYMERASE-I TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR UBF BLOCKED BY RB GENE-PRODUCT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell differentiation; protein; phosphorylation; transactivation; binding; growth
AB THE protein encoded by the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (Rb) functions as a tumour suppressor and negative growth regulator(1). As actively growing cells require the ongoing synthesis of ribosomal RNA, we considered that Rb might interact with the ribosomal DNA transcription apparatus, Here we report that (1) there is an accumulation of Rb protein in the nucleoli of differentiated U937 cells which correlates with inhibition of rDNA transcription; (2) addition of Rb to an in vitro transcription system inhibits transcription by RNA polymerase I; (3) this inhibition requires a functional Rb pocket(2); and (4) Rb specifically inhibits the activity of the RNA polymerase I transcription factor UBF (upstream binding factor) in vitro. This last observation was confirmed by affinity chromatography and immunoprecipitation, which demonstrated an interaction between Rb and UBF. These results indicate that there is an additional mechanism by which Rb suppresses cell growth, namely that Rb directly represses transcription of the rRNA genes.
C1 GEISINGER MED CLIN,SIGFRIED & JANET WEIS CTR RES,DANVILLE,PA 17822.
   MT SINAI MED CTR,DIV NEOPLAST DIS,NEW YORK,NY 10029.
C3 Geisinger Medical Center; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
NR 17
TC 306
Z9 330
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 177
EP 180
DI 10.1038/374177a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700063
PM 7877691
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HIRSCH, JA
   ALONSO, JM
   REID, RC
AF HIRSCH, JA
   ALONSO, JM
   REID, RC
TI VISUALLY EVOKED CALCIUM ACTION-POTENTIALS IN CAT STRIATE CORTEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pyramidal cells; dendrites; neurons; invitro; invivo
AB EARLY intracellular studies of cerebral cortical neurons indicated that synaptic input evokes dendritic action potentials that convey information towards the soma(1). Subsequent work in vitro established that neocortical neurons produce dendritic Ca2+ action potentials(2-5). To determine whether natural stimuli elicit Ca2+ spikes, we combined the techniques of whole-cell recording(6,7), pharmacology(8) and quantitative receptive field mapping(9). Our findings show that visual stimulation routinely evoked Ca2+ spikes in distinct functional(10) and anatomical(11) classes of cells in different layers of the cat striate cortex(12). Hence regenerative Ca2+ potentials appear to play a role in both the initial and later stages of cortical sensory processing.
RP HIRSCH, JA (corresponding author), ROCKEFELLER UNIV,NEUROBIOL LAB,1230 YORK AVE,NEW YORK,NY 10021, USA.
NR 30
TC 60
Z9 63
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 612
EP 616
DI 10.1038/378612a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100076
PM 8524394
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHARTL, M
   NANDA, I
   SCHLUPP, I
   WILDE, B
   EPPLEN, JT
   SCHMID, M
   PARZEFALL, J
AF SCHARTL, M
   NANDA, I
   SCHLUPP, I
   WILDE, B
   EPPLEN, JT
   SCHMID, M
   PARZEFALL, J
TI INCORPORATION OF SUBGENOMIC AMOUNTS OF DNA AS COMPENSATION FOR MUTATIONAL LOAD IN A GYNOGENETIC FISH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID poecilia-formosa; populations; sequences
AB A CENTRAL paradigm in evolutionary biology is that sexual reproduction is advantageous over asexuality(1-5). One of the long-term disadvantages asexual forms have to face is Muller's ratchet(6). In the absence of recombination, theoretically no genotype can ever produce offspring with fewer mutations than its own load, The accumulation of deleterious mutations and gene combinations that cannot be purged should lead to extinction of parthenogenetic forms within 10(4)-10(5) generations(7,8). Evidence is accumulating, however, that some of these might have survived for such periods or even longer(9-14). In the Amazon Molly fish Poecilia formosa we have detected a process that appears to compensate for disadvantages of asexuality, namely incorporation of subgenomic amounts of DNA from a bisexual host species by microchromosomes.
C1 UNIV HAMBURG, INST ZOOL, D-20146 HAMBURG, GERMANY.
   UNIV HAMBURG, ZOOL MUSEUM, D-20146 HAMBURG, GERMANY.
   RUHR UNIV BOCHUM, D-44780 BOCHUM, GERMANY.
C3 University of Hamburg; University of Hamburg; Ruhr University Bochum
RP SCHARTL, M (corresponding author), UNIV WURZBURG, BIOZENTRUM, INST HUMANGENET, HUBLAND, D-97074 WURZBURG, GERMANY.
NR 29
TC 184
Z9 205
U1 3
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6509
BP 68
EP 71
DI 10.1038/373068a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QA239
UT WOS:A1995QA23900057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GIBBARD, S
   LEVY, EH
   LUNINE, JI
AF GIBBARD, S
   LEVY, EH
   LUNINE, JI
TI GENERATION OF LIGHTNING IN JUPITER WATER CLOUD
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID moist convection; ice; voyager-1
AB LIGHTING is a familiar feature of storms on the Earth, and has also been seen on Jupiter(1-3) and inferred indirectly to occur on Venus and Neptune(4,5). On Jupiter, lightning mag. be important as a source of energy to drive chemical reactions in the atmosphere, perhaps determining the abundances of molecules such as CO, HCN and C2H2 (ref. 6). Lightning may be generated in Jupiter's water clouds by a mechanism similar to that which operates in terrestrial thunderstorms(7-9). Here we investigate the development of lightning by modelling the thunderstorm separation of electrical charge on precipitating ice particles at varying depths in Jupiter's atmosphere, We find that lightning can indeed be generated in the jovian water clouds, and that-in agreement with estimates from the analysis of Voyager images(10)-it is most likely to occur at the 3- or 4-bar pressure level, Our model also predicts that a condensed-water abundance in the range of at least 1-2 g m(-3) is required for lightning to occur in jovian thunderstorms-a prediction that may be tested when the Galileo probe arrives at Jupiter on 7 December 1995.
RP GIBBARD, S (corresponding author), UNIV ARIZONA,LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA.
NR 23
TC 30
Z9 31
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 592
EP 595
DI 10.1038/378592a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100068
PM 8524392
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRIFFA, KR
   JONES, PD
   SCHWEINGRUBER, FH
   SHIYATOV, SG
   COOK, ER
AF BRIFFA, KR
   JONES, PD
   SCHWEINGRUBER, FH
   SHIYATOV, SG
   COOK, ER
TI UNUSUAL 20TH-CENTURY SUMMER WARMTH IN A 1,000-YEAR TEMPERATURE RECORD FROM SIBERIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocean-atmosphere model; ring
AB IN the current debate on the magnitude of modern-day climate change, there is a growing appreciation of the importance of long, high-resolution proxies of past climate(1-3). Such records provide an indication of natural (pre-anthropogenic) climate variability, either singly at specific geographical locations or in combination on continental and perhaps even hemispheric scales(4). There are, however, relatively few records that are well dated, of high resolution and of verifiable fidelity in terms of climate response, and conspicuously few that extend over a thousand years or more(5). Here we report a tree-ring-based reconstruction of mean summer temperatures over the northern Urals since AD 914. This record shows that the mean temperature of the twentieth century (1901-90) is higher than during any similar period since AD 914.
C1 SWISS FED INST FOREST SNOW & LANDSCAPE RES,CH-8903 BIRMENSDORF,SWITZERLAND.
   RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST PLANT & ANIMAL ECOL,SVERDLOVSK 620219,RUSSIA.
   COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV,TREE RING LAB,PALISADES,NY 10964.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow & Landscape Research; Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Columbia University
RP BRIFFA, KR (corresponding author), UNIV E ANGLIA,SCH ENVIRONM SCI,CLIMAT RES UNIT,NORWICH NR4 7TJ,NORFOLK,ENGLAND.
NR 31
TC 235
Z9 268
U1 1
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6536
BP 156
EP 159
DI 10.1038/376156a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RJ028
UT WOS:A1995RJ02800055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SORDINO, P
   VANDERHOEVEN, F
   DUBOULE, D
AF SORDINO, P
   VANDERHOEVEN, F
   DUBOULE, D
TI HOX GENE-EXPRESSION IN TELEOST FINS AND THE ORIGIN OF VERTEBRATE DIGITS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pattern-formation; limb; mice
AB Hox genes are essential for growth and patterning of the tetrapod limb skeleton(1-5). Mice mutant for the Hoxd-13 gene have an important delay in morphogenesis owing to reduced proliferation(2). Based on the appearance of atavisms in such mice, we suggested that modifications of Hox gene regulation may have been a source of morphological variation during the evolution of tetrapod limbs(2,6). Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to fore- and hindlimbs, respectively. To compare the relative importance of Hox genes during fin versus limb morphogenesis, we cloned zebrafish (Danio rerio) HoxD and HoxA complex genes and analysed their expression during fin development. The results suggest a scheme for the fin-limb transition in which the distal autopods (digits) are neomorphic structures produced by unequal proliferation of the posterior part of an ancestral appendix.
C1 UNIV GENEVA, DEPT ZOOL & ANIM BIOL, CH-1211 GENEVA 4, SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Geneva
NR 30
TC 292
Z9 319
U1 1
U2 63
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6533
BP 678
EP 681
DI 10.1038/375678a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RE576
UT WOS:A1995RE57600059
PM 7791900
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GAUDET, JM
   ROY, AG
AF GAUDET, JM
   ROY, AG
TI EFFECT OF BED MORPHOLOGY ON FLOW MIXING LENGTH AT RIVER CONFLUENCES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID channels
AB MIXING processes at river confluences have an important bearing on problems such as pollutant dispersal and the management of river systems, but remain poorly understood. Previous studies(1-11) have indicated that flow mixing downstream of a confluence is a slow process, typically completed at distances greater than 100 times the channel width. Bed morphology is now emerging as a critical factor: flume experiments have shown that the width to depth ratios(12) and height discordance(13,14) between the confluent channels should influence mixing rates(12-14). But the magnitude of these effects in real rivers is not known. Here we report measurements from three river confluences of moderate size which show that bed discordance can markedly increase mixing rates. For the rivers studied, mixing is complete at distances five to ten times shorter than those reported previously.
RP GAUDET, JM (corresponding author), UNIV MONTREAL,DEPT GEOG,CP 6128,SUCC CTR VILLE,MONTREAL,PQ H3C 3J7,CANADA.
NR 19
TC 103
Z9 123
U1 0
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6510
BP 138
EP 139
DI 10.1038/373138a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QB063
UT WOS:A1995QB06300054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LOUBEYRE, P
   LETOULLEC, R
AF LOUBEYRE, P
   LETOULLEC, R
TI STABILITY OF O-2/H-2 MIXTURES AT HIGH-PRESSURE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binary phase-diagram; x-ray-diffraction; gpa; hydrogen; 296-k
AB THE discovery(1-3) of the stoichiometric compounds He(N-2)II, Ne(He)(2) and Ar(H-2)(2) in high-pressure mixtures has uncovered a new aspect of high-pressure chemistry. In contrast to these studies on inert species, we show here that high pressures can lead to unexpected behaviour in reactive compounds. We find that mixtures of O-2 and H-2 are stable at pressures of around 7.6 GPa, despite their explosive nature under ambient conditions. We use microscopy and Raman spectroscopy to identify the phase boundary of the stable region. The structure of the binary phase diagram at 296 K suggests that a stoichiometric compound (O-2)(3)(H-2)(4) might exist. The stability of dense O-2/H-2 mixtures might be usefully exploited in the development of rocket fuels and for energy storage, and might also be relevant to the composition of the interiors of the jovian planets.
RP LOUBEYRE, P (corresponding author), UNIV PARIS 06,CNRS,URA 782,BOITE 77,4 PL JUSSIEU,F-75252 PARIS,FRANCE.
NR 15
TC 25
Z9 26
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 44
EP 46
DI 10.1038/378044a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LIAO, DZ
   HESSLER, NA
   MALINOW, R
AF LIAO, DZ
   HESSLER, NA
   MALINOW, R
TI ACTIVATION OF POSTSYNAPTICALLY SILENT SYNAPSES DURING PAIRING-INDUCED LTP IN CA1 REGION OF HIPPOCAMPAL SLICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; presynaptic enhancement; synaptic currents; nmda receptors; expression; release; probability; mechanisms; responses; induction
AB LONG-TERM potentiation (LTP) is an enhancement of synaptic strength that can be produced by pairing of presynaptic activity with postsynaptic depolarization(1). LTP in the hippocampus has been extensively studied as a cellular model of learning and memory, but the nature of the underlying synaptic modification remains elusive, partly because our knowledge of central synapses is still limited(2,3). One proposal(4,5) is that the modification is postsynaptic, and that synapses expressing only NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors before potentiation are induced by LTP to express functional AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionate) receptors. Here we report that a high proportion of synapses in hippocampal area CAI transmit with NMDA receptors but not AMPA receptors, making these synapses effectively non-functional at normal resting potentials. These silent synapses acquire AMPA-type responses following LTP induction, Our findings challenge the view(6-10) that LTP in CA1 involves a presynaptic modification, and suggest instead a simple postsynaptic mechanism for both induction and expression of LTP.
C1 COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB,COLD SPRING HARBOR,NY 11724.
   UNIV IOWA,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,IOWA CITY,IA.
   UNIV IOWA,NEUROSCI PROGRAM,IOWA CITY,IA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; University of Iowa; University of Iowa
FU NIMH NIH HHS [R29MH49159] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1085
Z9 1270
U1 1
U2 56
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6530
BP 400
EP 404
DI 10.1038/375400a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RB101
UT WOS:A1995RB10100052
PM 7760933
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CAI, H
   LEVINE, V
AF CAI, H
   LEVINE, V
TI MODULATION OF ENHANCER-PROMOTER INTERACTIONS BY INSULATORS IN THE DROSOPHILA EMBRYO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID domain boundary; protein; repression; expression; conversion; silencer; element; assay; gene
AB INSULATOR DNAs, or boundary elements, functionally isolate neighbouring genes by blocking interactions between distal enhancers and inappropriate target promoters(1-5). The best-characterized insulators in Drosophila correspond to a 340-base-pair (bp) fragment from the gypsy retrotransposon(3), and the scs and scs' sequences flanking the 87A1 hsp70 locus(1,2). Here we demonstrate that both insulators block the interaction of defined even-skipped (eve) stripe enhancers(6,7) when positioned between the enhancer and the target promoter. The simultaneous use of two stripe enhancers (eve stripes 2 and 3) provides evidence that enhancers lying distal to the insulator are selectively blocked. The insertion of stripe- insulator-stripe sequences between two divergently transcribed promoters indicates that enhancers barred from acting on one basal promoter are fully accessible to appropriate regulatory factors for activating the other promoter. These results suggest that insulators do not propagate changes in chromatin structure. Finally, we present evidence that the gypsy insulator does not block interactions between a silencer element and a basal promoter, Taken together, these results suggest that insulators might not be restricted to the functional isolation of neighbouring genetic loci. Rather, they might function as flexible regulatory elements that modulate enhancer-promoter interactions within complex promoters and complex genetic loci.
RP CAI, H (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,CTR MOLEC GENET,DEPT BIOL,PACIFIC HALL,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 16
TC 192
Z9 206
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6540
BP 533
EP 536
DI 10.1038/376533a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RN622
UT WOS:A1995RN62200051
PM 7637789
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FARLEY, KA
AF FARLEY, KA
TI CENOZOIC VARIATIONS IN THE FLUX OF INTERPLANETARY DUST RECORDED BY HE-3 IN A DEEP-SEA SEDIMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neon isotopes; cosmic dust; helium; pacific
AB HELIUM-3 concentrations and He-3/He-4 ratios in modern pelagic sediments are known to be far in excess of terrestrial values as a result of micrometeorite fallout(1-3). Here I report that extraterrestrial helium is easily detected in a pelagic clay core dating back more than 70 Myr. The remarkable preservation of the extraterrestrial signature arises from high retention of He-3 within interplanetary dust particles, coupled with loss of radiogenic He-4 from terrestrial mineral grains. The core provides a continuous record of the fallout of extraterrestrial helium for the Cenozoic era. This record suggests that there have been significant variations in the influx of interplanetary dust through time, probably related to asteroidal breakup events or the passage of comets through the inner Solar System. The results also show He-3 to be a far more sensitive tracer of the interplanetary dust flux than is iridium,
RP FARLEY, KA (corresponding author), CALTECH,DIV GEOL & PLANETARY SCI,MS 170-25,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 25
TC 113
Z9 123
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6536
BP 153
EP 156
DI 10.1038/376153a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RJ028
UT WOS:A1995RJ02800054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WEISSKOPF, MG
   NICOLL, RA
AF WEISSKOPF, MG
   NICOLL, RA
TI PRESYNAPTIC CHANGES DURING MOSSY FIBER LTP REVEALED BY NMDA RECEPTOR-MEDIATED SYNAPTIC RESPONSES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; guinea-pig hippocampus; rat hippocampus; mechanisms; probability; neurons; release; slices; forms; brain
AB ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT changes in synaptic strength are important for learning and memory. Long-term potentiation (LTP) of glutamatergic excitatory synapses following brief repetitive stimulation provides a compelling cellular model for such plasticity(1-4). In the CA1 region of the hippocampus, anatomical studies have revealed large numbers of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor sites at excitatory synapses(5,6), which express primarily an NMDA receptor-dependent form of LTP(7). In contrast, these studies(5,6) have suggested that messy fibre synapses activate primarily or exclusively alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors and, indeed, these synapses express a form of LTP that is entirely independent of NMDA receptors(8,9). Here we present physiological data demonstrating that messy fibres activate a substantial NMDA receptor synaptic component that expresses LTP. The presence of an NMDA receptor response allowed us to use the open-channel NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 to establish directly that the probability of transmitter release is enhanced during the expression of messy fibre LTP.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR PHARMACOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PHYSIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 27
TC 159
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6537
BP 256
EP 259
DI 10.1038/376256a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RK331
UT WOS:A1995RK33100047
PM 7617037
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CAO, WX
   TYKODI, SS
   ESSER, MT
   BRACIALE, VL
   BRACIALE, TJ
AF CAO, WX
   TYKODI, SS
   ESSER, MT
   BRACIALE, VL
   BRACIALE, TJ
TI PARTIAL ACTIVATION OF CD8(+) T-CELLS BY A SELF-DERIVED PEPTIDE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ligand
AB T cells are normally activated when the peptide for which they are specific is presented to them in the context of the appropriate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (class I and Class II for CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells, respectively). An increasing body of evidence indicates that structural homologues of the immunogenic peptide can partially activate or antagonize CD4(+) T cells(1-3). CD8(+) T cells may also be partially antagonized by such peptides(4,5), and self-derived peptides of this type may play a role in CD8(+) T cell selection in the thymus(6-8). Activated CD8(+) T cells lyse their targets by perforin-dependent granule exocytosis(9,10) and by inducing apoptosis mediated bs CD95 (also known as Fas or APO1) with its ligand (CD95L)(11-15). Here we show that a clone of K-d-restricted CD8(+) T cells specific for influenza haemagglutinin, which can also be activated in a crossreactive manner by a peptide derived from a myeloma tumour immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region (IgVH) to kill by both routes(16), kills only by the CD95-CD95L pathway when stimulated by the corresponding germline IgVH peptide. As this germline IgVH peptide differs from the tumour peptide only at a single position buried in the MHC-binding be triggered independently of the perforin-mediated pathway, and can be selectively affected by changes in MHC conformation.
C1 UNIV VIRGINIA,HLTH SCI CTR,BELRNE B CARTER CTR IMMUNOL RES,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22908.
   UNIV VIRGINIA,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22908.
   UNIV VIRGINIA,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PATHOL,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22908.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DIV BIOL & BIOMED SCI,PROGRAM IMMUNOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 University of Virginia; University of Virginia; University of Virginia; Washington University (WUSTL)
NR 29
TC 90
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 295
EP 298
DI 10.1038/378295a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800053
PM 7477351
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FRITZ, CC
   ZAPP, ML
   GREEN, MR
AF FRITZ, CC
   ZAPP, ML
   GREEN, MR
TI A HUMAN NUCLEOPORIN-LIKE PROTEIN THAT SPECIFICALLY INTERACTS WITH HIV REV
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID virus type-1 rev; pore complex protein; activation domain; i rex; definition; motif
AB THE Rev protein of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) facilitates the nuclear export of unspliced and partly spliced viral RNAs. Rev contains an RNA binding domain, required for interaction with HIV-1 RNA, and an effector domain, required for RNA-bound Rev to function. The Rev effector domain is believed to interact with a cellular cofactor required for the Rev response and thus HIV-1 replication(1,2). Here we report the use of a yeast two-hybrid screen to clone human Rev interacting protein (hRIP), which specifically interacts with the Rev effector domain. This hRIP protein has hemology with nucleoporins, a class of proteins that mediate nucleocytoplasmic transport(3,4). These and other properties of hRIP are those expected of a Rev cellular cofactor.
RP FRITZ, CC (corresponding author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,PROGRAM MOLEC MED,373 PLANTAT ST,SUITE 309,WORCESTER,MA 01605, USA.
NR 20
TC 240
Z9 261
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6540
BP 530
EP 533
DI 10.1038/376530a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RN622
UT WOS:A1995RN62200050
PM 7637788
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHUBIN, NH
   JENKINS, FA
AF SHUBIN, NH
   JENKINS, FA
TI AN EARLY JURASSIC JUMPING FROG
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB WITH nearly 4,000 living species(1), frogs are numerically the most successful of modern amphibian groups, Their distinctive anatomy, which exhibits numerous unique features in both the axial and appendicular skeletons(2-6), represents a major departure from the body plan of Palaeozoic amphibians, We report here the discovery of the earliest known frog, associated with caecilians that retained limbs(7), that exhibits primitive characters but shares with later anurans such features as fusion of the caudal vertebrae (urostyle), a rod-like ilium, and elongate hind limbs. The evolution of saltation in anurans entailed translocation of the ilium below the sacral rib, recruitment of the primitive tail musculature to transmit force from the hind limb to the axial skeleton during a jump, and development of iliosacral mobility, We reinterpret the caudopelvic transition from Palaeozoic amphibians to modern frogs with reference to Triadobatrachus massinoti, an Early Triassic amphibian that possesses some frog-like features(8). The Early Jurassic age and Laurasian provenance of the new frog support the hypothesis(4) that the widespread occurrence of primitive extant anurans reflects an ancient Pangaean distribution.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT ORGANISM & EVOLUTIONARY BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   HARVARD UNIV,MUSEUM COMPARAT ZOOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP SHUBIN, NH (corresponding author), UNIV PENN,DEPT BIOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA.
NR 24
TC 132
Z9 161
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6544
BP 49
EP 52
DI 10.1038/377049a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RT725
UT WOS:A1995RT72500052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BURROWS, A
   SAUMON, D
   GUILLOT, T
   HUBBARD, WB
   LUNINE, JI
AF BURROWS, A
   SAUMON, D
   GUILLOT, T
   HUBBARD, WB
   LUNINE, JI
TI PROSPECTS FOR DETECTION OF EXTRA-SOLAR GIANT PLANETS BY NEXT-GENERATION TELESCOPES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID theoretical-models; fluid hydrogen; brown dwarfs; high-density; systems; temperature; accretion; evolution; stars
AB THE construction of several large ground-based telescopes(1,2) and the anticipated launches of new space-based ones(3-5), have prompted renewed interest in the means by which extra-solar planets might be discovered(1,6,7-11). The direct detection of light from such a planet would be the most compelling means of discovery, and it may soon be technically feasible(1,6). Jupiter has traditionally been used as a benchmark for observability, but extrasolar giant planets could have a wide range of masses and ages(12), and could be significantly brighter than Jupiter. Here we present calculations estimating the optical and infrared fluxes of extra-solar giant planets with a range of ages, and demonstrate the conditions under which they will be observable with several new telescopes. Giant planets with masses greater than that of Jupiter, and younger than about 1 billion years, are the best targets, and they should be visible using the generation of telescopes now under construction.
C1 UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT ASTRON, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA.
   UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT PLANETARY SCI, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA.
   CNRS, URA 1362, OBSERV COTE AZUR, F-06304 NICE 4, FRANCE.
C3 University of Arizona; University of Arizona; Universite Cote d'Azur; Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP BURROWS, A (corresponding author), UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT PHYS, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA.
NR 31
TC 44
Z9 46
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6529
BP 299
EP 301
DI 10.1038/375299a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RA030
UT WOS:A1995RA03000043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GAUTAM, M
   NOAKES, PG
   MUDD, J
   NICHOL, M
   CHU, GC
   SANES, JR
   MERLIE, JP
AF GAUTAM, M
   NOAKES, PG
   MUDD, J
   NICHOL, M
   CHU, GC
   SANES, JR
   MERLIE, JP
TI FAILURE OF POSTSYNAPTIC SPECIALIZATION TO DEVELOP AT NEUROMUSCULAR-JUNCTIONS OF RAPSYN-DEFICIENT MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dystrophin-related protein; adult muscle-fibers; acetylcholine-receptors; 43k protein; cells; identification; expression; clusters
AB OF numerous synaptic components that have been identified, perhaps the best-studied are the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction(1). AChRs are diffusely distributed on embryonic myotubes, but become highly concentrated (similar to 10,000 mu m(-2)) in the postsynaptic membrane as development proceeds. At least two distinct processes contribute to this accumulation. One is local synthesis: subsynaptic muscle nuclei transcribe AChR subunit genes at higher rates than extrasynaptic nuclei, so AChR messenger RNA is concentrated near synaptic sites(2,3). Second, once AChRs have been inserted in the membrane, they form high-density clusters by tethering to a subsynaptic cytoskeletal complex. A key component of this complex is rapsyn, a peripheral membrane protein of relative molecular mass 43K (refs 4, 5), which is precisely colocalized with AChRs at synaptic sites from the earliest stages of neuromuscular synaptogenesis(6). In heterologous systems, expression of recombinant rapsyn leads to clustering of diffusely distributed AChRs, suggesting that rapsyn may control formation of clusters(7,8). To assess the role of rapsyn in vivo, we generated and characterized mutant mice with a targeted disruption of the Rapsn gene. We report that rapsyn is essential for the formation of AChR clusters, but that synapse-specific transcription of AChR subunit genes can proceed in its absence.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT & NEUROBIOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH MED,DEPT MOLEC BIOL & PHARMACOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
NR 30
TC 471
Z9 535
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 232
EP 236
DI 10.1038/377232a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200040
PM 7675108
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BREGMAN, BS
   KUNKELBAGDEN, E
   SCHNELL, L
   DAI, HN
   GAO, D
   SCHWAB, ME
AF BREGMAN, BS
   KUNKELBAGDEN, E
   SCHNELL, L
   DAI, HN
   GAO, D
   SCHWAB, ME
TI RECOVERY FROM SPINAL-CORD INJURY MEDIATED BY ANTIBODIES TO NEURITE GROWTH-INHIBITORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID locomotor function; adult-rats; newborn; regeneration; plasticity; damage; axons; cats; lesions
AB THERE is little axonal growth after central nervous system (CNS) injury in adult mammals. The administration of antibodies (IN-1) to neutralize the myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitory proteins leads to long-distance regrowth of a proportion of CNS axons after injury(1-5). Our aim was: to determine if spinal cord lesion in adult rats, followed by treatment with antibodies to neurite growth inhibitors, can lead to regeneration and anatomical plasticity of other spinally projecting pathways; to determine if the anatomical projections persist at long survival intervals; and to determine whether this fibre growth is associated with recovery of function. We report here that brain stem-spinal as well as corticospinal axons undergo regeneration and anatomical plasticity after application of IN-1 antibodies. There is a recovery of specific reflex and locomotor functions after spinal cord injury in these adult rats. Removal of the sensorimotor cortex in IN-1-treated rats 2-3 months later abolished the recovered contact-placing responses, suggesting that the recovery was dependent upon the regrowth of these pathways.
C1 UNIV ZURICH,BRAIN RES INST,CH-8029 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Zurich
RP BREGMAN, BS (corresponding author), GEORGETOWN UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT CELL BIOL,DIV NEUROBIOL,3900 RESERVOIR RD NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20007, USA.
NR 25
TC 609
Z9 728
U1 2
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 498
EP 501
DI 10.1038/378498a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400073
PM 7477407
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DEMEESTER, L
   WEIDER, LJ
   TOLLRIAN, R
AF DEMEESTER, L
   WEIDER, LJ
   TOLLRIAN, R
TI ALTERNATIVE ANTIPREDATOR DEFENSES AND GENETIC-POLYMORPHISM IN A PELAGIC PREDATOR-PREY SYSTEM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diel vertical migration; phototactic behavior; daphnia-magna; zooplankton; genotypes; persistence; population; mechanism; copepods; habitat
AB DIEL vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton is generally considered to be a predator-avoidance strategy: zooplankton migrate to greater depths during the day to reduce their chance of being detected by visual predators (fish)(1). Both phenotypic plasticity and interpopulational genetic variability in DVM patterns exist in zooplankton(2,3). We used large indoor mesocosms ('plankton towers'(4)) to study intrapopulational genetic variation for day depth in a Daphnia hyalina x galeata hybrid population. Clones differing in body size also differed in vertical distribution, with the largest clone residing at the greatest depth during the day. A selection experiment in the presence of fish indicates that alternative antipredator strategies, which involve a complex association between habitat-selection traits and life-history strategies, might be an important factor underlying intrapopulational genetic polymorphism in zooplankton, through a balancing of fitness effects in the presence of visual predators.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST LIMNOL, OKOPHYSIOL ABT, D-24302 PLON, GERMANY.
   STATE UNIV GHENT, ANIM ECOL LAB, B-9000 GHENT, BELGIUM.
C3 Max Planck Society; Ghent University
NR 29
TC 141
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 483
EP 485
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400068
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI A LIVING LEGEND
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 548
EP 548
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100035
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TONEY, MF
   RUSSELL, TP
   LOGAN, JA
   KIKUCHI, H
   SANDS, JM
   KUMAR, SK
AF TONEY, MF
   RUSSELL, TP
   LOGAN, JA
   KIKUCHI, H
   SANDS, JM
   KUMAR, SK
TI NEAR-SURFACE ALIGNMENT OF POLYMERS IN RUBBED FILMS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; liquid-crystal; thin-films; orientation; scattering; molecules; polyimide; displays; layer
AB RUBBED polymer films (generally polyimides) are used in flat-panel displays to control the alignment of liquid crystals in contact with the polymer(1-8), a phenomenon first discovered by Maugin(1) in 1911. Buffing the film with a cloth produces liquid-crystal alignment in the rubbing direction. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this effect, The generation of microgrooves or scratches on the polymer surface during rubbing has led to the suggestion that alignment is the result of long-range elastic effects induced by these surface features(3-5). Others have suggested that the polymer chains near the surface are aligned during rubbing and that these then serve as templates for liquid-crystal alignment(6-13). Other studies(10-12) have implied that both mechanisms might be operative. Here we present X-ray scattering measurements which show unambiguously that rubbing a polyimide film causes nearsurface alignment of the polymer molecules. For a film 200 nm thick, most of the polymer chains within a thin surface region (about 5 nm thick) are aligned in the rubbing direction; for a 6-nm film essentially all of the chains are aligned within 20 degrees of the rubbing direction. This marked orientation of the near-surface chains at temperatures far below the bulk glass transition temperature shows that the mechanical properties of the near-surface region differ significantly from those of the bulk polymer.
C1 PENN STATE UNIV, DEPT MAT SCI & ENGN, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP TONEY, MF (corresponding author), IBM CORP, ALMADEN RES CTR, DIV RES, 650 HARRY RD, SAN JOSE, CA 95120 USA.
NR 26
TC 371
Z9 402
U1 2
U2 122
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6524
BP 709
EP 711
DI 10.1038/374709a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QU304
UT WOS:A1995QU30400045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AGAR, SM
   KLITGORD, KD
AF AGAR, SM
   KLITGORD, KD
TI A MECHANISM FOR DECOUPLING WITHIN THE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE REVEALED IN THE TROODOS OPHIOLITE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mid-atlantic ridge; east pacific rise; solea-graben; extensional tectonics; josephine ophiolite; spreading structure; seismic structure; north-atlantic; crust; cyprus
AB Contrasting kinematic histories recorded in the sheeted dykes and underlying plutonic rocks of the Troodos ophiolite provide a new perspective on the mechanical evolution of oceanic spreading centres. The kinematic framework of the decoupling zone that partitions deformation between the sheeted dykes and plutonics contrasts with low-angle detachment models for slow-spreading ridges based on continental-rift analogues. A model for the generation of multiple, horizontal decoupling horizons, linked by planar normal faults, demonstrates new possibilities for the kinematic and rheological significance of seismic reflectors in oceanic lithosphere.
C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP AGAR, SM (corresponding author), NORTHWESTERN UNIV,EVANSTON,IL 60208, USA.
NR 59
TC 24
Z9 26
U1 1
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6519
BP 232
EP 238
DI 10.1038/374232a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QM387
UT WOS:A1995QM38700041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI ACADEMICS PLUMP FOR BUSINESS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 548
EP 548
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100034
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GRIMES, J
   BASAK, AK
   ROY, P
   STUART, D
AF GRIMES, J
   BASAK, AK
   ROY, P
   STUART, D
TI THE CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS VP7
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID core-like particles; resolution; protein; surface
AB BLUETONGUE virus (BTV), a representative of the orbivirus genus of the Reoviridae, is considerably larger (at 80 nm across), and structurally more complex, than any virus for which we have comprehensive structural information. Orbiviruses infect mammalian hosts through insect vectors and cause economically important diseases of domesticated animals(1). They possess a segmented double-stranded RNA genome within a capsid composed of four major types of polypeptide chains(1). An outer layer of VP2 and VP5 is removed as the virus enters the target cell, to leave an intact core within the cell. This fore is 70 nm across and composed of 78O copies of VP7 (M(r) 38K) that, as trimers, form 260 'bristly' capsomeres clothing an inner scaffold constructed from VP3 (M(r)103K)(2). We report here the crystal structure of VP7 from BTV serotype 10, which reveals a molecular architecture not seen previously in viral structural proteins. Each subunit consists of two domains, one a beta-sandwich, the other a bundle of alpha-helices, and a short carboxy-terminal arm which might tie trimers together during capsid formation. A concentration of methionine residues at the core of the molecule could provide plasticity, relieving structural mismatches during assembly.
C1 OXFORD CTR MOLEC SCI,OXFORD OX1 3QT,ENGLAND.
   NERC,INST VIROL & ENVIRONM MICROBIOL,OXFORD OX1 3SR,ENGLAND.
   UNIV ALABAMA,SCH PUBL HLTH,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294.
C3 University of Oxford; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham
RP GRIMES, J (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,MOLEC BIOPHYS LAB,REX RICHARDS BLDG,S PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3QU,ENGLAND.
NR 30
TC 144
Z9 170
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6510
BP 167
EP 170
DI 10.1038/373167a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QB063
UT WOS:A1995QB06300064
PM 7816101
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHEN, RH
   MIETTINEN, PJ
   MARUOKA, EM
   CHOY, L
   DERYNCK, R
AF CHEN, RH
   MIETTINEN, PJ
   MARUOKA, EM
   CHOY, L
   DERYNCK, R
TI A WD-DOMAIN PROTEIN THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH AND PHOSPHORYLATED BY THE TYPE-II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cloning; expression; binding; complex; kinases; activin; cells; acid
AB TRANSFORMING growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is tbe prototype for a family of extracellular polypeptides that affect cell proliferation and differentiation, and tissue morphogenesis(1). TGF-beta signalling is mediated by two types of serine/threonine kinase receptors, the type I and II receptors, which are able to form a heteromeric complex(2). No cytoplasmic proteins that associate with these receptors in vivo, or are their kinase targets, have yet been described. We have now identified a WD-domain-containiag protein, TRIP-1, which specifically associates with the type II TGF-beta receptor in a kinase-dependent way. TRIP-1 does not interact with the type II activin or type I receptors, but associates with the heteromeric TGF-beta receptor complex, TRIP-1 is phosphorylated on serine and threonine by the receptor kinase, strongly suggesting that it has a role in TGF-beta signalling. This is supported by coexpression of TRIP-1 and type II receptor during development. The existence of TRIP-1 homologues in plant and yeast suggests a conserved function in all eukaryotes.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT ANAT,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,CELL BIOL PROGRAM,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,PROGRAM DEV BIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP CHEN, RH (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT GROWTH & DEV,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 29
TC 177
Z9 208
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 548
EP 552
DI 10.1038/377548a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600068
PM 7566156
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TOHTONG, R
   YAMASHITA, H
   GRAHAM, M
   HAEBERLE, J
   SIMCOX, A
   MAUGHAN, D
AF TOHTONG, R
   YAMASHITA, H
   GRAHAM, M
   HAEBERLE, J
   SIMCOX, A
   MAUGHAN, D
TI IMPAIRMENT OF MUSCLE FUNCTION CAUSED BY MUTATIONS OF PHOSPHORYLATION SITES IN MYOSIN REGULATORY LIGHT-CHAIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rabbit skeletal-muscle; indirect flight-muscle; drosophila-melanogaster; stretch-activation; striated-muscle; cross-bridges; insect; kinetics; fibers; mechanism
AB MYOSIN regulatory light chain is phosphorylated by myosin light chain kinase at conserved serine and threonine residues in a number of species(1). Phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain regulates smooth muscle contraction, but appears to have a modulatory role in striated muscle contraction(2). We assessed the in vivo role of myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation in the striated muscles of Drosophila melanogaster by substituting alanine at each or both conserved myosin light chain kinase-dependent phosphorylation sites, serine 66 and serine 67. We report here that myosin light chain kinase-dependent phosphorylation is not required for myofibrillogenesis or for the development of maximal isometric force in Indirect flight muscles. However, mutants with substitutions at the major phosphorylation site (serine 66) or with the double substitutions had reduced power output in isolated flight muscle fibres and reduced flight ability, showing that myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation is a key determinant of the stretch activation response in Drosophila.
C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT MOLEC GENET,COLUMBUS,OH.
   UNIV VERMONT,DEPT MOLEC PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,BURLINGTON,VT 05405.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University of Vermont
NR 30
TC 118
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6523
BP 650
EP 653
DI 10.1038/374650a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QT189
UT WOS:A1995QT18900062
PM 7715706
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RICHARDS, MH
   PACKER, L
   SEGER, J
AF RICHARDS, MH
   PACKER, L
   SEGER, J
TI UNEXPECTED PATTERNS OF PARENTAGE AND RELATEDNESS IN A PRIMITIVELY EUSOCIAL BEE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zephyrum hymenoptera; social-organization; halictidae; population
AB IN species with haplodiploid genetic systems, full sisters are more closely related to each other (r = 3/4), and less closely related to their brothers (r = 1/4), than to their daughters and sons (r = 1/2). The classical theory for the origin of hymenopteran eusociality predicts that in many primitively or facultatively eusocial species, workers should exploit this relatedness asymmetry by laying male-destined eggs while allowing the queen to lay gyne-destined (reproductive female) eggs(1-3). This prediction is satisfied in many species where colonies are founded by solitary gynes(4-8). Here we describe a surprising reversal of the classical pattern. In colonies of the bee Halictus ligatus (Halictidae), queens produced most of the male-destined eggs whereas workers produced many of the gyne-destined eggs. We suggest that this pattern may result from temporal constraints on the production of reproductive brood, and that it may be common among primitively eusocial species.
C1 UNIV UTAH, DEPT BIOL, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112 USA.
   YORK UNIV, DEPT BIOL, N YORK, ON M3J 1P3, CANADA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; York University - Canada
NR 29
TC 45
Z9 48
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6511
BP 239
EP 241
DI 10.1038/373239a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QC278
UT WOS:A1995QC27800061
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VERBEEK, S
   IZON, D
   HOFHUIS, F
   ROBANUSMAANDAG, E
   TERIELE, H
   VANDEWETERING, M
   OOSTERWEGEL, M
   WILSON, A
   MACDONALD, HR
   CLEVERS, H
AF VERBEEK, S
   IZON, D
   HOFHUIS, F
   ROBANUSMAANDAG, E
   TERIELE, H
   VANDEWETERING, M
   OOSTERWEGEL, M
   WILSON, A
   MACDONALD, HR
   CLEVERS, H
TI AN HMG-BOX-CONTAINING T-CELL FACTOR REQUIRED FOR THYMOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor; receptor genes; mice; lymphocytes; protein; domain; tcf-1; lef-1; block
AB Two candidate genes for controlling thymocyte differentiation, T-cell factor-1 (Tcf-1) and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (Lef-1), encode closely related DNA-binding HMG-box proteins(1,2). Their expression pattern is complex and largely overlapping during embryogenesis, yet restricted to lymphocytes postnatally(3). Here we generate two independent germline mutations in Tcf-1 and find that thymocyte development is (otherwise normal) mutant mice is blocked at the transition from the CD8(+), immature single-positive to the CD4(+)/CD8(+) double-positive stage. Is contrast to wild-type mice, most of the immature single-positive cells in the mutants are not in the cell cycle and the number of immunocompetent T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs is reduced. We conclude that Tcf-1 controls an essential step in thymocyte differentiation.
C1 UNIV UTRECHT HOSP,DEPT IMMUNOL,3508 GA UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
   NETHERLANDS CANC INST,DIV IMMUNOL,1066 CX AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   NETHERLANDS CANC INST,DIV MOLEC GENET,1066 CX AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV LAUSANNE,LUDWIG INST CANC RES,CH-1066 EPALINGES,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center; Netherlands Cancer Institute; Netherlands Cancer Institute; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; University of Lausanne
NR 20
TC 443
Z9 508
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 70
EP 74
DI 10.1038/374070a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900055
PM 7870176
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HE, JL
   FURMANSKI, P
AF HE, JL
   FURMANSKI, P
TI SEQUENCE SPECIFICITY AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION IN THE BINDING OF LACTOFERRIN TO DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-localization; enriched population; cells; protein; infection; fragments; affinity; invitro; iron
AB LACTOFERRIN, an iron-binding glycoprotein found in high concentrations in human milk and other epithelial secretions' and in the secondary (specific) granules of neutrophils(2), is thought to be responsible for primary defence against microbial infection, mainly as a result of lactoferrin sequestration of iron required for microbial growth(3). Many other functions have been attributed to lactoferrin, including immunomodulation and cell growth regulation (reviewed in ref. 4). Some of these functions appear to be at least in part independent of the iron-binding activity of lactoferrin, It also has been consistently observed that lactoferrin interacts avidly with nucleic acids(5-7). Lactoferrin enhancement of the activity of natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer cells in vitro is inhibited by RNA and DNA(8). Lactoferrin taken up by K562 human myelogenous leukaemia cells appears in the nucleus where it is bound to DNA(9) The report here that binding of lactoferrin to DNA occurs under stringent conditions with distinct sequence specificity, and that interaction between lactoferrin and these sequences intracellularly leads to transcriptional activation.
C1 NYU,DEPT BIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10003.
C3 New York University
NR 27
TC 329
Z9 357
U1 4
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 721
EP 724
DI 10.1038/373721a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800061
PM 7854459
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI A BRITISH ACADEMIC OUTPOST IN CHANGE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 551
EP 551
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100040
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DEVRIES, A
   VANOOSTROM, CTM
   HOFHUIS, FMA
   DORTANT, PM
   BERG, RJW
   DEGRUIJL, FR
   WESTER, PW
   VANKREIJL, CF
   CAPEL, PJA
   VANSTEEG, H
   VERBEEK, SJ
AF DEVRIES, A
   VANOOSTROM, CTM
   HOFHUIS, FMA
   DORTANT, PM
   BERG, RJW
   DEGRUIJL, FR
   WESTER, PW
   VANKREIJL, CF
   CAPEL, PJA
   VANSTEEG, H
   VERBEEK, SJ
TI INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ULTRAVIOLET-B AND CARCINOGENS OF MICE LACKING THE DNA EXCISION-REPAIR GENE XPA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID a xeroderma-pigmentosum; damaged dna; sequence; affinity; cells
AB XERODERMA pigmentosum patients with a defect in the nucleotide-excision repair gene XPA are characterized by, for example, a >1,000-fold higher risk of developing sunlight-induced skin cancer(1-3). Nucleotide-excision repair (NER) is involved in the removal of a wide spectrum of DNA lesions, The XPA protein functions in a pre-incision step, the recognition of DNA damage(4-7). To permit the functional analysis of the XPA gene in vivo, we have generated XPA-deficient mice by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells, The YPA(-/-) mice appear normal, at least until the age of 13 months, XPA(-/-) mice are highly susceptible to ultraviolet (UV)-B-induced skin and eye tumours and to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced skin tumours, We conclude that the XPA-deficient mice strongly mimic the phenotype of humans with xeroderma pigmentosum.
C1 NATL INST PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM PROTECT, CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENESIS LAB, 3720 BA BILTHOVEN, NETHERLANDS.
   NATL INST PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM PROTECT, PATHOL LAB, 3720 BA BILTHOVEN, NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV UTRECHT, DEPT IMMUNOL, 3584 CX UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV UTRECHT, DEPT DERMATOL, 3584 CX UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS.
C3 Netherlands National Institute for Public Health & the Environment; Netherlands National Institute for Public Health & the Environment; Utrecht University; Utrecht University
NR 17
TC 352
Z9 377
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 169
EP 173
DI 10.1038/377169a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400054
PM 7675086
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LAWRENCE, GB
   DAVID, MB
   SHORTLE, WC
AF LAWRENCE, GB
   DAVID, MB
   SHORTLE, WC
TI A NEW MECHANISM FOR CALCIUM LOSS IN FOREST-FLOOR SOILS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acidic deposition; acidification; waters
AB CALCIUM is the fifth most abundant element in trees, and is an essential component for wood formation and the maintenance of cell walls. Depletion of Ca from the rooting zone can result in acidification of soil(1) and surface water(2) and possibly growth decline and dieback of red spruce(3,4). During the past six decades, concentrations of root-available Ca (exchangeable and acid-extractable forms) in forest-floor soils have decreased in the northeastern United States(5,6). Both net forest growth and acid deposition have been put forth as mechanisms that can account for this Ca depletion(5,6). Here, however, we present data collected in red spruce forests in the northeastern United States that are inconsistent with either of these mechanisms. We propose that aluminium, mobilized in the mineral soil by acid deposition, is transported into the forest floor in a reactive form that reduces storage of Ca, and thus its availability for root uptake. This results in potential stress to trees and, by increasing the demand for Ca, also decreases neutralization of drainage waters, thereby leading to acidification of lakes and streams.
C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,URBANA,IL 61801.
   US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,DURHAM,NH 03824.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service
RP LAWRENCE, GB (corresponding author), US GEOL SURVEY,425 JORDAN RD,TROY,NY 12180, USA.
NR 28
TC 179
Z9 227
U1 0
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 162
EP 165
DI 10.1038/378162a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HENKEMEYER, M
   ROSSI, DJ
   HOLMYARD, DP
   PURI, MC
   MBAMALU, G
   HARPAL, K
   SHIH, TS
   JACKS, T
   PAWSON, T
AF HENKEMEYER, M
   ROSSI, DJ
   HOLMYARD, DP
   PURI, MC
   MBAMALU, G
   HARPAL, K
   SHIH, TS
   JACKS, T
   PAWSON, T
TI VASCULAR SYSTEM DEFECTS AND NEURONAL APOPTOSIS IN MICE LACKING RAS GTPASE-ACTIVATING PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine phosphorylation; molecular-cloning; gap; binding; receptors; kinases; domain; cells; p21
AB The gene encoding p120-rasGAP, a negative regulator of pas, has been disrupted in mice. This Gap mutation affects the ability of endothelial cells to organize into a highly vascularized network and results in extensive neuronal cell death. Mutations in the Gap and Nf1 genes have a synergistic effect, such that embryos homozygous for mutations in both genes show an exacerbated Gap phenotype. Thus rasGAP and neurofibromin act together to regulate pas activity during embryonic development.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MOLEC & MED GENET,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
   MIT,CTR CANC RES,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 University of Toronto; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP HENKEMEYER, M (corresponding author), MT SINAI HOSP,SAMUEL LUNENFELD RES INST,PROGRAMME MOLEC BIOL & CANC,600 UNIV AVE,TORONTO,ON M5G 1X5,CANADA.
NR 50
TC 304
Z9 328
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 695
EP 701
DI 10.1038/377695a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900045
PM 7477259
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JUST, I
   SELZER, J
   WILM, M
   VONEICHELSTREIBER, C
   MANN, M
   AKTORIES, K
AF JUST, I
   SELZER, J
   WILM, M
   VONEICHELSTREIBER, C
   MANN, M
   AKTORIES, K
TI GLUCOSYLATION OF RHO-PROTEINS BY CLOSTRIDIUM-DIFFICILE TOXIN-B
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID triphosphate conformation; mechanism; p21
AB TOXIN A and B, the major virulence factors of Clostridium difficile, are the causative agents of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. In cultured cell lines their potent cytotoxicity results from their ability to induce disaggregation of the microfilament cytoskeleton(1,2). Toxin B acts on the low-molecular-mass GTPase RhoA(3,4), which is involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. We report here that toxin B catalyses the incorporation of up to one mole of glucose per mole of RhoA at the amino acid threonine at position 37. The modification was identified and localized by tandem electrospray mass spectrometry. UDP-glucose selectively serves as cosubstrate for the monoglucosylation reaction catalysed by toxin B. Microinjection of RhoA previously glucosylated by toxin B into monolayer cells caused disaggregation of actin filaments, indicating a dominant-negative activity of glucosylated RhoA.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,D-69012 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   UNIV MAINZ,INST MED MIKROBIOL,D-55101 MAINZ,GERMANY.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz
RP JUST, I (corresponding author), UNIV SAARLAND,INST PHARMAKOL & TOXIKOL,D-66421 HOMBURG,GERMANY.
NR 12
TC 905
Z9 1016
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6531
BP 500
EP 503
DI 10.1038/375500a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RC188
UT WOS:A1995RC18800051
PM 7777059
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MORGAN, DO
AF MORGAN, DO
TI PRINCIPLES OF CDK REGULATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclin-dependent kinases; wee1 tyrosine kinase; yeast-cell cycle; protein-kinase; negative regulation; g1 cyclin; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; catalytic subunit; phosphorylation; inhibitor
AB As hey regulators of the cell cycle, the cyclin-dependent kinases must be tightly regulated by extra- and intracellular signals. The activity of cyclin-dependent kinases is controlled by four highly conserved biochemical mechanisms, forming a web of regulatory pathways unmatched in its elegance and intricacy.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP MORGAN, DO (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PHYSIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 77
TC 3017
Z9 3339
U1 3
U2 219
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 131
EP 134
DI 10.1038/374131a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700049
PM 7877684
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MODENA, A
   NAJMUDIN, Z
   DANGOR, AE
   CLAYTON, CE
   MARSH, KA
   JOSHI, C
   MALKA, V
   DARROW, CB
   DANSON, C
   NEELY, D
   WALSH, FN
AF MODENA, A
   NAJMUDIN, Z
   DANGOR, AE
   CLAYTON, CE
   MARSH, KA
   JOSHI, C
   MALKA, V
   DARROW, CB
   DANSON, C
   NEELY, D
   WALSH, FN
TI ELECTRON ACCELERATION FROM THE BREAKING OF RELATIVISTIC PLASMA-WAVES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID laser-produced plasmas; scattering; raman; oscillations; amplitude
AB ELECTRONS in a plasma undergo collective wave-like oscillations near the plasma frequency, These plasma waves can have a range of wavelengths and hence a range of phase velocities(1). Of particular note are relativistic plasma waves(2,3), for which the phase velocity approaches the speed of light; the longitudinal electric field associated with such waves can be extremely large, and can be used to accelerate electrons (either injected externally or supplied by the plasma) to high energies over very short distances(2-4). The maximum electric field, and hence maximum acceleration rate, that can be obtained in this way is determined by the maximum amplitude of oscillation that can be supported by the plasma(5-8). When this limit is reached, the plasma wave is said to 'break'. Here we report observations of relativistic plasma waves driven to breaking point by the Raman forward-scattering instability(9,10) induced by short, high-intensity laser pulses, The onset of wave-breaking is indicated by a sudden increase in both the number and maximum energy (up to 44 MeV) of accelerated plasma electrons, as well as by the loss of coherence of laser light scattered from the plasma wave.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
   ECOLE POLYTECH,LULI,PALAISEAU,FRANCE.
   LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550.
   RUTHERFORD APPLETON LAB,DIDCOT OX11 0QX,OXON,ENGLAND.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
RP MODENA, A (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI & TECHNOL,BLACKETT LAB,PRINCE CONSORT RD,LONDON SW7 2AZ,ENGLAND.
NR 29
TC 845
Z9 930
U1 1
U2 112
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 606
EP 608
DI 10.1038/377606a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MOL, CD
   KUO, CF
   THAYER, MM
   CUNNINGHAM, RP
   TAINER, JA
AF MOL, CD
   KUO, CF
   THAYER, MM
   CUNNINGHAM, RP
   TAINER, JA
TI STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MULTIFUNCTIONAL DNA-REPAIR ENZYME EXONUCLEASE-III
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; resolution; sequence; cdna; refinement; homology; complex
AB THE repair of DNA requires the removal of abasic sites, which are constantly generated in vivo both spontaneously(1) and by enzymatic removal of uracil(2), and of bases damaged by active oxygen species, alkylating agents and ionizing radiation The major apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) DNA-repair endonuclease in Escherichia coli is the multifunctional enzyme exonuclease In, which also exhibits 3'-repair diesterase, 3'-->5' exonuclease, 3'-phosphomonoesterase and ribonuclease activities(5). We report here the 1.7 Angstrom resolution crystal structure of exonuclease III which reveals a 2-fold symmetric, four-layered ap fold,vith similarities to both deoxyribonuclease I-6 and RNase H-7. In the ternary complex determined at 2.6 Angstrom resolution, Mn2+ and dCMP bind to exonuclease III at one end of the alpha beta-sandwich, in a region dominated by positive electrostatic potential. Residues conserved among AP endonucleases from bacteria to man cluster within this active site and appear to participate in phosphate-bond cleavage at AP sites through a nucleophilic attack facilitated by a single bound metal ion.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, RES INST, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   SUNY ALBANY, CTR BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS, DEPT BIOL SCI, ALBANY, NY 12222 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY
NR 24
TC 361
Z9 414
U1 1
U2 78
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6520
BP 381
EP 386
DI 10.1038/374381a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QN630
UT WOS:A1995QN63000066
PM 7885481
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FUNCH, P
   KRISTENSEN, RM
AF FUNCH, P
   KRISTENSEN, RM
TI CYCLIOPHORA IS A NEW PHYLUM WITH AFFINITIES TO ENTOPROCTA AND ECTOPROCTA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bands
AB THE mouthparts of the Norway lobster Nephrops are colonized by an acoelomate metazoan, Symbion pandora gen. et sp, nov. Sessile stages continually produce inner buds replacing feeding structures, They also produce one of three motile stages: (1) larvae containing new feeding stages, (2) dwarf males, which settle on feeding stages, or (3) females, which settle onto lobster mouthparts, and eventually degenerate, giving rise to dispersive larvae, All motile stages are short-lived, and do not feed, The structure and function of the cilia suggest a phylogenetic position in Protostomia, while some aspects of inner budding and brooding of larvae are similar to those of Entoprocta and Ectoprocta. The dispersive larva possesses a mesodermal supporting chordoid structure, otherwise absent in protostomian larvae, We believe that ail the above features of this previously undescribed species warrant the recognition of a new phylum with affinities to Ectoprocta and Entoprocta.
C1 UNIV COPENHAGEN,ZOOL MUSEUM,DK-2100 COPENHAGEN,DENMARK.
C3 University of Copenhagen
RP FUNCH, P (corresponding author), UNIV COPENHAGEN,INST ZOOL,CELL BIOL & ANAT LAB,15 UNIV PK,DK-2100 COPENHAGEN,DENMARK.
NR 13
TC 131
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 711
EP 714
DI 10.1038/378711a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WYNN, TA
   CHEEVER, AW
   JANKOVIC, D
   POINDEXTER, RW
   CASPAR, P
   LEWIS, FA
   SHER, A
AF WYNN, TA
   CHEEVER, AW
   JANKOVIC, D
   POINDEXTER, RW
   CASPAR, P
   LEWIS, FA
   SHER, A
TI AN IL-12-BASED VACCINATION METHOD FOR PREVENTING FIBROSIS INDUCED BY SCHISTOSOME INFECTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor necrosis factor; murine schistosomiasis; immune-response; messenger-rna; mansoni; mice; inflammation; induction; invivo; beta
AB THE harmful fibrosis which often occurs in the context of infectious. disease involves the excessive deposition of connective tissue matrix, particularly collagen, and is mostly resistant to pharmacological and immunological intervention(1). In schistosomiasis, fibrosis is associated with the granulomatous response to parasite eggs trapped in the liver(2). We have previously shown that interleukin (IL)-12 administered peritoneally with eggs prevents subsequent pulmonary granuloma formation on intravenous challenge with eggs(3). Here we show that sensitization with eggs plus IL-12 partly inhibits granuloma formation and dramatically reduces the tissue fibrosis induced by natural infection with Schistosoma mansoni worms. These results are an example of a vaccine against parasites which acts by preventing pathology rather than infection. IL-12, is known to favour the priming of Th1 rather than Th2 cells, and the effects on fibrosis are accompanied by replacement of the Th2-dominated pattern of cytokine expression characteristic of S. mansoni infection with one dominated by Th1 cytokines. Elevated Th2 cytokine expression and fibrosis are common manifestations of a wide variety of infectious diseases and atopic disorders which might be ameliorated by vaccination with antigen and IL-12.
C1 NIAID,PARASIT DIS LAB,HOST PARASITE SECT,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   BIOMED RES INST,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP WYNN, TA (corresponding author), NIAID,PARASITOL LAB,IMMUNOBIOL SECT,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA.
NR 27
TC 375
Z9 412
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6541
BP 594
EP 596
DI 10.1038/376594a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RP756
UT WOS:A1995RP75600051
PM 7637808
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RIVERAPOMAR, R
   LU, XG
   PERRIMON, N
   TAUBERT, H
   JACKLE, H
AF RIVERAPOMAR, R
   LU, XG
   PERRIMON, N
   TAUBERT, H
   JACKLE, H
TI ACTIVATION OF POSTERIOR GAP DENE EXPRESSION IN THE DROSOPHILA BLASTODERM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caudal gene; pattern; protein; embryo; gradient; rna; embryogenesis; localization
AB THE process of body prepatterning during Drosophila blastoderm formation relies on the localized activities of zygotic segmentation genes, which are controlled by asymmetrically distributed maternal determinants(1,2). The anterior determinant bicoid, a homeodomain transcription factor(3,4), forms an anterior-to-posterior concentration gradient(1-4). It interacts with the maternal transcription factor hunchback(5) to activate the anterior zygotic patterning genes, including the central gap gene Kruppel (Kr)(6). In contrast, the posterior maternal system(1,2) does not provide such a decisive transcription factor, but rather prevents the repressor hunchback from acting in the posterior half so that the gap genes giant (gt) and knirps (kni) are activated by an as yet unknown transcription factor(2,7). Here we show that caudal, a conserved homeodomain protein that forms a posterior-to-anterior concentration gradient(8,9), and the anterior determinant bicoid cooperate to form a partly redundant activator system in the posterior region of the embryo.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT GENET, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   UNIV KANSAS, DEPT BIOCHEM, LAWRENCE, KS 66045 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Kansas
RP RIVERAPOMAR, R (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST BIOPHYS CHEM, MOLEK ENTWICKLUNGSBIOL ABT, POSTFACH 2841, D-37018 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY.
NR 29
TC 159
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6537
BP 253
EP 256
DI 10.1038/376253a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RK331
UT WOS:A1995RK33100046
PM 7617036
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GOSLER, AG
   GREENWOOD, JJD
   PERRINS, C
AF GOSLER, AG
   GREENWOOD, JJD
   PERRINS, C
TI PREDATION RISK AND THE COST OF BEING FAT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flocks
AB SMALL birds increase their fat reserves in winter as insurance against reduced or unpredictable food supplies(1): fat is accumulated daily from feeding and utilized overnight(2). Field observations indicate that birds often maintain smaller reserves than expected(2), which implies that there is a cost of being fat(3). One such cost could be that an increased fat load reduces manoeuvrability, thus increasing the risk of predation(3,4), Here we demonstrate a link between fat reserves and predation risk by describing changes in body mass (roughly equivalent to fat reserves) that have occurred in British populations of the great tit, Parus major since 1950, a period when the numbers of its principal predator, the sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus, changed markedly, Furthermore, these changes resulted from individual tits adjusting their mass, rather than from the selection of heavier great tits by hawks.
C1 BRITISH TRUST ORNITHOL,NATL CTR ORNITHOL,THETFORD IP24 2PU,NORFOLK,ENGLAND.
C3 British Trust for Ornithology
RP GOSLER, AG (corresponding author), EDWARD GREY INST FIELD ORNITHOL,DEPT ZOOL,S PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PS,ENGLAND.
NR 21
TC 327
Z9 348
U1 1
U2 108
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 621
EP 623
DI 10.1038/377621a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CALVERT, AJ
   SAWYER, EW
   DAVIS, WJ
   LUDDEN, JN
AF CALVERT, AJ
   SAWYER, EW
   DAVIS, WJ
   LUDDEN, JN
TI ARCHEAN SUBDUCTION INFERRED FROM SEISMIC IMAGES OF A MANTLE SUTURE IN THE SUPERIOR PROVINCE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID archean continental-crust; abitibi subprovince; opatica belt; fault zones; evolution; reflection; lithosphere; canada; quebec
AB PLATE tectonics provides the basis far the interpretation of most current terrestrial tectonic activity, and is widely accepted as having been active over much of the Earth's history(1). Yet the timing of initiation of this process is subject to debate(2-9). So far, the earliest seismic evidence for plate tectonics has come from a fossil mantle suture in the Svecofennian orogen (1.89 Gyr ago)(10) and from inferred plate convergence, subduction and accretion in the Trans-Hudson orogen (1.91-1.79 Gyr ago)(11). As yet, seismic data from Archaean areas have been able to demonstrate only the importance of compression in the construction of the continental crust(12-15). Here we present seismic data from a collision zone in the Superior Province of Canada, involving the Abitibi granite-greenstone Subprovince and the plutonic, are-related Opatica belt. We interpret dipping seismic reflections that extend 30 km into the mantle as representing a relict 2.69-Gyr-old suture associated with subduction. Although crustal structure, lithospheric thicknesses and convergence rates may have differed from those seen today, these seismic data provide direct evidence that plate tectonics was active in late Archaean times, 800 Myr earlier than indicated by previous seismic reflection surveys.
C1 UNIV QUEBEC, DEPT APPL SCI, CHICOUTIMI, PQ G7H 2B1, CANADA.
   UNIV QUEBEC, GEOTOP, MONTREAL, PQ H3C 3P8, CANADA.
   UNIV MONTREAL, DEPT GEOL, MONTREAL, PQ H3C 3J7, CANADA.
C3 University of Quebec; University of Quebec Chicoutimi; University of Quebec; University of Quebec Montreal; Universite de Montreal
RP CALVERT, AJ (corresponding author), ECOLE POLYTECH, DEPT GENIE MINERAL, CP 6079, SUCC CTR VILLE, MONTREAL, PQ H3C 3A7, CANADA.
NR 37
TC 321
Z9 353
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6533
BP 670
EP 674
DI 10.1038/375670a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RE576
UT WOS:A1995RE57600056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI FAITH IN ACADEMIC EXCELLENCE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 547
EP 547
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100033
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHERRINGTON, R
   ROGAEV, EI
   LIANG, Y
   ROGAEVA, EA
   LEVESQUE, G
   IKEDA, M
   CHI, H
   LIN, C
   LI, G
   HOLMAN, K
   TSUDA, T
   MAR, L
   FONCIN, JF
   BRUNI, AC
   MONTESI, MP
   SORBI, S
   RAINERO, I
   PINESSI, L
   NEE, L
   CHUMAKOV, I
   POLLEN, D
   BROOKES, A
   SANSEAU, P
   POLINSKY, RJ
   WASCO, W
   DASILVA, HAR
   HAINES, JL
   PERICAKVANCE, MA
   TANZI, RE
   ROSES, AD
   FRASER, PE
   ROMMENS, JM
   STGEORGEHYSLOP, PH
AF SHERRINGTON, R
   ROGAEV, EI
   LIANG, Y
   ROGAEVA, EA
   LEVESQUE, G
   IKEDA, M
   CHI, H
   LIN, C
   LI, G
   HOLMAN, K
   TSUDA, T
   MAR, L
   FONCIN, JF
   BRUNI, AC
   MONTESI, MP
   SORBI, S
   RAINERO, I
   PINESSI, L
   NEE, L
   CHUMAKOV, I
   POLLEN, D
   BROOKES, A
   SANSEAU, P
   POLINSKY, RJ
   WASCO, W
   DASILVA, HAR
   HAINES, JL
   PERICAKVANCE, MA
   TANZI, RE
   ROSES, AD
   FRASER, PE
   ROMMENS, JM
   STGEORGEHYSLOP, PH
TI CLONING OF A GENE BEARING MISSENSE MUTATIONS IN EARLY-ONSET FAMILIAL ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID precursor protein gene; caenorhabditis-elegans; human genome; apolipoprotein-e; chromosome-14; identification; linkage; library; allele; clones
AB Some cases of Alzheimer's disease are inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Genetic linkage studies have mapped a locus (AD3) associated with susceptibility to a very aggressive form of Alzheimer's disease to chromosome 14q24.3. We have defined a minimal cosegregating region containing the AD3 gene, and isolated at least 19 different transcripts encoded within this region. One of these transcripts (S182) corresponds to a novel gene whose product is predicted to contain multiple transmembrane domains and resembles an integral membrane protein. Five different missense mutations have been found that cosegregate with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Because these changes occurred In conserved domains of this gene, and are not present in normal controls, they are likely to be causative of AD3.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MED NEUROL,CTR RES NEURODEGENERAT DIS,TORONTO,ON,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MED BIOPHYS,TORONTO,ON,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MED,DIV NEUROL,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,HOSP SICK CHILDREN,RES INST,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MED & MOLEC GENET,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
   ECOLE PRAT HAUTES ETUD,NEUROHIST LAB,F-75651 PARIS 13,FRANCE.
   INSERM LA SALPETRIERE,U106,F-75651 PARIS 13,FRANCE.
   USL 6,I-88046 LAMEZIA TERME,ITALY.
   CNR,UO,I-88046 LAMEZIA TERME,ITALY.
   UNIV FLORENCE,DEPT NEUROL & PSYCHIAT,FLORENCE,ITALY.
   UNIV TURIN,DEPT NEUROL,I-10126 TURIN,ITALY.
   NINCDS,CLIN NEUROPHARMACOL SECT,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   CTR ETUD POLYMORPHISME HUMAIN,F-75010 PARIS,FRANCE.
   UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,MED CTR,DEPT NEUROL,WORCESTER,MA 01655.
   HARVARD UNIV,MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,SCH MED,MOLEC NEUROGENET LAB,BOSTON,MA 02114.
   HARVARD UNIV,MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,GENET & AGING LAB,BOSTON,MA 02114.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,BOSTON,MA 02114.
   DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,BRYAN ALZHEIMERS DIS RES CTR,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   GLAXO GRP RES LTD,RES & DEV,MOLEC PATHOL,GREENFORD UB6 0HE,MIDDX,ENGLAND.
   SANDOZ PHARMACEUT CORP,SANDOZ RES INST,E HANOVER,NJ 07936.
   WESTERN GEN HOSP,MRC,HUMAN GENET UNIT,EDINBURGH,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; Universite PSL; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of Florence; University of Turin; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Duke University; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; Novartis; Sandoz; University of Edinburgh
FU CIHR [64309] Funding Source: Medline; Telethon [E.0010] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 3527
Z9 4139
U1 0
U2 203
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 754
EP 760
DI 10.1038/375754a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900069
PM 7596406
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARICQ, AV
   PECKOL, E
   DRISCOLL, M
   BARGMANN, CI
AF MARICQ, AV
   PECKOL, E
   DRISCOLL, M
   BARGMANN, CI
TI MECHANOSENSORY SIGNALING IN C-ELEGANS MEDIATED BY THE GLR-1 GLUTAMATE-RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; nervous-system; gene; neurodegeneration; acetylcholine; expression; sequence; cloning; family; set
AB NEURONAL signalling across synapses involves activation of many neurotransmitter receptors on postsynaptic cells. glr-1 encodes a potential glutamate receptor in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans which is most similar to vertebrate AMPA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors(1). glr-1 is expressed in motor neurons and interneurons, including interneurons implicated in the control of locomotion(2). Here we investigate the contribution of glr-1 to the normal signalling of these neurons, by generating a deletion mutation in glr-1. We find that mutant worms are deficient in their ability to withdraw backwards when mechanically stimulated, but they withdraw normally in response to chemical repellents. The ASH sensory neurons mediate withdrawal responses both to mechanical stimuli and to chemical repellents(3,4), and ASH makes chemical synapses with glr-1-expressing interneurons. Our results suggest that postsynaptic interneurons use different neurotransmitter receptors to process two sensory stimuli detected by one sensory neuron.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, PROGRAM DEV BIOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DEPT ANAT, PROGRAM NEUROSCI, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DEPT ANAT, GENET PROGRAM, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   RUTGERS STATE UNIV, CTR ADV BIOTECHNOL & MED, DEPT MOLEC BIOL & BIOCHEM, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
NR 31
TC 287
Z9 369
U1 2
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 78
EP 81
DI 10.1038/378078a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900054
PM 7477293
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DEWEAVER, E
   NIGAM, S
AF DEWEAVER, E
   NIGAM, S
TI INFLUENCE OF MOUNTAIN-RANGES ON THE MIDLATITUDE ATMOSPHERIC RESPONSE TO EL-NINO EVENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extratropical response; patterns
AB TROPICAL heating associated with El Nino events influences weather patterns around the globe(1-4), in part by generating wavelike disturbances of vorticity (a measure of local fluid circulation about the vertical) in the upper troposphere which extend into the mid-latitude regions. But these waves do not account well for the observed mid-latitude consequences of El Nino(5-8) events. Here we show that a secondary interaction of these waves with mid-latitude mountains contributes significantly to the observed flow patterns. On encountering a mountain, a column of rotating air is compressed vertically, spreads horizontally, and its net vorticity is thereby reduced, For a realistic distribution of El Nino-related tropical heating, we find that vortex compression, primarily in the Himalayan-Tibetan region, generates a vorticity contribution at mid-latitudes with an amplitude up to one-half that of the directly propagating wave-train. Mountains therefore play a significant role in determining the structure of the extratropical response to El Nino.
RP DEWEAVER, E (corresponding author), UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT METEOROL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742, USA.
NR 14
TC 13
Z9 13
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 706
EP 708
DI 10.1038/378706a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HOERNLE, K
   ZHANG, YS
   GRAHAM, D
AF HOERNLE, K
   ZHANG, YS
   GRAHAM, D
TI SEISMIC AND GEOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE FOR LARGE-SCALE MANTLE UPWELLING BENEATH THE EASTERN ATLANTIC AND WESTERN AND CENTRAL-EUROPE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID canary-islands; gran-canaria; alkaline magmatism; isotope evidence; enriched mantle; time tomography; volcanic-rocks; flood basalts; earths mantle; evolution
AB Seismic tomography and the isotope geochemistry of Cenozoic volcanic rocks suggest the existence of a large, sheet-like region of upwelling in the upper mantle which extends from the eastern Atlantic Ocean to central Europe and the western Mediterranean. A belt of extension and rifting in the latter two areas appears to lie above the intersection of the centre of the upwelling region with the base of the lithosphere. Lead, strontium and neodymium isotope data for all three regions converge on a restricted composition, inferred to be that of the upwelling mantle.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,EARTH SCI BOARD,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,INST TECTON,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064.
   OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL OCEAN & ATMOSPHER SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Oregon State University
NR 60
TC 365
Z9 382
U1 1
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 34
EP 39
DI 10.1038/374034a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LENARDIC, A
   KAULA, WM
AF LENARDIC, A
   KAULA, WM
TI MANTLE DYNAMICS AND THE HEAT-FLOW INTO THE EARTHS CONTINENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal structure; convection
AB REDUCED continental heat flow, defined as the measured heat flow minus that due to radiogenic sources in the upper crust, initially decreases with time after the last thermotectonic event in a region(1), but then tends to stabilize at a roughly constant value, which is higher than would be predicted by a conductive cooling model (Fig, 1). Here we argue that this behaviour results from the influence that continents have on mantle heat loss, The finite thermal conductivity of continental crust and the fact that it is not recycled into the mantle on a large scale, as is oceanic crust, allows stable continental blocks to limit the local heat flux out of the mantle, Numerical models that allow blocks of crust to form over a mantle layer demonstrate how thermal perturbations associated with mantle convection penetrate into continents, causing lateral temperature variations at their base that parallel those in the mantle just below, This tends to establish a constant flux of heat from the mantle into the continents, which accounts for the trend in reduced heat flow.
RP LENARDIC, A (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095, USA.
NR 18
TC 33
Z9 34
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 709
EP 711
DI 10.1038/378709a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LILLIEN, L
AF LILLIEN, L
TI CHANGES IN RETINAL CELL FATE INDUCED BY OVEREXPRESSION OF EGF RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tgf-alpha; differentiation; gene; proliferation; cultures; lineage; invitro; protein; mouse; entry
AB THE differentiation of multipotential progenitor cells in the vertebrate retina into photoreceptors, neurons and glial cells is regulated in part by cell-cell signalling(1-11). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha is one of the extracellular signals implicated in the control of several aspects of retinal development, including proliferation and cell fate(5,6,11-13). The way cells interpret pleiotropic signals such as TGF-alpha is influenced by the level of expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) in some cell lines(14,15). To address the influence of receptor level on responses of retinal progenitor cells to TGF-alpha, additional copies of EGF-Rs were introduced in vitro and in vivo with a retrovirus. Normally irt vitro, low concentrations of TGF-alpha stimulated proliferation whereas high concentrations biased choice of cell fate, inhibiting differentiation into rod photoreceptors while promoting differentiation into Muller glial cells, We report here that introduction of extra EGF-Rs into progenitor cells in vitro reduced the concentration of TGF-alpha required for changes in rod and Muller cell differentiation but did not enhance proliferation, Introduction of extra EGF-Rs in vivo increased the proportion of clones that contained Muller glial cells, suggesting that receptor level is normally limiting, These findings demonstrate that responsiveness to extracellular signals during development can be modulated by the introduction of additional receptors, and suggest that the level of expression of receptors for these signals contributes to the regulation of cell fate.
RP LILLIEN, L (corresponding author), MED COLL PENN, DEPT ANAT & NEUROBIOL, 3200 HENRY AVE, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19072 USA.
NR 30
TC 226
Z9 251
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 158
EP 162
DI 10.1038/377158a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400051
PM 7675083
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARSHALL, JC
   HALLIGAN, PW
AF MARSHALL, JC
   HALLIGAN, PW
TI SEEING THE FOREST BUT ONLY HALF THE TREES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neglect
AB IN visuo-spatial neglect after right hemisphere damage, patients fail overtly to notice and respond to stimuli on the side of space contralateral to lesion(1,2). Nonetheless, these neglected stimuli may covertly influence their performance in other tasks less direct than overt detection or identification(1). We report here a new type of dissociation between two forms of conscious perceptual awareness in a patient with left neglect. J.R. was shown hierarchical drawings in which a larger (global) form, such as a geometric figure or an alphabetic letter, is composed of smaller (local) forms (dots, circles, or letters). She gave accurate verbal reports of the global structure of these stimuli (Navon figures(3)), yet when required to cross out the smaller subfigures, she only cancelled those on the right of each global figure. Conscious perception of the whole does not automatically lead to visual awareness of all the parts thereof.
C1 RIVERMEAD REHABIL CTR,OXFORD OX1 4XD,ENGLAND.
RP MARSHALL, JC (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,RADCLIFFE INFIRM,DEPT CLIN NEUROL,NEUROPSYCHOL UNIT,OXFORD OX2 6HE,ENGLAND.
NR 10
TC 59
Z9 64
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6514
BP 521
EP 523
DI 10.1038/373521a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QF724
UT WOS:A1995QF72400059
PM 7845464
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LUKAS, J
   PARRY, D
   AAGAARD, L
   MANN, DJ
   BARTKOVA, J
   STRAUSS, M
   PETERS, G
   BARTEK, J
AF LUKAS, J
   PARRY, D
   AAGAARD, L
   MANN, DJ
   BARTKOVA, J
   STRAUSS, M
   PETERS, G
   BARTEK, J
TI RETINOBLASTOMA-PROTEIN-DEPENDENT CELL-CYCLE INHIBITION BY THE TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR P16
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; overexpression; progression; fibroblasts; g(1); d1
AB D-TYPE cyclins, in association with the cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk4 or Cdk6, promote progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle(1-6) by phosphorylating the retinoblastoma protein (RB)(7,8). The activities of Cdk4 and Cdk6 are constrained by inhibitors(9-12) such as p16, the product of the CDKN2 gene on human chromosome 9p21 (refs 12-14). The frequent deletion or mutation of CDKN2 in tumour cells suggests that p16 acts as a tumour suppressor. We show that wild-type p16 arrests normal diploid cells in late G1, whereas a tumour-associated mutant of p16 does not. Significantly, the ability of p16 to induce cell-cycle arrest is lost in cells lacking functional RB, including primary fibroblasts from Rb--/- mouse embryos. Thus, loss of p16, overexpression of D-cyclins and loss of RB have similar effects on G1 progression, and may represent a common pathway to tumorigenesis.
C1 DANISH CANC SOC,DIV CANC BIOL,DK-2100 COPENHAGEN 0,DENMARK.
   IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
   MAX PLANCK GESELL,D-13122 BERLIN,GERMANY.
C3 Danish Cancer Society; Cancer Research UK; Max Planck Society
NR 26
TC 884
Z9 969
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6531
BP 503
EP 506
DI 10.1038/375503a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RC188
UT WOS:A1995RC18800052
PM 7777060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CARROLL, SB
   WEATHERBEE, SD
   LANGELAND, JA
AF CARROLL, SB
   WEATHERBEE, SD
   LANGELAND, JA
TI HOMEOTIC GENES AND THE REGULATION AND EVOLUTION OF INSECT WING NUMBER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila embryos; origin; expression; protein; snail; leg
AB THE evolution of wings catalysed the radiation of insects which make up some 75 per cent of known animals, Fossil evidence suggests that wings evolved from a segment of the leg(1) and that early pterygotes bore wings on all thoracic and abdominal segments(2). The pterygote body plan subsequently diverged producing orders bearing three, two or just one pair of thoracic wings. We have investigated the role of homeotic genes in pterygote evolution by examining their function in Drosophila wing development and their expression in a primitive apterygote. Wing formation is not promoted by any homeotic gene, but is repressed in different segments by different homeotic genes, We suggest here that wings first arose without any homeotic gene involvement in an ancestor with a homeotic 'groundplan' similar to modern winged insects and that wing formation subsequently fell under the negative control of individual homeotic genes at different stages of pterygote evolution.
C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,MADISON,WI 53706.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP CARROLL, SB (corresponding author), HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,1525 LINDEN DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA.
NR 30
TC 164
Z9 185
U1 0
U2 75
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6526
BP 58
EP 61
DI 10.1038/375058a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QW604
UT WOS:A1995QW60400054
PM 7723843
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI THE EUGENIC LAW
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 549
EP 549
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100037
PM 8524378
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHIOZAKI, K
   RUSSELL, P
AF SHIOZAKI, K
   RUSSELL, P
TI CELL-CYCLE CONTROL LINKED TO EXTRACELLULAR ENVIRONMENT BY MAP KINASE PATHWAY IN FISSION YEAST
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID schizosaccharomyces-pombe; tyrosine phosphorylation; protein phosphatase; mitosis
AB IN fission yeast the onset of mitosis is brought about by Cdc2/Cdc13 kinase, which is inhibited by the Wee1/Mik1 tyrosine kinases and activated by Cdc25 tyrosine phosphatase(1). This control network integrates many signals, including those that monitor DNA replication, DNA damage and cell size, We report here that a fission yeast MAP kinase pathway links the cell-cycle G(2)/M control with changes in the extracellular environment that affect cell physiology. Fission yeast spc1(-) mutants have a G(2) delay that is greatly exacerbated by growth in high osmolarity media and nutrient limitation. A lethal interaction of spc1 and cdc25 mutations shows that Spc1 promotes the onset of mitosis, Spc1 is a MAP kinase homologue that is activated by Wis1 kinase in response to osmotic stress and nutrient limitation, Spc1 is inactivated by Pyp1, a phosphatase previously identified as a mitotic inhibitor(2,3). Pyp1 dephosphorylates only tyrosine-173 of Spc1, unlike the dual-specificity phosphatases that have been shown to regulate other MAP kinases(4).
C1 SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CELL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
NR 29
TC 408
Z9 435
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 739
EP 743
DI 10.1038/378739a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900059
PM 7501024
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HOENGER, A
   SABLIN, EP
   VALE, RD
   FLETTERICK, RJ
   MILLIGAN, RA
AF HOENGER, A
   SABLIN, EP
   VALE, RD
   FLETTERICK, RJ
   MILLIGAN, RA
TI 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF A TUBULIN-MOTOR-PROTEIN COMPLEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-microscopy; 3-dimensional structure; microtubule dynamics; surface lattice; drosophila; kinesin; reconstruction; segregation; molecule; crystals
AB THE kinesin superfamily is a class of microtubule-based mechanoenzymes involved in intracellular transport and chromosome movements. Molecules that move towards either the plus end or the minus end of microtubules are represented within the family. The motor domains of these molecules exhibit considerable sequence homology and contain both the ATP- and microtubule-binding sites (reviewed in refs 1, 2). Here we focus on non-claret disjunctional (ncd), a minus-end-directed motor involved in chromosome segregation in meiosis and early mitosis in Drosophila(3-6). We have calculated a three-dimensional map of tubulin sheets decorated with monomeric recombinant ncd motor domains(7) by negative-stain electron microscopy and image analysis. Comparisons with a control structure of tubulin alone reveal that each motor domain binds to the crest of a single protofilament, making extensive contacts with both the alpha and beta tubulin monomers. Binding of the motor domain results in significant conformational changes in both of the tubulin monomers.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT PHARMACOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP HOENGER, A (corresponding author), SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT CELL BIOL, 10666 N TORREY PINES RD, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
NR 27
TC 103
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6537
BP 271
EP 274
DI 10.1038/376271a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RK331
UT WOS:A1995RK33100051
PM 7617040
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU POCKMAN, WT
   SPERRY, JS
   OLEARY, JW
AF POCKMAN, WT
   SPERRY, JS
   OLEARY, JW
TI SUSTAINED AND SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE WATER-PRESSURE IN XYLEM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embolism; plants
AB DESPITE two centuries of research, the mechanism of water transport in plants is still debated(1-8). The prevailing cohesion-tension theory(2,3) which states that water is pulled upwards by capillarity in cell-mall pores, remains vulnerable to challenge because its corollary is difficult to prove: that large negative pressures exist in xylem conduits(4-7). Recent xylem pressure-probe and z-tube experiments suggest that cavitation limits xylem pressures to above -0.5 MPa, despite the much more negative pressures predicted by the cohesion-tension theory and measured with the standard pressure-chamber method(4,5,9,10). Here we show, using centrifugal force to induce negative pressure between -0.5 and -3.5 MPa in intact stems, that xylem conduits remained water-filled and conductive to species-specific pressures ranging from -1.2 to below -3.5 MPa. Results were consistent when stems were air-dried or injected with air. Agreement among these techniques demonstrates that xylem can support large negative pressures, that the pressure chamber reliably measures these pressures, and that cavitation is nucleated by air entry through conduit wall pores.
C1 UNIV ARIZONA, COLL AGR, DEPT PLANT SCI, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 University of Arizona
RP POCKMAN, WT (corresponding author), UNIV UTAH, DEPT BIOL, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112 USA.
NR 29
TC 253
Z9 297
U1 5
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 715
EP 716
DI 10.1038/378715a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PULENDRAN, B
   KANNOURAKIS, G
   NOURI, S
   SMITH, KGC
   NOSSAL, GJV
AF PULENDRAN, B
   KANNOURAKIS, G
   NOURI, S
   SMITH, KGC
   NOSSAL, GJV
TI SOLUBLE-ANTIGEN CAN CAUSE ENHANCED APOPTOSIS OF GERMINAL-CENTER B-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immune-response; affinity maturation; somatic mutation; c57bl-6 mice; death; centers; lymphocytes; repertoire; antibody; protein
AB GERMINAL centres are dynamic microenvironments of B-lymphocyte differentiation, which develop in secondary lymphoid tissues during immune responses(1-3). Within germinal centres, activated B lymphocytes proliferate and point mutations are rapidly introduced into the genes encoding their immunoglobulin receptor(4-10). As a result, new specificities of B cells are created, including those with a heightened capacity to bind the immunizing antigen(4-11). Immunoglobulin gene mutation can also lead to reactivity to self antigens(12-14). It has been suggested that any newly formed self-reactive B cells are eliminated within the germinal centre in order to avoid autoimmunity(15,16). Here we present evidence that antigen-specific, high-affinity, germinal-centre B cells are rapidly killed by apoptosis in sits when they encounter soluble antigen. The effect seems to act directly on the B cells, rather than through helper T cells. Furthermore, the apoptosis is unique to germinal-centre cells, and is only incompletely impeded by constitutive expression of the proto-oncogene bcl-2. This phenomenon may reflect clonal deletion of self-reactive B cells within germinal centres.
C1 ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSP, DEPT NEPHROL, PARKVILLE, VIC 3050, AUSTRALIA.
   ROYAL CHILDRENS HOSP, LARCH CANC RES UNIT, PARKVILLE, VIC 3052, AUSTRALIA.
C3 Melbourne Health; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne
RP PULENDRAN, B (corresponding author), WALTER & ELIZA HALL INST MED RES, PO ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSP, MELBOURNE, VIC 3050, AUSTRALIA.
NR 31
TC 288
Z9 320
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6529
BP 331
EP 334
DI 10.1038/375331a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RA030
UT WOS:A1995RA03000055
PM 7753199
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HALLS, JJM
   WALSH, CA
   GREENHAM, NC
   MARSEGLIA, EA
   FRIEND, RH
   MORATTI, SC
   HOLMES, AB
AF HALLS, JJM
   WALSH, CA
   GREENHAM, NC
   MARSEGLIA, EA
   FRIEND, RH
   MORATTI, SC
   HOLMES, AB
TI EFFICIENT PHOTODIODES FROM INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conducting polymer; diodes; buckminsterfullerene; cell
AB THE photovoltaic effect involves the production of electrons and holes in a semiconductor device under illumination, and their subsequent collection at opposite electrodes. In many inorganic semiconductors, photon absorption produces free electrons and holes directly(1). But in molecular semiconductors, absorption creates electron-hole pairs (excitons) which are bound at room temperature(2), so that charge collection requires their dissociation, Exciton dissociation is known to be efficient at interfaces between materials with different electron affinities and ionization potentials, where the electron is accepted by the material with larger electron affinity and the hole by the material with lower ionization potential(3). A two-layer diode structure can thus be used, in which excitons generated in either layer diffuse towards the interface between the layers. However, the exciton diffusion range is typically at least a factor of 10 smaller than the optical absorption depth, thus limiting the efficiency of charge collection(3). Here we show that the interpenetrating network formed from a phase-segregated mixture of two semiconducting polymers provides both the spatially distributed interfaces necessary for efficient charge photogeneration, and the means for separately collecting the electrons and holes. Devices using thin films of these polymer mixtures show promise for large-area photodetectors.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,MELVILLE LAB POLYMER SYNTHESIS,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3RA,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP HALLS, JJM (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,CAVENDISH LAB,MADINGLEY RD,CAMBRIDGE CB3 OHE,ENGLAND.
NR 24
TC 3136
Z9 3587
U1 6
U2 754
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6540
BP 498
EP 500
DI 10.1038/376498a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RN622
UT WOS:A1995RN62200039
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHENG, YX
   WONG, ML
   ALBERTS, B
   MITCHISON, T
AF ZHENG, YX
   WONG, ML
   ALBERTS, B
   MITCHISON, T
TI NUCLEATION OF MICROTUBULE ASSEMBLY BY A GAMMA-TUBULIN-CONTAINING RING COMPLEX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aspergillus-nidulans; organizing centers; centrosome; mitosis; protein; chromosm; component; invitro; binding
AB The highly conserved protein gamma-tubulin is required for microtubule nucleation in vivo. When viewed in the electron microscope, a highly purified gamma-tubulin complex from Xenopus consisting of at least seven different proteins is seen to have an open ring structure. This complex acts as an active microtubule-nucleating unit which can cap the minus ends of microtubules in vitro.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT PHARMACOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP ZHENG, YX (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
NR 36
TC 734
Z9 903
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 578
EP 583
DI 10.1038/378578a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100066
PM 8524390
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TINGAY, SJ
   JAUNCEY, DL
   PRESTON, RA
   REYNOLDS, JE
   MELER, DL
   MURPHY, DW
   TZIOUMIS, AK
   MCKAY, DJ
   KESTEVEN, MJ
   LOVELL, JEJ
   CAMPBELLWILSON, D
   ELLINGSEN, SP
   GOUGH, R
   HUNSTEAD, RW
   JONES, DL
   MCCULLOCH, PM
   MIGENES, V
   QUICK, J
   SINCLAIR, MW
   SMITS, D
AF TINGAY, SJ
   JAUNCEY, DL
   PRESTON, RA
   REYNOLDS, JE
   MELER, DL
   MURPHY, DW
   TZIOUMIS, AK
   MCKAY, DJ
   KESTEVEN, MJ
   LOVELL, JEJ
   CAMPBELLWILSON, D
   ELLINGSEN, SP
   GOUGH, R
   HUNSTEAD, RW
   JONES, DL
   MCCULLOCH, PM
   MIGENES, V
   QUICK, J
   SINCLAIR, MW
   SMITS, D
TI RELATIVISTIC MOTION IN A NEARBY BRIGHT X-RAY SOURCE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID resolution
AB THE recent discovery(1) of radio components apparently moving away from a Galactic source of transient X-ray emission faster than the speed of light (superluminal motion) has identified a low-energy Galactic counterpart to quasars. Here we report high-resolution radio observations of a second Galactic superluminal radio source GRO J1655-40, which was detected as an X-ray transient(2) on 27 July 1994. Our radio images reveal two components moving away from each other at an angular speed of 65 +/- 5 mas d(-1), corresponding to superluminal motion at the estimated distance of 3-5 kpc. The 12-day delay between the X-ray and radio outbursts suggests that the ejection of material at relativistic speeds occurs during a stable phase of accretion onto a black hole, which follows an unstable phase with a high accretion rate,
C1 JET PROPULS LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109.
   AUSTRALIA TELESCOPE NATL FACIL,EPPING,NSW 2121,AUSTRALIA.
   UNIV TASMANIA,HOBART,TAS 7001,AUSTRALIA.
   HARTEBEESTHOEK RADIO ASTRON OBSERV,HARTEBEESTHEOK 1740,SOUTH AFRICA.
   UNIV SYDNEY,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australia Telescope National Facility; University of Tasmania; National Research Foundation - South Africa; Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory; University of Sydney
RP TINGAY, SJ (corresponding author), MT STROMLO & SIDING SPRING OBSERV,CANBERRA,ACT 2611,AUSTRALIA.
NR 13
TC 277
Z9 282
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 141
EP 143
DI 10.1038/374141a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHITTENDEN, T
   HARRINGTON, EA
   OCONNOR, R
   FLEMINGTON, C
   LUTZ, RJ
   EVAN, GI
   GUILD, BC
AF CHITTENDEN, T
   HARRINGTON, EA
   OCONNOR, R
   FLEMINGTON, C
   LUTZ, RJ
   EVAN, GI
   GUILD, BC
TI INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS BY THE BCL-2 HOMOLOG BAK
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; sequence similarity; gene; proteins
AB CELLS are eliminated in a variety of physiological settings by apoptosis, a genetically encoded process of cellular suicide(1,2). Apoptosis comprises an intrinsic cellular defence against tumorigenesis, which, when suppressed, may contribute to the development of malignancies(3). The bcl-2 oncogene, which is activated in follicular lymphomas, functions as a potent suppressor of apoptosis under diverse conditions(4). Here we describe the complementary DNA cloning and functional analysis of a new Bcl-2 homologue, Bak, which promotes cell death and counteracts the protection from apoptosis provided by Bcl-2. Moreover, enforced expression of Bak induces rapid and extensive apoptosis of serum-deprived fibroblasts. This raises the possibility that Bak is directly involved in activating the cell death machinery.
C1 IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND, LONDON WC2A 3PX, ENGLAND.
C3 Cancer Research UK
RP CHITTENDEN, T (corresponding author), APOPTOSIS TECHNOL INC, 148 SIDNEY ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
NR 22
TC 691
Z9 788
U1 2
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6524
BP 733
EP 736
DI 10.1038/374733a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QU304
UT WOS:A1995QU30400053
PM 7715730
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JOLIET, V
   DEMMA, M
   PRYWES, R
AF JOLIET, V
   DEMMA, M
   PRYWES, R
TI INTERACTION WITH RAP74 SUBUNIT OF TFIIF IS REQUIRED FOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION BY SERUM RESPONSE FACTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna polymerase-ii; ternary complex-formation; initiation-factor; domain; cdna; srf; dna
AB A FEW general transcription factors, in particular TFIID and TFIIB, have been found to bind transcriptional activators(1). Here we show that the general transcription factor TFIIF is also a target for a transcriptional activator, namely serum response factor (SRF), which binds to the c-fos promoter. Using a yeast interaction assay, we find that SRF binds the RAP74 subunit of TFIIF and that SRF's transcriptional activation domain is the region involved in this binding. Further, RAP74's central charged cluster domain is required for binding to SRF's activation domain. Deletion of this domain impairs RAP74's ability to support SRF-activated transcription in vitro but has Little effect on the protein's basal transcription activity or its ability to support SP1-activated transcription. The correlation of SRF-RAP74 binding with transcriptional activation suggests that RAP74 is a critical target for SRF-activated transcription.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,NEW YORK,NY 10027.
C3 Columbia University
NR 23
TC 74
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 632
EP 635
DI 10.1038/373632a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700060
PM 7854423
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHABAT, D
   ITZHAKY, H
   REYMOND, JL
   KEINAN, E
AF SHABAT, D
   ITZHAKY, H
   REYMOND, JL
   KEINAN, E
TI ANTIBODY CATALYSIS OF A REACTION OTHERWISE STRONGLY DISFAVOURED IN WATER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrolysis; ethers
AB SEVERAL examples have been reported recently(1) of antibody catalysis(2) of reactions that are strongly disfavoured because of the high free energy of the transition state, Here we shaw that catalytic antibodies can be used to promote a particularly useful kind of reaction from a synthetic point of view: one involving an intermediate that is highly unstable in water, We show that an antibody elicited against the quaternary ammonium ion 4a (Fig, 1) catalyses the protonation of the enol ether 1 to form, with complete enantioselectivity, an oxocarbonium intermediate. This species is highly reactive in water, and would normally react with a water molecule to give the corresponding ketone 2, But the antibody provides a hydrophobic environment that allows the oxocarbonium ion instead to undergo an intramolecular reaction to form an enantiomerically pure ketal 3, This result shows that catalytic antibodies can exclude solvent molecules entirely from crucial steps on the reaction pathway.
C1 TECHNION ISRAEL INST TECHNOL, DEPT CHEM, IL-32000 HAIFA, ISRAEL.
   SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Scripps Research Institute
NR 15
TC 40
Z9 41
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 143
EP 146
DI 10.1038/374143a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700052
PM 7877686
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GABUNIA, L
   VEKUA, A
AF GABUNIA, L
   VEKUA, A
TI A PLIOPLEISTOCENE HOMINID FROM DMANISI, EAST GEORGIA, CAUCASUS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB ARCHAEOLOGICAL excavations at the mediaeval site of Dmanisi (East Georgia) revealed that the town was built on a series of deposits yielding Late Villafranchian mammalian fossils and led to the discovery in late 1991 of a well preserved early human mandible. Dmanisi, where excavations are being carried out by a joint expedition of the Archaeological Research Centre of the Georgian Academy of Sciences and the Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum (Mainz, Germany), is located southwest of Tbilisi, at about 44 degrees 20' N, 41 degrees 20' E (Fig. 1). The fossils date Ifo the latest Pliocene (or perhaps to the earliest Pleistocene), probably between 1.8 and 1.6 million years ago (Myr). Here we identify the mandible as belonging to the species Home erectus, of which it is the earliest known representative in western Eurasia. It shows a number of similarities to the African and Chinese representatives of this species.
RP GABUNIA, L (corresponding author), GEORGIAN ACAD SCI, INST PALEOBIOL, 9 SULKHAN SABA, TBILISI 380007, GEORGIA.
NR 15
TC 244
Z9 264
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6514
BP 509
EP 512
DI 10.1038/373509a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QF724
UT WOS:A1995QF72400055
PM 7845461
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MURAKAMI, H
   OKAYAMA, H
AF MURAKAMI, H
   OKAYAMA, H
TI A KINASE FROM FISSION YEAST RESPONSIBLE FOR BLOCKING MITOSIS IN S-PHASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-polymerase-alpha; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; gene; repair; replication; division; mutants; cloning; rad1
AB IN virtually all eukaryotes, mitosis starts after the completion of DNA synthesis, This orderly process is ensured by the checkpoint mechanism that blocks:the onset of mitosis while DNA is being Synthesized or is damaged, In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, this mechanism involves some rad(+) and hus(+) genes(1-4). However, it is not known how the checkpoint system monitors these events, Recently a multicopy suppressor of a temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase-alpha mutant was isolated, This gene, named cds1(+) (checking DNA synthesis), encodes a typical protein kinase, Here we report that this protein kinase is a key component of the DNA replication-monitoring S/G2 checkpoint system, Our data suggest that its primary role is to monitor DNA synthesis by interacting: with DNA polymerase alpha and send a signal to block the onset of mitosis while DNA synthesis is in progress.
C1 JRDC,ERATO,OKAYAMA CELL SWITCHING PROJECT,SAKYO KU,KYOTO,JAPAN.
RP MURAKAMI, H (corresponding author), UNIV TOKYO,FAC MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
NR 22
TC 255
Z9 275
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6525
BP 817
EP 819
DI 10.1038/374817a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QV315
UT WOS:A1995QV31500049
PM 7723827
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WU, XC
   SUES, HD
   SUN, AL
AF WU, XC
   SUES, HD
   SUN, AL
TI A PLANT-EATING CROCODYLIFORM REPTILE FROM THE CRETACEOUS OF CHINA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB WITH few exceptions, tooth shape among crocodyliform reptiles (Crocodylia of traditional use) is rather uniform(1). We report here on the presence of multicuspid molariform teeth in a remarkable new crocodyliform from the Lower Cretaceous of China, which may represent the first known herbivorous member of that group. The overall structure of these teeth is very similar to that of the postcanine teeth of tritylodontid synapsids and represents a particularly striking example of convergent evolution, It indicates back-to-front (proal) motion of the mandible produced by the posterior pterygoid muscle during jam closing, much as in the extant tuatara, Sphenodon(2,3). Certain derived features indicate that the new Chinese crocodyliform is closely related to the Notosuchidae from the Cretaceous of Gondwana(4). Its discovery thus casts further doubts on claims(5) concerning an endemic Gondwanan tetrapod fauna during the Cretaceous.
C1 ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM,DEPT VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL,TORONTO,ON M5S 2C6,CANADA.
   ACAD SINICA,INST VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL & PALEOANTHROPOL,BEIJING 100044,PEOPLES R CHINA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT ZOOL,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A1,CANADA.
C3 Royal Ontario Museum; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; University of Toronto
NR 14
TC 77
Z9 85
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6542
BP 678
EP 680
DI 10.1038/376678a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RQ672
UT WOS:A1995RQ67200057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VOLBEDA, A
   CHARON, MH
   PIRAS, C
   HATCHIKIAN, EC
   FREY, M
   FONTECILLACAMPS, JC
AF VOLBEDA, A
   CHARON, MH
   PIRAS, C
   HATCHIKIAN, EC
   FREY, M
   FONTECILLACAMPS, JC
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF THE NICKEL-IRON HYDROGENASE FROM DESULFOVIBRIO-GIGAS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sulfate-reducing bacteria; esr-detectable nickel; active-site nickel; electron-transfer; nife hydrogenase; methanococcus-voltae; chromatium-vinosum; redox property; sulfur centers; baculatus
AB The X-ray structure of the heterodimeric Ni-Fe hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio gigas, the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of molecular hydrogen, has been solved at 2.84 Angstrom resolution. The active site, which appears to contain, besides nickel, a second metal ion, is buried in the 60K subunit. The 28K subunit, which coordinates one [3Fe-4S] and two [4Fe-4S] clusters, contains an amino-terminal domain with similarities to the redox protein flavodoxin. The structure suggests plausible electron and proton transfer pathways.
C1 INST BIOL STRUCT,CRISTALLOG & CRISTALLOGENESE PROT LAB,F-38027 GRENOBLE 1,FRANCE.
   CNRS,UNITE BIOENERGET & INGN PROT,F-13402 MARSEILLE 20,FRANCE.
C3 Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Aix-Marseille Universite
NR 50
TC 1404
Z9 1572
U1 1
U2 236
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 580
EP 587
DI 10.1038/373580a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700044
PM 7854413
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HILTON, DR
   BARLING, J
   WHELLER, OE
AF HILTON, DR
   BARLING, J
   WHELLER, OE
TI EFFECT OF SHALLOW-LEVEL CONTAMINATION ON THE HELIUM ISOTOPE SYSTEMATICS OF OCEAN-ISLAND LAVAS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mantle plumes; indian-ocean; basalts; kerguelen; he; sr; nd; heterogeneity; components; plateau
AB THE bimodal distribution of helium isotope ratios in ocean-island lavas has provided powerful constraints on the composition and evolution of the Earth's mantle(1-3). 'High-He-3 hotspot' ratios (He-3/He-4 greater than in mid-ocean-ridge basalt, MORB) found on Hawaii(4) and Iceland(5) are thought to trace pristine plumes from the deep(er) mantle, whereas 'low-He-3 hotspot' values (He-3/ He-4 less than or equal to MORB value) at Tristan da Cunha(6) and St Helena(7) are considered to characterize plumes composed (in part) of recycled oceanic or continental crust. Here we report the observation of both 'high-He-3' and 'low-He-3' characteristics(8) in lavas from a single ocean island-Heard Island, in the Indian Ocean. Whereas the high-He-3 lavas provide unambiguous evidence for the involvement of a deep-seated plume in their genesis, we argue that the low He-3/He-4 ratios in other lavas result from shallow-level contamination by radiogenic helium before eruption. These observations call into question the presumed association between low-He-3 ratios (at Heard Island and elsewhere) and ancient crustal material recycled back into the mantle.
C1 FREE UNIV BERLIN,FR GEOCHEM,INST MINERAL,D-14195 BERLIN,GERMANY.
   MAX PLANCK INST CHEM,D-55020 MAINZ,GERMANY.
   UNIV TASMANIA,DEPT GEOL,HOBART,TAS 7001,AUSTRALIA.
C3 Free University of Berlin; Max Planck Society; University of Tasmania
RP HILTON, DR (corresponding author), VRIJE UNIV AMSTERDAM,DEPT EARTH SCI,DE BOELELAAN 1085,1081 HV AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
NR 30
TC 128
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 330
EP 333
DI 10.1038/373330a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHEN, GH
   HOFFMAN, AS
AF CHEN, GH
   HOFFMAN, AS
TI GRAFT-COPOLYMERS THAT EXHIBIT TEMPERATURE-INDUCED PHASE-TRANSITIONS OVER A WIDE-RANGE OF PH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drug delivery; polymers; hydrogels; networks; release; gels; acid
AB THERE are many potential applications of 'intelligent' aqueous polymer systems(1-8) in medicine, biotechnology, industry and in environmental problems(9-13). Many of these polymer systems undergo reversible phase transitions-for example, abrupt changes in volume-in response to external stimuli such as temperature, pH or the nature of the solvent. Most of the polymers studied previously are responsive to only one kind of stimulus. But for some applications, independent responsiveness to several factors, such as temperature and pH, may be required. Here we describe a polymer that undergoes marked solubility changes in water in response to temperature and/or pH changes, The polymer is prepared by grafting temperature-sensitive side chains onto a pH-sensitive backbone, We also find that block copolymers, in which the temperature- and pH-sensitive units alternate along the chain, show similar behaviour.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,CTR BIOENGN,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
NR 20
TC 1194
Z9 1348
U1 1
U2 362
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6509
BP 49
EP 52
DI 10.1038/373049a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QA239
UT WOS:A1995QA23900050
PM 7800038
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STEPHENS, TW
   BASINSKI, M
   BRISTOW, PK
   BUEVALLESKEY, JM
   BURGETT, SG
   CRAFT, L
   HALE, J
   HOFFMANN, J
   HSIUNG, HM
   KRIAUCIUNAS, A
   MACKELLAR, W
   ROSTECK, PR
   SCHONER, B
   SMITH, D
   TINSLEY, FC
   ZHANG, XY
   HEIMAN, M
AF STEPHENS, TW
   BASINSKI, M
   BRISTOW, PK
   BUEVALLESKEY, JM
   BURGETT, SG
   CRAFT, L
   HALE, J
   HOFFMANN, J
   HSIUNG, HM
   KRIAUCIUNAS, A
   MACKELLAR, W
   ROSTECK, PR
   SCHONER, B
   SMITH, D
   TINSLEY, FC
   ZHANG, XY
   HEIMAN, M
TI THE ROLE OF NEUROPEPTIDE-Y IN THE ANTIOBESITY ACTION OF THE OBESE GENE-PRODUCT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID agent; rats
AB RECENTLY Zhang et al.(1) cloned a gene that is expressed only in adipose tissue of tbe mouse. The obese phenotype of the ob/ob mouse is linked to a mutation in the obese gene that results in expression of a truncated inactive protein. Human and rat homologues for this gene are known(1,2). Previous experiments(3,4) predict such a hormone to have a hypothalamic target. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y stimulates food intake, decreases thermogenesis, and increases plasma insulin and corticosterone levels making it a potential target(5). Here we express the obese protein in Escherichia coli and find that it suppresses food intake and decreases body weight dramatically when administered to normal and ob/ob mice but not db/db (diabetic) mice, which are thought to lack the appropriate receptor. High-affinity binding was detected in the rat hypothalamus. One mechanism by which this protein regulated food intake and metabolism was inhibition of neuropeptide-Y synthesis and release.
C1 ELI LILLY & CO,LILLY RES LABS,DIV TECHNOL CORE,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46285.
C3 Eli Lilly; Lilly Research Laboratories
RP STEPHENS, TW (corresponding author), ELI LILLY & CO,LILLY RES LABS,DIV ENDOCRINE RES,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46285, USA.
NR 12
TC 1448
Z9 1569
U1 0
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 530
EP 532
DI 10.1038/377530a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600063
PM 7566151
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHARNOV, EL
   DOWNHOWER, JF
AF CHARNOV, EL
   DOWNHOWER, JF
TI A TRADE-OFF-INVARIANT LIFE-HISTORY RULE FOR OPTIMAL OFFSPRING SIZE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID number
AB OPTIMIZATION models have been widely and successfully used in evolutionary ecology to predict the attributes of organisms(1-6) Most such models maximize darwinian fitness (or a component of fitness) in the face of trade-offs and constraints; the numerical results usually depend on the exact form of the trade-offs/constraints. Here we report the first (to our knowledge) numerical optimum for life-history evolution which is independent of the details of the underlying trade-off, for a large array for trade-off forms. The rule is that at small litter sizes, the range in offspring size is inversely proportional to the size of the litter. Details of the offspring-survival/offspring-size trade-off(7-10) set the value of the proportionality constant, but the -1 exponent, the inverse proportionality itself, is universal. Studies of life histories have yielded many empirical examples of universality for various scaling exponents (for example, adult lifespan scales as approximate to 0.25 with adult body mass within many taxa); this is an example of the numerical value of an exponent (here -1) emerging from a life-history model as independent of all but a few general features of the underlying economic structure.
C1 OHIO STATE UNIV, DEPT ZOOL, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
RP CHARNOV, EL (corresponding author), UNIV UTAH, DEPT BIOL, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112 USA.
NR 16
TC 67
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6539
BP 418
EP 419
DI 10.1038/376418a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RM639
UT WOS:A1995RM63900049
PM 7630415
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CORNELL, S
   RENDELL, A
   JICKELLS, T
AF CORNELL, S
   RENDELL, A
   JICKELLS, T
TI ATMOSPHERIC INPUTS OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC NITROGEN TO THE OCEANS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marine-environment; sargasso sea; precipitation; phytoplankton; deposition; chemistry; aerosols; carbon; pollution; waters
AB THE input of fixed nitrogen to the oceans by in situ fixation, river/groundwater supply and atmospheric deposition represents an important control on marine productivity on long timescales, and hence on ocean-atmosphere CO2 exchange and its effects on climate(1-3). Any assessment of human perturbation of the global nitrogen cycle also requires an accurate estimate of these inputs. The current best estimates suggest that the natural fluvial and atmospheric inputs are of similar magnitude(3,4), and that globally both have been increased by a factor of two above natural levels as a result of human activity(3-5). Dissolved organic nitrogen represents more than half of the fluvial input of dissolved fixed nitrogen, but current estimates of atmospheric inputs are usually based on only the inorganic (NO3- + NH4+) component, although some authors have recognized the potential importance of organic nitrogen(6-9). Here we present analyses of dissolved organic nitrogen in rain and snow which show that it is a ubiquitous and significant component of precipitation, even in remote marine areas. Our results require an approximate doubling of present estimates of the atmospheric input of fixed nitrogen to the oceans, and an increase in estimates of the total fixed-nitrogen input by a factor of about 1.5. These results indicate that the human impact on the global nitrogen cycle may be larger than has been thought.
RP CORNELL, S (corresponding author), UNIV E ANGLIA, SCH ENVIRONM SCI, NORWICH NR4 7TJ, NORFOLK, ENGLAND.
NR 39
TC 269
Z9 308
U1 1
U2 115
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6537
BP 243
EP 246
DI 10.1038/376243a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RK331
UT WOS:A1995RK33100043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FLOR, H
   ELBERT, T
   KNECHT, S
   WIENBRUCH, C
   PANTEV, C
   BIRBAUMER, N
   LARBIG, W
   TAUB, E
AF FLOR, H
   ELBERT, T
   KNECHT, S
   WIENBRUCH, C
   PANTEV, C
   BIRBAUMER, N
   LARBIG, W
   TAUB, E
TI PHANTOM-LIMB PAIN AS A PERCEPTUAL CORRELATE OF CORTICAL REORGANIZATION FOLLOWING ARM AMPUTATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cortex
AB ALTHOUGH phantom-limb pain is a frequent consequence of the amputation of an extremity, little is known about its origin(1-4). On the basis of the demonstration of substantial plasticity of the somatosensory cortex after amputation(5) or somatosensory deafferentation in adult monkeys(6), it has been suggested that cortical reorganization could account for some non-painful phantom-limb phenomena in amputees and that cortical reorganization has an adaptive (that is, pain-preventing) function(2,5,7,8). Theoretical and empirical work on chronic back pain(9,10) has revealed a positive relationship between the amount of cortical alteration and the magnitude of pain, so we predicted that cortical reorganization and phantom-limb pain should be positively related. Using non-invasive neuromagnetic imaging techniques to determine cortical reorganization in humans(11-13), we report a very strong direct relationship (r = 0.93) between the amount of cortical reorganization and the magnitude of phantom limb pain (but not non-painful phantom phenomena) experienced after arm amputation. These data indicate that phantom-limb pain is related to, and may be a consequence of, plastic changes in primary somatosensory cortex.
C1 UNIV KONSTANZ,DEPT PSYCHOL,D-78434 CONSTANCE,GERMANY.
   UNIV MUNSTER,DEPT NEUROL,D-48129 MUNSTER,GERMANY.
   UNIV MUNSTER,INST EXPTL AUDIOL,D-48129 MUNSTER,GERMANY.
   UNIV TUBINGEN,INST MED PSYCHOL & BEHAV NEUROBIOL,D-72074 TUBINGEN,GERMANY.
   UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT PSYCHOL,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294.
C3 University of Konstanz; University of Munster; University of Munster; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Eberhard Karls University Hospital; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham
RP FLOR, H (corresponding author), HUMBOLDT UNIV BERLIN,DEPT PSYCHOL,HAUSVOGTEIPL 5-7,D-10117 BERLIN,GERMANY.
NR 24
TC 1366
Z9 1498
U1 1
U2 195
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6531
BP 482
EP 484
DI 10.1038/375482a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RC188
UT WOS:A1995RC18800046
PM 7777055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HUANG, MX
   GU, GQ
   FERGUSON, EL
   CHALFIE, M
AF HUANG, MX
   GU, GQ
   FERGUSON, EL
   CHALFIE, M
TI A STOMATIN-LIKE PROTEIN NECESSARY FOR MECHANOSENSATION IN C-ELEGANS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; microtubule-associated proteins; neuronal microtubules; synthetic peptides; regulatory domain; membrane-protein; gene; expression; product; tubulin
AB The mec-2 gene is required for the function of a set of six touch receptor neurons in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans; mec-2 mutants, which are touch-insensitive, have touch cells that appear morphologically normal(1,2). Gene interaction studies suggest that mec-2 positively regulates the activity of the putative mechanosensory transduction channel (ref. 3 and the present paper), comprised in part of proteins encoded by the two degenerin genes mec-4 and mec-10 (refs 3-5). The central region of the mec-2 protein (MEC-2) is very similar to stomatin, an integral membrane protein (band 7.2b) in human red blood cells that is thought to regulate cation conductance(6). MEC-2-LacZ fusions are distributed along the touch receptor axons. This axonal distribution, which is mediated by the mec-2-specific amino terminus, is disrupted by mutations in mec-12, an alpha-tubulin gene needed for touch cell function. Our results indicate that MEC-2 links the mechanosensory channel and the microtubule cytoskeleton of the touch receptor neurons. Such linkage provides the basis for a mechanism of mechanosensation whereby microtubule displacement leads to channel opening.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,NEW YORK,NY 10027.
C3 Columbia University
NR 33
TC 204
Z9 251
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 292
EP 295
DI 10.1038/378292a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800052
PM 7477350
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HARRIS, RA
   SIMPSON, RW
   REASENBERG, PA
AF HARRIS, RA
   SIMPSON, RW
   REASENBERG, PA
TI INFLUENCE OF STATIC STRESS CHANGES ON EARTHQUAKE LOCATIONS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lander earthquake; fault; sequence; deformation; seismicity; shear
AB EARTHQUAKES induce changes in static stress on neighbouring faults that may delay, hasten or even trigger subsequent earthquakes(1-10). The length of time over which such effects persist has a bearing on the potential contribution of stress analyses to earthquake hazard assessment, but is presently unknown. Here we use an elastic half-space model(11) to estimate the static stress changes generated by damaging (magnitude M greater than or equal to 5) earthquakes in southern California over the past 26 years, and to investigate the influence of these changes on subsequent earthquake activity. We find that, in the 1.5-year period following a M greater than or equal to 5 earthquake, any subsequent nearby M greater than or equal to 5 earthquake almost always ruptures a fault that is loaded towards failure by the first earthquake. After this period, damaging earthquakes are equally likely to rupture loaded and relaxed faults. Our results suggest that there is a short period of time following a damaging earthquake in southern California in which simple Coulomb failure stress models could be used to identify regions of increased seismic hazard.
RP HARRIS, RA (corresponding author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 977,345 MIDDLEFIELD RD,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA.
NR 25
TC 184
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 221
EP 224
DI 10.1038/375221a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100058
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TARAKHOVSKY, A
   TURNER, M
   SCHAAL, S
   MEE, PJ
   DUDDY, LP
   RAJEWSKY, K
   TYBULEWICZ, VLJ
AF TARAKHOVSKY, A
   TURNER, M
   SCHAAL, S
   MEE, PJ
   DUDDY, LP
   RAJEWSKY, K
   TYBULEWICZ, VLJ
TI DEFECTIVE ANTIGEN RECEPTOR-MEDIATED PROLIFERATION OF B-CELLS AND T-CELLS IN THE ABSENCE OF VAV
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine phosphorylation; protooncogene product; signaling proteins; mice; gene; activation; lacking; domain; sh2
AB CROSSLINKING of B- or T-cell antigen receptors results in the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of proteins, including Vav, a protein expressed in cells of the haematopoietic system contains an array of structural motifs that include Src-homology domains SH2/SH3(4) and regions of homology to the guanine-nucleotide-exchange nucleotide-exchange protein Dbl, pleckstrin and protein kinase C (refs 5-9). Using the RAG-complementation approach(10), we have analysed in vivo differentiation and in vitro responses of B- and T-lineage cells generated by injection of embryonic stem cells homozygous for a null mutation in the vav gene into blastocysts of RAG-1- or RAG-2-deficient mice. Here we report that antigen receptor-mediated proliferative responses of B and T cells in vitro are severely reduced in the absence of Vav. We also suggest a direct link between the low proliferative response of Vav-deficient B and T cells and the reduced number of these cells in peripheral lymphoid organs of chimaeric mice.
C1 NATL INST MED RES,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP TARAKHOVSKY, A (corresponding author), UNIV COLOGNE,INST GENET,WEYERTAL 121,D-50931 COLOGNE,GERMANY.
NR 30
TC 400
Z9 420
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 467
EP 470
DI 10.1038/374467a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900062
PM 7700358
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COOPER, DMF
   MONS, N
   KARPEN, JW
AF COOPER, DMF
   MONS, N
   KARPEN, JW
TI ADENYLYL CYCLASES AND THE INTERACTION BETWEEN CALCIUM AND CAMP SIGNALING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calmodulin-binding domain; protein-kinase-c; rat-brain; dictyostelium-discoideum; regulatory proteins; ncb-20 cells; expression; cloning; oscillations; stimulation
AB Adenylyl cyclase is the prototypical second messenger generator. Nearly all of the eight cloned adenylyl cyclases are regulated by one or other arm of the phospholipase C pathway. Functional and ultrastructural investigations have shown that adenylyl cyclases are intimately associated with sites of calcium ion entry into the cell. Oscillations in cellular cyclic AMP levels are predicted to arise because of feedback inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by Ca2+. Such findings inextricably intertwine cellular signalling by cAMP and internal Ca2+ and extend the known regulatory modes available to cAMP.
C1 UNIV COLORADO, HLTH SCI CTR, DEPT PHYSIOL, DENVER, CO 80262 USA.
   UNIV BORDEAUX 1, FUNCT NEUROCYTOCHEM LAB, CNRS, URA 399, F-33405 TALENCE, FRANCE.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Bordeaux
RP COOPER, DMF (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO, HLTH SCI CTR, DEPT PHARMACOL, DENVER, CO 80262 USA.
NR 66
TC 556
Z9 620
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 421
EP 424
DI 10.1038/374421a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900048
PM 7700350
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHAO, C
   EMMONS, SW
AF ZHAO, C
   EMMONS, SW
TI A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CONTROLLING DEVELOPMENT OF PERIPHERAL SENSE-ORGANS IN C-ELEGANS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; drosophila-melanogaster; nervous-system; cell lineages; myc homology; dna-binding; gene; nematode; achaete; region
AB THE basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins constitute a class of transcription factors thought to be important in the control of cell-type determination(1). These transcription factors are believed to activate the expression of cell-type-specific genes to generate stable differentiated cell types(2). The expression of bHLH proteins, in turn, is regulated by spatial cues, so that switches in cell type occur in a reproducible pattern(3). We report here that the lin-32 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans, which encodes a bHLH protein of the Drosophila achaete-scute family of transcription factors, is necessary and in some cells sufficient for specification of the neuroblast cell fate. Similarity in the function and structure of the lin-32 protein (LIN-32) to transcription factors of the achaete-scute gene family in Drosophila and vertebrates implies that this class of transcription factors functioned in a primitive ancestral form to specify neuronal cell fate, supporting the proposition that certain basic mechanisms of cell-type determination have been conserved through metazoan evolution(1).
RP ZHAO, C (corresponding author), YESHIVA UNIV ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,DEPT MOLEC GENET,1300 MORRIS PK AVE,BRONX,NY 10461, USA.
NR 30
TC 113
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6509
BP 74
EP 78
DI 10.1038/373074a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QA239
UT WOS:A1995QA23900059
PM 7800042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHOKAT, KM
   GOODNOW, CC
AF SHOKAT, KM
   GOODNOW, CC
TI ANTIGEN-INDUCED B-CELL DEATH AND ELIMINATION DURING GERMINAL-CENTER IMMUNE-RESPONSES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID somatic mutation; antibody; expression; centers; specificity; generation; selection; lysozyme; proteins; chain
AB DURING an immune response, hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes in B cells proliferating within germinal centres (GCs) generates variant antibodies that react with higher affinity against either foreign or self antigens(1-9). Several experiments suggest that self-reactive B cells may be censored at this stage of the immune response(10-12), but the rarity of these cells and the dynamic nature of GC reactions have prevented direct analysis. We have developed a new approach to visualize the fate of antigen-specific B cells during GC reactions by seeding an ongoing immune response with lysozyme-specific B cells from immunoglobulin-gene transgenic animals. Administration of soluble antigen at the peak of the GC response rapidly eliminates lysozyme-specific GC B cells in two waves of apoptosis, one within the GC and a second in cells that have redistributed to lymphoid zones that are rich in T cells. Elimination of these cells is inhibited by constitutive expression of the follicular lymphoma proto-oncogene bcl-2. These findings reveal censoring steps that may normally prevent affinity maturation of autoantibodies to systemic autoantigens, and might be used by pathogenic microorganisms or in clinical strategies to interfere with antibody responses.
C1 STANFORD UNIV, SCH MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
   STANFORD UNIV, SCH MED, BECKMAN CTR, DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford University
NR 29
TC 344
Z9 379
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6529
BP 334
EP 338
DI 10.1038/375334a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RA030
UT WOS:A1995RA03000056
PM 7753200
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHOTLAND, J
   SHUPLIAKOV, O
   WIKSTROM, M
   BRODIN, L
   SRINIVASAN, M
   YOU, ZB
   HERRERAMARSCHITZ, M
   ZHANG, WQ
   HOKFELT, T
   GRILLNER, S
AF SCHOTLAND, J
   SHUPLIAKOV, O
   WIKSTROM, M
   BRODIN, L
   SRINIVASAN, M
   YOU, ZB
   HERRERAMARSCHITZ, M
   ZHANG, WQ
   HOKFELT, T
   GRILLNER, S
TI CONTROL OF LAMPREY LOCOMOTOR NEURONS BY COLOCALIZED MONOAMINE TRANSMITTERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spinal-cord; rat striatum; 5-hydroxytryptamine; serotonin; dopamine; afterhyperpolarization; invivo
AB NEURONS in the central nervous system (CNS) often store more than one neurotransmitter(1,2), but as yet the functional significance of this type of coexistence is poorly understood. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) modulates calcium-dependent K+ channels (K-Ca) responsible for the postspike afterhyperpolarization in different regions of the CNS3,4. In lamprey, 5-HT neurons control apamine-sensitive K-Ca channels in spinal locomotor network interneurons(4-6), thereby in addition regulating the duration of locomotor bursts(7,8). We report here that these spinal 5-HT neurons also contain dopamine. Like 5-HT, dopamine causes a reduction of the afterhyperpolarization, but in this case it is due to a reduction of calcium entry during the action potential, which results in a reduced activation of Kc,. 5-HT and dopamine are both released from these midline neurons, and both reduce the afterhyperpolarization through two distinctly different, but complementary cellular mechanisms. The net effect of dopamine (10-100 mu M) on the locomotor network is similar to that of 5-HT, and the effects of dopamine and 5-HT are additive at the network level.
C1 KAROLINSKA INST,NOBEL INST NEUROPHYSIOL,DEPT NEUROPHYSIOL,S-17177 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN.
   KAROLINSKA INST,NOBEL INST NEUROPHYSIOL,DEPT PHARMACOL,S-17177 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN.
C3 Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska Institutet
NR 23
TC 89
Z9 99
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6519
BP 266
EP 268
DI 10.1038/374266a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QM387
UT WOS:A1995QM38700051
PM 7885446
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NOGALES, E
   WOLF, SG
   KHAN, IA
   LUDUENA, RF
   DOWNING, KH
AF NOGALES, E
   WOLF, SG
   KHAN, IA
   LUDUENA, RF
   DOWNING, KH
TI STRUCTURE OF TUBULIN AT 6.5 ANGSTROM AND LOCATION OF THE TAXOL-BINDING SITE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microtubule assembly invitro; zinc-induced sheets; 3-dimensional structure; electron-microscopy; beta-tubulin; guanosine 5'-triphosphate; purple membrane; low resolution; cross-linking; colchicine
AB TUBULIN, the major component of microtubules, is a heterodimer of two chains, alpha and beta(1), both of relative molecular mass 50,000 (M(r) 50K) and sith 40-50% identity. The isotypic variety(2) and conformational flexibility of tubulin have so far made it impossible to obtain crystals for X-ray work(3). Structural knowledge of tubulin has been limited to about 20 Angstrom from X-ray diffraction of oriented microtubules(4), and from electron microscopy of microtubules and zinc-induced crystalline sheets in negative stain(5,6). The sheets consist of protofilaments similar to those in microtubules but associated in an antiparallel arrangement(7) and their two-dimensional character is ideal for high-resolution electron microscopy(8,9). Here we present a three-dimensional reconstruction of tubulin to 6.5 Angstrom resolution, obtained by electron crystallography of zinc-induced two-dimensional crystals of the protein, The alpha- and beta-subunits appear topologically similar, in agreement with their sequence homology(10). Several features can be defined in terms of secondary structure. An apparent alpha-helical portion, adjacent to both interdimer and inter-protofilament contacts, is tentatively attributed to a segment near the carboxy terminus of the protein. We can assign the alpha- and beta-subunits on the basis of projection studies of the binding of taxol*, which show one taxol site per tubulin heterodimer, in agreement with the known stoichiometry of taxol in microtubules(11). These studies indicate that taxol affects the interaction between protofilaments; to our knowledge, this is the first time that a ligand-binding site has been visualized in the tubulin molecule.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78284.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio
RP NOGALES, E (corresponding author), LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV LIFE SCI,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA.
NR 45
TC 343
Z9 425
U1 1
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6530
BP 424
EP 427
DI 10.1038/375424a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RB101
UT WOS:A1995RB10100059
PM 7760939
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRANNIGAN, JA
   DODSON, G
   DUGGLEBY, HJ
   MOODY, PCE
   SMITH, JL
   TOMCHICK, DR
   MURZIN, AG
AF BRANNIGAN, JA
   DODSON, G
   DUGGLEBY, HJ
   MOODY, PCE
   SMITH, JL
   TOMCHICK, DR
   MURZIN, AG
TI A PROTEIN CATALYTIC FRAMEWORK WITH AN N-TERMINAL NUCLEOPHILE IS CAPABLE OF SELF-ACTIVATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase; escherichia-coli k-12; penicillin acylase; transpeptidase; cysteine; gene
AB THE crystal structures of three amidohydrolases have been determined recently(1-3): glutamine PRPP amidotransferase (GAT), penicillin acylase, and the proteasome. These enzymes use the side chain of the amino-terminal residue, incorporated in a beta-sheet, as the nucleophile in the catalytic attack at the carbonyl carbon. The nucleophile is cysteine in GAT, serine in penicillin acylase, and threonine in the proteasome. Here we show that all three enzymes share an unusual fold in which the nucleophile and other catalytic groups occupy equivalent sites. This fold provides both the capacity for nucleophilic attack and the possibility of autocatalytic processing. We suggest the name Ntn (N-terminal nucleophile) hydrolases for this structural superfamily of enzymes which appear to be evolutionarily related but which have diverged beyond any recognizable sequence similarity.
C1 NATL INST MED RES,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
   PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907.
   MRC,CTR PROT ENGN,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Purdue University System; Purdue University; University of Cambridge
RP BRANNIGAN, JA (corresponding author), UNIV YORK,DEPT CHEM,YORK YO1 5DD,N YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R37 DK042303] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 565
Z9 608
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 416
EP 419
DI 10.1038/378416a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300067
PM 7477383
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RIESEBERG, LH
   VANFOSSEN, C
   DESROCHERS, AM
AF RIESEBERG, LH
   VANFOSSEN, C
   DESROCHERS, AM
TI HYBRID SPECIATION ACCOMPANIED BY GENOMIC REORGANIZATION IN WILD SUNFLOWERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID helianthus asteraceae; evolution; tomato; origin; maps; dna
AB THE Origin of a new diploid species via hybridization is theoretically difficult because it requires the development of reproductive isolation in sympatry. In the absence of isolation, the hybrid genotype will be overcome by gene flow with its parents. According to genetic models(1-3), reproductive isolation can be facilitated by rapid karyotypic evolution in the recombinant hybrid. Here we use comparative linkage mapping(4,5) to demonstrate extensive genomic reorganization in the hybrid species Helianthus anomalus, relative to its parents H. annuus and H. petiolaris. The unprecedented detail provided by the linkage maps indicates that rapid karyotypic evolution in H. anomalus results from the merger of pre-existing structural differences between the parents, as well as chromosomal rearrangements apparently induced by recombination. Moreover, determination of the parental origin of mapped loci in H. anomalus suggests that parental genomic structure has influenced hybrid genomic composition by protecting several large linkage blocks from recombination during speciation. These mapping data, when combined with previous meiotic analyses(6) and evidence of semisterility between the hybrid and its parents(6,7), satisfy genetic models for speciation through hybrid recombination.
RP RIESEBERG, LH (corresponding author), INDIANA UNIV, DEPT BIOL, BLOOMINGTON, IN 47405 USA.
NR 21
TC 290
Z9 320
U1 2
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6529
BP 313
EP 316
DI 10.1038/375313a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RA030
UT WOS:A1995RA03000049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WATAMANIUK, SNJ
   MCKEE, SP
AF WATAMANIUK, SNJ
   MCKEE, SP
TI SEEING MOTION BEHIND OCCLUDERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE visual system has no difficulty maintaining the identity of an object as it disappears and reappears behind stationary occluders, In the natural world, a moving object may differ from occluders by many characteristics (colour, depth, shape and so on), Scene segmentation based on these characteristics is thought to happen early in visual processing, and to influence how objects, including moving objects, are identified(1-5). What happens if the only characteristic distinguishing an object is its direction of motion? Experiments with random dot displays show that one dot moving in a constant trajectory is readily detected among identical dots in brownian motion(6). Detection declines sharply if the trajectory is intermittently broken, but improves if occluders obscure the breaks in the trajectory. It is not sufficient that these occluders be perceived as segmented from the rest of the display (such as by colour or depth). Rather, it is critical that the occluders do not contain motion that is similar in direction to that of the target trajectory. We conclude that detection of the trajectory is due to the integration of information within a network of low-level motion detectors and is not dependent on segmentation processes(7).
C1 SMITH KETTLEWELL EYE RES INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94115.
C3 The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute
NR 11
TC 47
Z9 49
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 729
EP 730
DI 10.1038/377729a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900055
PM 7477261
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RIEDEL, R
   KLEEBE, HJ
   SCHONFELDER, H
   ALDINGER, F
AF RIEDEL, R
   KLEEBE, HJ
   SCHONFELDER, H
   ALDINGER, F
TI A COVALENT MICRO NANOCOMPOSITE RESISTANT TO HIGH-TEMPERATURE OXIDATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ceramics
AB ADVANCED ceramic materials that can withstand high temperatures (over 1,500 degrees C) without degradation or oxidation are needed for applications such as structural parts for motor engines, gas turbines, catalytic heat exchangers and combustion systems(1,2). Hard, oxidation-resistant ceramic composites and coatings are also in demand for use on aircraft and spacecraft, Silicon nitride (Si3N4) and silicon nitride/carbide (Si3S4/SiC) composites are good candidates for such high-temperature applications(2,3). Commercial Si3N4 parts can be used in oxidizing environments up to 1,200-,1,300 degrees C (ref. 4), but are oxidized at still higher temperatures. Here ne describe the synthesis of a covalent ceramic composite which is resistant to oxidation at temperatures up to 1,600 degrees C. The composite is formed from an amorphous silicon carbonitride which crystallizes at high temperature into a composite of alpha-Si3N4 microcrystals and alpha-SiC nanocrystals. The oxidation resistance stems from the formation of a passivating surface layer of SiO2 a few micrometres thick.
C1 UNIV BAYREUTH, INST MAT FORSCH, LEHRSTUHL KERAM & VERBUNDWERKSTOFFE, D-95440 BAYREUTH, GERMANY.
   MAX PLANCK INST MET RES, INST WERKSTOFFWISSENSCH, PULVERMET LAB, D-70569 STUTTGART, GERMANY.
C3 University of Bayreuth; Max Planck Society
RP RIEDEL, R (corresponding author), TH DARMSTADT, FACHBEREICH MAT WISSENSCH, FACHGEBIET DISPERSE FESTSTOFFE, HILPERTSTR 31, GDP, D-64295 DARMSTADT, GERMANY.
NR 9
TC 299
Z9 317
U1 4
U2 119
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 526
EP 528
DI 10.1038/374526a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROGAEV, EI
   SHERRINGTON, R
   ROGAEVA, EA
   LEVESQUE, G
   IKEDA, M
   LIANG, Y
   CHI, H
   LIN, C
   HOLMAN, K
   TSUDA, T
   MAR, L
   SORBI, S
   NACMIAS, B
   PIACENTINI, S
   AMADUCCI, L
   CHUMAKOV, I
   COHEN, D
   LANNFELT, L
   FRASER, PE
   ROMMENS, JM
   STGEORGEHYSLOP, PH
AF ROGAEV, EI
   SHERRINGTON, R
   ROGAEVA, EA
   LEVESQUE, G
   IKEDA, M
   LIANG, Y
   CHI, H
   LIN, C
   HOLMAN, K
   TSUDA, T
   MAR, L
   SORBI, S
   NACMIAS, B
   PIACENTINI, S
   AMADUCCI, L
   CHUMAKOV, I
   COHEN, D
   LANNFELT, L
   FRASER, PE
   ROMMENS, JM
   STGEORGEHYSLOP, PH
TI FAMILIAL ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE IN KINDREDS WITH MISSENSE MUTATIONS IN A GENE ON CHROMOSOME-1 RELATED TO THE ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE TYPE-3 GENE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID linkage
AB WE report the cloning of a novel gene (E5-1) encoded on chromosome 1 which has substantial nucleotide and amino-acid sequence similarity to the S182 gene on chromosome 14q24.3. Mutations, including three new missense mutations in the S182 gene, are associated with the AD3 subtype of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD)(1). Both the E5-1 and the S182 proteins are predicted to be integral membrane proteins with seven membrane-spanning domains, and a large exposed loop between the sixth and seventh transmembrane domains. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the open reading frame (ORF) of the E5-1 gene led to the discovery of two missense substitutions at conserved amino-acid residues in affected members of pedigrees with a form of familial AD that has a later age of onset than the AD3 subtype (50-70 years versus 30-60 years for AD3). These observations imply that the E5-1 gene on chromosome 1 and the S182 gene on chromosome 14q24.3 are members of a family of genes (presenilins) with related functions, and indicates that mutations in conserved residues of E5-1 could also play a role in the genesis of AD. Our results also indicate that still other AD susceptibility genes exist.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,CTR RES NEURODEGENERAT DIS,DEPT MED NEUROL,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,CTR RES NEURODEGENERAT DIS,DEPT MED BIOPHYS,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
   TORONTO HOSP,DEPT MED,DIV NEUROL,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,HOSP SICK CHILDREN,RES INST,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MED & MOLEC GENET,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
   UNIV FLORENCE,DEPT NEUROL & PSYCHIAT,FLORENCE,ITALY.
   CTR ETUD POLYMORPHISME HUMAIN,F-75010 PARIS,FRANCE.
   KAROLINSKA INST,HUDDINGE HOSP,DEPT CLIN NEUROSCI GERIATR MED,S-14186 HUDDINGE,SWEDEN.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; University of Florence; Karolinska Institutet
FU National Institute on Aging [U24AG021886] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; CIHR [37920] Funding Source: Medline; NIA NIH HHS [P30 AG10133, U24 AG021886] Funding Source: Medline
NR 9
TC 1735
Z9 2049
U1 1
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6543
BP 775
EP 778
DI 10.1038/376775a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RR836
UT WOS:A1995RR83600040
PM 7651536
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LOPEZ, MJ
   WONG, SKF
   KISHIMOTO, I
   DUBOIS, S
   MACH, V
   FRIESEN, J
   GARBERS, DL
   BEUVE, A
AF LOPEZ, MJ
   WONG, SKF
   KISHIMOTO, I
   DUBOIS, S
   MACH, V
   FRIESEN, J
   GARBERS, DL
   BEUVE, A
TI SALT-RESISTANT HYPERTENSION IN MICE LACKING THE GUANYLYL CYCLASE-A RECEPTOR FOR ATRIAL-NATRIURETIC-PEPTIDE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID blood-pressure; sodium sensitivity; clearance receptor; brain; genes
AB AROUND half of all humans with essential hypertension are resistant to salt (blood pressure does not change by more than 5 mm Hg when salt intake is high)(1-5), and although various inbred strains of rats display salt-insensitive elevated blood pressure(6), a gene defect to account for the phenotype has not been described. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released from the heart in response to atrial stretch and is thought to mediate its natriuretic and vasorelaxant effects through the guanylyl cyclase-A receptor (GC-A)(7). Here we report that disruption of the GC-A gene results in chronic elevations of blood pressure in mice on a normal salt diet. Unexpectedly, the blood pressure remains elevated and unchanged in response to either minimal or high salt diets. Aldosterone and ANP concentrations are not affected by the genotype. Therefore, mutations in the GC-A gene could explain some salt-resistant forms of essential hypertension and, coupled with previous works further suggest that the GC-A signalling pathway dominates at the level of peripheral resistance, where it can operate independently of ANP.
C1 UNIV TEXAS, SW MED CTR, DEPT PHARMACOL, DALLAS, TX 75235 USA.
   UNIV TEXAS, SW MED CTR, DEPT PEDIAT, DALLAS, TX 75235 USA.
   UNIV TEXAS, SW MED CTR, DEPT INTERNAL MED, DALLAS, TX 75235 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
RP LOPEZ, MJ (corresponding author), UNIV TEXAS, SW MED CTR, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DALLAS, TX 75235 USA.
NR 28
TC 403
Z9 450
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 65
EP 68
DI 10.1038/378065a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900050
PM 7477288
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRUNNER, T
   MOGIL, RJ
   LAFACE, D
   YOO, NJ
   MAHBOUBI, A
   ECHEVERRI, F
   MARTIN, SJ
   FORCE, WR
   LYNCH, DH
   WARE, CF
   GREEN, DR
AF BRUNNER, T
   MOGIL, RJ
   LAFACE, D
   YOO, NJ
   MAHBOUBI, A
   ECHEVERRI, F
   MARTIN, SJ
   FORCE, WR
   LYNCH, DH
   WARE, CF
   GREEN, DR
TI CELL-AUTONOMOUS FAS (CD95) FAS-LIGAND INTERACTION MEDIATES ACTIVATION-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN T-CELL HYBRIDOMAS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; monoclonal-antibody; dna fragmentation; cyclosporine-a; cycle block; death; receptor; requirements; involvement; thymocytes
AB A NUMBER of murine T-cell hybridomas undergo apoptosis within a few hours of activation by specific antigens, mitogens, antibodies against the T-cell antigen receptor, or a combination of phorbol ester and calcium ionophore(1-3). This phenomenon has been extensively studied as a model for cional deletion in the immune system, in which potentially autoreactive T cells eliminate themselves by apoptosis after activation, either in the thymus(4) or in the periphery(5). Here we show that the Fas/CD95 receptor, which can transduce a potent apoptotic signal when ligated(6,7), is rapidly expressed following activation of T-cell hybridomas, as is its functional, membrane-bound ligands, Interference with the ensuing Fas/Fas-ligand interaction inhibits activation-induced apoptosis, Because T-cell receptor ligation can induce apoptosis in a single T hybridoma cell, we suggest that the Fas/Fas-ligand interaction can induce cell death in a cell-autonomous manner.
C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DIV BIOMED SCI,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521.
   IMMUNEX RES & DEV CORP,DEPT IMMUNOL,SEATTLE,WA 98101.
C3 University of California System; University of California Riverside
RP BRUNNER, T (corresponding author), LA JOLLA INST ALLERGY & IMMUNOL,DIV CELLULAR IMMUNOL,11149 N TORREY PINES RD,LA JOLLA,CA 92037, USA.
NR 30
TC 1270
Z9 1346
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6513
BP 441
EP 444
DI 10.1038/373441a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QE670
UT WOS:A1995QE67000060
PM 7530336
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHWEITZER, R
   HOWES, R
   SMITH, R
   SHILO, BZ
   FREEMAN, M
AF SCHWEITZER, R
   HOWES, R
   SMITH, R
   SHILO, BZ
   FREEMAN, M
TI INHIBITION OF DROSOPHILA EGF RECEPTOR ACTIVATION BY THE SECRETED PROTEIN ARGOS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID faint-little-ball; tyrosine kinase; gene encodes; homolog; expression; antagonist; torpedo; melanogaster
AB THE Drosophila homologue of the mammalian epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (DER)(1,2) is a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in many stages of fly development, including photoreceptor determination, and wing-vein formation(3-9). Its primary activating ligand is the Spitz protein(10,11), which is similar to mammalian TGF-alpha (ref. 12), Argos is a secreted protein that, like Spitz, contains a single EGF motif(13-15). It is a repressor of cell determination in the eye, and acts in other tissues, including the wing(16-18) Because Argos has the opposite effects to DER in the eye (the former blocks photoreceptor determination, the latter promotes it) we have tested whether it acts by blocking the DER pathway, We show that Argos does indeed repress this pathway in vivo and find that, in vitro, Argos protein can inhibit the activation of DER by Spitz, Thus the determination of cells by the DER pathway is regulated by a balance between extracellular activating and inhibiting signals. This is the first in vivo example of an extracellular inhibitor of a receptor tyrosine kinase.
C1 MRC,MOLEC BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
   WEIZMANN INST SCI,DEPT MOLEC GENET & VIROL,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; Weizmann Institute of Science
NR 30
TC 223
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6542
BP 699
EP 702
DI 10.1038/376699a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RQ672
UT WOS:A1995RQ67200063
PM 7651519
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ALKEMA, MJ
   VANDERLUGT, NMT
   BOBELDIJK, RC
   BERNS, A
   VANLOHUIZEN, M
AF ALKEMA, MJ
   VANDERLUGT, NMT
   BOBELDIJK, RC
   BERNS, A
   VANLOHUIZEN, M
TI TRANSFORMATION OF AXIAL SKELETON DUE TO OVEREXPRESSION OF BMI-1 IN TRANSGENIC MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID position-effect variegation; posterior sex combs; null mutation; retinoic acid; drosophila; gene; chromatin; mouse; myc; lymphomagenesis
AB THE oncogene bmi-1, which was originally found to be involved in B- and T-cell lymphoma formation(1-3) encodes a protein with a domain of homology to the Drosophila protein Posterior sex combs (Psc) and its relative Suppressor 2 of Zeste (Su(z)2) (refs 4 and 5), Psc is a member of the Polycomb-group gene family, which is required to maintain the repression of homeotic genes that regulate the identities of Drosophila segments(6). The possibility that bmi-1 may play a similar role in vertebrates was suggested by our previous finding(7) that mice lacking the bmi-1 gene show posterior transformations of the axial skeleton. Here we report that transgenic mice overexpressing Bmi-1 protein show the opposite phenotype, namely a dose-dependent anterior transformation of vertebral identity, The anterior expression boundary of the Hoxc-5 gene is shifted in the posterior direction, indicating that Bmi-1 is involved in the repression of Hox genes. We propose that Bmi-1 is a member of a vertebrate Polycomb complex that regulates segmental identity by repressing Hox genes throughout development.
C1 NETHERLANDS CANC INST,DIV MOLEC GENET,1066 CX AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV AMSTERDAM,DEPT BIOCHEM,1066 CX AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute; University of Amsterdam
NR 28
TC 149
Z9 161
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6524
BP 724
EP 727
DI 10.1038/374724a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QU304
UT WOS:A1995QU30400050
PM 7715727
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HIROSE, K
   LOCKHART, A
   CROSS, RA
   AMOS, LA
AF HIROSE, K
   LOCKHART, A
   CROSS, RA
   AMOS, LA
TI NUCLEOTIDE-DEPENDENT ANGULAR CHANGE IN KINESIN MOTOR DOMAIN BOUND TO TUBULIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microtubules; microscopy; images
AB KINESIN is a 'motor' molecule, consisting of two head domains, an alpha-helical coiled coil rod, and a tail part that binds to its cargo(1,2). When expressed in a bacterial system, the head domain is functional(3), and can bind to microtubules with the stoichiometry of one head per tubulin dimer. Kinesin moves along microtubules by means of a cyclic process of nucleotide binding, hydrolysis and product release(4,5). We have used negative-stain electron microscopy and image analysis to study the structures of microtubules and tubulin sheets decorated with the motor domain (bead) of kinesin in three states: in the presence of an unhydrolysable ATP analogue, 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP); without nucleotides; and with adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP). A single kinesin head bound to a microtubule has a pear-shaped structure, with the broader end towards the 'plus' end of the microtubule under all conditions; the reverse motor, ncd, is similarly oriented. Three-dimensional maps reveal that kinesin heads have a spike that is assumed to form the attachment to the tail of a complete kinesin molecule. This spike is perpendicular to the microtubule axis in the presence of ADP, but points towards the plus end (similar to 45 degrees) in the presence of AMP-PNP or absence of nucleotides. Our results provide direct evidence for a conformational change of the kinesin motor domain during the ATPase cycle.
C1 MRC, MOLEC BIOL LAB, CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH, ENGLAND.
   MARIE CURIE INST, OXTED RH8 0TL, SURREY, ENGLAND.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
NR 25
TC 111
Z9 119
U1 1
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6537
BP 277
EP 279
DI 10.1038/376277a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RK331
UT WOS:A1995RK33100053
PM 7617042
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LHARIDON, S
   REYSENBACH, AL
   GLENAT, P
   PRIEUR, D
   JEANTHON, C
AF LHARIDON, S
   REYSENBACH, AL
   GLENAT, P
   PRIEUR, D
   JEANTHON, C
TI HOT SUBTERRANEAN BIOSPHERE IN A CONTINENTAL OIL-RESERVOIR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sp-nov; gen-nov; microbial ecology; north-sea; archaebacteria; bacteria
AB THE presence of high concentrations of hyperthermophilic archaea in Alaskan oil fields has been attributed to viable hyperthermophiles in low concentrations in the injected sea water, but the existence of an indigenous community within the reservoir was ruled out(1). Here we present evidence for the existence of indigenous thermophilic bacteria and hyperthermophilic archaea from a continental petroleum reservoir about 1,670 m below the surface. The thermophilic isolates were repeatedly obtained from different wells and thrived in media similar to conditions in the wells, suggesting that these isolates are members of a deep indigenous thermophilic community. The unexpected presence of marine hyperthermophilic archaea in a deep continental environment extends the known ecological habitat of this group of organisms, and their unusual coexistence with terrestrial bacteria suggests that thermophiles may be widespread deep in the crust of the earth.
C1 CNRS,BIOL STN,UPR 9042,F-29680 ROSCOFF,FRANCE.
   UNIV PARIS 06,F-29680 ROSCOFF,FRANCE.
   INDIANA UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405.
   INDIANA UNIV,INST MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405.
   TOTAL EXPLORAT PROD,CTR SCI TECH,F-78470 ST REMY CHEVREUSE,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; Total SA
NR 24
TC 158
Z9 185
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 223
EP 224
DI 10.1038/377223a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200036
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GHOSH, G
   VANDUYNE, G
   GHOSH, S
   SIGLER, PB
AF GHOSH, G
   VANDUYNE, G
   GHOSH, S
   SIGLER, PB
TI STRUCTURE OF NF-KAPPA-B P50 HOMODIMER BOUND TO A KAPPA-B SITE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-binding subunit; crystal-structure; protein models; cognate dna; rel; inhibition; activation; complex; errors; motif
AB The 2.3-Angstrom crystal structure of the transcription factor NF-kappa B p50 homodimer bound to a palindromic kappa B site reveals that the Rel homology region folds into two distinct domains, similar to those in the immunoglobulin superfamily. The p50 dimer envelopes an undistorted B-DNA helix, making specific contacts along the 10-base-pair kappa B recognition site mainly through loops connecting secondary structure elements in both domains. The carboxy-terminal domains form a dimerization interface between beta-sheets using residues that are strongly conserved in the Rel family.
C1 YALE UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 USA.
   YALE UNIV, DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 USA.
   YALE UNIV, IMMUNOBIOL SECT, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University
NR 39
TC 545
Z9 633
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 303
EP 310
DI 10.1038/373303a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400048
PM 7530332
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JONES, EY
   HARLOS, K
   BOTTOMLEY, MJ
   ROBINSON, RC
   DRISCOLL, PC
   EDWARDS, RM
   CLEMENTS, JM
   DUDGEON, TJ
   STUART, DI
AF JONES, EY
   HARLOS, K
   BOTTOMLEY, MJ
   ROBINSON, RC
   DRISCOLL, PC
   EDWARDS, RM
   CLEMENTS, JM
   DUDGEON, TJ
   STUART, DI
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF AN INTEGRIN-BINDING FRAGMENT OF VASCULAR CELL-ADHESION MOLECULE-1 AT 1.8 ANGSTROM RESOLUTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunoglobulin-like domains; soluble form; human cd4; protein; fibronectin; site; kinase
AB THE cell-surface glycoprotein vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1; ref. 1) mediates intercellular adhesion(2) by specific binding to the integrin very-late antigen-4 (VLA-4, alpha(4) beta(1); ref. 3). VCAM-1, with the intercellular adhesion molecules ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3 and the mucosal vascular addressin MAd-CAM-1, forms an integrin-binding subgroup of the immunoglobulin superfamily. In addition to their clinical relevance in inflammation, these molecules act as cellular receptors for viral and parasitic agents(2). The predominant form of VCAM-1 in vivo has an amino-terminal extracellular region comprising seven immunoglobulin-like domains. Functional studies(4-7) have identified a conserved integrin-binding motif in domains 1 and 4, variants of which are present in the N-terminal domain of all members of the immunoglobulin superfamily subgroup. We report here the crystal structure of a VLA-4-binding fragment composed of the first two domains of VCAM-1. The integrin-binding motif (Q38IDSPL) is highly exposed and forms the N-terminal region of the loop between beta-strands C and D of domain 1. This motif exhibits a distinctive conformation which we predict will be common to all the integrin-binding IgSF molecules. These, and additional data, map VLA-4 binding to the face of the CFG beta-sheet, the surface previously identified(8) as the site for intercellular adhesive interactions between members of the immunoglobulin superfamily.
C1 UNIV OXFORD, CTR MOLEC SCI, OXFORD OX1 3QU, ENGLAND.
   UNIV OXFORD, DEPT BIOCHEM, OXFORD OX1 3QU, ENGLAND.
   BRITISH BIOTECHNOL LTD, OXFORD OX4 5LY, ENGLAND.
   NEURES LTD, ABINGDON OX14 3YS, OXON, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford
RP JONES, EY (corresponding author), LAB MOLEC BIOPHYS, S PARKS RD, OXFORD OX1 3QU, ENGLAND.
NR 28
TC 184
Z9 197
U1 1
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6514
BP 539
EP 544
DI 10.1038/373539a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QF724
UT WOS:A1995QF72400064
PM 7531291
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ECKHARDT, M
   MUHLENHOFF, M
   BETHE, A
   KOOPMAN, J
   FROSCH, M
   GERARDYSCHAHN, R
AF ECKHARDT, M
   MUHLENHOFF, M
   BETHE, A
   KOOPMAN, J
   FROSCH, M
   GERARDYSCHAHN, R
TI MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF EUKARYOTIC POLYSIALYLTRANSFERASE-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-adhesion molecule; polysialic acid; n-cam; nerve; ncam; polysaccharide; expression; antibody; binding; cloning
AB POLYSIALIC acid (PSA) is a dynamically regulated product of posttranslational modification of the neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM(1,2). Presence of the large anionic carbohydrate modulates NCAM binding properties and, by increasing the intercellular space, influences interactions between other cell surface molecules(1-5). PSA expression underlies cell type- and developmental-specific alterations(6) and correlates with stages of cellular motility(6-8), In the adult, PSA becomes restricted to regions of permanent neural plasticity and regenerating neural and muscle tissues(6,9,10). Recent data implicate its important function in spatial learning and memory(11,12), and in tumour biology(13-16). Here we describe the molecular characterization of polysialyltransferase-1, the key enzyme of eukaryotic PSA synthesis. In reconstitution experiments, the newly cloned enzyme induces PSA synthesis in all NCAM-expressing cell lines. Our data therefore represent convincing evidence that the polycondensation of alpha-2,8-linked sialic acids in mammals is the result of a single enzymatic activity and provide a new basis for studying the functional role of PSA in neuro- and tumour biology.
C1 HANNOVER MED SCH,INST MED MIKROBIOL,D-30625 HANNOVER,GERMANY.
   NETHERLANDS CANC INST,DEPT TUMOR BIOL,1006 CX AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Hannover Medical School; Netherlands Cancer Institute
NR 31
TC 275
Z9 287
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 715
EP 718
DI 10.1038/373715a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800059
PM 7854457
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HUANG, WP
   CIOCHON, R
   GU, YM
   LARICK, R
   FANG, QR
   SCHWARCZ, H
   YONGE, C
   DEVOS, J
   RINK, W
AF HUANG, WP
   CIOCHON, R
   GU, YM
   LARICK, R
   FANG, QR
   SCHWARCZ, H
   YONGE, C
   DEVOS, J
   RINK, W
TI EARLY HOMO AND ASSOCIATED ARTIFACTS FROM ASIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID origin
AB The site of Longgupo Cave was discovered in 1984 and excavated in 1985-1988 by the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (Beijing) and the Chongqing National Museum (Sichuan Province). Important finds include very archaic hominid dental fragments, Gigantopithecus teeth and primitive stone tools. Palaeomagnetic analysis and the presence of Ailuropoda microta (pygmy giant panda) suggested that the hominid-bearing levels dated to the earliest Pleistocene(1). In 1992, joint Chinese-American-Canadian geochronological research corroborated the age using electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis. We report here that the hominid dentition and stone tools from Longgupo Cave are comparable in age and morphology with early representives of the genus Homo (H. habilis and H. ergaster) and the Oldowan technology in East Africa. The Longgupo dentition is demonstrably more primitive than that seen in Asian Homo erectus. Longgupo's diverse and well preserved Plio-Pleistocene fauna of 116 species provide a sensitive contextual base for interpreting the early arrival of the genus Homo in Asia.
C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT ANTHROPOL,AMHERST,MA 01003.
   CHONGOING MUSEUM NAT HIST,CHONGQING 630013,PEOPLES R CHINA.
   UNIV CALGARY,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,HAMILTON,ON L85 4M1,CANADA.
   NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV IOWA,DEPT PEDIAT DENT,IOWA CITY,IA 52242.
   ACAD SINICA,INST VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL & PALEOANTHROPOL,BEIJING 100044,PEOPLES R CHINA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; University of Calgary; University of Iowa; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS
RP HUANG, WP (corresponding author), UNIV IOWA,DEPT ANTHROPOL,IOWA CITY,IA 52242, USA.
NR 29
TC 193
Z9 235
U1 2
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 275
EP 278
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800047
PM 7477345
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SIMMONDS, AJ
   BROOK, WJ
   COHEN, SM
   BELLE, JB
AF SIMMONDS, AJ
   BROOK, WJ
   COHEN, SM
   BELLE, JB
TI DISTINGUISHABLE FUNCTIONS FOR ENGRAILED AND INVECTED IN ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR PATTERNING IN THE DROSOPHILA WING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; expression; disk; melanogaster; directs; locus
AB SUBDIVISION Of the limb primordia into compartments initiates pattern formation in the developing limbs(1,2). Interaction between distinctly specific cells in adjacent compartments leads to localized expression of the secreted signalling molecules Wingless (Wg) or Decapentaplegic (Dpp) which in turn organize pattern and control growth of the limbs The homeobox gene engrailed has been implicated in specification of posterior cell fate(9-12), whereas the LIM/homeobox gene, apterous, specifies dorsal fate(3). Removing apterous activity causes a complete transformation from dorsal to ventral fate and leads to the formation of an ectopic dorsal-ventral boundary organizer(3,13). By contrast, removing engrailed activity causes incomplete morphological transformation from posterior to anterior fate in the wing(10,14,15), and fails to produce an ectopic anterior-posterior organizer (reviewed in ref, 2). Complete transformation can only be effected by simultaneously eliminating activity of engrailed and its homologue invected(16-18). Here we show that invected functions principally to specify posterior cell fate. Thus establishment of the anterior-posterior organizer and control of compartment identity are genetically distinguishable, and invected may perform a discrete subset of functions previously ascribed to engrailed.
C1 UNIV ALBERTA,DEPT BIOL SCI,EDMONTON,AB T6G 2E9,CANADA.
   EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,D-69117 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 University of Alberta; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
NR 31
TC 105
Z9 117
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6539
BP 424
EP 427
DI 10.1038/376424a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RM639
UT WOS:A1995RM63900051
PM 7630417
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SERIZAWA, H
   MAKELA, TP
   CONAWAY, JW
   CONAWAY, RC
   WEINBERG, RA
   YOUNG, RA
AF SERIZAWA, H
   MAKELA, TP
   CONAWAY, JW
   CONAWAY, RC
   WEINBERG, RA
   YOUNG, RA
TI ASSOCIATION OF CDK-ACTIVATING KINASE SUBUNITS WITH TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TFIIH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna polymerase-ii; c-terminal domain; factor-delta; rat-liver; initiation; phosphorylation; promoters; helicase; atpase; yeast
AB THE RNA polymerase II large subunit contains an essential carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) believed to be involved in the response to regulators during transcription initiation(1-10). The CTD is phosphorylated on a portion of RNA polymerase II molecules in vivo(11,12) and it can be phosphorylated by the general transcription factor TFIIH in vitro(13-15). A highly purified TFIIH from rat liver has been described(16); this, like human and yeast TFIIH, contains associated CTD kinase and helicase activities(13-18). We report here that two polypeptides of the purified mammalian TFIIH are the MO15/Cdk7 kinase and cyclin H subunits of the Cdk-activating kinase Cak(19-21), previously identified as a positive regulator of Cdc2 and Cdk2. TFIIH and Cak preparations are each capable of phosphorylating recombinant CTD and recombinant Cdk2 proteins. The presence of Cak in TFIIH indicates that Cak may have roles in transcriptional regulation and in cell-cycle control.
C1 MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   OKLAHOMA MED RES FDN,PROGRAM MOLEC & CELL BIOL,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK 73104.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
RP SERIZAWA, H (corresponding author), WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES,9 CAMBRIDGE CTR,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142, USA.
NR 32
TC 338
Z9 393
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6519
BP 280
EP 282
DI 10.1038/374280a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QM387
UT WOS:A1995QM38700055
PM 7885450
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STEEGMAIER, M
   LEVINOVITZ, A
   ISENMANN, S
   BORGES, E
   LENTER, M
   KOCHER, HP
   KLEUSER, B
   VESTWEBER, D
AF STEEGMAIER, M
   LEVINOVITZ, A
   ISENMANN, S
   BORGES, E
   LENTER, M
   KOCHER, HP
   KLEUSER, B
   VESTWEBER, D
TI THE E-SELECTIN-LIGAND ESL-1 IS A VARIANT OF A RECEPTOR FOR FIBROBLAST GROWTH-FACTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID leukocyte adhesion molecule-1; p-selectin; glycoprotein ligand; expression; cells; antigen; identification; specificity; distinct; surface
AB E-SELECTIN is an inducible cell-adhesion molecule on endothelial cells, which mediates the binding of neutrophils and functions as a Ca2+-dependent lectin(1-3). We have recently identified a 150K glycoprotein as the major ligand for E-selectin on myeloid cells, using a recombinant antibody-like form of mouse E-selectin as an affinity probe(4,5). Here we report the isolation of a mouse complementary DNA for this E-selectin ligand (ESL-1). The predicted amino-acid sequence of ESL-1 is 94% identical (over 1,078 amino acids) to the recently identified chicken cysteine-rich fibroblast growth-factor receptor(6), except for a unique 70-amino-acid amino-terminal domain of mature ESL-1. Fucosylation of ESL-1 is imperative for affinity isolation with E-selectin-IgG. A fucosylated, recombinant antibody-like form of ESL-1, but not for L-selectin, supports adhesion of E-selectin-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Antibodies against ESL-1 block the binding of mouse myeloid cells to E-selectin. ESL-1, with a structure essentially identical to that of a receptor, thus functions as a cell adhesion ligand of E-selectin.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST IMMUNBIOL,HANS SPEMANN LAB,D-79108 FREIBURG,GERMANY.
   SANDOZ PHARMA LTD,CH-4002 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Max Planck Society; Novartis; Sandoz
NR 24
TC 327
Z9 349
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 615
EP 620
DI 10.1038/373615a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700055
PM 7531823
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MORITZ, M
   BRAUNFELD, MB
   SEDAT, JW
   ALBERTS, B
   AGARD, DA
AF MORITZ, M
   BRAUNFELD, MB
   SEDAT, JW
   ALBERTS, B
   AGARD, DA
TI MICROTUBULE NUCLEATION BY GAMMA-TUBULIN-CONTAINING RINGS IN THE CENTROSOME
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE microtubule cytoskeleton of animal cells does not assemble spontaneously, but instead requires the centrosome. This organelle consists of a pair of centrioles surrounded by a complex collection of proteins known as the pericentriolar material (PCM)(1). The PCM is required for microtubule nucleation(2). The minus, or slow-growing, ends of microtubules are embedded in the PCM and the plus, or fast-growing, ends project outwards into the cytoplasm during interphase, or into the spindle apparatus during mitosis. gamma-Tubulin is the only component of the PCM that is so far implicated in microtubule nucleation(3-6). Here we use immune-electron microscopic tomography to show that gamma-tubulin is localized in ring structures in the PCM of purified centrosomes without microtubules. When these centrosomes are used to nucleate microtubule growth, gamma-tubulin is localized at the minus ends of the microtubules. We conclude that microtubule-nucleating sites within the PCM are ring-shaped templates that contain multiple copies of gamma-tubulin.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP MORITZ, M (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,513 PARNASSUS AVE,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 13
TC 456
Z9 542
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 638
EP 640
DI 10.1038/378638a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100084
PM 8524401
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CUNDELL, DR
   GERARD, NP
   GERARD, C
   IDANPAANHEIKKILA, I
   TUOMANEN, EI
AF CUNDELL, DR
   GERARD, NP
   GERARD, C
   IDANPAANHEIKKILA, I
   TUOMANEN, EI
TI STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE ANCHOR TO ACTIVATED HUMAN-CELLS BY THE RECEPTOR FOR PLATELET-ACTIVATING-FACTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human endothelial-cells; inflammation; lung; expression; induction; cloning; wall
AB THE Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis(1). Although the invasive disease is severe, some 40% of individuals harbour the pneumococcus in the nasopharynx asymptomatically(2). Here we investigate the molecular elements of the encounter between host and pathogen that distinguish these different outcomes. We show that inflammatory activation of human cells shifts the targeting of the pneumococcos to a new receptor, that for the G-protein-coupled platelet-activating factor (PAF). Only virulent pneumococci engage the PAF receptor. Attachment of the bacterial phosphorylcholine to the PAF receptor enhanced adherence, which was coupled to invasion of endothelial, epithelial and PAF-receptor-transfected cells. This progression could be arrested in vitro and in vivo by PAF-receptor-specific antagonists, suggesting a possible approach to therapy.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,MOLEC INFECT DIS LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   HARVARD UNIV,BETH ISRAEL HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,CHILDRENS HOSP,SCH MED,INA SUE PERLMUTTER CYST FIBROSIS LAB,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Rockefeller University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
NR 30
TC 590
Z9 699
U1 39
U2 147
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 435
EP 438
DI 10.1038/377435a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000051
PM 7566121
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FARROW, SN
   WHITE, JHM
   MARTINOU, I
   RAVEN, T
   PUN, KT
   GRINHAM, CJ
   MARTINOU, JC
   BROWN, R
AF FARROW, SN
   WHITE, JHM
   MARTINOU, I
   RAVEN, T
   PUN, KT
   GRINHAM, CJ
   MARTINOU, JC
   BROWN, R
TI CLONING OF A BCL-2 HOMOLOG BY INTERACTION WITH ADENOVIRUS E1B 19K
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; human b-cells; apoptosis; protein; 19-kda; gene
AB NUMBER Of DNA viruses carry apoptosis-inhibiting genes which enable the virus to escape from the host reponse(1-5). The adenovirus E1B 19K protein can inhibit apoptosis induced by E1A, tumour-necrosis factor-alpha, FAS antigen and nerve growth factor deprivation(6-9). The molecular basis of this inhibition remains poorly understood, but the fact that protection is seen in the absence of other viral proteins suggests that E1B 19K targets cellular proteins. We report here the identification of three cellular proteins that bind E1B 19K, One of these is a new member of the bcl-2 family(10-16), which we have called bak (for bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer). This protein, which is expressed in a wide variety of cell types, binds to E1B 19K and to the Bcl-2 homologue Bcl-x(L) (ref, 17) in yeast, In addition, overexpression of bak in sympathetic neurons deprived of nerve growth factor accelerates apoptosis and blocks the protective effect of co-injected E1B 19K.
C1 GLAXO RES & DEV LTD,DEPT MOLEC VIROL,GREENFORD UB6 0HE,MIDDX,ENGLAND.
   GLAXO INST MOLEC BIOL SA,CH-1228 PLAN LES OUATES,SWITZERLAND.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; GlaxoSmithKline Switzerland
NR 27
TC 468
Z9 533
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6524
BP 731
EP 733
DI 10.1038/374731a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QU304
UT WOS:A1995QU30400052
PM 7715729
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LI, M
   SENDTNER, M
   SMITH, A
AF LI, M
   SENDTNER, M
   SMITH, A
TI ESSENTIAL FUNCTION OF LIF RECEPTOR IN MOTOR-NEURONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID leukemia-inhibitory factor; il-6 signal transducer; embryonic motoneurons; cntf receptor; oncostatin-m; stem-cells; survival; rat; degeneration; expression
AB DEVELOPMENT and maintenance of the mammalian nervous system is dependent upon neurotrophic cytokines. One class of neurotrophic factor acts through receptor complexes involving the low-affinity leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor subunit (LIF-R)(1-3). Members of this family of cytokines, such as ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), have profound effects on the survival and maintenance of motor neurons(4-10). Recently it was reported that mice lacking LIF-R die shortly after birth(11) unlike mice lacking CNTF or LIF which are viable. Here we describe histopathological analyses of lifr mutants that reveal a loss >35% of facial motor neurons, 40% of spinal motor neurons and 50% of neurons in the nucleus ambiguus. These findings point to the existence of a ligand for LIF-R that is required for the normal development of motor neurons in both brainstem nuclei and spinal cord.
C1 UNIV EDINBURGH,CTR GENOME RES,EDINBURGH EH9 3JQ,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   UNIV WURZBURG,DEPT NEUROL,CLIN RES UNIT NEUROREGENERAT,D-97080 WURZBURG,GERMANY.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Wurzburg
NR 26
TC 266
Z9 290
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 724
EP 727
DI 10.1038/378724a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900054
PM 7501019
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHIMIZU, S
   EGUCHI, Y
   KOSAKA, H
   KAMIIKE, W
   MATSUDA, H
   TSUJIMOTO, Y
AF SHIMIZU, S
   EGUCHI, Y
   KOSAKA, H
   KAMIIKE, W
   MATSUDA, H
   TSUJIMOTO, Y
TI PREVENTION OF HYPOXIA-INDUCED CELL-DEATH BY BCL-2 AND BCL-XL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pre-b-cells; chromosomal breakpoint; follicular lymphoma; growth-factor; c-elegans; gene; survival; protein; involvement; expression
AB THE proto-oncogene bcl-2, isolated from the t(14;18) chromosomal breakpoint in follicular B-lymphoma(1-3), and a bcl-2related gene bcl-x (ref. 4) prevent apoptotic cell death induced by various treatments(5-8). Although a mechanism has been proposed that involves Bcl-2 activity on reactive oxygen species (ROS)(910) expression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL prevents cell death induced by withdrawal of oxygen (hypoxia), which drastically decreases the net formation of oxygen free radicals and does not increase oxidized lipid, protein or DNA. Furthermore, neither ROS scavenger nor inhibitor of ROS scavenger affects cell death, regardless of the expression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL. Thus our data suggest that Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL exert an anti-fell death function by a mechanism other than regulation of ROS activity.
C1 OSAKA UNIV,SCH MED,BIOMED RES CTR,DEPT MED GENET,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   OSAKA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT SURG,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   OSAKA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka
NR 28
TC 615
Z9 648
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6525
BP 811
EP 813
DI 10.1038/374811a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QV315
UT WOS:A1995QV31500047
PM 7723826
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LI, XT
   NICKLAS, RB
AF LI, XT
   NICKLAS, RB
TI MITOTIC FORCES CONTROL A CELL-CYCLE CHECKPOINT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anaphase
AB EVERY time a cell divides, the chromosomes must be distributed accurately to the daughter cells. Errors in distribution arise if chromosomes are improperly attached to the mitotic spindle. Improper attachment is detected by a cell-cycle checkpoint in many cells(1,2) and the completion of cell division is delayed, allowing time for error correction. How is an improperly attached chromosome detected? An absence of tension from mitotic forces is one possibility(3). Here we test this possibility directly by applying tension to an improperly attached chromosome with a micromanipulation needle, In the absence of tension, the entry into anaphase and the completion of mitosis was delayed by 5-6 hours. When the misattached chromosome was placed under tension, however, the cell entered anaphase in 56 minutes, on average. Tension from mitotic forces or from a micromanipulator's needle evidently signals to the checkpoint that all is in order and that cell division can proceed.
RP LI, XT (corresponding author), DUKE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,BOX 91000,DURHAM,NC 27708, USA.
NR 11
TC 474
Z9 571
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 630
EP 632
DI 10.1038/373630a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700059
PM 7854422
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ELLING, CE
   NIELSEN, SM
   SCHWARTZ, TW
AF ELLING, CE
   NIELSEN, SM
   SCHWARTZ, TW
TI CONVERSION OF ANTAGONIST-BINDING SITE TO METAL-ION SITE IN THE TACHYKININ NK-1 RECEPTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurokinin-1 receptor; protein; nk1; identification; epitopes; domains; design
AB MUTATIONAL analysis of the tachykinin NK-1 (refs 1-7), NK-2 (ref. 8) and angiotensin AT-1 (refs 9, 10) receptors indicates that non-peptide antagonists act through residues located between the seven transmembrane segments, whereas natural peptide agonists bind to residues scattered in the exterior part of the receptor(1-4,11-13). The presumed contact points for the prototype NK-1 antagonist CP96,345 cluster on opposing faces of the outer portions of transmembrane helices V and VI (refs 1-5). Here we show that systematic introduction of histidyl residues at this antagonist-binding site in the human NK-1 receptor gradually converts it into a high-affinity metal-ion-binding site without affecting agonist binding. In a double mutant with histidine residues substituted at the top of transmembrane segments V and VI, respectively, Zn2+ inhibits binding of radiolabelled agonist peptide and efficiently blocks phosphoinositol turnover induced by substance P. We propose that Zn2+ and CP96,345 act as 'allosteric competitive' antagonists by stabilizing inactive conformations of the mutant and the wild-type receptor respectively. Introduction of metal-ion-binding sites could be used as a general tool in the structural and functional characterization of helix-helix interactions in G-protein-coupled receptors, as well as in other membrane proteins.
C1 RIGSHOSP,DEPT CLIN BIOCHEM,MOLEC ENDOCRINOL LAB,DK-2100 COPENHAGEN,DENMARK.
C3 Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen University Hospital
NR 30
TC 161
Z9 174
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 74
EP 77
DI 10.1038/374074a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900056
PM 7532789
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BENNETT, MB
   TAYLOR, GC
AF BENNETT, MB
   TAYLOR, GC
TI SCALING OF ELASTIC STRAIN-ENERGY IN KANGAROOS AND THE BENEFITS OF BEING BIG
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID terrestrial locomotion; cost; mechanics; wallaby; tendons
AB LARGE kangaroos are unique among mammals in their ability to uncouple aerobic metabolic energy costs from the speed of locomotion(1,2), making hopping an economical gait. During the first half of the ground-contact phase, kinetic energy lost from the body is stored as elastic strain energy, predominantly in the hind limbs(3-5). The subsequent recoil returns kinetic and potential energy to the body. Here we show that the allometry of structures in the legs and feet of Macropodoidea is different from that of quadrupedal eutherian mammals. The potential for elastic energy storage in hoppers is shown to stale with strong positive allometry. This is a function of the structural properties of muscle-tendon units in the distal hind limbs and the postures adopted by hopping kangaroos. Our findings demonstrate how the use of tissue elasticity is strongly mass dependent and help explain the observed energetic phenomena.
RP BENNETT, MB (corresponding author), UNIV QUEENSLAND,DEPT ANAT SCI,ST LUCIA,QLD 4072,AUSTRALIA.
NR 17
TC 92
Z9 98
U1 2
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 56
EP 59
DI 10.1038/378056a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900047
PM 7477284
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TOMAC, A
   LINDQVIST, E
   LIN, LFH
   OGREN, SO
   YOUNG, D
   HOFFER, BJ
   OLSON, L
AF TOMAC, A
   LINDQVIST, E
   LIN, LFH
   OGREN, SO
   YOUNG, D
   HOFFER, BJ
   OLSON, L
TI PROTECTION AND REPAIR OF THE NIGROSTRIATAL DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM BY GDNF IN-VIVO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central catecholamine neurons; fibroblast growth-factor; neurotrophic factor; 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mptp; substantia-nigra; mice; culture; rat
AB GLIAL-CELL-LINE-DERIVED neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a recently cloned new member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, promotes survival of cultured fetal mesencephalic dopamine neurons(1) and is expressed in the developing striatum(2,3). There have, however, been no reports about effects of GDNF in situ. We have used the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which produces parkinsonian symptoms in man, to determine whether GDNF might exert protective or regenerative effects in vivo in the adult nigrostriatal dopamine system in C57/Bl mice. GDNF injected over the substantia nigra or in striatum before MPTP potently protects the dopamine system, as shown by numbers of mesencephalic dopamine nerve cell bodies, dopamine nerve terminal densities and dopamine levels. When GDNF is given after MPTP, dopamine levels and fibre densities are significantly restored. In both cases, motor behaviour is increased above,normal levels. We conclude that intracerebral GDNF administration exerts both protective and reparative effects on the nigrostriatal dopamine system, which may have implications for the development of new treatment strategies for Parkinson's disease.
C1 SYNERGEN INC,BOULDER,CO 80301.
   UNIV COLORADO,DEPT PREVENT MED & BIOSTAT,DENVER,CO 80217.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver
RP TOMAC, A (corresponding author), KAROLINSKA INST,DEPT NEUROSCI,S-17177 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN.
NR 21
TC 1022
Z9 1140
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 335
EP 339
DI 10.1038/373335a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400057
PM 7830766
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU REY, FA
   HEINZ, FX
   MANDL, C
   KUNZ, C
   HARRISON, SC
AF REY, FA
   HEINZ, FX
   MANDL, C
   KUNZ, C
   HARRISON, SC
TI THE ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEIN FROM TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS AT 2 ANGSTROM RESOLUTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID west nile flavivirus; protein-e; nucleotide-sequence; resistant mutants; influenza-virus; neurovirulence; expression; mice; selection; virulence
AB The crystallographically determined structure of a soluble fragment from the major envelope protein of a flavivirus reveals an unusual architecture. The flat, elongated dimer extends in a direction that would be parallel to the viral membrane. Residues that influence binding of monoclonal antibodies lie on the outward-facing surface of the protein. The clustering of mutations that affect virulence in various flaviviruses indicates a possible receptor binding site and, together with other mutational and biochemical data, suggests a picture for the fusion-activating, conformational change triggered by low pH.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
   UNIV VIENNA, INST VIROL, A-1095 VIENNA, AUSTRIA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; University of Vienna
RP REY, FA (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV, DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL, 7 DIVIN AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
NR 44
TC 1220
Z9 1470
U1 1
U2 73
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6529
BP 291
EP 298
DI 10.1038/375291a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RA030
UT WOS:A1995RA03000042
PM 7753193
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TANAKA, T
   AMES, JB
   HARVEY, TS
   STRYER, L
   IKURA, M
AF TANAKA, T
   AMES, JB
   HARVEY, TS
   STRYER, L
   IKURA, M
TI SEQUESTRATION OF THE MEMBRANE-TARGETING MYRISTOYL GROUP OF RECOVERIN IN THE CALCIUM-FREE STATE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding protein; nervous-system; translocation; hippocalcin; terminus; cloning; family; rods
AB RECOVERIN, a retinal calcium-binding protein of relative molecular mass (M(r)) 23K, participates In the recovery phase of visual excitation and in adaptation to background light(1-3) The Ca2+-bound form of recoverin prolongs the photoresponse(4), probably by blocking phosphorylation of photoexcited rhodopsin. Retinal recoverin contains a covalently attached myristoyl group or related acyl group at its amino terminus(6) and two Ca2+-binding sites(7). Ca2+ binding to myristoylated, but not unmyristoylated, recoverin induces its translocation to bilayer membranes, indicating that the myristoyl group is essential to the read-out of calcium signals (calcium-myristoyl switch)(8,9). Here we present the solution structure of Ca2+-free, myristoylated recombinant recoverin obtained by heteronuclear multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. The myristoyl group is sequestered in a deep hydrophobic pocket formed by many aromatic and other hydrophobic residues from five flanking helices.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,ONTARIO CANC INST,DIV MOLEC & STRUCT BIOL,TORONTO,ON M4X 1K9,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MED BIOPHYS,TORONTO,ON M4X 1K9,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto
RP TANAKA, T (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
NR 32
TC 285
Z9 305
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6539
BP 444
EP 447
DI 10.1038/376444a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RM639
UT WOS:A1995RM63900058
PM 7630423
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WALLACE, PJ
   ANDERSON, AT
   DAVIS, AM
AF WALLACE, PJ
   ANDERSON, AT
   DAVIS, AM
TI QUANTIFICATION OF PRE-ERUPTIVE EXSOLVED GAS CONTENTS IN SILICIC MAGMAS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bishop tuff; water; melt
AB WATER, carbon dioxide and sulphur are important in the evolution of magmas(1,2) and the physics of volcanic eruptions(3,4). These volatile constituents occur in magmas as dissolved species in silicate melt, but can also form bubbles of exsolved gas if the magma is gas-saturated(5). Quantifying the total (dissolved plus exsolved) preeruptive concentrations of magmatic volatiles is essential for understanding a wide range of magmatic processes. We present a method for quantifying both the amount and distribution of preeruptive exsolved gas in a crystallizing silicic magma body. Application to the 0.76-Myr-old(6) Bishop rhyolitic tuff in eastern California reveals a pre-eruptive gradient in exsolved gas, with gas contents varying from less than 2 wt% in the deeper regions of the magma body to nearly 6 wt% near the top. This gradient would have promoted stable stratification of the magma body because exsolved gas lowers bulk magma density. More generally, exsolved gas in silicic magmas could contribute to the formation of many hydrothermal ore deposits and to the fluxes of volatile species from volcanic systems.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO, DEPT GEOPHYS SCI, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA.
   UNIV CHICAGO, ENRICO FERMI INST, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago
NR 26
TC 166
Z9 178
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 612
EP 616
DI 10.1038/377612a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LEBERMAN, R
   SOPER, AK
AF LEBERMAN, R
   SOPER, AK
TI EFFECT OF HIGH-SALT CONCENTRATIONS ON WATER-STRUCTURE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutron-scattering
AB THE characteristic tetrahedral structure of water is known to be disrupted by changes in pressure and temperature(1-3). It has been suggested that ions in solution may have a similar perturbing effect(4,5). Here we use neutron diffraction to compare the effects of applied pressure and high salt concentrations on the hydrogen-bonded network of water. We find that the ions induce a change in structure equivalent to the application of high pressures, and that the size of the effect is ion-specific. Ionic concentrations of a few moles per litre have equivalent pressures that can exceed a thousand atmospheres. We propose that these changes may be understood in terms of the partial molar volume of the ions, relative to those of water molecules. The equivalent induced pressure of a particular ion species is correlated,vith its efficacy in precipitating, or salting-out, proteins from solution(6).
C1 RUTHERFORD APPLETON LAB,ISIS FACIL,DIDCOT OX11 0QX,OXON,ENGLAND.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
RP LEBERMAN, R (corresponding author), EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,GRENOBLE OUTSTN,BP 156,F-38042 GRENOBLE,FRANCE.
NR 14
TC 398
Z9 447
U1 2
U2 131
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 364
EP 366
DI 10.1038/378364a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300050
PM 18286746
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SMITH, PJS
AF SMITH, PJS
TI NONINVASIVE ION PROBES - TOOLS FOR MEASURING TRANSMEMBRANE ION FLUX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
RP SMITH, PJS (corresponding author), MARINE BIOL LAB,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA.
NR 13
TC 48
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 645
EP 646
DI 10.1038/378645a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100089
PM 8524403
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BRAUN, J
   SAMBRIDGE, M
AF BRAUN, J
   SAMBRIDGE, M
TI A NUMERICAL-METHOD FOR SOLVING PARTIAL-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ON HIGHLY IRREGULAR EVOLVING GRIDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID algorithm
AB An efficient numerical method is described for solving partial differential equations in problems where traditional eulerian and lagrangian techniques fail. The approach makes use of the geometrical concept of 'natural neighbours', the properties of which make it suitable for solving problems involving large deformation and solid-fluid interactions on a deforming mesh, without the need for regridding. The approach can also be applied to high-order partial differential equations (such as the Navier-Stokes equation), even in cases where the evolving mesh is highly irregular.
C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV, CTR INFORMAT SCI RES, CANBERRA, ACT 0200, AUSTRALIA.
C3 Australian National University
RP BRAUN, J (corresponding author), AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV, RES SCH BIOL SCI, INST ADV STUDIES, CANBERRA, ACT 0200, AUSTRALIA.
NR 21
TC 243
Z9 325
U1 1
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6542
BP 655
EP 660
DI 10.1038/376655a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RQ672
UT WOS:A1995RQ67200052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LINGUEGLIA, E
   CHAMPIGNY, G
   LAZDUNSKI, M
   BARBRY, P
AF LINGUEGLIA, E
   CHAMPIGNY, G
   LAZDUNSKI, M
   BARBRY, P
TI CLONING OF THE AMILORIDE-SENSITIVE FMRFAMIDE PEPTIDE-GATED SODIUM-CHANNEL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; receptor; brain; neurodegeneration; expression
AB THE peptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) and structurally related peptides are present both in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems(1,2). Although they constitute a major class of invertebrate peptide neurotransmitters(3), the molecular structure of their receptors has not yet been identified, In neurons of the snail Helix aspersa(4), as well as in Aplysia bursting(5) and motor(6) neurons, FMRFamide induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of an amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel(4). We have now isolated a complementary DNA from Helix nervous tissue; when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, it encodes an FMRF-amide-activated Na+ channel (FaNaCh) that can be blocked by amiloride. The corresponding protein shares a very low sequence identity with the previously cloned epithelial Na+ channel subunits(7-12) and Caenorhabditis elegans degenerins(13-15), but it displays the same overall structural organization. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of a peptide-gated ionotropic receptor.
C1 CNRS,INST PHARMACOL MOLEC & CELLULAIRE,F-06560 VALBONNE,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
NR 30
TC 361
Z9 395
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 730
EP 733
DI 10.1038/378730a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900056
PM 7501021
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LOKEY, RS
   IVERSON, BL
AF LOKEY, RS
   IVERSON, BL
TI SYNTHETIC MOLECULES THAT FOLD INTO A PLEATED SECONDARY STRUCTURE IN SOLUTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein design; perspectives
AB THE construction of synthetic molecules that fold or assemble predictably into large, well defined structures represents a fertile area of chemistry. Many supramolecular systems have been reported that self-assemble as a result of non-covalent interactions(1-7); and the control of higher-order protein structure by de novo design has also been demonstrated(8,9). Protein secondary structural motifs have also been stabilized by incorporating artificial groups that impose constraints on the folded architecture(10-12). Here we describe the synthesis of molecules that will fold in water into a pleated structure, as a result of interactions between alternating electron-rich donor groups and electron-deficient acceptor groups. We verify the pleated structure using absorption and NMR spectroscopy. Donor-acceptor interactions have been used previously to engineer specific supramolecular geometries(2,13), and are energetically favourable in organic as well as in aqueous solutions. But whereas previously such interactions have been used to effect self-assembly of distinct molecules, our results show that they can also determine the secondary structure of complex synthetic molecules in solution.
C1 UNIV TEXAS, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, AUSTIN, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
NR 20
TC 521
Z9 555
U1 1
U2 90
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6529
BP 303
EP 305
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RA030
UT WOS:A1995RA03000045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU IWASA, Y
   POMIANKOWSKI, A
AF IWASA, Y
   POMIANKOWSKI, A
TI CONTINUAL CHANGE IN MATE PREFERENCES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sexual selection; evolution; fisher; speciation; principle; mutation
AB SECONDARY sexual characters are highly variable both within(1) and between species(2-6). Closely related species often differ markedly in sexual morphology but hardly at all In non-sexual traits(2-5). Here we show that Fisher's runaway process of sexual selection is intrinsically unstable and naturally leads to continual change in sexual traits. Runaway leads to semi-stable exaggeration of female preference for a malt sexual character, followed by a slow decay of both traits until runaway is triggered again In a different direction. The process then repeats itself resulting in continual change in male sexual traits through time. Allopatric populations are thus expected to diverge without drift or substantial changes in selective pressures. If there is significant mutation bias acting on the male trait, continual change stops and a stable equilibrium appears. Such an outcome is more likely when exaggeration of the male sexual trait signals good genes.
C1 UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL, DEPT GENET & BIOMETRY, LONDON NW1 2HE, ENGLAND.
   KYUSHU UNIV, FAC SCI, DEPT BIOL, FUKUOKA 81281, JAPAN.
C3 University of London; University College London; Kyushu University
NR 19
TC 179
Z9 187
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 420
EP 422
DI 10.1038/377420a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000046
PM 7566117
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI RESEARCH-INSTITUTE ON COMPANY LINES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 544
EP 544
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100027
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BLUM, JD
   EREL, Y
AF BLUM, JD
   EREL, Y
TI A SILICATE WEATHERING MECHANISM LINKING INCREASES IN MARINE SR-87/SR-86 WITH GLOBAL GLACIATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isotopic composition; strontium; ocean; seawater; geochemistry; fluxes
AB THE Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio of sea water is generally regarded as a proxy for the rate of chemical weathering of the continents. Interpretation of the Sr-87/Sr-86 record in marine limestones requires an understanding of how changes in this quantity are linked to climate and tectonic events, A connection between the strontium isotope record and the extent of global glaciation has been proposed(1-8), but without a well established mechanism. Glaciation may influence marine Sr-87/Sr-86 by changing global riverine Sr fluxes (that is, rock weathering rates) and/or Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios (that is, relative mineral weathering rates). Here We investigate how the Sr-87/Sr-86 release from silicate weathering is affected by glaciation, using the Sr isotope systematics of granitoid soils on alpine glacial moraines in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, We observe a negative correlation between the Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio of exchangeable Sr in soils and the soil age, indicating that the Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio of Sr released in the early stages of weathering is significantly higher than in later stages, We estimate that this mechanism can increase global riverine Sr-87/Sr-86 by an average of 0.0002 during periods of glacial-interglacial cycling, When superimposed on long-term trends controlled by tectonic processes(2-7,9,10), this shift can account for the correlation between the rate of change of marine Sr-87/Sr-86 and the intensity of glaciation over at least the past 10 Myr.
C1 HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM, INST EARTH SCI, IL-91909 JERUSALEM, ISRAEL.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP BLUM, JD (corresponding author), DARTMOUTH COLL, DEPT EARTH SCI, HANOVER, NH 03755 USA.
NR 29
TC 177
Z9 193
U1 0
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6513
BP 415
EP 418
DI 10.1038/373415a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QE670
UT WOS:A1995QE67000052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZANDT, G
   AMMON, CJ
AF ZANDT, G
   AMMON, CJ
TI CONTINENTAL-CRUST COMPOSITION CONSTRAINED BY MEASUREMENTS OF CRUSTAL POISSONS RATIO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution
AB DECIPHERING the geological evolution of the Earth's continental crust requires knowledge of its bulk composition and global variability, The main uncertainties are associated with the composition of the lower crust, Seismic measurements probe the elastic properties of the crust at depth, from which composition can be inferred, Of particular note is Poisson's ratio, sigma this elastic parameter can be determined uniquely from the ratio of P- to S-wave seismic velocity, and provides a better diagnostic of crustal composition than either P- or S-wave velocity alone(1). Previous attempts to measure sigma have been limited by difficulties in obtaining coincident P- and S-wave data sampling the entire crust(2). Here we report 76 new estimates of crustal sigma spanning all of the continents except Antarctica, We find that, on average, sigma increases with the age of the crust, Our results strongly support the presence of a mafic lower crust beneath cratons, and suggest either a uniformitarian craton formation process involving delamination of the lower crust during continental collisions, followed by magmatic underplating, or a model in which crust formation processes have changed since the Precambrian era.
C1 ST LOUIS UNIV,DEPT EARTH & ATMOSPHER SCI,ST LOUIS,MO 63103.
C3 Saint Louis University
RP ZANDT, G (corresponding author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,7000 EAST AVE,L-202,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA.
NR 29
TC 556
Z9 658
U1 3
U2 55
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 152
EP 154
DI 10.1038/374152a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700055
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI BEIJING ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY MOVES INTO REAL-ESTATE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 545
EP 545
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100030
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHAMOO, Y
   FRIEDMAN, AM
   PARSONS, MR
   KONIGSBERG, WH
   STEITZ, TA
AF SHAMOO, Y
   FRIEDMAN, AM
   PARSONS, MR
   KONIGSBERG, WH
   STEITZ, TA
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF A REPLICATION FORK SINGLE-STRANDED-DNA BINDING-PROTEIN (T4 GP32) COMPLEXED TO DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene 32 protein; h-1-nmr 500 mhz; escherichia-coli; bacteriophage-t4; site; identification; mutagenesis; residues
AB THE single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein gp32 from bacteriophage T4 is essential for T4 DNA replication, recombination and repair. In vivo gp32 binds ssDNA as the replication fork advances and stimulates repulsion processivity and accuracy by a factor of several hundred(1). Gp32 binding affects nearly every major aspect of DNA metabolism. Among its important functions are: (1) configuring ssDNA templates for efficient use by the replisome including DNA polymerase; (2) melting out adventitious secondary structures; (3) protecting exposed ssDNA from nucleases; and (4) facilitating homologous recombination by binding ssDNA during strand displacement. We have determined the crystal structure of the gp32 DNA binding domain complexed to ssDNA at 2.2 Angstrom resolution. The ssDNA binding cleft comprises regions from three structural subdomains and includes a positively charged surface that runs parallel to a series of hydrophobic pockets formed bg clusters of aromatic side chains. Although only weak electron density is seen for the ssDNA, it indicates that the phosphate backbone contacts an electropositive cleft of the protein, placing the bases in contact with the hydrophobic pockets. The DNA mobility implied by the weak electron density may reflect the role of gp32 as a sequence-independent ssDNA chaperone allowing the largely unstructured ssDNA to slide freely through the cleft.
C1 YALE UNIV, DEPT CHEM, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 USA.
   YALE UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
RP SHAMOO, Y (corresponding author), YALE UNIV, DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 USA.
NR 29
TC 235
Z9 281
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6538
BP 362
EP 366
DI 10.1038/376362a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RL443
UT WOS:A1995RL44300053
PM 7630406
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LIN, HH
   GROSSCHEDL, R
AF LIN, HH
   GROSSCHEDL, R
TI FAILURE OF B-CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN MISE LACKING THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EBF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-transcription; immunoglobulin heavy; antigen receptor; bone-marrow; expression; lineage; rearrangement; mb-1; regulator; cloning
AB EARLY B-cell factor (EBF) is a cell type-specific transcription factor that is expressed at all antigen-independent stages of B-lymphocyte differentiation and participates in the regulation of the mb-1 gene(1-4). Here we show, by targeted gene disruption in mice, that EBF is necessary for the generation of immunoglobulin-expressing B cells. EBF-deficient mice lack B cells that have rearranged their immunoglobulin D and J(H) gene segments, but contain B220(+)CD43(+) progenitor cells that express germline mu and IL-7 receptor transcripts. Various non-lymphoid tissues that express EBF are apparently normal in homozygous mutant mice, including olfactory neurons in which EBF was identified as Olf-1 (refs 5, 6). Together, these data suggest that EBF plays a specific and important role in the transcriptional control of B-cell differentiation at a stage before Ig (immunoglobulin) gene rearrangement but after commitment of cells to the B-lymphoid lineage.
RP LIN, HH (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 30
TC 551
Z9 681
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6537
BP 263
EP 267
DI 10.1038/376263a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RK331
UT WOS:A1995RK33100049
PM 7542362
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZELDOV, E
   MAJER, D
   KONCZYKOWSKI, M
   GESHKENBEIN, VB
   VINOKUR, VM
   SHTRIKMAN, H
AF ZELDOV, E
   MAJER, D
   KONCZYKOWSKI, M
   GESHKENBEIN, VB
   VINOKUR, VM
   SHTRIKMAN, H
TI THERMODYNAMIC OBSERVATION OF FIRST-ORDER VORTEX-LATTICE MELTING TRANSITION IN BI2SR2CACU2O8
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-tc superconductors; josephson-coupled systems; flux-lattice; single-crystal; oxide superconductors; thermal fluctuations; ii superconductors; phase-transitions; glass transitions; 1st-order
AB The lattice of magnetic flux lines that can permeate a type ii superconductor, such as the high-transition-temperature copper oxide materials, melts from a solid-like stale to a liquid-like state at a temperature below the superconducting transition temperature. Contrary to the predictions of mean-field theory, this phase transition in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 is found to be first-order. The vortex liquid discontinuously expands on freezing.
C1 ECOLE POLYTECH, CTR ETUD & RECH MAT, SOLIDES IRRADIES LAB, F-91128 PALAISEAU, FRANCE.
   ETH HONGGERBERG, CH-8093 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.
   LD LANDAU THEORET PHYS INST, MOSCOW 117940, RUSSIA.
   ARGONNE NATL LAB, ARGONNE, IL 60439 USA.
C3 Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Russian Academy of Sciences; Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory
RP ZELDOV, E (corresponding author), WEIZMANN INST SCI, DEPT CONDENSED MATTER PHYS, IL-76100 REHOVOT, ISRAEL.
NR 35
TC 744
Z9 759
U1 1
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6530
BP 373
EP 376
DI 10.1038/375373a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RB101
UT WOS:A1995RB10100044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SILBERSWEIG, DA
   STERN, E
   FRITH, C
   CAHILL, C
   HOLMES, A
   GROOTOONK, S
   SEAWARD, J
   MCKENNA, P
   CHUA, SE
   SCHNORR, L
   JONES, T
   FRACKOWIAK, RSJ
AF SILBERSWEIG, DA
   STERN, E
   FRITH, C
   CAHILL, C
   HOLMES, A
   GROOTOONK, S
   SEAWARD, J
   MCKENNA, P
   CHUA, SE
   SCHNORR, L
   JONES, T
   FRACKOWIAK, RSJ
TI A FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY OF HALLUCINATIONS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebral blood-flow; auditory hallucinations; area; pet
AB HALLUCINATIONS, perceptions in the absence of external stimuli, are prominent among the core symptoms of schizophrenia. The neural correlates of these brief, involuntary experiences are not well understood, and have not been imaged selectively. We have used new positron emission tomography (PET) methods(1,2) to study the brain state associated with the occurrence of hallucinations in six schizophrenic patients. Here we present a group study of five patients with classic auditory verbal hallucinations despite medication, demonstrating activations in subcortical nuclei (thalamic, striatal), limbic structures (especially hippocampus), and paralimbic regions (parahippocampal and cingulate gyri, as well as orbito-frontal cortex). We also present a case study of a unique, drug-naive patient with visual as well as auditory verbal hallucinations, demonstrating activations in visual and auditory/linguistic association cortices as part of a distributed cortical-subcortical network. Activity in deep brain structures, identified with group analysis, may generate or modulate hallucinations, and the particular neocortical regions entrained in individual patients may affect their specific perceptual content. The interaction of these distributed neural systems provides a biological basis for the bizarre reports of schizophrenic patients.
C1 HAMMERSMITH HOSP, INST NEUROL, WELLCOME DEPT COGNIT NEUROL, LONDON W12 0NN, ENGLAND.
   NEW YORK HOSP, CORNELL MED CTR, FUNCT NEUROIMAGING LAB, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
   FULBOURNE HOSP, FULBOURN CB1 5EF, ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London; Imperial College London; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medical Center; Weill Cornell Medicine; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital
RP SILBERSWEIG, DA (corresponding author), HAMMERSMITH HOSP, MRC, CYCLOTRON UNIT, DUCANE RD, LONDON W12 0NN, ENGLAND.
NR 30
TC 754
Z9 815
U1 0
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 176
EP 179
DI 10.1038/378176a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900051
PM 7477318
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ERDELYI, M
   MICHON, AM
   GUICHET, A
   GLOTZER, JB
   EPHRUSSI, A
AF ERDELYI, M
   MICHON, AM
   GUICHET, A
   GLOTZER, JB
   EPHRUSSI, A
TI REQUIREMENT FOR DROSOPHILA CYTOPLASMIC TROPOMYOSIN IN OSKAR MESSENGER-RNA LOCALIZATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID maternal messenger-rna; xenopus oocytes; cell-formation; gene; melanogaster; microtubules; encodes; differentiation; microfilaments; pattern
AB THE localization of oskar (osk) RNA to the posterior pole of the developing fruit fly (Drosophila) oocyte induces the assembly of pole plasm, causing development of tbe abdomen and germ line(1,2). Failure to localize oskar RNA results in embryos that lack abdomen and germ cells. Conversely, mis-targeting of oskar RNA to the anterior of the oocyte causes formation of ectopic abdomen and germ cells at the anterior pole(3). Maternal mutants that have reduced pole plasm activity produce sterile adults with normal abdominal development, suggesting that germ cells are more sensitive than abdomen to defects in pole plasm assembly(4). Thus mutations in genes that reduce oskar RNA localization or activity can be recovered as viable sterile adults. In a screen for mutants defective in germ cell formation, we isolated nine alleles of the tropomyosin II gene(5). Here we show that mutations in tropomyosin II (TmII) virtually abolish oskar RNA localization to the posterior pole, suggesting an involvement of the actin network in oskar RNA localization.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,D-69117 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
NR 31
TC 187
Z9 212
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 524
EP 527
DI 10.1038/377524a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600061
PM 7566149
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JIANG, WP
   SWIGGARD, WJ
   HEUFLER, C
   PENG, M
   MIRZA, A
   STEINMAN, RM
   NUSSENZWEIG, MC
AF JIANG, WP
   SWIGGARD, WJ
   HEUFLER, C
   PENG, M
   MIRZA, A
   STEINMAN, RM
   NUSSENZWEIG, MC
TI THE RECEPTOR DEC-205 EXPRESSED BY DENDRITIC CELLS AND THYMIC EPITHELIAL-CELLS IS INVOLVED IN ANTIGEN-PROCESSING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID macrophage mannose receptor; carbohydrate-recognition domains; lymphocytes-b; complex; binding; internalization; protein
AB DENDRITIC cells and thymic epithelial cells perform important immunoregulatory functions by presenting antigens in the form of peptides bound to cell-surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules to T cells(1-3). Whereas B cells are known to present specific antigens efficiently through their surface immunoglobins, a comparable mechanism for the capture and efficient presentation of diverse antigens by dendritic cells and thymic epithelial cells has not previously been described. We show here that their antigen-presentation function is associated with the high-level expression of DEC-205, an integral membrane protein homologous to the macrophage mannose receptor and related receptors which are able to bind carbohydrates and mediate endocytosis. DEC-205 is rapidly taken up by means of coated pits and vesicles, and is delivered to a multivesicular endosomal compartment that resembles the MHC class II-containing vesicles implicated in antigen presentation. Rabbit antibodies that bind DEC-205 are presented to reactive T-cell hybridomas 100-fold more efficiently than rabbit antibodies that do not bind DEC-205, Thus DEC-205 is a novel endocytic receptor that can be used by dendritic cells and thymic epithelial cells to direct captured antigens from the extracellular space to a specialized antigen-processing compartment.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,MOLEC IMMUNOL LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,CELLULAR PHYSIOL LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University
NR 28
TC 782
Z9 908
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6527
BP 151
EP 155
DI 10.1038/375151a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QX741
UT WOS:A1995QX74100053
PM 7753172
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VACELET, J
   BOURYESNAULT, N
AF VACELET, J
   BOURYESNAULT, N
TI CARNIVOROUS SPONGES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID symbiosis; bacteria; mussels
AB EXTREMELY food-poor environments, such as the deep sea, place extraordinary demands on organisms with respect to feeding, resulting in modifications of the feeding strategies found in shallow waters. A general rule is that macrophagy becomes a better strategy than microphagous suspension-feeding(1-3). The characteristics by which phyla are defined, nonetheless; remain unchanged in these adaptations. We present here an apparently unique example of a fundamentally different body plan, derived from a pre-existing phylum, occurring in deep-sea sponges. We demonstrate that the Cladorhizidae have evolved carnivory and capture small crustaceans by means of filaments provided with raised hook-shaped spicules. This adaptation to a food-poor deep-sea environment has resulted in the loss of the diagnostic characteristics of the phylum Porifera: an aquiferous system and choanocytes.
RP VACELET, J (corresponding author), UNIV AIX MARSEILLE 2,CTR OCEANOL MARSEILLE,CNRS,URA 41,MARINE ENDOUME STN,F-13007 MARSEILLE,FRANCE.
NR 20
TC 179
Z9 201
U1 0
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 333
EP 335
DI 10.1038/373333a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COLLARD, JF
   COTE, F
   JULIEN, JP
AF COLLARD, JF
   COTE, F
   JULIEN, JP
TI DEFECTIVE AXONAL-TRANSPORT IN A TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL OF AMYOTROPHIC-LATERAL-SCLEROSIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID disease
AB AMYOTROPHIC lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative disease of motor neurons, characterized by depositions of neurofilaments in the perikarya and proximal axons. The pathogenesis of ALS remains poorly understood, but two lines of evidence suggest that neurofilament accumulation may play a causal role. First, transgenic mice that overexpress neurofilament proteins show motor neuron degeneration(1-3) and, second, variant alleles of the neurofilament heavy-subunit gene (NF-H) have been found in some human ALS patients(4). To investigate hom disorganized neurofilaments might cause neurodegeneration, we examined axonal transport of newly synthesized proteins in mice that overexpress the human NF-H gene(1). We observed dramatic defects of axonal transport, not only of neurofilament proteins but also of other proteins, including tubulin and actin. Ultrastructural analysis revealed a paucity of cytoskeletal elements, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and especially mitochondria in the degenerating axons, We therefore propose that the neurofilament accumulations observed in these mice cause axonal degeneration by impeding the transport of components required for axonal maintenance, and that a similar mechanism may account for the pathogenesis of ALS in human patients.
C1 MCGILL UNIV,MONTREAL GEN HOSP,RES INST,CTR RES NEUROSCI,MONTREAL,PQ H3G 1A4,CANADA.
C3 McGill University
NR 14
TC 406
Z9 453
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6526
BP 61
EP 64
DI 10.1038/375061a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QW604
UT WOS:A1995QW60400055
PM 7536898
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KIM, JS
   KIM, Y
   MARTI, K
   KERRIDGE, JF
AF KIM, JS
   KIM, Y
   MARTI, K
   KERRIDGE, JF
TI NITROGEN ISOTOPE ABUNDANCES IN THE RECENT SOLAR-WIND
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB ALTHOUGH lunar crystalline rocks are essentially devoid of nitrogen, the same is not true of the lunar regolith. The nitrogen contents of individual regolith samples (which can be as high as 0.012% by mass) correlate strongly with abundances of noble gases known to be implanted in the lunar surface by solar radiation, indicating that lunar regolith nitrogen is also predominantly of solar origin(1). The large variability in N-15/N-14 ratios measured in different regolith samples may thus reflect long-term changes in tbe isotopic composition of the solar radiation(1). But attempts to explain these variations have been hampered by the lack of any firm constraint on N-15/N-14 in, the present solar wind. Here we report measurements of nitrogen isotopes from two lunar samples that have had simple (and relatively recent) exposure histories. We find that nitrogen implanted in the lunar surface during the past 10(5) to 5 x 10(7) years has a N-15/N-14 ratio approximately 40 parts per thousand higher than that in the terrestrial atmosphere, which is substantially lower than most previous estimates(2,3). This isotopic signature probably represents the best measure of N-15/N-14 in, the present-day solar wind.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT CHEM 0317,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
NR 23
TC 20
Z9 20
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6530
BP 383
EP 385
DI 10.1038/375383a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RB101
UT WOS:A1995RB10100046
PM 7760930
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OHSAKI, N
AF OHSAKI, N
TI PREFERENTIAL PREDATION OF FEMALE BUTTERFLIES AND THE EVOLUTION OF BATESIAN MIMICRY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB BATEIAN mimicry, in which a palatable mimic resembles an unpalatable model, functions to protect insect mimics from birds. In butterflies that show batesian mimicry, female-limited mimicry is commom1-3. The orthodox theory to explain this is sexual selection against males4-6. In these theoretical arguments, no difference in predation pressure between the sexes was assumed, but the existence of female-biased predation would enhance the evolution of sex-limited mimicry. To test for differences in attact rate between the sexes, I examined the rates of beak marks on wings of palatable butterflies of Papilionidae and Pieridae, and unpalatable Danaidae. Here I report that females were attacked more frequently than males, though danaids mere generally attacked less. The papilionid and pierid males had low attack rates similar to those of danaid females. Analysis of a mathematical model highlighted these tendencies. Comparing a batesian mimetic species and its 'model' species, non-mimetic females were selectively attacked and the males, mimetic females and 'models' were attacked less. Therefore females benefit greatly when they become mimetic, whereas males will benefit much less should they become mimetic. Thus female-limited mimicry will be favoured even if the costs of mimicry to both sexes are the same.
RP OHSAKI, N (corresponding author), KYOTO UNIV,FAC AGR,ENTOMOL LAB,KYOTO 606,JAPAN.
NR 12
TC 81
Z9 89
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 173
EP 175
DI 10.1038/378173a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JACOBSON, MD
   RAFF, MC
AF JACOBSON, MD
   RAFF, MC
TI PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH AND BCL-2 PROTECTION IN VERY-LOW OXYGEN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apoptosis; induction
AB PROGRAMMED cell death (PCD) is a fundamental feature of animal cells', but the mechanism remains unknown, Similarly, the Bcl-2 oncoprotein can suppress PCD in a variety of cell types and circumstances(2), but it is not known how it does so, It has been suggested that PCD involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and that Bcl-2 protects against PCD by inhibiting the generation or action of ROS(3-6). To determine whether ROS are required for PCD, we cultured cells in a near-anaerobic atmosphere where the generation of ROS would be expected not to occur, or at least to be greatly reduced, We find that these conditions inhibit PCD induced by ROS-generating agents but do not inhibit PCD induced by other means, Furthermore, we show that Bcl-2 can protect cells from PCD in these anaerobic conditions. These results suggest that ROS are not required for PCD, and that Bcl-2 protects against PCD in ways that do not depend on the inhibition of ROS production or activity.
C1 UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,MRC,MOLEC CELL BIOL LAB,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
   UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT BIOL,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP JACOBSON, MD (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,MRC,DEV NEUROBIOL PROGRAMME,TORRINGTON PL,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
NR 29
TC 630
Z9 657
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6525
BP 814
EP 816
DI 10.1038/374814a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QV315
UT WOS:A1995QV31500048
PM 7536895
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VANDENBERG, C
   WILLEMSEN, V
   HAGE, W
   WEISBEEK, P
   SCHERES, B
AF VANDENBERG, C
   WILLEMSEN, V
   HAGE, W
   WEISBEEK, P
   SCHERES, B
TI CELL FATE IN THE ARABIDOPSIS ROOT-MERISTEM DETERMINED BY DIRECTIONAL SIGNALING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lineage patterns; caenorhabditis-elegans; shoot meristem; zea-mays; regeneration; embryo; plants
AB POSTEMBRYONIC development in plants is achieved by apical meristems. Surgical studies and clonal analysis have revealed indirectly that cells in shoot meristems have no predictable destiny(1-3) and that position is likely to play a role in the acquisition of cell identity(4-7). In contrast to animal systems(8-10) there has been no direct evidence for inductive signalling in plants until now. Here we present evidence for such signalling using laser ablation of cells in the root meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana. Although these cells show rigid clonal relationships, we now demonstrate that it is positional control that is most important in the determination of cell fate. Positional signals can be perpetuated from more mature to initial cells to guide the pattern of meristem cell differentiation. This offers an alternative to the general opinion that meristems are the source of patterning information(12).
C1 NETHERLANDS INST DEV BIOL,3584 CT UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Hubrecht Institute (KNAW)
RP VANDENBERG, C (corresponding author), UNIV UTRECHT,DEPT MOLEC CELL BIOL,PADUALAAN 8,3584 CH UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
NR 27
TC 438
Z9 482
U1 3
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 62
EP 65
DI 10.1038/378062a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900049
PM 7477287
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU INGERSOLL, AP
   KANAMORI, H
AF INGERSOLL, AP
   KANAMORI, H
TI WAVES FROM THE COLLISIONS OF COMET SHOEMAKER-LEVY-9 WITH JUPITER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID voyager
AB OBSERVATIONS Of the collisions of the fragments of comet Shoemaker-levy 9 with Jupiter provided an unprecedented opportunity to probe the depths of the planet's atmosphere, Images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope revealed circular rings surrounding five of the impact sites(1). The rings were observed for up to 2.5 hours after the impacts and spread at a constant velocity of 450 m s(-1). There are three types of disturbance that might explain these observations: acoustic waves trapped at the tropopause temperature minimum(2), gravity waves propagating vertically and horizontally in the stratosphere(3), and gravity waves trapped in a stable layer which acts as a horizontal waveguide and is located within the hypothesized tropospheric water cloud(4). Here we show that only the last of these phenomena fan match the speed and relative amplitude of the observed waves, with the requirement that the impacts were deep and the stability of the trapping layer is large. The origin of the stable layer is still uncertain, but if it is produced by moist convection in the water cloud, then the ratio of oxygen to hydrogen on Jupiter must be surprisingly large-approximately ten times that on the Sun.
RP INGERSOLL, AP (corresponding author), CALTECH,DIV GEOL & PLANETARY SCI,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 15
TC 62
Z9 67
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6524
BP 706
EP 708
DI 10.1038/374706a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QU304
UT WOS:A1995QU30400044
PM 7715724
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EDWARDS, D
   SELDEN, PA
   RICHARDSON, JB
   AXE, L
AF EDWARDS, D
   SELDEN, PA
   RICHARDSON, JB
   AXE, L
TI COPROLITES AS EVIDENCE FOR PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTION IN SILURO-DEVONIAN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fossil evidence; land animals; arthropods
AB A FEW remarkable finds document the colonization of land by animals and plants in the mid-Palaeozoic(1-3), but much rarer is unequivocal evidence for plant-animal interaction(4,5). Here we announce the discovery of coprolites (fossil faeces) in Upper Silurian (412 Myr) and Lower Devonian (390 Myr) rocks from the Welsh Borderland that pre-date examples of similar composition in the Carboniferous by about 90 million years(6,7). The majority consist predominantly of undigested land-plant spores with varying proportions of cuticles, tubes and less readily identifiable (presumably plant) material. Because coeval animal fossils of suitable size are carnivores(8), direct evidence for the coprolite producers is lacking, but we speculate that they could have been spore eaters (and hence the earliest example of herbivory of higher plants) or detritivores similar to modern millipedes. In either case, they demonstrate the cycling of primary productivity in early terrestrial ecosystems.
C1 UNIV MANCHESTER,DEPT EARTH SCI,MANCHESTER M13 9PL,LANCS,ENGLAND.
   NAT HIST MUSEUM,DEPT PALAEONTOL,LONDON SW7 5BD,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Manchester; Natural History Museum London
RP EDWARDS, D (corresponding author), UNIV WALES COLL CARDIFF,DEPT EARTH SCI,POB 914,CARDIFF CF1 3YE,S GLAM,WALES.
NR 25
TC 82
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 329
EP 331
DI 10.1038/377329a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100052
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LAMB, HF
   GASSE, F
   BENKADDOUR, A
   ELHAMOUTI, N
   VANDERKAARS, S
   PERKINS, WT
   PEARCE, NJ
   ROBERTS, CN
AF LAMB, HF
   GASSE, F
   BENKADDOUR, A
   ELHAMOUTI, N
   VANDERKAARS, S
   PERKINS, WT
   PEARCE, NJ
   ROBERTS, CN
TI RELATION BETWEEN CENTURY-SCALE HOLOCENE ARID INTERVALS IN TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE ZONES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marine ostracod shells; last deglaciation; atlantic-ocean; middle atlas; paleolimnology; lakes; paleohydrology; fluctuations; magnesium; morocco
AB CLIMATE records from lake sediments in tropical Africa, Central America and west Asia show several century-scale arid intervals during the Holocene(1-10). These may have been caused by temporary weakening of the monsoonal circulation associated with reduced northward heat transport by the oceans' or by feedback processes stimulated by changes in tropical land-surface conditions(10). Here we use a lake-sediment record from the montane Mediterranean zone of Morocco to address the question of whether these events were also felt in temperate continental regions. We find evidence of arid intervals of similar duration, periodicity and possibly timing to those in the tropics. But our pollen data show that the forest vegetation was not substantially affected by these events, indicating that precipitation remained adequate during the summer growing season. Thus, the depletion of the groundwater aquifer that imprinted the dry events in the lake record must have resulted from reduced winter precipitation. We suggest that the occurrence of arid events during the summer in the tropics but during the winter at temperate latitudes can be rationalized if they are both associated with cooler sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic.
C1 UNIV PARIS 11, CTR SCI ORSAY, HYDROL & GEOCHIM ISOTOP LAB, F-91405 ORSAY, FRANCE.
   LOUGHBOROUGH UNIV TECHNOL, DEPT GEOG, LOUGHBOROUGH LE11 3TU, LEICS, ENGLAND.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Loughborough University
RP LAMB, HF (corresponding author), UNIV COLL WALES, INST EARTH STUDIES, ABERYSTWYTH SY23 3DB, DYFED, WALES.
NR 37
TC 204
Z9 222
U1 1
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6510
BP 134
EP 137
DI 10.1038/373134a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QB063
UT WOS:A1995QB06300053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COWEY, A
   STOERIG, P
AF COWEY, A
   STOERIG, P
TI BLINDSIGHT IN MONKEYS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID residual vision
AB BLINDSIGHT, the visually evoked voluntary responses of patients with striate cortical destruction that are demonstrated despite a phenomenal blindness, has attracted attention from neuroscientists and philosophers interested in problems of perceptual consciousness and its neuronal basis(1-3). It is assumed to be mediated by the numerous extra-geniculostriate cortical retinofugal pathways whose properties are studied primarily in monkeys(4). Like patients with blindsight(4-7), monkeys with lesions of the primary visual cortex can learn to detect, localize and distinguish between visual stimuli presented within their visual field defects(4,8-11). Although the patients deny seeing the stimuli they can nevertheless respond to (by forced-choice guessing) in their phenomenally blind fields, it is not known whether the monkeys experience the same absence of phenomenal vision. To determine whether they too have blindsight, or whether they actuary see the stimuli in their held defects, monkeys who showed excellent detection in tasks where a visual stimulus was presented on every trial, albeit at different positions, were tested in a signal-detection task(12) in which half the trials were blank trials, with no visual stimulus. They classified the visual stimuli presented in the field defect as blank trials, demonstrating, like patients, blindsight rather than degraded real vision.
C1 UNIV MUNICH,INST MED PSYCHOL,D-80336 MUNICH,GERMANY.
C3 University of Munich
RP COWEY, A (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,DEPT EXPTL PSYCHOL,S PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3UD,ENGLAND.
NR 16
TC 222
Z9 241
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6511
BP 247
EP 249
DI 10.1038/373247a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QC278
UT WOS:A1995QC27800064
PM 7816139
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DEMUIZON, C
   MCDONALD, HG
AF DEMUIZON, C
   MCDONALD, HG
TI AN AQUATIC SLOTH FROM THE PLIOCENE OF PERU
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB GROUND sloths (Gravigrada, Xenarthra) are known from middle or late Oligocene to late Pleistocene in South America(1) and from late Miocene to late Pleistocene in North America(2). They are medium to gigantic in size and have terrestrial(3) habits. Discovery of abundant and well preserved remains of a new sloth (Thalassocnus natans), in marine Pliocene deposits from Peru(4-6) drastically expands our knowledge of the range of adaptation of the order. The abundance of individuals, the absence of other land mammals in the rich marine vertebrate fauna of the site(5,6), and the fact that the Peruvian coast was a desert during the Pliocene(7,8) suggest that it was living on the shore and entered the water probably to feed upon sea-grasses or seaweeds. The morphology of premaxillae, femur, caudal vertebrae (similar to those of otters and beavers) and limb proportions are in agreement with this interpretation.
C1 HAGERMAN FOSSIL BEDS NATL MONUMENT,HAGERMAN,ID 83332.
RP DEMUIZON, C (corresponding author), INST FRANCAIS ETUD ANDINES,CNRS,URA 12,CASILLA 18-1217,LIMA 18,PERU.
NR 28
TC 90
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6528
BP 224
EP 227
DI 10.1038/375224a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QY881
UT WOS:A1995QY88100059
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HIRN, A
   JIANG, M
   SAPIN, M
   DIAZ, J
   NERCESSIAN, A
   LU, QT
   LEPINE, JC
   SHI, DH
   SACHPAZI, M
   PANDEY, MR
   MA, K
   GALLART, J
AF HIRN, A
   JIANG, M
   SAPIN, M
   DIAZ, J
   NERCESSIAN, A
   LU, QT
   LEPINE, JC
   SHI, DH
   SACHPAZI, M
   PANDEY, MR
   MA, K
   GALLART, J
TI SEISMIC ANISOTROPY AS AN INDICATOR OF MANTLE FLOW BENEATH THE HIMALAYAS AND TIBET
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern tibet; plateau; constraints; deformation; earthquakes; velocity; collision; crust; model; waves
AB SEVERAL models have been proposed for the geodynamical evolution of the Tibet-Himalayas collision zone(1-6). It is now generally recognized that the high elevations of the region have been caused by mechanical thickening of the crust and flow in the mantle, but there is debate as to whether the thickening has occurred by the underthrusting of Indian crust under Tibet, or by distributed shortening and thickening of the Tibetan crust as India has pushed northwards into it. Here we address this question using seismic measurements of heterogeneity and anisotropy at depth, obtained with a temporary teleseismic array spanning 500 km from the Lesser Himalayas to central Tibet (Fig. 1). We observe a significant change in seismic anisotropy across the Indus-Tsangpo suture (ITS), suggesting a change in mode or direction of deformation at depth. In the Himalayas, our results are consistent with the stacking of Indian and Tibetan lithospheres, whereas north of the ITS the data indicate ductile flow in the mantle and show no sign of the Indian lithosphere.
C1 CHINESE ACAD GEOL SCI,INST GEOL & MINERAL DEPOSITS,BEIJING,PEOPLES R CHINA.
   CSIC,BARCELONA,SPAIN.
   DEPT MINES & GEOL,KATMANDU,NEPAL.
C3 China Geological Survey; Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)
RP HIRN, A (corresponding author), INST PHYS GLOBE,CNRS,DEPT SISMOL,4 PL JUSSIEU,F-75252 PARIS,FRANCE.
NR 25
TC 166
Z9 209
U1 1
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6532
BP 571
EP 574
DI 10.1038/375571a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RD287
UT WOS:A1995RD28700046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NICHOLSON, DW
   ALI, A
   THORNBERRY, NA
   VAILLANCOURT, JP
   DING, CK
   GALLANT, M
   GAREAU, Y
   GRIFFIN, PR
   LABELLE, M
   LAZEBNIK, YA
   MUNDAY, NA
   RAJU, SM
   SMULSON, ME
   YAMIN, TT
   YU, VL
   MILLER, DK
AF NICHOLSON, DW
   ALI, A
   THORNBERRY, NA
   VAILLANCOURT, JP
   DING, CK
   GALLANT, M
   GAREAU, Y
   GRIFFIN, PR
   LABELLE, M
   LAZEBNIK, YA
   MUNDAY, NA
   RAJU, SM
   SMULSON, ME
   YAMIN, TT
   YU, VL
   MILLER, DK
TI IDENTIFICATION AND INHIBITION OF THE ICE/CED-3 PROTEASE NECESSARY FOR MAMMALIAN APOPTOSIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme; poly(adp-ribose) polymerase; endonuclease; cells; ribosylation; sequence; encodes; virus; gene
AB The protease responsible for the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and necessary for apoptosis has been purified and characterized. This enzyme, named apopain, is composed of two subunits of relative molecular mass (M(r)) 17K and 12K that are derived from a common proenzyme identified as CPP32. This proenzyme is related to interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE) and CED-3, the product of a gene required for programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans. A potent peptide aldehyde inhibitor has been developed and shown to prevent apoptotic events In vitro, suggesting that apopain/CPP32 is important for the initiation of apoptotic cell death.
C1 MERCK FROSST CANADA INC,MERCK FROSST CTR THERAPEUT RES,DEPT MED CHEM,POINTE CLAIRE,PQ H9R 4P8,CANADA.
   MERCK & CO INC,RES LABS,DEPT BIOCHEM,RAHWAY,NJ 07065.
   MERCK & CO INC,RES LABS,DEPT INFLAMMAT RES,RAHWAY,NJ 07065.
   COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB,COLD SPRING HARBOR,NY 11724.
   GEORGETOWN UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,WASHINGTON,DC.
C3 Merck & Company; Merck & Company Canada; Merck & Company; Merck & Company USA; Merck & Company; Merck & Company USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Georgetown University
RP NICHOLSON, DW (corresponding author), MERCK FROSST CANADA INC,MERCK FROSST CTR THERAPEUT RES,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,POB 1005,POINTE CLAIRE,PQ H9R 4P8,CANADA.
NR 48
TC 3843
Z9 4201
U1 4
U2 106
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6535
BP 37
EP 43
DI 10.1038/376037a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RH111
UT WOS:A1995RH11100055
PM 7596430
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU AJAYAN, PM
   STEPHAN, O
   REDLICH, P
   COLLIEX, C
AF AJAYAN, PM
   STEPHAN, O
   REDLICH, P
   COLLIEX, C
TI CARBON NANOTUBES AS REMOVABLE TEMPLATES FOR METAL-OXIDE NANOCOMPOSITES AND NANOSTRUCTURES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID v2o5
AB SEVERAL techniques have been developed recently for fabricating nanocomposite structures by filling(1-3) carbon nanotubes(4,5). Here we show that surface-tension effects can induce the growth of uniform, thin metal oxide films-sometimes only a monolayer thick-on the outside of nanotubes, along with oxide fillings in the internal cavities and thin oxide layers between the concentric shells of the tubes, We report the preparation of such nanotube-oxide composites by annealing a mixture of partially oxidized nanotubes aml V2O5 powder in air above the melting point of the oxide. The external coatings of the tubes are crystalline sheets of the V2O5 layer-like structure, which grow with the c axis parallel to that of the nanotube layers, Intercalation of the oxide occurs where there are missing shells in the nanotubes. We also show that the nanotubes can be partially removed by oxidation, leaving behind layered oxide fibres. Given the importance of vinadium oxides as catalysts and functional ceramics, this rob of nanotubes as removable templates might Lad to useful new kinds of nanostructured materials.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST MET RES,INST WERKSTOFFWISSENSCH,D-70174 STUTTGART,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP AJAYAN, PM (corresponding author), UNIV PARIS 11,CNRS,PHYS SOLIDES LAB,BATIMENT 510,F-91405 ORSAY,FRANCE.
NR 27
TC 660
Z9 736
U1 4
U2 195
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6532
BP 564
EP 567
DI 10.1038/375564a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RD287
UT WOS:A1995RD28700044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GUMPERZ, JE
   PARHAM, P
AF GUMPERZ, JE
   PARHAM, P
TI THE ENIGMA OF THE NATURAL-KILLER-CELL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major histocompatibility complex; integral membrane-proteins; marrow graft-rejection; nk cells; antigen recognition; multigene family; gene-complex; alloantigen recognition; molecular-cloning; lymphocyte-t
AB Natural killer (NK) cells are controlled by receptors specific for polymorphic determinants of class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The contrasting properties of NK and cytotoxic T cell (CTL) class I receptors provide complementarity in the cytolytic lymphocyte response to viruses, tumours and transplants. Whereas human NK cell class I receptors consist of immunoglobulin domains, their mouse counterparts resemble C-type lectins. This difference may reflect the receptors' diverse and rapidly evolving class I ligands.
C1 STANFORD UNIV, DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP GUMPERZ, JE (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV, DEPT BIOL STRUCT, SHERMAN FAIRCHILD BLDG, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
NR 90
TC 244
Z9 251
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 245
EP 248
DI 10.1038/378245a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800038
PM 7477341
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DURING, MJ
   RYDER, KM
   SPENCER, DD
AF DURING, MJ
   RYDER, KM
   SPENCER, DD
TI HIPPOCAMPAL GABA TRANSPORTER FUNCTION IN TEMPORAL-LOBE EPILEPSY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-aminobutyric acid; excitatory amino-acids; primary culture; release; neurons; receptors; brain; glutamate; invitro; seizure
AB ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL studies of human temporal-lobe epilepsy suggest that a loss of hippocampal GABA-mediated inhibition may underlie the neuronal hyperexcitability(1-3). However, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-containing cells are preserved(4) and GABA receptors are maintained in the surviving hippocampal neurons(5). Diminished GABA release may therefore mediate the loss of inhibition. Here we show that, in the human brain, potassium-stimulated release of GABA was increased, and glutamate-induced, calcium-independent release of GABA was markedly decreased, in epileptogenic hippocampi, in contrast with contralateral, non-epileptogenic hippocampi. The glutamate-induced GABA release in vivo was transporter-mediated in rats. Furthermore, in amygdala-kindled rats, a model for human epilepsy, a decease in glutamate-induced GABA release was associated with a 48% decrease in tbe number of GABA transporters. These data suggest that temporal-lobe epilepsy is characterized in part by a loss of glutamate-stimulated GABA release that is secondary to a reduction in the number of GABA transporters.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT SURG,ENDOCRINOL SECT,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT INTERNAL MED,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
C3 Yale University; Yale University
RP DURING, MJ (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT SURG,NEUROSURG SECT,MOLEC PHARMACOL & NEUROGENET LAB,333 CEDAR ST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510, USA.
NR 26
TC 307
Z9 329
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6536
BP 174
EP 177
DI 10.1038/376174a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RJ028
UT WOS:A1995RJ02800061
PM 7603569
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHEIFFELE, P
   PERANEN, J
   SIMONS, K
AF SCHEIFFELE, P
   PERANEN, J
   SIMONS, K
TI N-GLYCANS AS APICAL SORTING SIGNALS IN EPITHELIAL-CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID canine kidney-cells; polymeric immunoglobulin receptor; mdck cells; plasma-membrane; proteins; secretion; surface; expression; glycosylation; transport
AB IN epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells newly synthesized molecules are sorted in the trans-Golgi network and directly delivered to their apical and basolateral surface destinations(1). Sorting is mediated by signals in the cytoplasmic domains of basolateral transmembrane proteins whereas glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins have apical sorting information in their glycolipid tails(5,6). Signals for apical transmembrane proteins are thought to reside in their ectodomains, because truncated forms lacking the cytoplasmic tail and the membrane anchor are secreted apically(7,8). Here we demonstrate that carbohydrates act as an apical targeting signal for secretory proteins. Growth hormone, which is non-glycosylated and secreted from both sides of MDCK cell lagers(9), is secreted from the apical side when glycosylated. Thus glycans not only play a general role in protein folding(10) but also appear to function in protein sorting in biosynthetic traffic.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,CELL BIOL PROGRAMME,D-69112 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
NR 30
TC 413
Z9 451
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 96
EP 98
DI 10.1038/378096a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900059
PM 7477300
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SAMAD, AH
   CAI, WW
   HU, XH
   IRVIN, B
   JING, JP
   REED, J
   MENG, X
   HUANG, J
   HUFF, E
   PORTER, B
   SHENKAR, A
   ANANTHARAMAN, T
   MISHRA, B
   CLARKE, V
   DIMALANTA, E
   EDINGTON, J
   HIORT, C
   RABBAH, R
   SKIADA, J
   SCHWARTZ, DC
AF SAMAD, AH
   CAI, WW
   HU, XH
   IRVIN, B
   JING, JP
   REED, J
   MENG, X
   HUANG, J
   HUFF, E
   PORTER, B
   SHENKAR, A
   ANANTHARAMAN, T
   MISHRA, B
   CLARKE, V
   DIMALANTA, E
   EDINGTON, J
   HIORT, C
   RABBAH, R
   SKIADA, J
   SCHWARTZ, DC
TI MAPPING THE GENOME ONE MOLECULE AT A TIME - OPTICAL MAPPING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID physical map
C1 NYU,DEPT CHEM,NEW YORK,NY 10003.
C3 New York University
RP SAMAD, AH (corresponding author), CORNELL UNIV,COLL MED,DEPT PATHOL,NEW YORK,NY 10021, USA.
NR 8
TC 22
Z9 27
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 516
EP 517
DI 10.1038/378516a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400078
PM 7477412
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DAI, HJ
   WONG, EW
   LU, YZ
   FAN, SS
   LIEBER, CM
AF DAI, HJ
   WONG, EW
   LU, YZ
   FAN, SS
   LIEBER, CM
TI SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBIDE NANORODS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon nanotubes; whiskers; growth
AB THE properties and potential applications of carbon nanotubes filled with other materials have aroused much speculation(1-5). Strategies for filling nanotubes include irt situ growth in an are reactor using metal/carbon composites(2,5) and the capillarity-driven filling of open nanotubes using liquid reagents(3,4). Here we report an alternative approach to the synthesis of nanoscale structures based on nanotubes, in which the tubes are converted to carbide rods by reaction with volatile oxide and/or halide species. In this way we have been able to prepare solid carbide nanoscale rods of TiC, NbC, Fe3C, SiC and BCx in high yield with typical diameters of between 2 and 30 nm and lengths of up to 20 mu m. Preliminary studies show that these rods share the properties of the bulk materials (such as magnetism and superconductivity), suggesting that they might allow the investigation of the effects of confinement and reduced dimensionality on such solid-state properties. These carbide nanorods might also find technological applications in nanostructured composite materials.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT CHEM,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   HARVARD UNIV,DIV APPL SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
NR 19
TC 1145
Z9 1288
U1 5
U2 375
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 769
EP 772
DI 10.1038/375769a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900072
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WADA, A
AF WADA, A
TI A SPACE-TIME SLIDE-RULE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Akiyoshi Wada retired some years ago as a professor of physics at Tokyo University, where he was for many years one of those in Japan urging the fuller use of physical techniques in molecular biology notably in the automatic sequencing of DNA. Now he is the director of the interdisciplinary Sagami Chemical Research Center near Tokyo. The Wadarules reproduced on these pages (together with an explanatory note by Professor Wada) do not arise directly from the author's professional work, but are the product of a fertile and ingenious imagination exercised, in part no doubt, on long aircraft journeys. They are offered without restriction to those who may have use for them. It is simply necessary to photocopy the diagrams, to separate the main rule from the reference rule and to mount each part on stiff card in such a way as to be able to slide the latter against the former. While the Wadarules may have a general heuristic value for those who have the time to play with them, they mag have a particular educational value for young children and may be particularly useful for, say, science writers forever seeking graphic ways of dramatizing the large or small scale of some phenomenon (as in the phrase ''seems no bigger than a dime at a distance of 1 mile''). The rules can readily be amended to include objects with dimensions other than those shown. The annotation of the time rule leaves ample room for the addition of extra items, such as the average duration of the human heart-beat, the period of oscillation of ''middle C'' (0.00178 seconds) and the like.
RP WADA, A (corresponding author), SAGAMI CHEM RES CTR,4-4-1 NISHIOHNUMA,SAGAMIHARA,KANAGAWA 229,JAPAN.
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP R39
EP R40
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400047
PM 7830749
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MCLAUGHLIN, SB
   DOWNING, DJ
AF MCLAUGHLIN, SB
   DOWNING, DJ
TI INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF AMBIENT OZONE AND CLIMATE MEASURED ON GROWTH OF MATURE FOREST TREES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID air-pollution; loblolly-pine; stands
AB GLOBAL increases in concentrations of tropospheric ozone are of worldwide concern because of its potential to affect both human and ecological health(1). Ozone has been implicated in the declining health of some forest tree species(2,3) because of its effects on many growth-related processes in controlled studies(3-5). Despite strong evidence that growth of forest tree seedlings can be reduced by ambient levels of ozone(6), there has been little basis for evaluating the threshold and magnitude of direct effects on growth of mature, economically important forest trees. We describe here a five-year study of serial changes in stem circumference of 28 mature loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees. This study has defined a rough ozone response threshold and quantified short- and longer-term components of growth responses to varying ozone and climate variables. Ozone exposures at greater than or equal to 40 nl l(-1) interacted with low soil moisture and high air temperatures to reduce short-term rates of stem expansion. Annual growth was also inversely related to seasonal ozone exposure and soil moisture stress. Effects varied widely between individual trees and years. Future ozone effects on forests are likely to be influenced by climate change and by projected increases in regional ozone pollution in industrialized countries.
RP MCLAUGHLIN, SB (corresponding author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB, DIV ENVIRONM SCI, POB 2008, OAK RIDGE, TN 37831 USA.
NR 28
TC 76
Z9 80
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6519
BP 252
EP 254
DI 10.1038/374252a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QM387
UT WOS:A1995QM38700047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU UMBHAUER, M
   MARSHALL, CJ
   MASON, CS
   OLD, RW
   SMITH, JC
AF UMBHAUER, M
   MARSHALL, CJ
   MASON, CS
   OLD, RW
   SMITH, JC
TI MESODERM INDUCTION IN XENOPUS CAUSED BY ACTIVATION OF MAP KINASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID midblastula transition; spemann organizer; raf-1 kinase; expression; fgf; embryos; transcription; p21ras; noggin; laevis
AB MESODERM induction is a critical early step in vertebrate development, involving changes in gene expression and morphogenesis(1), In Xenopus, normal mesoderm formation depends on signalling through the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) tyrosine kinase receptor(2-4). One important signalling pathway from receptor tyrosine kinases involves p21(ras) (ref, 5). Ras associates with the serine kinase c-Raf-1 in a GTP-dependent manner, and this complex phosphorylates and activates MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK), a protein kinase with dual specificity, MEK then activates p42(mapk); and (at least in mammals) p44(mapk), members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family(6), FGF activates MAP kinase during mesoderm induction(7-9), and the use of dominant-negative constructs suggests that mesoderm induction by FGF requires both Res and Raf(10,11). However, these experiments Bo not reveal whether Ras and Raf do act through MAP kinase to induce mesoderm or whether another pathway, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade(12), is involved. Here we show that expression of active forms of MEK or of MAP kinase induces ventral mesoderm of the hind elicited by FGF, Overexpression of a Xenopus MAP kinase phosphatase Mocks mesoderm induction by FGF, and causes characteristic defects in mesoderm formation in intact embryos, whereas inhibition of the P13 kinase and p70 S6 kinase pathways has no effect on mesoderm induction by FGF, FGF induces different types of mesoderm in a dose-dependent manner(13); strikingly, this is mimicked by expressing different levels of activated MEK. Together, these experiments demonstrate that activation of MAP kinases is necessary and sufficient for mesoderm formation.
C1 INST CANC RES,CRC,CTR CELLULAR & MOLEC BIOL,LONDON SW3 6JB,ENGLAND.
   UNIV WARWICK,DEPT BIOL SCI,COVENTRY CV4 7AL,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; University of Warwick
RP UMBHAUER, M (corresponding author), NATL INST MED RES,DIV DEV BIOL,THE RIDGEWAY,MILL HILL,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
NR 34
TC 207
Z9 224
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6535
BP 58
EP 62
DI 10.1038/376058a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RH111
UT WOS:A1995RH11100061
PM 7541116
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TAKATA, M
   UMEDA, B
   NISHIBORI, E
   SAKATA, M
   SAITO, Y
   OHNO, M
   SHINOHARA, H
AF TAKATA, M
   UMEDA, B
   NISHIBORI, E
   SAKATA, M
   SAITO, Y
   OHNO, M
   SHINOHARA, H
TI CONFIRMATION BY X-RAY-DIFFRACTION OF THE ENDOHEDRAL NATURE OF THE METALLOFULLERENE Y-AT-C-82
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID maximum-entropy method; c82; fullerenes; yttrium; metals; cages; exafs; yc82
AB THE synthesis of fullerenes encapsulating various metal atoms within the carbon cage (endohedral metallofullerenes) has stimulated wide interest(1,2) because of their unusual structural and electronic properties. Most of the metallofullerenes prepared so far have been based on C-82, and have incorporated lanthanum(1,3-5) yttrium(6,7), scandium(8) (10) and most of the lanthanide elements(11,12) Although there has been some debate about the endohedral nature of these compounds(2,13,14), observations using scanning tunnelling microscopy(15,16), extended X-ray absorption fine structure(17,18), transmission electron micrscopy(19) and electron spin; resonance(3,6) (8,10) have strongly suggested that the metal atoms are indeed inside the fullerene cages; theoretical calculations(20,21) also indicate that this is the case. But until now, no structural model has been derived experimentally to confirm the endohedral nature of the metallofullerenes. Here we report the results of a synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction study of Y@C-82 that confirms that the yttrium atom is located within the carbon cage. The yttrium atom is displaced from the centre of the C-82 molecule and is strongly bound to the carbon cage.
C1 MIE UNIV,DEPT ELECT & ELECTR ENGN,TSU,MIE 514,JAPAN.
   NAGOYA UNIV,DEPT CHEM,NAGOYA,AICHI 46401,JAPAN.
C3 Mie University; Nagoya University
RP TAKATA, M (corresponding author), NAGOYA UNIV,DEPT APPL PHYS,NAGOYA,AICHI 46401,JAPAN.
NR 30
TC 455
Z9 468
U1 2
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6544
BP 46
EP 49
DI 10.1038/377046a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RT725
UT WOS:A1995RT72500051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BARCONS, X
   LANZETTA, KM
   WEBB, JK
AF BARCONS, X
   LANZETTA, KM
   WEBB, JK
TI EXTENSIVE DARK-MATTER HALOES IN LOW-LUMINOSITY GALAXIES REVEALED BY QUASAR ABSORPTION-LINES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB STUDIES of the kinematics of spiral galaxies suggest that dark (possibly non-baryonic) matter is a significant component of their total mass(1). It has been difficult to determine how far the dark-matter haloes of galaxies extend, however, because the presence of dark matter must be inferred from the motion of a luminous component such as atomic gas, which becomes hard to detect beyond several galactic radii. The recent suggestion(2) that the Lyman-a absorption lines seen in the spectra of distant quasars arise in the extended gaseous haloes of intervening galaxies offers an alternative means of probing their dark-matter content. Here we present observations of two low-luminosity spiral galaxies which have redshifts coincident with those of Lyman-a absorption lines in the spectra of quasars that are near the galaxies in the sky. The gas responsible for the absorption lines appears to take part in the rotation of the galaxies themselves, suggesting that the haloes of both galaxies are dominated by dark matter which remains a significant component of the haloes out to significantly greater radii than previously demonstrated.
C1 SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,ASTRON PROGRAM,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
   UNIV NEW S WALES,SCH PHYS,KENSINGTON,NSW 2033,AUSTRALIA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; University of New South Wales Sydney
RP BARCONS, X (corresponding author), UNIV CANTABRIA,FAC CIENCIAS,CSIC,INST FIS CANTABRIA,E-39005 SANTANDER,SPAIN.
NR 9
TC 28
Z9 30
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6538
BP 321
EP 323
DI 10.1038/376321a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RL443
UT WOS:A1995RL44300041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KLIMCHUK, JA
   PORTER, LJ
AF KLIMCHUK, JA
   PORTER, LJ
TI SCALING OF HEATING RATES IN SOLAR CORONAL LOOPS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray telescope; flux tubes; equilibrium; dissipation; nanoflares; absorption; fields; waves
AB THE gas of the solar corona is at a temperature of several million degrees, orders of magnitude hotter than the underlying photosphere, The nature of the physical process that heats the solar corona (and the coronae of solar-type stars more generally) has been a long-standing puzzle, A number of plausible heating mechanisms have been proposed, but observations have so far been unable to discriminate between them(1). Here we show that coronal heating exhibits scaling properties that should provide a powerful diagnostic of the underlying mechanism. The coronal magnetic field organizes the coronal plasma into loop-like features, which form the basic structural elements of the corona(2). We demonstrate that the pressures and lengths of the coronal loops are statistically related, suggesting that the heating rate scales inversely with approximately the square of the loop length. Existing coronal heating theories make different predictions about what this scaling should he, and a model(3,4) of energy dissipation bg stressed coronal magnetic fields appears at present to be the most consistent with our observational result.
C1 MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP KLIMCHUK, JA (corresponding author), USN, RES LAB, EO HULBURT CTR SPACE RES, CODE 7675JAK, WASHINGTON, DC 20375 USA.
NR 31
TC 62
Z9 64
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 131
EP 133
DI 10.1038/377131a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400041
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KARNI, A
   MEYER, G
   JEZZARD, P
   ADAMS, MM
   TURNER, R
   UNGERLEIDER, LG
AF KARNI, A
   MEYER, G
   JEZZARD, P
   ADAMS, MM
   TURNER, R
   UNGERLEIDER, LG
TI FUNCTIONAL MRI EVIDENCE FOR ADULT MOTOR CORTEX PLASTICITY DURING MOTOR SKILL LEARNING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebral blood-flow; sensory stimulation; time-course; representation; habituation; task
AB PERFORMANCE of complex motor tasks, such as rapid sequences of finger movements, can be improved in terms of speed and accuracy over several weeks by daily practice sessions, This improvement does not generalize to a matched sequence of identical component movements, nor to the contralateral hand, Here we report a study of the neural changes underlying this learning using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of local blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD)(1-4) signals evoked in primary motor cortex (Mi). Before training, a comparable extent of M1 was activated by both sequences, However, two ordering effects were observed: repeating a sequence within a brief time window initially resulted in a smaller area of activation (habituation), but later in a larger area of activation (enhancement), suggesting a switch in M1 processing mode within the first session (fast learning), By week 4 of training, concurrent with asymptotic performance, the extent of cortex activated by the practised sequence enlarged compared with the unpractised sequence, irrespective of order (slow learning), These changes persisted for several months, The results suggest a slowly evolving, long-term, experience-dependent reorganization of the adult M1, which may underlie the acquisition and retention of the motor skill.
C1 NHLBI,CARDIAC ENERGET LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI)
RP KARNI, A (corresponding author), NIMH,NEUROPSYCHOL LAB,BLDG 49,ROOM 1B80,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA.
NR 25
TC 1452
Z9 1664
U1 2
U2 137
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 155
EP 158
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400050
PM 7675082
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STEBBINS, CE
   BORUKHOV, S
   ORLOVA, M
   POLYAKOV, A
   GOLDFARB, A
   DARST, SA
AF STEBBINS, CE
   BORUKHOV, S
   ORLOVA, M
   POLYAKOV, A
   GOLDFARB, A
   DARST, SA
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF THE GREA TRANSCRIPT CLEAVAGE FACTOR FROM ESCHERICHIA-COLI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase; elongation-factor; protein; errors; maps
AB TRANSCRIPTION elongation factors stimulate the activity of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases by increasing the overall elongation rate and the completion of RNA chains. One group of such factors, which includes Escherichia coli GreA, GreB and eukaryotic SII (TFIIS), acts by inducing hydrolytic cleavage of the transcript within the RNA polymerase, followed by relase of the 3'-terminal fragment(1-5). Here we report the crystal structure of GreA at 2.2 Angstrom resolution. The structure contains an amino-terminal domain consisting of an antiparallel alpha-helical coiled-coil dimer which extends into solution, reminiscent of the coiled coil in seryl-tRNA synthetases(6). A site near the tip of the coiled-coil 'finger' plays a direct role in the transcript cleavage reaction by contacting the 3'-end of the transcript. The structure exhibits an unusual asymmetric charge distribution which indicates the manner in which GreA interacts with the RNA polymerase elongation complex.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   PUBL HLTH RES INST CITY NEW YORK INC,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
C3 Rockefeller University
NR 26
TC 122
Z9 136
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 636
EP 640
DI 10.1038/373636a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700061
PM 7854424
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LIU, XY
   BOEK, ES
   BRIELS, WJ
   BENNEMA, P
AF LIU, XY
   BOEK, ES
   BRIELS, WJ
   BENNEMA, P
TI PREDICTION OF CRYSTAL-GROWTH MORPHOLOGY BASED ON STRUCTURAL-ANALYSIS OF THE SOLID-FLUID INTERFACE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics simulations; urea
AB PREDICTING the shape of growing crystals is important for industrial crystallization processes. The equilibrium form of a crystal can be determined unambiguously from a consideration of the surface free energies of the various crystallographic faces {hkl}(1), but the grow th morphology is determined by kinetic factors which are harder to predict. This morphology depends on the relative growth rates R(hld)(rel) of the crystal faces. Several theories have been advanced(2,3) to relate R(hkl)(rel) to geometric or energetic characteristics of the surfaces {hkl}, but these have met with limited success in predicting the crystal morphologies observed. Here we present a theoretical approach to the problem in which R(hkl)(rel) is determined by quantities that are accessible either from kinetic models or from computer simulations of the solid-fluid interface. The important parameters controlling the growth rate are the energy required to create a step at the crystal surface and the free-energy barrier for an adsorbed solute molecule to be incorporated into the crystal. Both can be related to the mole fraction of adsorbed solute molecules in dynamic equilibrium with those in the crystal surface. When this approach is applied to the case of urea crystals grown from aqueous solution, we predict a needle-like shape which is consistent with experimental observations.
C1 SCHLUMBERGER CAMBRIDGE RES LTD,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0EL,ENGLAND.
   UNIV TWENTE,PHYS CHEM LAB,7500 AE ENSCHEDE,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Schlumberger; University of Twente
RP LIU, XY (corresponding author), UNIV NIJMEGEN,DEPT SOLID STATE CHEM,TOERNOOIVELD 1,6525 ED NIJMEGEN,NETHERLANDS.
NR 20
TC 188
Z9 200
U1 0
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6520
BP 342
EP 345
DI 10.1038/374342a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QN630
UT WOS:A1995QN63000054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MANABE, S
   STOUFFER, RJ
AF MANABE, S
   STOUFFER, RJ
TI SIMULATION OF ABRUPT CLIMATE-CHANGE INDUCED BY FRESH-WATER INPUT TO THE NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric co2; thermohaline circulation; greenland ice; model; core
AB TEMPERATURE records from Greenland ice cores(1,2) suggest that large and abrupt changes of North Atlantic climate occurred frequently during both glacial and postglacial periods; one example is the Younger Dryas cold event. Broecker(3) speculated that these changes result from rapid changes in the thermohaline circulation of the Atlantic Ocean, which were caused by the release of large amounts of melt water from continental ice sheets. Here we describe an attempt to explore this intriguing phenomenon using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. In response to a massive surface flux of fresh water to the northern North Atlantic of the model, the thermohaline circulation weakens abruptly, intensifies and weakens again, followed by a gradual recovery, generating episodes that resemble the abrupt changes of the ocean-atmosphere system recorded in ice and deep-sea cores(4). The associated change of surface air temperature is particularly large in the northern North Atlantic Ocean and its neighbourhood, but is relatively small in the rest of the world.
RP MANABE, S (corresponding author), PRINCETON UNIV,NOAA,GEOPHYS FLUID DYNAM LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08542, USA.
NR 21
TC 395
Z9 434
U1 1
U2 55
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 165
EP 167
DI 10.1038/378165a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RAMIREZSOLIS, R
   LIU, PT
   BRADLEY, A
AF RAMIREZSOLIS, R
   LIU, PT
   BRADLEY, A
TI CHROMOSOME ENGINEERING IN MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID site-specific recombination; gene; drosophila; genome; tumors
AB CHROMOSOMAL rearrangements are the major cause of inherited human disease and fetal loss(1). Translocations(2) and loss of heterorygosity(3) are important genetic changes causally involved in neoplasia. Chromosomal variants, such as deficiencies, are commonly exploited in genetic screens in organisms such as Dlosophila because a small portion of the genome is functionally hemizygous(4) In the mouse, deficiencies are not generally available, thus genetic screens for recessive mutations are cumbersome(5). We report here that defined deficiencies, inversions and duplications extending to 3-4 cM can be constructed in embryonic stem cells, This was achieved by consecutive targeting of loxP recombination substrates to thf end points of a genetic interval followed by Cre-induced recombination, This reconstructs a positive selectable marker which facilitates direct selection of clones with a chromosome structure specific to the relative orientation of the loxP sites, Duplication and deletion alleles have been transmitted into the mouse germ line. The availability of mice with defined regions of segmental haploidy will allow their use in genetic screens and enable accurate models of human 'chromosomal' diseases to be generated.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT MOLEC & HUMAN GENET, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   BAYLOR COLL MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 30
TC 401
Z9 474
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 720
EP 724
DI 10.1038/378720a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900053
PM 7501018
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JONTES, JD
   WILSONKUBALEK, EM
   MILLIGAN, RA
AF JONTES, JD
   WILSONKUBALEK, EM
   MILLIGAN, RA
TI A 32-DEGREES TAIL SWING IN BRUSH-BORDER MYOSIN-I ON ADP RELEASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID muscle-contraction; actomyosin atpase; epithelial-cells; actin; calmodulin; protein; complex; organization; cytoskeleton; mechanism
AB BRUSH border myosin I (BBMI) is a single-headed, unconventional myosin from intestinal microvilli, composed of a heavy chain of relative molecular mass 119,000 (M(r) 119K) and three calmodulin light chains(1-3). Although believed to have a largely structural role, it exhibits the normal actin-activated ATPase and motility properties of a member of the myosin superfamily(4,5). Here we present three-dimensional maps of BBMI-decorated actin filaments with and without bound MgADP. While the motor domain remains in a state similar to rigor, the light-chain-binding domain swings through similar to 32 degrees, resulting in a similar to 50-Angstrom movement at the end of the region visualized (the second calmodulin light chain). This could correspond to similar to 72-Angstrom movement of the entire domain, Although qualitatively similar to the movement observed in myosin II6, the magnitude of the change is sufficiently different to suggest that structural changes during the actomyosin ATPase cycle differ among myosins, possibly reflecting adaptation for specialized functional demands.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CELL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute
NR 26
TC 172
Z9 192
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 751
EP 753
DI 10.1038/378751a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900062
PM 7501027
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROJSTACZER, S
   WOLF, S
   MICHEL, R
AF ROJSTACZER, S
   WOLF, S
   MICHEL, R
TI PERMEABILITY ENHANCEMENT IN THE SHALLOW CRUST AS A CAUSE OF EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED HYDROLOGICAL CHANGES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB CHANGES in hydrology, usually involving increases in stream and spring flow, occur in response to large earthquakes. These changes have been attributed to two very different mechanisms: the expulsion of water from the upper or middle crust due to elastic compression(1), or near-surface permeability enhancements(2-4). If the former mechanism is correct, then sampling streams and springs affected by earthquakes may provide information about the nature of fluids at depth. Alternatively, if the changes in hydrology reflect only shallow processes, then the behaviour of these fluids provides insight into the rheological response of the shallow crust to earthquakes. Studies following the 17 October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in California provided a wealth of information regarding changes in stream and spring bow, groundwater how and stream chemistry in the region around the earthquake epicentre(1-4) Here we show that both the initial hydrological response acid the hydrology of the region several years after the earthquake are more readily explained by earthquake-induced enhancements of permeability in the shallow crust that are persistent and widespread.
C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP ROJSTACZER, S (corresponding author), DUKE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,BOX 90230,DURHAM,NC 27708, USA.
NR 11
TC 271
Z9 297
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6511
BP 237
EP 239
DI 10.1038/373237a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QC278
UT WOS:A1995QC27800060
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LAWSON, MA
   MAXFIELD, FR
AF LAWSON, MA
   MAXFIELD, FR
TI CA2+ AND CALCINEURIN-DEPENDENT RECYCLING OF AN INTEGRIN TO THE FRONT OF MIGRATING NEUTROPHILS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymorphonuclear leukocytes; activated platelets; cell-adhesion; alpha-actinin; subunit; vitronectin; receptor; fibronectin; adherence; laminin
AB CHEMOATTRACTANTS stimulate neutrophil migration by activating signalling pathways(1) including repeated transient increases in intracellular free calcium, [Ca2+](i) (refs 2, 3). A motile neutrophil sends out many pseudopods, some of which adhere to the substrate; to continue moving forward the cell must release these attachments(4,5). Adhesion can be actively regulated, and neutrophils in which [Ca2+](i) transients are inhibited become stuck on fibronectin or vitronectin(6,7), extracellular matrix proteins that neutrophils encounter in vivo. Function-blocking antibodies to beta 3 integrins or the alpha v beta 3 heterodimer restore motility on vitronectin to [Ca2+](i)-buffered cells (B, Hendey, M.A.L., E. Marcantonio and F.R.M., manuscript submitted), indicating that an alpha v beta 3-like integrin is responsible for the [Ca2+](i)-sensitive adhesion. We show that the density of alpha v beta 3 integrins in the adherent membrane of neutrophils migrating on vitronectin is much higher at the leading edge than at the rear, but [Ca2+](i) buffering or inhibition of Ca2+-calmodulin-activated protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin) leads to accumulation of alpha v beta 3 on the adherent surface at the rear of the cell. We show that the polarized distribution of alpha v beta 3 integrins in migrating neutrophils is maintained by [Ca2+](i)-dependent release of adhesion followed by endocytosis of these integrins and recycling to the leading edge.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV COLL PHYS & SURG,DEPT PATHOL,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
C3 Columbia University
NR 28
TC 485
Z9 517
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6544
BP 75
EP 79
DI 10.1038/377075a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RT725
UT WOS:A1995RT72500060
PM 7544874
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MENG, J
   WYSS, AR
AF MENG, J
   WYSS, AR
TI MONOTREME AFFINITIES AND LOW-FREQUENCY HEARING SUGGESTED BY MULTITUBERCULATE EAR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammals
AB MULTITUBERCULATES are an extinct, dentally distinctive group of Mesozoic/early Cenozoic mammals of uncertain affinities(1). We report here the discovery of a multituberculate ectotympanic bone, associated with the malleus in original life position, from two exquisitely preserved auditory regions, This documents, to our knowledge for the first time, incorporation of the angular and prearticular bones (jaw components in non-mammalian tetrapods) into the middle ear of multituberculates, favouring the hypothesized single origin of the ossicular chain in mammals(2,3). Morphology and orientation of these elements are strikingly similar to those of the extant egg-laying platypus and echidnas, suggesting a unique common ancestry of these forms(4), an affiliation once generally discredited(5-8) but regaining some recent support(9,10). The structure of these new multituberculate auditory ossicles, in conjuction with a greatly inflated vestibule and an uncoiled cochlea, implies an ear inefficient for reception of high-frequency airborne vibrations but well suited for bone-conducted hearing,
C1 INST VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL & PALEOANTHROPOL,BEIJING,PEOPLES R CHINA.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT GEOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP MENG, J (corresponding author), AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST,DEPT VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL,CENT PK W 79TH ST,NEW YORK,NY 10024, USA.
NR 30
TC 62
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 141
EP 144
DI 10.1038/377141a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400045
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SAUCIER, D
   CAIN, DP
AF SAUCIER, D
   CAIN, DP
TI SPATIAL-LEARNING WITHOUT NMDA RECEPTOR-DEPENDENT LONG-TERM POTENTIATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water-maze; selective impairment; synaptic plasticity; antagonist; memory; rat; blockade; acquisition; mechanisms; npc-17742
AB HIPPOCAMPAL lesions impair spatial learning in the watermaze(1). Drugs that antagonize N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor activity, which is required for long-term potentiation (LTP) at various hippocampal synapses(2-4), block LTP and impair watermaze learning(4-6). This has led to the hypothesis that NMDA receptors, through their involvement in LTP, may be necessary for spatial(4-11) and other forms of learning(12,13). We examined this hypothesis using NPC17742 (2R,4R,5S-2-amino-4,5-(1,2-cyclohexyl)-7-phosphonoheptano acid), a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA receptors(14-17). Here we report that NPC17742 completely blocked dentate gyrus LTP but did not prevent normal spatial learning in rats that had been made familiar with the general task requirements by non-spatial pretraining. Although these results do not rule out a contribution of NMDA-mediated dentate LTP to spatial learning, they indicate that this form of LTP is not required for normal spatial learning in the watermaze.
C1 UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO,GRAD PROGRAM NEUROSCI,LONDON,ON N6A 5C2,CANADA.
C3 Western University (University of Western Ontario)
RP SAUCIER, D (corresponding author), UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO,DEPT PSYCHOL,LONDON,ON N6A 5C2,CANADA.
NR 28
TC 284
Z9 320
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 186
EP 189
DI 10.1038/378186a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900054
PM 7477321
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YAGHI, OM
   LI, GM
   LI, HL
AF YAGHI, OM
   LI, GM
   LI, HL
TI SELECTIVE BINDING AND REMOVAL OF GUESTS IN A MICROPOROUS METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORK
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB MICROPOROUS inorganic materials such as zeolites find widespread application in heterogeneous catalysis, adsorption and ion-exchange processes. The rigidity and stability of such frameworks allow for shape- and size-selective inclusion of organic molecules and ions(1-4). Analogous microporous structures based on organic building blocks have the potential for more precise rational design, through control of the shape, size and functionalization of the pores(5-8). Here we report the synthesis of a metal-organic framework designed to bind aromatic guest molecules selectively. The basic building block is a symmetric organic molecule, which binds metal ions(9,10) to form layers of the metal-organic compound alternating with layers whose composition is determined by the functionalization of the starting molecules. The layers create channels in which guest aromatic molecules may be selectively bound, We show that the crystal lattice thus formed is thermally stable up to 350 degrees C, even after removal of included guest molecules, and that the inclusions can be selectively readsorbed.
RP YAGHI, OM (corresponding author), ARIZONA STATE UNIV,GOLDWATER CTR SCI & ENGN,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,TEMPE,AZ 85287, USA.
NR 13
TC 2677
Z9 3068
U1 81
U2 2316
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 703
EP 706
DI 10.1038/378703a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PERKINS, AC
   SHARPE, AH
   ORKIN, SH
AF PERKINS, AC
   SHARPE, AH
   ORKIN, SH
TI LETHAL BETA-THALASSEMIA IN MICE LACKING THE ERYTHROID CACCC-TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EKLF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human gamma-globin; targeted mutation; mammalian-cells; transgenic mice; factor gata-1; gene; binding; expression; extraction; promoter
AB GLOBIN genes are regulated in a tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific manner, with the beta-globin gene being the last to be activated in the beta-gene cluster(1). CACCC-nucleotide sequences, which bind multiple nuclear proteins, including ubiquitously expressed Sp1 and erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF), are among the cis-regulatory sequences critical for transcription of globin and non-globin erythroid-expressed genes(2-5). To determine the function of EKLF in vivo, we created mice deficient in EKLF by gene targeting(6). These embryos die of anaemia during fetal liver erythropoiesis and show the molecular and haematological features of beta-globin deficiency, found in beta-thalassaemia. Although it is expressed at all stages, EKLF is not required for yolk sac erythropoiesis, erythroid commitment or expression of other potential target genes. Its stage-specific and beta-globin-gene-specific requirement suggests that EKLF may facilitate completion of the fetal-to-adult (haemoglobin gamma to beta) switch in humans.
C1 CHILDRENS HOSP, DIV HEMATOL ONCOL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   DANA FARBER CANC INST, DEPT PEDIAT, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP, SCH MED, DEPT PATHOL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 29
TC 546
Z9 620
U1 1
U2 8
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6529
BP 318
EP 322
DI 
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RA030
UT WOS:A1995RA03000051
PM 7753195
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MONTAGUE, PR
   DAYAN, P
   PERSON, C
   SEJNOWSKI, TJ
AF MONTAGUE, PR
   DAYAN, P
   PERSON, C
   SEJNOWSKI, TJ
TI BEE FORAGING IN UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENTS USING PREDICTIVE HEBBIAN LEARNING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bumble bees; honeybees; choice; behavior; dopamine; reward
AB RECENT work has identified a neuron with widespread projections to odour processing regions of the honeybee brain whose activity represents the reward value of gustatory stimuli(1,2). We have constructed a model of bee foraging in uncertain environments based on this type of neuron and a predictive form of hebbian synaptic plasticity. The model uses visual input from a simulated three-dimensional world and accounts for a wide range of experiments on bee learning during foraging, including risk aversion. The predictive model shows how neuromodulatory influences can be used to bias actions and control synaptic plasticity in a way that goes beyond standard correlational mechanisms. Although several behavioural models of conditioning in bees have been proposed(3-7), this model is based on the neural substrate and was tested in a simulation of bee flight.
C1 MIT,DEPT BRAIN & COGNIT SCI,CBCL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT BIOL,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Salk Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP MONTAGUE, PR (corresponding author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DIV NEUROSCI,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA.
NR 30
TC 217
Z9 243
U1 2
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 725
EP 728
DI 10.1038/377725a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900054
PM 7477260
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ALTABET, MA
   FRANCOIS, R
   MURRAY, DW
   PRELL, WL
AF ALTABET, MA
   FRANCOIS, R
   MURRAY, DW
   PRELL, WL
TI CLIMATE-RELATED VARIATIONS IN DENITRIFICATION IN THE ARABIAN SEA FROM SEDIMENT N-15/N-14 RATIOS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitrogen; ocean; variability; particles; pacific; fluxes
AB DENITRIFICATION-the process by which nitrate is reduced to gaseous nitrogen species (usually N-2 or N2O)-is the dominant mechanism for removal of fixed nitrogen from the biosphere. In the oceans, denitrification is mediated by bacteria in suboxic environments and, by controlling the supply of fixed nitrogen, is an important limiting factor for marine productivity(1-3). Denitrification produces substantial N-15 enrichment in subsurface nitrate(4-6), which is reflected in the isotopic composition of sinking particulate nitrogen(7); sediment N-15/N-14 ratios in regions with suboxic water columns may therefore provide a record of past changes in denitrification intensity. Here we report nitrogen isotope data for sediment cores from three sites in the Arabian Sea. At all three sites we find large, near-synchronous downcore variations in N-15/N-14, which are best explained by regional changes in the isotopic composition of subsurface nitrate, and hence denitrification. Moreover, these variations are synchronous with Milankovitch cycles, thereby establishing a link with climate. We argue that these large, climate-linked variations, in a region that contributes significantly to global marine denitrification, are likely to have perturbed marine biogeochemical cycles during the Late Quaternary period.
C1 BROWN UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912.
C3 Brown University
RP ALTABET, MA (corresponding author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT MARINE CHEM & GEOCHEM,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA.
NR 14
TC 363
Z9 414
U1 1
U2 74
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6514
BP 506
EP 509
DI 10.1038/373506a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QF724
UT WOS:A1995QF72400054
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WU, L
   NIEMEYER, B
   COLLEY, N
   SOCOLICH, M
   ZUKER, CS
AF WU, L
   NIEMEYER, B
   COLLEY, N
   SOCOLICH, M
   ZUKER, CS
TI REGULATION OF PLC-MEDIATED SIGNALING IN-VIVO BY CDP-DIACYLGLYCEROL SYNTHASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinase-c; phosphatidylinositol transfer protein; photoreceptor deactivation; drosophila photoreceptors; diglyceride synthetase; visual transduction; molecular-cloning; phosphatidic-acid; escherichia-coli; gene
AB CDP-diacylglycerol synthase (CDS) is an enzyme required for the regeneration of the signalling molecule phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdlnsP(2)) from phosphatidic acid. A photoreceptor cell-specific isoform of CDS from Drosophila is a key regulator of phototransduction, a G-protein-coupled signalling cascade mediated by phospholipase C, cds mutants cannot sustain a light-activated current as a result of depletion of PtdlnsP(2). Overexpression of CDS increases the amplitude of the light response, demonstrating that availability of PtdlnsP(2) is a determinant in the gain of this pathway. cds mutants undergo light-dependent retinal degeneration which can be suppressed by a mutation in phospholipase C. Thus, enzymes involved in PtdlnsP(2) metabolism regulate phosphoinositide-mediated signalling cascades in vivo.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT NEUROSCI, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY008768] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 151
Z9 160
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6511
BP 216
EP 222
DI 10.1038/373216a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QC278
UT WOS:A1995QC27800054
PM 7816135
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WONG, ROL
   CHERNJAVSKY, A
   SMITH, SJ
   SHATZ, CJ
AF WONG, ROL
   CHERNJAVSKY, A
   SMITH, SJ
   SHATZ, CJ
TI EARLY FUNCTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS IN THE DEVELOPING RETINA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immediate early genes; calcium waves; mammalian retina; ganglion-cells; ferret retina; glutamate; astrocytes; expression; patterns; neurons
AB IN the adult mammalian retina, the principal direction of information flow is along a vertical pathway from photoreceptors to retinal interneurons to ganglion cells, the output neurons of the retina. We report here, however, that initially in development, at a time when the photoreceptors are not yet even present, there are already functionally defined networks within the retina. These networks are spontaneously active rather than visually driven, and they involve horizontal rather than vertical pathways. By means of optical recording using the calcium-sensitive dye Fura-2, we have found that sets of retinal ganglion cells and amacrine cells, a type of retinal interneuron, undergo synchronized oscillations in intracellular calcium concentration, These oscillations are highly correlated among subgroups of neighbouring cells, and spread in a wave-like fashion tangentially across the retina, Thus, in development of retinal circuitry, the initial patterning of neuronal function occurs in the horizontal domain before the adult pattern of vertical information transfer emerges.
C1 STANFORD UNIV, BECKMAN CTR, DEPT PHYSIOL, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT MOLEC & CELL BIOL, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
   STANFORD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT NEUROBIOL, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Stanford University
NR 29
TC 246
Z9 264
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6524
BP 716
EP 718
DI 10.1038/374716a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QU304
UT WOS:A1995QU30400048
PM 7715725
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DEGRAAF, RM
   VISSCHER, J
   SCHWARTZ, AW
AF DEGRAAF, RM
   VISSCHER, J
   SCHWARTZ, AW
TI A PLAUSIBLY PREBIOTIC SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHONIC-ACIDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aqueous formaldehyde; element
AB THE insolubility of calcium phosphate in water is a significant stumbling block in the chemistry required for the origin of life(1). The discovery of alkyl phosphonic acids in the Murchison meteorite(2) suggests the possibility of delivery of these water-soluble, phosphorus-containing molecules by meteorites or comets to the early Earth. This could have provided a supply of organic phosphorus for the earliest stages of chemical evolution; although probably not components of early genetic systems, phosphonic acids may have been precursors to the first nucleic acids(3). Here we report the synthesis of several phosphonic acids, including the most abundant found in the Murchison meteorite, by ultraviolet irradiation of orthophosphorous acid in the presence of formaldehyde, primary alcohols, or acetone, We argue that similar reactions might explain the presence of phosphonic acids in Murchison, and could also have occurred on the prebiotic Earth.
C1 CATHOLIC UNIV NIJMEGEN,FAC SCI,EVOLUT BIOL RES GRP,6525 ED NIJMEGEN,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen
NR 18
TC 66
Z9 74
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 474
EP 477
DI 10.1038/378474a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400065
PM 7477402
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
AF MADDOX, J
TI DIRECTORY TO THE HUMAN GENOME
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 7
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6540
BP 459
EP 460
DI 10.1038/376459a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RN622
UT WOS:A1995RN62200017
PM 7637774
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LIU, GS
   TSIEN, RW
AF LIU, GS
   TSIEN, RW
TI PROPERTIES OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AT SINGLE HIPPOCAMPAL SYNAPTIC BOUTONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; quantal analysis; slices; currents; neurons; variability; miniature; synapses
AB SYNAPTIC transmission between individual presynaptic terminals and postsynaptic dendrites is a fundamental element of communication among central nervous system neurons. Yet little is known about evoked neurotransmission at the level of single presynaptic boutons(1-5). Here we describe key functional characteristics of individual presynaptic boutons of hippocampal neurons in culture. Excitatory postsynaptic currents (e.p.s.cs) were evoked by localized application of elevated K+/Ca2+ solution to single functional boutons, visually identified by staining with the vital dye FM1-43 (refs 6, 7). Frequent repetitive stimulation produced a decline in the incidence of e.p.s.cs as the pool of releasable vesicles was exhausted; typically, recovery proceeded with a time constant of about 40 s (23 degrees C), and involved a vesicular pool capable of generating about 90 e.p.s.cs without recycling. At individual synapses, synaptic currents were broadly distributed in amplitude(1), but this distribution was remarkably similar at multiple synapses on a given postsynaptic neuron. The average size of synaptic currents and of responses to focal glutamate application varied fourfold across different cells, decreasing markedly with increasingly dense synaptic innervation. This raises the possibility of a very effective mechanism for coordinating synaptic strength at multiple sites throughout the dendritic tree.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR PHYSIOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 Stanford University
NR 22
TC 260
Z9 281
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6530
BP 404
EP 408
DI 10.1038/375404a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RB101
UT WOS:A1995RB10100053
PM 7760934
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU IHLE, JN
AF IHLE, JN
TI CYTOKINE RECEPTOR SIGNALING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hematopoietic-cell phosphatase; moth-eaten; gene; phosphorylation; transduction; association; mutations; kinase; ras
AB Many cell functions are regulated by members of the cytokine receptor superfamily. Signalling by these receptors depends upon their association with Janus kinases (JAKs), which couple ligand binding to tyrosine phosphorylation of signalling proteins recruited to the receptor complex. Among these are the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), a family of transcription factors that contribute to the diversity of cytokine responses.
RP IHLE, JN (corresponding author), ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP, 332 N LAUDERDALE, POB 318, MEMPHIS, TN 38101 USA.
NR 93
TC 1125
Z9 1235
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 591
EP 594
DI 10.1038/377591a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500040
PM 7566171
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KELCE, WR
   STONE, CR
   LAWS, SC
   GRAY, LE
   KEMPPAINEN, JA
   WILSON, EM
AF KELCE, WR
   STONE, CR
   LAWS, SC
   GRAY, LE
   KEMPPAINEN, JA
   WILSON, EM
TI PERSISTENT DDT METABOLITE P,P'-DDE IS A POTENT ANDROGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID estrogenic activity; rat; binding; prostate; analogs
AB THE increase in the number of reports of abnormalities in male sex development in wildlife and humans coincided with the introduction of 'oestrogenic' chemicals such as DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) into the environment, Although these phenotypic alterations are thought to be mediated by the oestrogen receptor, they are also consistent with inhibition of androgen receptor-mediated events, Here we report that the major and persistent DDT metabolite, p,p'-DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene), has little ability to bind the oestrogen receptor, but inhibits androgen binding to the androgen receptor, androgen-induced transcriptional activity, and androgen action in developing, pubertal and adult male rats, The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development induced by p,p'-DDE and related environmental chemicals may be mediated at the level of the androgen receptor.
C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,REPROD BIOL LABS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
   UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PEDIAT,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
   UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP KELCE, WR (corresponding author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,REPROD TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA.
NR 29
TC 1294
Z9 1438
U1 1
U2 204
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6532
BP 581
EP 585
DI 10.1038/375581a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RD287
UT WOS:A1995RD28700049
PM 7791873
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COCKS, BG
   CHANG, CCJ
   CARBALLIDO, JM
   YSSEL, H
   DEVRIES, JE
   AVERSA, G
AF COCKS, BG
   CHANG, CCJ
   CARBALLIDO, JM
   YSSEL, H
   DEVRIES, JE
   AVERSA, G
TI A NOVEL RECEPTOR INVOLVED IN T-CELL ACTIVATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monoclonal-antibody; b-cells; proliferation; clones; cd28; cd4+; antigen; cloning; ctla-4; gamma
AB OPTIMAL T-cell activation and T-cell expansion require triggering by T-cell antigen receptors and co-stimulatory signals provided by accessory cells(1-3). A major co-stimulatory pathway involves crosslinking the CD28 molecule on T cells by its ligands CD80 or CD86 expressed on antigen-presenting cells(4-7). But recent studies(8,9) on CD28-deficient mice have indicated that CD28 is not required for all T-cell responses and that additional T-cell costimulatory pathways exist. Here we describe a novel glycoprotein, of relative molecular mass 70,000 (M(r) 70K), designated SLAM, that belongs to the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, which is involved in T-cell stimulation. SLAM is constitutively expressed on peripheral-blood CD45RO(high) memory T cells, T-cell clones, immature thymocytes, and a proportion of B cells, and is rapidly induced on naive T cells after activation. Engagement of SLAM enhances antigen-specific proliferation and cytokine production by T cells carrying the CD4 antigen (CD4(+)). Particularly, the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is strongly upregulated, even in T helper type 2 (Th2) CD4(+) T-cell clones, whereas no induction of interleukin(IL)-4 or IL-5 production was observed in Th1 clones. In addition, the engagement of SLAM induces directly the proliferation of CD4(+) T-cell clones and preactivated T cells, in the absence of any other stimuli, and without CD28 involvement. Thus SLAM is a novel receptor on T cells that, when engaged, potentiates T-cell expansion in a CD28-independent manner and induces a Th0/Th1 cytokine production profile.
C1 DNAX RES INST MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL INC,DEPT HUMAN IMMUNOL,PALO ALTO,CA 94304.
C3 Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.
NR 24
TC 439
Z9 506
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6537
BP 260
EP 263
DI 10.1038/376260a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RK331
UT WOS:A1995RK33100048
PM 7617038
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YU, HT
   SCHREIBER, SL
AF YU, HT
   SCHREIBER, SL
TI STRUCTURE OF GUANINE-NUCLEOTIDE-EXCTRANGE FACTOR HUMAN MSS4 AND IDENTIFICATION OF ITS RAB-INTERACTING SURFACE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding domain; protein; p21
AB GUANINE-NUCLEOTIDE-EXCHANGE factors (GEFs) promote the exchange of GDP for GTP in Ras GTPases, and thereby positively regulate their functions(1,2). Members of the Sec4/Ypt1/Rab branch of the Ras superfamily are essential for vesicular transport(3-6). A GEF for a subset of Rab proteins, termed mammalian suppressor of Sec4 (Mss4), has been identified(7). Here we use multidimensional NMR to determine the structure of human Mss4 (hMss4), which is the first tertiary structure established for a protein with GEF activity. Mss4 contains a central beta-sheet sandwiched between two small sheets. It also binds a Zn ion through Cys 23, Cys 26, Cys 94 and Cys 97. The Rab-binding surface of hMss4 has subsequently been delineated using chemical-shift perturbation experiments and site-directed mutagenesis. The active site of hMss4 involves the Zn2+-binding region and a neighbouring loop.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, DEPT CHEM, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 29
TC 54
Z9 57
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6543
BP 788
EP 791
DI 10.1038/376788a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RR836
UT WOS:A1995RR83600044
PM 7651540
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LI, C
   ULLRICH, B
   ZHANG, JZ
   ANDERSON, RGW
   BROSE, N
   SUDHOF, TC
AF LI, C
   ULLRICH, B
   ZHANG, JZ
   ANDERSON, RGW
   BROSE, N
   SUDHOF, TC
TI CA2+-DEPENDENT AND CA2+-INDEPENDENT ACTIVITIES OF NEURAL AND NONNEURAL SYNAPTOTAGMINS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurotransmitter release; protein; fusion; syntaxin; binding; docking
AB SYNAPTOTAGMINS (Syts) are brain-specific Ca2+/phospholipid-binding proteins(1-5). In hippocampal synapses, Syt I is essential for fast Ca2+-dependent synaptic vesicle exocytosis but not for Ca2+-independent exocytosis(3). In vertebrates and invertebrates(6-9), Syt may therefore participate in Ca2+-dependent synaptic membrane fusion, either by serving as the Ca2+ sensor in the last step of fast Ca2+-triggered neurotransmitter release, or by collaborating with an additional Ca2+ sensor. While Syt I binds Ca2+ (refs 10, 11), its phospholipid binding is triggered at lower calcium concentrations (EC(50)=3-6 mu M) than those required for exocytosis(12). Furthermore, Syts bind clathrin-AP2 with high affinity, indicating that they may play a general role in endocytosis(4,5) rather than being confined to a specialized function in regulated exocytosis(3). Here me resolve this apparent contradiction by describing four Syts, three of which (Syt VI, VII and VIII) are widely expressed in non-neural tissues. All Syts tested share a common domain structure, with a cytoplasmic region composed of two C-2 domains that interacts with clathrin-AP2 (K-d=0.1-1.0 nM) and with neural and non-neural syntaxins. The first C-2 domains of Syt I, II, III, V and VII, but not of IV, VI or VIII, bind phospholipids with a similar Ca2+-concentration dependence (EC(50)=3-6 mu M). The same C-2 domains also bind syntaxin as a function of Ca2+ but the Ca2+-concentration dependence of Syt I, II, and V (>200 mu M) differs from that of Syt III and VII (<10 mu M), Syts therefore appear to be ubiquitous proteins with a role in exocytosis mediated by syntaxin binding. The Ca2+ levels needed to trigger syntaxin binding by the different Syts suggest that they play distinct roles in membrane fusion; the level required by Syt I approximates those required for synaptic exocytosis.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT MOLEC GENET,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT CELL BIOL & NEUROSCI,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DALLAS,TX 75235.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
NR 30
TC 554
Z9 620
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6532
BP 594
EP 599
DI 10.1038/375594a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RD287
UT WOS:A1995RD28700053
PM 7791877
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MANN, ME
   PARK, J
   BRADLEY, RS
AF MANN, ME
   PARK, J
   BRADLEY, RS
TI GLOBAL INTERDECADAL AND CENTURY-SCALE CLIMATE OSCILLATIONS DURING THE PAST 5 CENTURIES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID northern-hemisphere; time-series; temperature; model; fluctuations; circulation; atmosphere
AB The recognition of natural modes of climate variability is essential for a better understanding of the factors that govern climate change. Recent models suggest that interdecadal (roughly 15-35-year period)(1-4) and century-scale (roughly 50-150-year period)(5-7) climate variability may be intrinsic to the natural climate system. While there is some evidence for the existence of interdecadal(8,9) and century-scale(9,10) oscillations in instrumental temperature records, confident detection from these short (100-400-year) records is difficult(11,12). Oscillations on the same timescales(5,13-17) have also been detected in isolated climate-proxy or historical records over longer durations, but the large-scale spatial structure of the variability has not been investigated systematically. Here we report the multivariate analysis of a globally distributed set of temperature proxy records of several centuries duration. The results of our spatio-temporal analysis strengthen evidence for persistent natural interdecadal and century-scale climate oscillations, and reveal both the spatial patterns and temporal histories of these signals.
C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT GEOSCI,AMHERST,MA 01003.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst
RP MANN, ME (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,POB 208109,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520, USA.
NR 28
TC 217
Z9 245
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 266
EP 270
DI 10.1038/378266a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STONE, JM
   XU, JJ
   MUNDY, LG
AF STONE, JM
   XU, JJ
   MUNDY, LG
TI FORMATION OF BULLETS BY HYDRODYNAMICAL INSTABILITIES IN STELLAR OUTFLOWS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interstellar bubbles; protostellar jets; simulations; evolution; dynamics; object; winds
AB IMAGES of young stars(1) and supernova remnants(2) often reveal small, high-density knots of material which are interpreted as 'bullets' ejected by the source and propagating at supersonic speeds into the surrounding interstellar medium. But it is unclear how these bullets could be created and accelerated without disrupting their structure, An alternative interpretation of these features is that they condense in situ in high-velocity stellar winds as a result of hydrodynamical instabilities-such mechanisms have been proposed to explain the condensations seen in supernova ejecta(3), and may also operate in planetary nebulae. Here we show that similar processes can also form bullets in the poorly collimated winds from young stars, We therefore suggest that bullets associated with outflow sources should not, in general, be ascribed to explosive events at the source; rather, they form as a direct result of the interaction between the outflowing gas and the surrounding medium.
RP STONE, JM (corresponding author), UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ASTRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742, USA.
NR 32
TC 84
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 315
EP 317
DI 10.1038/377315a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CASSE, M
   LEHOUCQ, R
   VANGIONIFLAM, E
AF CASSE, M
   LEHOUCQ, R
   VANGIONIFLAM, E
TI PRODUCTION AND EVOLUTION OF LIGHT-ELEMENTS IN ACTIVE STAR-FORMING REGIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID massive stars; cosmic-rays; gamma-rays; solar; models
AB COLLISIONS between cosmic rays (energetic protons and alpha-particles) and carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in the interstellar medium have been considered(1) to be the main source of lithium, beryllium and boron, through fragmentation of the larger nuclei. But this mechanism is unable to account for the observed Solar System abundances of the isotopes Li-7 and B-11. The recent detection of an excess of gamma-rays(2) in the direction of the star-forming region in the Orion cloud has been interpreted(3) as arising from the excitation of carbon and oxygen nuclei ejected from supernovae when they collide with the surrounding gas, which is primarily molecular and atomic hydrogen. Here we investigate the consequences of the two-body interactions of the ejected carbon and oxygen nuclei (and the alpha-particles ejected with them) with the hydrogen and helium in the surrounding gas, using a model developed previously(4-6). We show that these interactions offer a way to make lithium, beryllium and boron that is independent of the abundance of heavy elements in the surrounding medium. Such supernova-driven interactions, combined with the effect of galactic cosmic rays, can explain the observed Solar System abundances of these light elements.
C1 CNRS,INST ASTROPHYS PARIS,F-75014 PARIS,FRANCE.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP CASSE, M (corresponding author), CTR ETUD SACLAY,DSM,DAPNIA,SERV ASTROPHYS,F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
NR 28
TC 117
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 318
EP 319
DI 10.1038/373318a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400050
PM 7830765
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COLLINS, JJ
   CHOW, CC
   IMHOFF, TT
AF COLLINS, JJ
   CHOW, CC
   IMHOFF, TT
TI STOCHASTIC RESONANCE WITHOUT TUNING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bistable systems; noise; information; simulation; dynamics; neurons
AB STOCHASTIC resonance(1-4) (SR) is a phenomenon wherein the response of a nonlinear system to a weak periodic input signal is optimized by the presence of a particular, non-zero level of noises(5-7). SR has been proposed as a means for improving signal detection in a wide variety of systems, including superconducting quantum interference devices(8), and may be used in some natural systems such as sensory neurons(9-15). But for SR to be effective in a single-unit system (such as a sensory neuron or a single ion channel), the optimal intensity of the noise must be adjusted as the nature of the signal to be detected changes(15). This has been thought to impose a limitation on the practical and natural uses of SR. Here we show that the ability of a summing network of excitable units to detect a range of weak (sub-threshold) signals (either periodic or aperiodic) can be optimized by a fixed level of noise, irrespective of the nature of the input signal. We also show that this noise does not significantly degrade the ability of the network to detect suprathreshold signals. Thus, large nonlinear networks do not suffer from the limitations of SR in single units, and might be able to use a single noise level, such as that provided by the intrinsic noise of the individual components, to enhance the system's sensitivity to weak inputs. This suggests a functional role for neuronal noise(14,16-18) in sensory systems.
C1 BOSTON UNIV, DEPT BIOMED ENGN, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Boston University
RP COLLINS, JJ (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV, NEUROMUSCULAR RES CTR, 44 CUMMINGTON ST, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA.
NR 35
TC 724
Z9 780
U1 0
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6537
BP 236
EP 238
DI 10.1038/376236a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RK331
UT WOS:A1995RK33100040
PM 7617033
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KOBE, B
   DEISENHOFER, J
AF KOBE, B
   DEISENHOFER, J
TI A STRUCTURAL BASIS OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN LEUCINE-RICH REPEATS AND PROTEIN LIGANDS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID porcine ribonuclease inhibitor; crystal-structure; motif
AB THE leucine-rich repeat is a recently characterized structural motif(1) used in molecular recognition processes as diverse as signal transduction, cell adhesion, cell development, DNA repair and RNA processing(2). We present here the crystal structure at 2.5 Angstrom resolution of the complex between ribonuclease A and ribonculease inhibitor, a protein built entirely of leucine-rich repeats, The unusual non-globular structure of ribonuclease inhibitor, its solvent-exposed parallel beta-sheet and the conformational flexibility of the structure are used in the interaction; they appear to be the principal reasons for the effectiveness of leucine-rich repeats as protein-binding motifs, The structure can serve as a model for the interactions of other proteins containing leucine-rich repeats with their ligands.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,DALLAS,TX 75235.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
NR 30
TC 590
Z9 669
U1 0
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 183
EP 186
DI 10.1038/374183a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700065
PM 7877692
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TJOELKER, LW
   WILDER, C
   EBERHARDT, C
   STAFFORINI, DM
   DIETSCH, G
   SCHIMPF, B
   HOOPER, S
   LETRONG, H
   COUSENS, LS
   ZIMMERMAN, GA
   YAMADA, Y
   MCINTYRE, TM
   PRESCOTT, SM
   GRAY, PW
AF TJOELKER, LW
   WILDER, C
   EBERHARDT, C
   STAFFORINI, DM
   DIETSCH, G
   SCHIMPF, B
   HOOPER, S
   LETRONG, H
   COUSENS, LS
   ZIMMERMAN, GA
   YAMADA, Y
   MCINTYRE, TM
   PRESCOTT, SM
   GRAY, PW
TI ANTIINFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF A PLATELET-ACTIVATING-FACTOR ACETYLHYDROLASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paf acetylhydrolase; plasma; cells; phospholipids; secrete; release
AB PLATELET-ACTIVATING factor (PAF) is a potent pro-inflammatory phospholipid that activates cells involved in inflammation(1,2). The biological activity of PAF depends on its structural features, namely an ether linkage at the sn-1 position and an acetate group at the sn-2 position. The actions of PAF are abolished by hydrolysis of the acetyl residue, a reaction catalysed by PAF acetylhydrolase. There are at least two forms of this enzyme-one intracellular and another that circulates in plasma and is likely to regulate inflammation. Here we report the molecular cloning and characterization of the human plasma PAF acetylhydrolase. The unique sequence contains a Gly-Xaa-Ser-Xaa-Gly motif commonly found in lipases. Recombinant PAF acetylhydrolase has the substrate specificity and lipoprotein association of the native enzyme, and blocks inflammation in vivo: it markedly decreases vascular leakage in pleurisy and paw oedema, suggesting that PAF acetylhydrolase might be a useful therapy for severe acute inflammation.
C1 UNIV UTAH,ECCLES INST HUMAN GENET,PROGRAM HUMAN MOLEC BIOL & GENET,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112.
   UNIV UTAH,INST CARDIOVASC RES & TRAINING,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112.
   ICOS CORP,BOTHELL,WA 98021.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Icos Corporation
NR 27
TC 462
Z9 528
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 549
EP 553
DI 10.1038/374549a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900054
PM 7700381
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHOPRA, NG
   BENEDICT, LX
   CRESPI, VH
   COHEN, ML
   LOUIE, SG
   ZETTL, A
AF CHOPRA, NG
   BENEDICT, LX
   CRESPI, VH
   COHEN, ML
   LOUIE, SG
   ZETTL, A
TI FULLY COLLAPSED CARBON NANOTUBES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID graphite; energetics; growth
AB IT has been suggested(1) that the tensile strength of carbon nanotubes(2) might exceed that of other known fibres because of the inherent strength of the carbon-carbon bond. Calculations of the elastic properties of nanotubes confirm that they are extremely rigid in the axial direction and are most likely to distort perpendicular to the axis(3,4). Carbon nanotubes with localized kinks and bends(5,6), as well as minor radial deformations(7,8), have been observed. Here we report the existence of multi-shelled carbon nanotubes whose overall geometry differs radically from that of a straight, hollow cylinder. Our observations reveal nanotubes that have suffered complete collapse along their length. Theoretical modelling demonstrates that, for a given range of tube parameters, a completely collapsed nanotube is favoured energetically over the more familiar 'inflated' form with a circular cross-section.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,DIV MAT SCI, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP CHOPRA, NG (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT PHYS, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
NR 20
TC 457
Z9 498
U1 1
U2 121
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 135
EP 138
DI 10.1038/377135a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400043
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BIRKHEAD, TR
   FLETCHER, F
   PELLATT, EJ
   STAPLES, A
AF BIRKHEAD, TR
   FLETCHER, F
   PELLATT, EJ
   STAPLES, A
TI EJACULATE QUALITY AND THE SUCCESS OF EXTRA-PAIR COPULATIONS IN THE ZEBRA FINCH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sperm competition; males
AB IN many passerine birds, sperm competition(1,2) is intense and extrapair paternity frequent(3). The outcome of competition is often determined by relative sperm numbers(4,5), theory predicts that males should maximize the number of sperm they ejaculate during extra-pair copulations(6,7). Differences In sperm quality between males also affect the outcome of sperm competition(4). Here we report that the swimming velocity of sperm of the zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata, varies predictably within males, and is determined, together with sperm numbers, by the time since last ejaculation. By performing extra-pair copulations outside their own-pair copulation period, males maximize both the quality and number of sperm in ejaculates. These effects are a consequence of the way sperm are stored and mature in the male reproductive tract. The disportionate success of extra-pair copulations(8), also seen in other birds(9), may therefore be explained in terms of the independent effects of sperm numbers and velocity.
RP BIRKHEAD, TR (corresponding author), UNIV SHEFFIELD,DEPT ANIM & PLANT SCI,SHEFFIELD S10 2TN,S YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
NR 21
TC 103
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 56
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 422
EP 423
DI 10.1038/377422a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000047
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SLOAN, VS
   CAMERON, P
   PORTER, G
   GAMMON, M
   AMAYA, M
   MELLINS, E
   ZALLER, DM
AF SLOAN, VS
   CAMERON, P
   PORTER, G
   GAMMON, M
   AMAYA, M
   MELLINS, E
   ZALLER, DM
TI MEDIATION BY HLA-DM OF DISSOCIATION OF PEPTIDES FROM HLA-DR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen-processing mutant; major histocompatibility complex; invariant chain peptides; class-ii molecules; genes; cells
AB HUMAN leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DM is an unconventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II heterodimer that is important for B-cell-mediated antigen processing and presentation to MHC class II-restricted T cells(1-12). HLA-DM is encoded by two genes, DMA and DMB, which map to the MHC class II region(1), and shares some homology with MHC class I and class II proteins(2,3). Here we define the biochemical role of HLA-DM. Recombinant soluble HLA-DM heterodimers have been purified from culture supernatants of insect cell transformants. At pH 5.0, they induce the dissociation of a subset of peptides bound to HLA-DR, including a nested set of class-II-associated invariant chain peptides (CLIP). This process liberates HLA-DR and leads to the enhanced binding of exogenous peptides.
C1 MERCK & CO INC,RES LABS,DEPT MOLEC IMMUNOL,RAHWAY,NJ 07065.
   MERCK & CO INC,RES LABS,DEPT AUTOIMMUNE DIS RES,RAHWAY,NJ 07065.
   MERCK & CO INC,RES LABS,DEPT MOLEC DESIGN & DIVERS,RAHWAY,NJ 07065.
   CHILDRENS HOSP PHILADELPHIA,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
C3 Merck & Company; Merck & Company USA; Merck & Company; Merck & Company USA; Merck & Company; Merck & Company USA; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia
NR 30
TC 501
Z9 550
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 802
EP 806
DI 10.1038/375802a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900082
PM 7596415
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TROTTIER, Y
   LUTZ, Y
   STEVANIN, G
   IMBERT, G
   DEVYS, D
   CANCEL, G
   SAUDOU, F
   WEBER, C
   DAVID, G
   TORA, L
   AGID, Y
   BRICE, A
   MANDEL, JL
AF TROTTIER, Y
   LUTZ, Y
   STEVANIN, G
   IMBERT, G
   DEVYS, D
   CANCEL, G
   SAUDOU, F
   WEBER, C
   DAVID, G
   TORA, L
   AGID, Y
   BRICE, A
   MANDEL, JL
TI POLYGLUTAMINE EXPANSION AS A PATHOLOGICAL EPITOPE IN HUNTINGTONS-DISEASE AND 4 DOMINANT CEREBELLAR ATAXIAS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID locus
AB A POLYGLUTAMINE expansion (encoded by a CAG repeat) in specific proteins causes neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease (HD) and four other disorders(1-6), by an unknown mechanism thought to involve gain of function or toxicity of the mutated protein(7,8). The pathological threshold is 37-40 glutamines in three of these diseases, whereas the corresponding normal proteins contain polymorphic repeats of up to about 35 glutamines(1-3). The age of onset of clinical manifestations is inversely correlated to the length of the polyglutamine expansion. Here we report the characterization of a monoclonal antibody that selectively recognizes polyglutamine expansion in the proteins implicated in HD and in spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) 1 and 3. The intensity of signal depends on the length of the polyglutamine expansion, and the antibody also detects specific pathological proteins expected to contain such expansion, in SCA2 and in autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia with retinal degeneration, whose genes have not yet been identified(9-13).
C1 ULP,CNRS,INSERM,INST GENET & BIOL MOLEC CELLULAIRE,F-67404 ILLKIRCH GRAFFENS,FRANCE.
   HOP LA PITIE SALPETRIERE,INSERM,U289,F-75651 PARIS 13,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Sorbonne Universite; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Pitie-Salpetriere - APHP
NR 31
TC 587
Z9 653
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 403
EP 406
DI 10.1038/378403a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300063
PM 7477379
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MARDEN, JH
   KRAMER, MG
AF MARDEN, JH
   KRAMER, MG
TI LOCOMOTOR PERFORMANCE OF INSECTS WITH RUDIMENTARY WINGS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution
AB THE evolution of flight in insects triggered an unparalleled radiation and diversification such that flying insects comprise approximately two-thirds of all species(1), yet a gap in the fossil record obscures the origins of wings and flight(2). Among modern insects, stoneflies are morphologically primitive for several flight-related traits, which makes their locomotor behaviour and physiology of particular interest(3). Here we show that Allocapnia vivipara stoneflies use a non-flying form of aerodynamic locomotion which may exemplify a precursor to flight. They raise their wings in response to wind, thereby sailing across water surfaces, but they are incapable of flapping. Sailing performance improves steadily with increasing wing size, and even the smallest wings significantly increase sailing velocity compared to wingless individuals. Performance during aerial gliding is less affected by wing size, which suggests that sailing is a more plausible setting for wing evolution. These results support the hypothesis that insect wings evolved from articulated gill plates of aquatic ancestors through an intermediate semi-aquatic stage(4).
RP MARDEN, JH (corresponding author), PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,208 MUELLER LAB,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA.
NR 12
TC 33
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 332
EP 334
DI 10.1038/377332a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LUNDBLAD, JR
   KWOK, RPS
   LAURANCE, ME
   HARTER, ML
   GOODMAN, RH
AF LUNDBLAD, JR
   KWOK, RPS
   LAURANCE, ME
   HARTER, ML
   GOODMAN, RH
TI ADENOVIRAL E1A-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN P300 AS A FUNCTIONAL HOMOLOG OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATOR CBP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID region 1a proteins; escherichia-coli; promoter; identification; association; binds; gene
AB THE 265K nuclear protein CBP was initially identified as a coactivator for the protein kinase A (PKA)-phosphorylated form of the transcription factor CREB(1). The domains in CBP that are involved in CREB binding and transcriptional activation are highly related to the adenoviral E1A-associated cellular protein p300 (refs 2, 3), and to two hypothetical proteins from Caenorhabditis elegans, R10E11.1 and K03H1.10 (refs 4 and 5, respectively), whose functions are unknown. Here, we show that CBP and p300 have similar binding affinity for the PKA-phosphorylated form of CREB, and that p300 can substitute for CBP in potentiating CREB-activated gene expression. We find that E1A binds to CBP through a domain conserved with p300 acid represses the CREB-dependent co-activator functions of both CBP and p300. Our results indicate that the gene repression and cell immortalization functions associated with E1A involve the inactivation of a family of related proteins that normally participate in second-messenger-regulated gene expression.
C1 OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,VOLLUM INST,PORTLAND,OR 97201.
   CLEVELAND CLIN,RES INST,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,CLEVELAND,OH 44195.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Cleveland Clinic Foundation
NR 21
TC 544
Z9 597
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 85
EP 88
DI 10.1038/374085a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900059
PM 7870179
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CARPENTER, RHS
   WILLIAMS, MLL
AF CARPENTER, RHS
   WILLIAMS, MLL
TI NEURAL COMPUTATION OF LOG LIKELIHOOD IN CONTROL OF SACCADIC EYE-MOVEMENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID short reaction-times; express saccades; latency; monkey; field
AB THE latency between the appearance of a visual target and the start of the saccadic eye movement made to look at it varies from trial to trial to an extent that is inexplicable in terms of ordinary 'physiological' processes such as synaptic delays and conduction velocities. An alternative interpretation is that it represents the time needed to decide whether a target is in fact present: decision processes are necessarily stochastic, because they depend on extracting information from noisy sensory signals(1), In one such model(2), the presence of a target causes a signal in a decision unit to rise linearly at a rate r from its initial value s(0) until it reaches a fixed threshold theta, when a saccade is initiated, One can regard this decision signal as a neural estimate of the log likelihood of the hypothesis that the target is present, the threshold being the significance criterion or likelihood level at which the target is presumed to be present, Experiments manipulating the prior probability of the target's appearing confirm this notion: the latency distribution then changes in the way expected if s(0) simply reflects the prior log likelihood of the stimulus.
RP CARPENTER, RHS (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE, PHYSIOL LAB, DOWNING ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EG, ENGLAND.
NR 19
TC 690
Z9 760
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6544
BP 59
EP 62
DI 10.1038/377059a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RT725
UT WOS:A1995RT72500055
PM 7659161
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WIJGERDE, M
   GROSVELD, F
   FRASER, P
AF WIJGERDE, M
   GROSVELD, F
   FRASER, P
TI TRANSCRIPTION COMPLEX STABILITY AND CHROMATIN DYNAMICS IN-VIVO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-globin gene; dominant control region; locus-control region; transgenic mice; developmental regulation; hypersensitive site; activation-region; erythroid-cells; expression; enhancer
AB Distant regulatory sequences affect transcription through long-range chromatin interactions. Visualization of transcriptional activity of genes that compete for distant elements, using the globin locus as a model, has revealed the dynamics of chromatin Interactions in vivo. Multiple genes appear to be transcribed alternately rather than at the same time to generate several messenger RNAs in one cell. The regulator may stably complex with one gene at a time and switch back and forth between genes in a flip-flop mechanism.
C1 NATL INST MED RES,GENE STRUCT & EXPRESS LAB,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP WIJGERDE, M (corresponding author), ERASMUS UNIV ROTTERDAM,MGC DEPT CELL BIOL & GENET,3015 GE ROTTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
NR 36
TC 426
Z9 461
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 209
EP 213
DI 10.1038/377209a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200031
PM 7675106
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SHIMIZU, N
   SOBOLEV, NV
AF SHIMIZU, N
   SOBOLEV, NV
TI YOUNG PERIDOTITIC DIAMONDS FROM THE MIR KIMBERLITE PIPE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trace-elements; inclusions; mantle; lithosphere; origin; pb
AB MINERAL inclusions in diamonds contained in the explosive volcanic rocks known as kimberlites provide an important record of geochemical processes in the continental lithosphere. Samarium-neodymium model ages as old as 3.2 Gyr have been obtained for many peridotitic mineral inclusions(1-4), pointing to the great antiquity of the host 'peridotitic' diamonds (relative to the age of the associated kimberlites) and hence an extended period of residence in the sub-continental mantle. Here we report trace-element data from garnet inclusions in peridotitic diamonds from the Mir kimberlite pipe, Siberia, which appear to be inconsistent with this interpretation. The heterogeneous distribution of tine trace elements both within and among discrete garnets from single diamonds are indicative of rapid crystal growth leading to solid-melt disequilibrium on a local scale. The conditions for survival of these heterogeneities within individual garnet crystals are tightly constrained by diffusion kinetics, which would rapidly homogenize the trace-element distributions in the sub-continental mantle. Thus, while it seems clear that peridotitic diamonds and their inclusions are derived from ancient lithospheric material, our data require that they crystallized shortly before the eruption of the kimberlite 360 Myr ago(5).
C1 RUSSIAN ACAD SCI, INST MINERAL & PETROG, NOVOSIBIRSK, RUSSIA.
   UNION COLL, DEPT GEOL, SCHENECTADY, NY 12308 USA.
C3 Russian Academy of Sciences; Sobolev Institute of Geology & Mineralogy of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Union College
RP SHIMIZU, N (corresponding author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA.
NR 21
TC 91
Z9 96
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6530
BP 394
EP 397
DI 10.1038/375394a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RB101
UT WOS:A1995RB10100050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NOAKES, PG
   GAUTAM, M
   MUDD, J
   SANES, JR
   MERLIE, JP
AF NOAKES, PG
   GAUTAM, M
   MUDD, J
   SANES, JR
   MERLIE, JP
TI ABERRANT DIFFERENTIATION OF NEUROMUSCULAR-JUNCTIONS IN MICE LACKING S-LAMININ LAMININ BETA-2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID original synaptic sites; acetylcholine-receptor; skeletal-muscle; basal lamina; protein; identification; innervation; synapsin; regions; cells
AB SYNAPSE formation requires a complex interchange of information between the pre- and postsynaptic partners. At the skeletal neuromuscular junction, some of this information is contained in the basal lamina (BL), which runs through the synaptic cleft between the motor nerve terminal and the muscle fibre. During regeneration following injury, components of synaptic BL can trigger several features of postsynaptic differentiation in the absence of the nerve terminal, and of presynaptic differentiation in the absence of the muscle fibre(1-3). One nerve-derived component of synaptic BL, agrin, is known to affect postsynaptic differentiation3, but no muscle-derived components have yet been shown to influence motor nerve terminals. A candidate for such a role is s-laminin (also called laminin beta 2), a homologue of the B1 (beta 1) chain of the widely distributed BL glycoprotein, laminin(30). s-laminin is synthesized by muscle cells(5) and concentrated in synaptic BL(4). In vitro, recombinant s-laminin fragments are selectively adhesive for motor neuron-like cells, inhibit neurite outgrowth promoted by other matrix molecules, and act as a 'stop signal' for growing neurites(6,7). By generating and characterizing mice with a targeted mutation of the s-laminin gene, we show here that s-laminin regulates formation of motor nerve terminals.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MOLEC BIOL & PHARMACOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT & NEUROBIOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
NR 30
TC 409
Z9 449
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6519
BP 258
EP 262
DI 10.1038/374258a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QM387
UT WOS:A1995QM38700049
PM 7885444
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU COHEN, S
AF COHEN, S
TI TIME TO RELAX RESEARCH USE OF PATENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The conditions under which research is exempt from European patent law are ambiguous, and current judicial interpretation is too restrictive. A more liberal approach would be a welcome boost to small research-based companies.
RP COHEN, S (corresponding author), TAYLOR JOYNSON GARRETT,50 VICTORIA EMBANKMENT,LONDON EC4Y 0DX,ENGLAND.
NR 2
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6541
BP 622
EP 622
DI 10.1038/376622a0
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RP756
UT WOS:A1995RP75600060
PM 7637816
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MOSHCHALKOV, VV
   GIELEN, L
   STRUNK, C
   JONCKHEERE, R
   QIU, X
   VANHAESENDONCK, C
   BRUYNSERAEDE, Y
AF MOSHCHALKOV, VV
   GIELEN, L
   STRUNK, C
   JONCKHEERE, R
   QIU, X
   VANHAESENDONCK, C
   BRUYNSERAEDE, Y
TI EFFECT OF SAMPLE TOPOLOGY ON THE CRITICAL FIELDS OF MESOSCOPIC SUPERCONDUCTORS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE superconducting state of a material can be suppressed by either increasing the temperature (T) or applying a magnetic field (H). For bulk samples, the form of the H-T phase boundary is mainly determined by the material itself; sample topology can be neglected because the surface-to-volume ratio is small(1). But for mesoscopic samples, this ratio becomes very large and nucleation of the superconducting state should depend strongly on the boundary conditions imposed by the sample shape, analogous to the role of the confining potential on the energy levels in the quantum-mechanical 'particle-in-a-box' problem(2). Here we describe measurements of the superconducting H-T phase boundary of a range of mesoscopic aluminium structures (lines, squares and square rings) which show clearly the effect of sample topology. The H-T phase boundaries determined experimentally are in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations.
C1 INTERUNIV MICROELECTR CTR, B-3001 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
C3 Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre
RP MOSHCHALKOV, VV (corresponding author), KATHOLIEKE UNIV LEUVEN, VASTE STOF FYS MAGNETISME LAB, CELESTIJNENLAAN 200 D, B-3001 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
NR 14
TC 347
Z9 359
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 319
EP 322
DI 10.1038/373319a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LUNA, RMD
   WAGNER, DS
   LOZANO, G
AF LUNA, RMD
   WAGNER, DS
   LOZANO, G
TI RESCUE OF EARLY EMBRYONIC LETHALITY IN MDM2-DEFICIENT MICE BY DELETION OF P53
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wild-type p53; mdm-2 oncogene; protein; apoptosis; protooncogene; irradiation; activation; disruption; radiation; cells
AB THE gene p53 encodes a transcriptional activator(1,2) of genes involved in growth arrest(3,4), DNA repair(5) and apoptosis(6-8). Loss p53 function contributes to tumor development in vivo(9-11). The transcriptional activation function of p53 is inactivated by interaction with the mdm2 gene product(11-14). Amplification of mdm2 has been observed in 36% of human sarcomas, indicating that it may represent an alternative mechanism of preventing p53 function in tumor development(15). To study mdm2 function in vivo, we generated an mdm2 null allele by homologous recombination. Mdm2 null mice are not viable, and further analysis revealed embryonic lethality around implantation. To examine the importance of the interaction of MDM2 with p53 in vivo, we crossed mice heterozygous for mdm2 null alleles. Rescue of the mdm2(-/-) lethality in a p53 null background suggests that a critical in vivo function of MDM2 is the negative regulation of p53 activity.
C1 UNIV TEXAS, MD ANDERSON CANC CTR, DEPT MOLEC GENET, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   UNIV TEXAS, MD ANDERSON CANC CTR, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center
NR 27
TC 1160
Z9 1368
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 203
EP 206
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900059
PM 7477326
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PARVIN, JD
   MCCORMICK, RJ
   SHARP, PA
   FISHER, DE
AF PARVIN, JD
   MCCORMICK, RJ
   SHARP, PA
   FISHER, DE
TI PRE-BENDING OF A PROMOTER SEQUENCE ENHANCES AFFINITY FOR THE TATA-BINDING FACTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; minor-groove; box complex; tfiid binds; dna; protein; elements
AB TATA-binding protein (TBP) binds the minor groove of the TATA element with the DNA bent 80 degrees towards the major groove(1-4). A constrained minicircle strategy(5) has been used to test the effect of DNA topology on the affinity of TBP for the TATA element. We report here that TBP bound to DNA which was slightly pre-bent towards the major groove with 100-fold higher affinity than unbent (linear) DNA of identical sequence and 300-foId higher affinity than DNA pre-bent towards the minor groove, Similar discrimination was observed with the holo-TFIID transcription complex. DNA topology, particularly bending, is determined by many factors including chromatin in cells and may, through changes in the affinity of the TATA factor, be important in the control of transcription.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DANA FARBER CANC INST,DIV PEDIAT ONCOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   MIT,CTR CANC RES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
NR 19
TC 168
Z9 183
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 724
EP 727
DI 10.1038/373724a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800062
PM 7854460
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU IZAURRALDE, E
   LEWIS, J
   GAMBERI, C
   JARMOLOWSKI, A
   MCGUIGAN, C
   MATTAJ, IW
AF IZAURRALDE, E
   LEWIS, J
   GAMBERI, C
   JARMOLOWSKI, A
   MCGUIGAN, C
   MATTAJ, IW
TI A CAP-BINDING PROTEIN COMPLEX MEDIATING U SNRNA EXPORT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna precursors; recognition; invitro; nucleus
AB CAP structures are added cotranscriptionally to all RNA polymerase II transcripts(1,2). They affect several processes including RNA stability(3-5), pre-messenger RNA splicing(6-11), RNA export from the nucleus(12-14) and translation initiation(15-17). The effect of the cap on translation is mediated by the initiation factor eIF-4F (refs 15-19), whereas the effect on pre-mRNA splicing involves a nuclear complex (CBC) composed of two cap binding proteins, CBP80 and CBP20(11). A role for CBC in the nuclear export of capped RNAs has also been proposed(11,13), We report here the characterization of human and Xenopus CBP20s. Antibodies against recombinant CBP20 prevent interaction of CBC with capped RNAs in vitro. Following microinjection into Xenopus oocytes, the antibodies inhibit both pre-mRNA splicing and export of U small nuclear RNAs to the cytoplasm, These results demonstrate that CBC mediates the effect of the cap structure in U snRNA export, and provide direct evidence for the involvement of a cellular RNA-binding factor in the transport of RNA to the cytoplasm.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,D-69117 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
NR 30
TC 306
Z9 360
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6542
BP 709
EP 712
DI 10.1038/376709a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RQ672
UT WOS:A1995RQ67200066
PM 7651522
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KIEFHABER, T
   LABHARDT, AM
   BALDWIN, RL
AF KIEFHABER, T
   LABHARDT, AM
   BALDWIN, RL
TI DIRECT NMR EVIDENCE FOR AN INTERMEDIATE PRECEDING THE RATE-LIMITING STEP IN THE UNFOLDING OF RIBONUCLEASE-A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID structural characterization; transition-state; protein; lysozyme
AB IT is commonly believed that there are no detectable intermediates in the kinetic unfolding reactions of small proteins(1-6). If such intermediates could be found, they would give important information about the nature of the transition state for unfolding, which is thought to occur close to the native state. We report here that one-dimensional proton magnetic resonance spectra recorded during the unfolding of ribonuclease A provide direct evidence for at least one unfolding intermediate in which side chains are free to rotate. This intermediate appears to be a 'dry molten globule' of the kind hypothesized by Shakhnovich and Finkelstein(7).
C1 F HOFFMANN LA ROCHE & CO LTD,PHARMA RES NEW TECHNOL,CH-4002 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
   STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 Roche Holding; Stanford University
RP KIEFHABER, T (corresponding author), UNIV BASEL,BIOCTR,BIOPHYS CHEM ABT,KLINGELBERGSTR 70,CH-4056 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
NR 17
TC 148
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6531
BP 513
EP 515
DI 10.1038/375513a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RC188
UT WOS:A1995RC18800055
PM 7777063
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NORELL, MA
   CLARK, JM
   CHIAPPE, LM
   DASHZEVEG, D
AF NORELL, MA
   CLARK, JM
   CHIAPPE, LM
   DASHZEVEG, D
TI A NESTING DINOSAUR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB A SPECTACULAR fossil specimen that suggests the presence of an avian type of nesting behaviour in oviraptorids, a clade of non-avian maniraptoran theropods, is reported here. The substantial evidence indicating that birds are a type of theropod dinosaur has led to copious discussion concerning the origin and possible presence of advanced avian reproductive behaviour in non-avian dinosaurs, Although the inference of behaviour from fossils is problematic, some remarkable discoveries, such as the incontrovertible evidence of dinosaur nests(1), and more controversial claims made on the basis of dinosaur nesting grounds(2) and juvenile morphology(3), hint at the occurrence of advanced reproductive behaviour in a variety of non-avian dinosaurs. But there is no direct fossil evidence implying advanced parental systems such as those found in modern birds. The closest associations between presumed parents and nests occur in oviraptorid dinosaurs from Late Cretaceous deposits of the Gobi Desert(4,5). The specimen described here is the first preserved well enough to determine its precise relationship with the nest, It is a large oviraptorid positioned over a nest of oviraptorid eggs in the same posture taken by many living birds when brooding. This provides the strongest evidence yet for the presence of avian brooding behaviour in non-avian dinosaurs.
C1 GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, WASHINGTON, DC 20052 USA.
   AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST, DEPT ORNITHOL, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA.
   MONGOLIAN ACAD SCI, INST GEOL, ULAANBAATAR 11, MONGOLIA.
C3 George Washington University; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); Mongolian Academy of Sciences
RP NORELL, MA (corresponding author), GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV, DEPT VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL, LISNER HALL 307, 2023 G ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20052 USA.
NR 18
TC 238
Z9 271
U1 1
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6559
BP 774
EP 776
DI 10.1038/378774a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TL419
UT WOS:A1995TL41900024
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RUWENDE, C
   KHOO, SC
   SNOW, AW
   YATES, SNR
   KWIATKOWSKI, D
   GUPTA, S
   WARN, P
   ALLSOPP, CEM
   GILBERT, SC
   PESCHU, N
   NEWBOLD, CI
   GREENWOOD, BM
   MARSH, K
   HILL, AVS
AF RUWENDE, C
   KHOO, SC
   SNOW, AW
   YATES, SNR
   KWIATKOWSKI, D
   GUPTA, S
   WARN, P
   ALLSOPP, CEM
   GILBERT, SC
   PESCHU, N
   NEWBOLD, CI
   GREENWOOD, BM
   MARSH, K
   HILL, AVS
TI NATURAL-SELECTION OF HEMIZYGOTES AND HETEROZYGOTES FOR G6PD DEFICIENCY IN AFRICA BY RESISTANCE TO SEVERE MALARIA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasmodium-falciparum; glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency; variant; dehydrogenase; sequence; children; enzyme
AB GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, the most common enzymopathy of humans, affects over 400 million people(1). The geographical correlation of its distribution with the historical endemicity of malaria suggests that this disorder has risen in frequency through natural selection by malaria(2.3). However, attempts to confirm that G6PD deficiency is protective in case-control studies of malaria have yielded conflicting results(4-8). Hence, for this X-linked disorder, it is unclear whether both male hemizygotes and female heterozygotes are protected or, as frequently suggested, only females(1,5-11). Furthermore, how much protection may be afforded is unknown. Here we report that, in two large case-control studies of over 2,000 African children, the common African form of G6PD deficiency (G6PD A-) is associated with a 46-58% reduction in risk of severe malaria for both female heterozygotes and male hemizygotes. A mathematical model incorporating the measured selective advantage against malaria suggests that a counterbalancing selective disadvantage, associated with this enzyme deficiency, has retarded its rise in frequency in malaria-endemic regions. Although G6PD deficiency is now regarded as a generally benign disorder, in earlier environmental conditions it could have been significantly disadvantageous.
C1 UNIV OXFORD, WELLCOME TRUST CTR HUMAN GENET, OXFORD OX3 7BN, ENGLAND.
   UNIV OXFORD, JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP, INST MOLEC MED, OXFORD OX3 9DU, ENGLAND.
   KEMRI, CLIN RES CTR, KILIFI UNIT, KILIFI, KENYA.
   MRC LABS, BANJUL, GAMBIA.
   UNIV OXFORD, DEPT ZOOL, OXFORD OX1 3PS, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; University of Oxford; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; University of Oxford
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 426
Z9 492
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6537
BP 246
EP 249
DI 10.1038/376246a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RK331
UT WOS:A1995RK33100044
PM 7617034
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YANG, JH
   SKLAR, P
   AXEL, R
   MANIATIS, T
AF YANG, JH
   SKLAR, P
   AXEL, R
   MANIATIS, T
TI EDITING OF GLUTAMATE-RECEPTOR SUBUNIT-B PRE-MESSENGER-RNA IN-VITRO BY SITE-SPECIFIC DEAMINATION OF ADENOSINE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unwinding activity; ca2+ permeability; ion flow; channels; rna; determinants
AB EDITING Of the glutamate receptor subunit B (GluR-B) pre-mRNA at a single adenosine residue results in an amino-acid change that profoundly alters the electrophysiological properties of the (1-7). Here we show that the GluR-B pre-mRNA is efficiently and accurately edited in vitro, and that base-pair interactions between the editing site and a sequence in the downstream introns are required for substrate recognition. In addition, we directly demonstrate that editing results from the conversion of adenosine to inosine by enzymatic deamination. The biochemical properties of this GluR-B editing activity are similar to those of a double-stranded-RNA-dependent adenosine deaminase(9-15), but RNA competition and column fractionation experiments indicate that the GluR-B editing and deaminase activities are distinct. Thus, the GluR-B editing enzyme may contain the adenosine deaminase, or a similar activity, and an RNA recognition subunit that specifically targets the enzyme to the editing site.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT PSYCHIAT,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
   COLUMBIA UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
   COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
C3 Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University; Columbia University
RP YANG, JH (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,7 DIVIN AVE,CAMBRIDGE,MA 01238, USA.
NR 21
TC 116
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 77
EP 81
DI 10.1038/374077a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900057
PM 7870177
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU VANDERHILST, R
AF VANDERHILST, R
TI COMPLEX MORPHOLOGY OF SUBDUCTED LITHOSPHERE IN THE MANTLE BENEATH THE TONGA TRENCH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southwest pacific; new-zealand; magnetic-anomaly; tectonic evolution; eastern australia; deep earthquakes; slab; deformation; arc; discontinuity
AB AT the Tonga trench, old Pacific sea floor subducts at a rapid rate below the Indo-Australia plate, generating most of the world's deep earthquakes (focal depth >300 km)(1,2) and producing a deep slab of former oceanic lithosphere, The seismogenic part of the slab has been mapped in detail(3,4), but its fate has remained enigmatic, Here I present evidence from seismic tomography that the Pacific plate descends deep into the Earth's mantle along a trajectory that is more complex than previously thought. In the north, the slab deflects in the transition zone (between about 400 and 700 km depth) before continuing into the lower mantle (below 700 km), Further south, penetration into the lower mantle occurs without a kink, The slab morphology can be explained in terms of the recent tectonic evolution of the subduction system, and reconciles pre-existing evidence from this region for both local horizontal flow in the transition zone(2-8) and slab penetration into the lower mantle(9-12).
RP VANDERHILST, R (corresponding author), AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RES SCH EARTH SCI,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA.
NR 43
TC 245
Z9 253
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 154
EP 157
DI 10.1038/374154a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FRANK, SA
AF FRANK, SA
TI MUTUAL POLICING AND REPRESSION OF COMPETITION IN THE EVOLUTION OF COOPERATIVE GROUPS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dictyostelium
AB EVOLUTIONARY theory has not explained how competition among lower level units is suppressed in the formation of higher-level evolutionary units(1,2). For example, the key problem of early evolution is how small, individual replicators formed cooperative groups of sufficient complexity to allow accurate copying of the genetic material(3). The puzzle is why parasites did not subvert the formation of cells by obtaining benefits from the group without contributing to shared traits that enhance reproduction(4). These parasites would outcompete other replicators within the cell, disrupting reproductive fairness among subunits and destroying the functional coherence of the group. A similar problem arose at a later evolutionary stage with the orderly mendelian segregation of subunits (chromosomes) within cells, and reproductive fairness continued to be a problem in the evolution of insect(5) and human societies(6). Here I present a simple model to show how reproductive fairness evolves among subunits to create functional coherence and higher-level units. Self-restraint, which evolves according to the kin-selection coefficient of relatedness, is not sufficient: mutual policing and enforcement of reproductive fairness are also required for the evolution of increasing social complexity.
RP FRANK, SA (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF IRVINE, DEPT ECOL & EVOLUTIONARY BIOL, IRVINE, CA 92717 USA.
NR 21
TC 297
Z9 321
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 520
EP 522
DI 10.1038/377520a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600059
PM 7566147
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BYSKOV, AG
   ANDERSEN, CY
   NORDHOLM, L
   THOGERSEN, H
   XIA, GL
   WASSMANN, O
   ANDERSEN, JV
   GUDDAL, E
   ROED, T
AF BYSKOV, AG
   ANDERSEN, CY
   NORDHOLM, L
   THOGERSEN, H
   XIA, GL
   WASSMANN, O
   ANDERSEN, JV
   GUDDAL, E
   ROED, T
TI CHEMICAL-STRUCTURE OF STEROLS THAT ACTIVATE OOCYTE MEIOSIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID follicular-fluid; granulosa-cells; maturation; invitro; hypoxanthine; zymosterol; substance; reductase
AB GONADOTROPHINS and various growth factors, but not sex steroids, can induce resumption of meiosis in vitro, but only in oocytes enclosed by cumulus-granulosa cells(1). Follicular purines prevent resumption of meiosis(2,3). This process can be overcome, in vitro, by a transient elevation of cyclic AMP resulting in the production of a diffusible meiosis-inducing substance secreted by the cumulus cells(4). A meiosis-inducing activity has been detected in gonads of different species, for example, in preovulatory follicular fluid of women(5) and in mouse testes(6). We report here the isolation and characterization of meiosis-activating sterols from human follicular fluid and bull testes and the synthesis of two closely related C-29 sterols. All these sterols induce a resumption of meiosis in cultured cumulus-enclosed and naked mouse oocytes indicating their nonspecificity across species and sex. This family of sterols is for the first time considered crucial to meiosis.
C1 NOVO NORDISK AS, DK-2760 MALOV, DENMARK.
C3 Novo Nordisk
RP BYSKOV, AG (corresponding author), UNIV COPENHAGEN HOSP, RIGSHOSP,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,REPROD BIOL LAB, SECT 5712, BLEGDAMSVEJ 9, DK-2100 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK.
NR 24
TC 292
Z9 331
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 559
EP 562
DI 10.1038/374559a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900057
PM 7700384
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WILSON, CJN
   HOUGHTON, BF
   KAMP, PJJ
   MCWILLIAMS, MO
AF WILSON, CJN
   HOUGHTON, BF
   KAMP, PJJ
   MCWILLIAMS, MO
TI AN EXCEPTIONALLY WIDESPREAD IGNIMBRITE WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR PYROCLASTIC FLOW EMPLACEMENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID new-zealand; taupo ignimbrite; eruption; volcano
AB PUMICE-rich pyroclastic flows leave deposits called ignimbrites(1), which are common in the eruption records of are and intracontinental volcanoes(2,3). Pyroclastic flows represent the most dangerous manifestation of volcanism(4) because of their volumes, rapid emplacement at high temperatures, and capacity to extend >100 km from the source. However, maximum distances travelled and extents of areas destroyed by pyroclastic flows remain poorly known. Historic examples have been relatively small, the largest reaching to only similar to 35 km from the vent(5), but prehistoric ignimbrites over 150 km across are known(3,6-10). The largest ignimbrites are invariably partly buried or eroded, and only minimum estimates of their size (and hence of their destructive capacity) can be made. Here we describe the similar to 1-Myr-old Kidnappers ignimbrite, erupted from the Taupo Volcanic Zone in New Zealand, which we have correlated for greater than or equal to 385 km and which thus represents the most widespread ignimbrite yet known, We suggest that this wide distribution primarily reflects a coupling of high initial flow velocities with large mass fluxes, and that favourable flow paths and emplacement of flows over a wet substrate may have aided their mobility.
C1 UNIV WAIKATO,DEPT EARTH SCI,HAMILTON,NEW ZEALAND.
   STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOPHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 University of Waikato; Stanford University
RP WILSON, CJN (corresponding author), WAIRAKEI RES CTR,INST GEOL & NUCL SCI,PRIVATE BAG 2000,TAUPO,NEW ZEALAND.
NR 39
TC 83
Z9 85
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 605
EP 607
DI 10.1038/378605a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100073
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TERADA, Y
   TATSUKA, M
   JINNO, S
   OKAYAMA, H
AF TERADA, Y
   TATSUKA, M
   JINNO, S
   OKAYAMA, H
TI REQUIREMENT FOR TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION OF CDK4 IN G1 ARREST INDUCED BY ULTRAVIOLET-IRRADIATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ataxia telangiectasia; dna-replication; protein-kinase; cells; mitosis; induction; mutation; gene
AB EXPOSURE to ultraviolet light arrests the function of mammalian fibroblasts in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, as well as the S and G2 phases. Although p21, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) that is induced by DNA damage mag partly account for the arrest in G1 (ref. 1), the mechanism is little understood. Here we show that tyrosine phosphorylation of Cdk4 is required for this arrest. In rat fibroblast, Cdk4 is tyrosine-phosphorylated during G1 progression, and its dephosphorylation is required for S phase. When cells are ultraviolet-irradiated, their arrest in G1 is accompanied by an increase in phosphorylation level. Conversely, cells expressing unphosphorylatable Cdk4(F17) fail to arrest in G1, and suffer significantly elevated chromosomal aberrations and cell death.
C1 KANAZAWA UNIV, CANC RES INST, DEPT MOLEC ONCOL & VIROL, KANAZAWA, ISHIKAWA 920, JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO, FAC MED, DEPT BIOCHEM, BUNKYO KU, TOKYO 113, JAPAN.
C3 Kanazawa University; University of Tokyo
RP TERADA, Y (corresponding author), RES DEV CORP JAPAN, ERATO, OKAYAMA CELL SWITCHING PROJECT, SAKYO KU, KYOTO 606, JAPAN.
NR 27
TC 175
Z9 192
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6538
BP 358
EP 362
DI 10.1038/376358a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RL443
UT WOS:A1995RL44300052
PM 7630405
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PIEPER, R
   LUO, GL
   CANE, DE
   KHOSLA, C
AF PIEPER, R
   LUO, GL
   CANE, DE
   KHOSLA, C
TI CELL-FREE SYNTHESIS OF POLYKETIDES BY RECOMBINANT ERYTHROMYCIN POLYKETIDE SYNTHASES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID macrolide biosynthesis; chain-elongation; saccharopolyspora-erythraea; streptomyces-erythreus; coenzyme-a; acid; identification; organization; intermediate
AB Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) are complex multi-enzyme proteins that catalyse the bacterial biosynthesis of many pharmaceutically useful polyketides. The PKSs are organized into a series of modules, each containing the active catalytic sites required for one step in the synthesis process(1,4). Here we report a method for cell-free enzymatic synthesis of 6-deoxyerythronolide B (6-dEB), the parent molecule of the antibiotic erythromycin A, using recombinant 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS), a modular PKS with at least 28 distinct active sites. We have also synthesized in vitro a triketide lactone by using a truncated mutant of DEBS. The availability of such cell-free synthetic routes will allow direct investigation of the structural and mechanistic basis for the unusual combination of high substrate specificity(5-10) and tolerance to genetic reprogramming(2,11-15) found in this enzyme family.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT CHEM ENGN,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   BROWN UNIV,DEPT CHEM,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912.
C3 Stanford University; Brown University
NR 35
TC 98
Z9 125
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 263
EP 266
DI 10.1038/378263a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800043
PM 7477343
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HANSKI, I
   POYRY, J
   PAKKALA, T
   KUUSSAARI, M
AF HANSKI, I
   POYRY, J
   PAKKALA, T
   KUUSSAARI, M
TI MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA IN METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID satellite species hypothesis; core; extinction; turnover
AB THE worldwide loss and fragmentation of natural habitats' has led to considerable theory on metapopulation dynamics(2-8), One modelling approach, using structured population models(9,10), predicts that metapopulations in which local dynamics are affected by migration may have alternative stable equilibria(11-17), We have tested this prediction with extensive data on the butterfly Melitaea cinxia(18,19). Here we show that the probability of local extinction decreases with increasing population size and increasing immigration rate, and that local populations tend to be larger in regions with higher density of extant populations(19), results consistent with model assumptions and predictions(13,17), Our results exhibit a bifurcation pattern indicating multiple equilibria(14), with a strikingly bimodal distribution of the fraction of occupied habitat in 65 semi-independent patch networks, These results help to explain observations of species occupying either most, or very little, of the suitable habitat in well-connected patch networks(14,20,21). Metapopulations with multiple equilibria may collapse unexpectedly to extinction even in landscapes degrading only slowly, Multiple equilibria make it difficult to predict the occurrence of species in fragmented landscapes.
RP HANSKI, I (corresponding author), UNIV HELSINKI,DEPT SYSTEMAT & ECOL,DIV POPULAT BIOL,POB 17 P RAUTATIEKATU 13,SF-00014 HELSINKI,FINLAND.
NR 30
TC 129
Z9 134
U1 1
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 618
EP 621
DI 10.1038/377618a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU FIELDS, BA
   GOLDBAUM, FA
   YSERN, X
   POLJAK, RJ
   MARIUZZA, RA
AF FIELDS, BA
   GOLDBAUM, FA
   YSERN, X
   POLJAK, RJ
   MARIUZZA, RA
TI MOLECULAR-BASIS OF ANTIGEN MIMICRY BY AN ANTI-IDIOTOPE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3-dimensional structure; idiotypic antibody; complex; lysozyme; d1.3
AB IDIOTOPES are antigenic determinants, unique to an antibody or group of antibodies, defined by the reaction of anti-idiotopic antibodies with the antibodies bearing the idiotopes. The ensemble of idiotopes of an antibody constitutes its idiotype. Idiotypes are useful as markers to follow specific antibodies and clones of cells in immune responses and the inheritance of immunoglobulin genes. As external antigens and anti-idiotypic antibodies can competitively bind the combining site of specific antibodies, some antiidiotypic antibodies may resemble the external antigen, thus mimicking its structure. It has been proposed(1-5) that an anti-idiotypic antibody, anti-anti-X, may resemble the external antigen X and thus carry its 'internal image', but this idea is not unequivocally supported by the three-dimensional structures of anti-idiotopic antibodies(6-9), either because the structures of the external antigen(8) or of the anti-idiotopic antibody(7) were unknown, or because the anti-idiotopic antibodies showed no resemblance to the external antigens(6,9) (reviewed in ref. 10). Functional mimicry of ligands of biological receptors by anti-idiotypic antibodies has been described in several systems (reviewed in ref. 11). But how closely can antibodies mimic antigens at the molecular level? Here we present the crystal structure of an idiotope-anti-idiotope complex between the Fv fragments of the anti-lysozyme antibody D1.3 and the anti-D1.3 antibody E5.2. D1.3 contacts the antigen, lysozyme and the anti-idiotopic E5.2 through essentially the same combining-site residues, In addition, E5.2 interacts with D1.3, making contacts similar to those between lysozyme and D1.3. Thus, the anti-idiotopic antibody E5.2 mimics lysozyme in its binding interactions with D1.3. Validating these observations, E5.2, used as an immunogen, induces an anti-lysozyme response.
C1 US FDA,CTR DRUG EVALUAT & RES,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857.
C3 US Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
RP FIELDS, BA (corresponding author), UNIV MARYLAND,CTR ADV RES BIOTECHNOL,INST BIOTECHNOL,9600 GUDELSKY DR,ROCKVILLE,MD 20850, USA.
NR 21
TC 155
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6524
BP 739
EP 742
DI 10.1038/374739a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QU304
UT WOS:A1995QU30400055
PM 7536303
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KAREIVA, P
   WENNERGREN, U
AF KAREIVA, P
   WENNERGREN, U
TI CONNECTING LANDSCAPE PATTERNS TO ECOSYSTEM AND POPULATION PROCESSES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID habitat destruction; dynamics; competition; coexistence; extinction
AB Spatially explicit ecological models offer numerous surprises, ranging from intricate tapestries of spatial patterning to widespread extinction when roads or deforestation fracture a landscape, Many of the gloomier examples involve thresholds, the approach to which would be hard to anticipate with standard census data. The challenge is in making a constructive management tool from these abstract harbingers of ecological disruption.
C1 LINKOPING UNIV, DEPT BIOL, S-58183 LINKOPING, SWEDEN.
C3 Linkoping University
RP KAREIVA, P (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON, DEPT ZOOL, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
NR 38
TC 423
Z9 482
U1 0
U2 113
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 299
EP 302
DI 10.1038/373299a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KIRKWOOD, A
   LEE, HK
   BEAR, MF
AF KIRKWOOD, A
   LEE, HK
   BEAR, MF
TI COREGULATION OF LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND EXPERIENCE-DEPENDENT SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN VISUAL-CORTEX BY AGE AND EXPERIENCE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID d-aspartate receptors; monocular deprivation; slice preparation; sensitive period; striate cortex; rat; kittens; susceptibility; hippocampus; neocortex
AB LONG-TERM potentiation (LTP) is a lasting enhancement of excitatory synaptic transmission that follows specific patterns of electrical stimulation(1). Although the mechanism of LTP has been intensively studied, particularly in the hippocampus, its significance for normal brain function remains unproven. It has been proposed that LTP-like mechanisms may contribute to naturally occurring, experience-dependent synaptic modifications in the visual cortex(2-8). The formation of normal binocular connections within the, visual cortex: requires simultaneous input from both eyes during a postnatal critical period(9-12) that can be delayed by rearing animals in complete darkness(13,14). To explore the role of LTP in this experience-dependent maturation process, we induced LTP in visual cortical slices taken at different ages from light-reared and dark-reared rats. Susceptibility to LTP coincides with the critical period and, like the critical period, can be prolonged by rearing animals in darkness. These findings support the hypothesis that LTP reflects a normal mechanism of experience-dependent synaptic modification in the developing mammalian brain.
C1 BROWN UNIV, INST BRAIN & NEURAL SYST, PROVIDENCE, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Brown University
RP KIRKWOOD, A (corresponding author), BROWN UNIV, DEPT NEUROSCI, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, PROVIDENCE, RI 02912 USA.
NR 30
TC 370
Z9 422
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6529
BP 328
EP 331
DI 10.1038/375328a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RA030
UT WOS:A1995RA03000054
PM 7753198
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GARDNER, GB
   VENKATARAMAN, D
   MOORE, JS
   LEE, S
AF GARDNER, GB
   VENKATARAMAN, D
   MOORE, JS
   LEE, S
TI SPONTANEOUS ASSEMBLY OF A HINGED COORDINATION NETWORK
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon
AB THE field of supramolecular chemistry has advanced to a stage at which it is possible to select building blocks that will self-assemble into structures with specific network topologies(1-3). This makes possible the rational design and synthesis of molecular solids with potentially interesting properties. Here we report the construction of open, hinged networks from molecular building blocks, This class of materials has been predicted to exhibit unusual mechanical properties, including auxetic behaviour (negative Poisson's ratio) and negative coefficients of thermal expansion(4-6). Our approach relies on the notion that rigid organic molecules of high symmetry will adopt one of only a few possible structures when linked via hydrogen bonds or coordination to metals(7-9). We use trigonal ligands to make networks joined at the vertices by metal ions; the resulting networks are homeotypic(10) with the honeycomb-like AIB(2) and the hinge-like ThSi2 phases. The hinge-like network has channels of inner diameter 15 Angstrom, within which included molecules can be exchanged while the framework remains intact, We have not yet determined whether this material is auxetic.
C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT CHEM,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CHEM,URBANA,IL 61801.
   UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT MAT SCI & ENGN,URBANA,IL 61801.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
NR 19
TC 907
Z9 954
U1 3
U2 243
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6525
BP 792
EP 795
DI 10.1038/374792a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QV315
UT WOS:A1995QV31500040
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KARL, TR
   KNIGHT, RW
   PLUMMER, N
AF KARL, TR
   KNIGHT, RW
   PLUMMER, N
TI TRENDS IN HIGH-FREQUENCY CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN THE 20TH-CENTURY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID maximum; minimum; events; time
AB HIGH-FREQUENCY climate variability is a fundamental aspect of climate. Understanding climate change demands attention to changes in climate variability and extremes(1), but knowledge of the recent behaviour of these variables has been limited by the unavailability of long-term high-resolution data. Climate simulations incorporating increased greenhouse-gas concentrations(2-9) indicate that a warmer climate could result in a decrease in high-frequency temperature variability (analogous to the decrease in variability observed from the poles to the tropics, and from winter to summer(10)) and an increase in the proportion of precipitation occurring in extreme events. Here we analyse high-frequency temperature and precipitation data from hundreds of sites spread over Australia, China, the former Soviet Union and the United States over the past 30 to 80 years. Day-to-day temperature variability is seen to have decreased in the Northern Hemisphere, and-at least within the United States-the proportion of total precipitation contributed by extreme, one-day events has increased significantly. We find that although the notion of a recent increase in interannual temperature variability is supported by data from the past few decades(11), the longer data records indicate that this trend is an aberration.
C1 AUSTRAILIAN BUR METEOROL,NATL CLIMATE CTR,MELBOURNE,VIC 3001,AUSTRALIA.
C3 Bureau of Meteorology - Australia
RP KARL, TR (corresponding author), NOAA,NATL CLIMAT DATA CTR,151 PATTON AVE,ASHEVILLE,NC 28801, USA.
NR 25
TC 559
Z9 664
U1 2
U2 97
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 217
EP 220
DI 10.1038/377217a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200034
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WARNER, MJ
   RODEN, GI
AF WARNER, MJ
   RODEN, GI
TI CHLOROFLUOROCARBON EVIDENCE FOR RECENT VENTILATION OF THE DEEP BERING SEA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north pacific; water; chlorofluoromethanes; atlantic
AB The pattern of the global thermohaline circulation of today's oceans is controlled by deep-water formation at the northern and southern limits of the Atlantic. The apparent lack of deep-water formation in the North Pacific, on the other hand, suggests that this ocean plays only a minor role in the global circulation, but it is unclear whether this was also the case during periods of glaciation-there is conflicting evidence in the sedimentary record for the existence of a deep-water source in the North Pacific during the Last Glacial Maximum(1-4). Here we report the detection of anthropogenic chlorofluorocarbons in the bottom waters of the Aleutian basin in the eastern Bering Sea, which suggests that a small amount of bottom water has formed in this region during the past 40 years. Although the small volumes of water involved are unlikely to play a significant role in determining present-day global circulation patterns, the results lend credence to the possibility that this sea was an important source of deep water for the northwestern Pacific Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum.
RP WARNER, MJ (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH OCEANOG,WB-10,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA.
NR 18
TC 46
Z9 52
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6513
BP 409
EP 412
DI 10.1038/373409a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QE670
UT WOS:A1995QE67000050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU JONES, AE
   SHANKLIN, JD
AF JONES, AE
   SHANKLIN, JD
TI CONTINUED DECLINE OF TOTAL OZONE OVER HALLEY, ANTARCTICA, SINCE 1985
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quasi-biennial oscillation; interannual variability; profile measurements; depletion; stratosphere; chlorine; vortex; model; hole
AB In 1985, Farman et al.(1) announced that a dramatic reduction in total ozone was occurring in the atmosphere over Halley, Antarctica, during the polar spring. Analysis of satellite data revealed that this ozone depletion was an Antarctic-wide phenomenon(2). Combined theoretical(3-5), observational(6,7) and laboratory(8) work has shown that chlorine radicals derived from the photolysis of chlorofluorocarbons were the dominant cause of the ozone loss(9-11). Ten years later, we review here the status of the 'ozone hole' based on the continued total-ozone measurements at Halley. The springtime 'ozone hole' continues to deepen, with both the October mean and minimum total ozone persistently decreasing. The ozone loss extends into January and February, so that significant increases in ultraviolet-B radiation can be expected at the surface over Antarctica during the summer. A signal of ozone loss is now apparent in the spring and summer temperature records, with recent temperatures at the 100-mbar level consistently close to, or colder than, the historical (1957-72) minima for the period October to January. These low temperatures may well enable the maintenance of springtime ozone-loss mechanisms until later in the year.
RP JONES, AE (corresponding author), BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY,NERC,HIGH CROSS,MADINGLEY RD,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0ET,ENGLAND.
NR 30
TC 101
Z9 105
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6539
BP 409
EP 411
DI 10.1038/376409a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RM639
UT WOS:A1995RM63900046
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HEATH, SL
   TEW, JG
   TEW, JG
   SZAKAL, AK
   BURTON, GF
AF HEATH, SL
   TEW, JG
   TEW, JG
   SZAKAL, AK
   BURTON, GF
TI FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS AND HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTIVITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monoclonal-antibody; hiv-infection; expression; retention; tissue; clone; aids
AB LARGE amounts of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) localize on follicular dendritic cells (FDC) in the follicles of secondary lymploid tissues following viral infection(1,2). During clinical latency, active viral infection occurs primarily at these sites(3,4). As HIV on FDC is in the form of immune complexes(5), some of which may be formed with neutralizing antibody, we investigated whether HIV on FDC is infectious. We report here that HIV on FDC is highly infectious. Furthermore, FDC can convert neutralized HIV into an infectious form even in the presence of a vast excess of neutralizing antibody. Thus FDC may provide a mechanism whereby HIV infection can continue in the presence of neutralizing antibody.
C1 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIV, DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL, DIV IMMUNOBIOL, RICHMOND, VA 23298 USA.
   VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIV, DEPT ANAT, RICHMOND, VA 23298 USA.
C3 Virginia Commonwealth University; Virginia Commonwealth University
NR 29
TC 259
Z9 296
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6551
BP 740
EP 744
DI 10.1038/377740a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TB469
UT WOS:A1995TB46900059
PM 7477265
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BROER, DJ
   LUB, J
   MOL, GN
AF BROER, DJ
   LUB, J
   MOL, GN
TI WIDE-BAND REFLECTIVE POLARIZERS FROM CHOLESTERIC POLYMER NETWORKS WITH A PITCH GRADIENT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB CHOLESTERIC liquid crystals, in which the orientation of the molecules varies in a helical fashion, are used for optical filtering of circularly polarized light, for example in liquid-crystal displays. They reflect circularly polarized incident light of the same handedness as the cholesteric helix, and in a wavelength band that depends on the helical pitch (repeat distance). This pitch can be selected by careful design of the liquid-crystal molecules or by mixing cholesteric materials with nematic (linearly oriented) liquid crystals, which tend to increase the pitch. Stable optical filters are produced by crosslinking the cholesteric molecules by photopolymerization(1); these filters typically have a reflection wave-length bandwidth of similar to 50 nm. Here we show that, by introducing a gradient in the pitch of the cholesteric helix, we can obtain reflection of one of the two circularly polarized components over the entire visible spectrum. Polarizers with such broad-band reflectivity would greatly improve the light yield and energy efficiency of liquid-crystal display devices.
RP BROER, DJ (corresponding author), PHILIPS RES LABS,PROF HOLSTLAAN 4,5656 AA EINDHOVEN,NETHERLANDS.
NR 4
TC 686
Z9 752
U1 5
U2 237
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 467
EP 469
DI 10.1038/378467a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400062
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU THORAVAL, C
   MACHETEL, P
   CAZENAVE, A
AF THORAVAL, C
   MACHETEL, P
   CAZENAVE, A
TI LOCALLY LAYERED CONVECTION INFERRED FROM DYNAMIC-MODELS OF THE EARTHS MANTLE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anomaly; heterogeneity; predominance; lithosphere; topography; flow
AB THE structure of convection in the mantle is still the subject of considerable debate. The now standard modelling of the convective flow as driven in a viscous mantle by density anomalies derived from seismic tomography has successfully explained the longest-wavelength (degree 2 to 8) geoid anomalies and provided important information concerning the viscosity structure of the mantle(1-8). With this approach, however, the predicted response of surface topography to convective stresses (the 'dynamic topography') has a typical magnitude of several kilometres, which does not conform with observations(9-11). A possible source of this discrepancy lies in the severe underestimation, by tomography, of density anomalies due to deflections of the boundary between the upper and lower mantle, at 660 km depth. Here we model the mantle flow implied by seismically derived density heterogeneities, using an empirical method to account for the 660-km boundary topography. The predicted dynamic (surface) topography thus obtained is significantly reduced, to values that conform with the observations; in addition, the 660-km boundary topography appears to have a strong influence on the computed mantle circulation, inducing local layering of the convective flow.
RP THORAVAL, C (corresponding author), CNRS,UMR 39,18 AVE E BELIN,F-31055 TOULOUSE,FRANCE.
NR 26
TC 57
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 29
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6534
BP 777
EP 780
DI 10.1038/375777a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RF989
UT WOS:A1995RF98900075
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WELSH, JP
   LANG, EJ
   SUGIHARA, I
   LLINAS, R
AF WELSH, JP
   LANG, EJ
   SUGIHARA, I
   LLINAS, R
TI DYNAMIC ORGANIZATION OF MOTOR CONTROL WITHIN THE OLIVOCEREBELLAR SYSTEM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inferior olivary neurons; cerebellar; rat; invitro; nucleus; cat
AB WHAT is the role of the cerebellum in motor coordination? Such coordination depends upon the integrity of the inferior olive, a major cerebellar afferent, as its lesion produces ataxic and dysmetric movement abnormalities(1,2). Using multiple-microelectrode recordings, we report here that there are domains of Purkinje cell activity that are generated by olivary input during skilled tongue movements in rats, Such activity domains are highly rhythmic and time-locked to movement, Patterns of synchronous olivocerebellar activity are geometrically complex and can change during a sequence of movements. The results support the view that the inferior olive organizes movement in time, by entraining motor-neuronal firing through rhythmic activation of the cerebellum, and in space, by synchronously activating cell ensembles that allow the use of individual muscles. Dynamic repatterning of olivocerebellar synchrony may allow different combinations of muscles to be used for movements intended to have varying spatial structures.
RP WELSH, JP (corresponding author), NYU,MED CTR,DEPT PHYSIOL & NEUROSCI,550 1ST AVE,NEW YORK,NY 10016, USA.
NR 25
TC 532
Z9 587
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 453
EP 457
DI 10.1038/374453a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900058
PM 7700354
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BURGERING, BMT
   COFFER, PJ
AF BURGERING, BMT
   COFFER, PJ
TI PROTEIN-KINASE-B (C-AKT) IN PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-3-OH INASE SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regulated kinase-2; molecular-cloning; pathways
AB A serine/threonine kinase, named protein kinase B (PKB)(1) for its sequence homology to both protein kinase A and C, has previously been isolated. PKB, which is identical to the kinase Rad, was later found to be the cellular homologue of the transforming v-Akt(3). Here we show that PKB is activated by stimuli such as insulin, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Activation of PKB was inhibited by the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) inhibitor wortmannin and by coexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of PI(3)K. PDGF receptor mutants that lack detectable associated PI(3)K activity also fail to induce PKB activation. PKB kinase activity is correlated with phosphorylation of PKB on serine. Finally, we show that a constructed Gag-PKB fusion protein, homologous to the v-akt oncogene, displays significantly increased ligand-independent kinase activity. Furthermore, this activity is sufficient to activate the p70 S6-kinase (p70(S6k)). These results suggest a role for PKB in PI(3)K-mediated signal transduction.
C1 NETHERLANDS INST DEV BIOL, HUBRECHT LAB, 3584 CT UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS.
C3 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Hubrecht Institute (KNAW)
RP BURGERING, BMT (corresponding author), UNIV UTRECHT, PHYSIOL CHEM LAB, UNIV WEG 100, 3584 CG UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS.
NR 19
TC 1837
Z9 2098
U1 0
U2 65
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6541
BP 599
EP 602
DI 10.1038/376599a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RP756
UT WOS:A1995RP75600053
PM 7637810
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ACHESON, A
   CONOVER, JC
   FANDL, JP
   DECHIARA, TM
   RUSSELL, M
   THADANI, A
   SQUINTO, SP
   YANCOPOULOS, GD
   LINDSAY, RM
AF ACHESON, A
   CONOVER, JC
   FANDL, JP
   DECHIARA, TM
   RUSSELL, M
   THADANI, A
   SQUINTO, SP
   YANCOPOULOS, GD
   LINDSAY, RM
TI A BDNF AUTOCRINE LOOP IN ADULT SENSORY NEURONS PREVENTS CELL DEATH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nerve growth-factor; tyrosine protein-kinase; neurotrophic factor; messenger-rna; dopaminergic-neurons; brain; receptor; trkb; ngf; cells
AB DURING the initial phase of their development, sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) require target-derived trophic support for their survival(1-3), but as they mature they lose this requirement. Because many of these neurons express BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) messenger RNA(4,5) we hypothesized that BDNF might act as an autocrine survival factor in adult DRG neurons, thus explaining their lack of dependence on exogenous growth factors. When cultured adult DRG cells were treated with antisense oligonucleotides to BDNF, expression of BDNF protein was reduced by 80%, and neuronal survival was reduced by 35%. These neurons could be rescued by exogenous BDNF or neurotrophin-3, but not by other growth factors. Similar results were obtained with single-neuron microcultures, whereas microcultures derived from mutant mice lacking BDNF were unaffected by antisense oligonucleotides. Our results strongly support an autocrine role for BDNF in mediating the survival of a subpopulation of adult DRG neurons.
RP ACHESON, A (corresponding author), REGENERON PHARMACEUT INC,777 OLD SAW MILL RIVER RD,TARRYTOWN,NY 10591, USA.
NR 30
TC 674
Z9 764
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6521
BP 450
EP 453
DI 10.1038/374450a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QP899
UT WOS:A1995QP89900057
PM 7700353
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YOKOYAMA, N
   HAYASHI, N
   SEKI, T
   PANTE, N
   OHBA, T
   NISHII, K
   KUMA, K
   HAYASHIDA, T
   MIYATA, T
   AEBI, U
   FUKUI, M
   NISHIMOTO, T
AF YOKOYAMA, N
   HAYASHI, N
   SEKI, T
   PANTE, N
   OHBA, T
   NISHII, K
   KUMA, K
   HAYASHIDA, T
   MIYATA, T
   AEBI, U
   FUKUI, M
   NISHIMOTO, T
TI A GIANT NUCLEOPORE PROTEIN THAT BINDS RAN/TC4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-pore complex; cell-cycle; chromosome condensation; messenger-rna; rcc1; import; genes; dna
AB RAN/TC4 is a small nuclear G protein(1) that forms a complex with the chromatin-bound guanine nucleotide release factor RCC1 (ref. 2). Loss of RCC1 causes defects in cell-cycle progression(3,4), RNA export(5-7) and nuclear protein import(8). Some of these can be suppressed by overexpression of Ran/TC4 (ref. 1), suggesting that Ran/TC4 functions downstream of RCC1. We have searched for proteins that bind Ran/TC4 by using a two-hybrid screen, and here we report the identification of RanBP2, a novel protein of 3,224 residues. This giant protein comprises an amino-terminal 700-residue leucine-rich region, four RanBP1-homologous (refs 9, 10) domains, eight zinc-finger motifs similar to those of NUP153 (refs 11, 12), and a carboxy terminus with high homology to cyclophilin(13). The molecule contains the XFXFG pentapeptide motif characteristic of nuclear pore complex (NPC) proteins(14), and immunolocalization suggests that RanBP2 is a constituent of the NPC. The fact that NLS-mediated nuclear import can be inhibited by an antibody directed against RanBP2 supports a functional role in protein import through the NPC.
C1 KYUSHU UNIV,GRAD SCH MED SCI,DEPT NEUROSURG,HIGASHI KU,FUKUOKA 81282,JAPAN.
   KYUSHU UNIV,GRAD SCH MED SCI,DEPT ANAT,HIGASHI KU,FUKUOKA 81282,JAPAN.
   KYOTO UNIV,FAC SCI,DEPT BIOPHYS,SAKYO KU,KYOTO 606,JAPAN.
   UNIV BASEL,BIOZENTRUM,ME MULLER INST MICROSCOPY,CH-4056 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL & ANAT,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 Kyushu University; Kyushu University; Kyoto University; University of Basel; Johns Hopkins University
RP YOKOYAMA, N (corresponding author), KYUSHU UNIV,GRAD SCH MED SCI,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,HIGASHI KU,MAIDASHI 3-1-1,FUKUOKA 81282,JAPAN.
NR 32
TC 445
Z9 472
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6536
BP 184
EP 188
DI 10.1038/376184a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RJ028
UT WOS:A1995RJ02800064
PM 7603572
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PINET, V
   VERGELLI, M
   MARTIN, R
   BAKKE, O
   LONG, EO
AF PINET, V
   VERGELLI, M
   MARTIN, R
   BAKKE, O
   LONG, EO
TI ANTIGEN PRESENTATION MEDIATED BY RECYCLING OF SURFACE HLA-DR MOLECULES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID class-ii molecules; invariant-chain; protein-synthesis; mhc molecules; mice lacking; living cells; endocytosis; peptides; expression; ia
AB CLASS II histocompatibility molecules associate with peptides derived from antigens that are processed in endocytic compartments. Antigen presentation to class II-restricted T cells generally requires newly synthesized class II molecules(1), associated invariant chain(2,3), and HLA-DM(4,5). Exceptions to these rules have been reported(6-10), but without description of an underlying mechanism. Here we show that presentation of immunodominant epitopes in the haemagglutinin protein of influenza virus and in myelin basic protein correlates,vith recycling of surface KLA-DR molecules. Truncation of either one of the alpha or beta cytoplasmic tails virtually eliminated internalization of HLA-DR molecules and presentation of haemagglutinin from inactive virus particles. In contrast, the invariant chain-dependent presentation of matrix antigen from the same virus particles was unaffected by these truncations. Thus HLA-DR cytoplasmic tails are not required for the conventional presentation pathway, but jointly contribute a signal for an alternative pathway involving internalization of HLA-DR molecules.
C1 NIAID,IMMUNOGENET LAB,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852.
   NINCDS,NEUROIMMUNOL BRANCH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   UNIV OSLO,DEPT BIOL,N-0316 OSLO,NORWAY.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); University of Oslo
NR 30
TC 248
Z9 267
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6532
BP 603
EP 606
DI 10.1038/375603a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RD287
UT WOS:A1995RD28700055
PM 7540726
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PEUNOVA, N
   ENIKOLOPOV, G
AF PEUNOVA, N
   ENIKOLOPOV, G
TI NITRIC-OXIDE TRIGGERS A SWITCH TO GROWTH ARREST DURING DIFFERENTIATION OF NEURONAL CELLS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; smooth-muscle cells; ribonucleotide reductase; nadph diaphorase; synthase; proliferation; cloning; macrophages; hepatocytes; gene
AB ARREST Of cell division is a prerequisite for cells to enter a program of terminal differentiation. Mitogenesis and cytostasis of neuronal cell precursors can be induced by the same or by different growth or trophic factors(1-9). Response of PC12 cells to nerve growth factor (NGF) involves a proliferative phase that is followed by growth arrest and differentiation. Here we present evidence that the cytostatic effect of NGF is mediated by nitric oxide (NO), a second messenger molecule with both para- and autocrine properties ties that can diffuse freely and act within a restricted volume(10-14). We show that NGF induces different forms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in neuronal cells, that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a cytostatic agent in these cells, that inhibition of NOS leads to reversal of NGF-induced cytostasis and thereby prevents full differentiation, and that capacity of a mutant cell line to differentiate can be rescued by exogenous NO, We suggest that induction of NOS is an important step in the commitment of neuronal precursors and that NOS serves as a growth arrest gene, initiating the switch to cytostasis during differentiation.
C1 COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB,COLD SPRING HARBOR,NY 11724.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
NR 28
TC 457
Z9 494
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6526
BP 68
EP 73
DI 10.1038/375068a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QW604
UT WOS:A1995QW60400057
PM 7536899
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ZHENG, LX
   FISHER, G
   MILLER, RE
   PESCHON, J
   LYNCH, DH
   LENARDO, MJ
AF ZHENG, LX
   FISHER, G
   MILLER, RE
   PESCHON, J
   LYNCH, DH
   LENARDO, MJ
TI INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS IN MATURE T-CELLS BY TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID factor-alpha; mice
AB T-CELL receptor-induced apoptosis regulates immune responses and can result from interactions between Fas (Apo1/CD95) and Fas ligand (FasL)(1-12). Mutations in the genes for Fas and FasL cause disorders resembling human autoimmune diseases in lpr and gld mice, respectively(13,14). However, peripheral T-cell deletion takes place in lpr mice, acid autoimmune syndromes occur in mouse strains without Fas or FasL defects(15,16). Here we show that tumour necrosis factor (TNF) can mediate mature T-cell receptor-induced apoptosis through the p75 TNF receptor. Blockage of both TNF and Fast is required to abrogate T-cell death and TNF mediates the death of most CD8(+) T cells, whereas FasL mediates the death of most CD4(+) T cells. Our results suggest that autoregulatory apoptosis of the mature T cells can occur by two distinct molecular mechanisms.
C1 NIAID, IMMUNOL LAB, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
   IMMUNEX RES & DEV CORP, DEPT IMMUNOBIOL, SEATTLE, WA 98101 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
NR 29
TC 1047
Z9 1120
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6547
BP 348
EP 351
DI 10.1038/377348a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RX111
UT WOS:A1995RX11100059
PM 7566090
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU STAYTON, PS
   SHIMOBOJI, T
   LONG, C
   CHILKOTI, A
   CHEN, GH
   HARRIS, JM
   HOFFMAN, AS
AF STAYTON, PS
   SHIMOBOJI, T
   LONG, C
   CHILKOTI, A
   CHEN, GH
   HARRIS, JM
   HOFFMAN, AS
TI CONTROL OF PROTEIN-LIGAND RECOGNITION USING A STIMULI-RESPONSIVE POLYMER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID poly(n-isopropylacrylamide); immunoassay; membrane; release; gels
AB STIMULI-responsive polymers exhibit reversible phase changes in response to changes in environmental factors such as pH or temperature(1-14). Conjugating such polymers to antibodies and proteins provides molecular systems for applications such as affinity separations, immunoassays and enzyme recovery and recycling(15-25). Here we show that conjugating a temperature-sensitive polymer to a genetically engineered site on a protein allows the protein's ligand binding affinity to be controlled. We synthesized a mutant of the protein streptavidin to enable site-specific conjugation of the responsive polymer near the protein's binding site. Normal binding of biotin to the modified protein occurs below 32 degrees C, whereas above this temperature the polymer collapses and blocks binding. The collapse of the polymer and thus the enabling and disabling of binding, is reversible. Such environmentally triggered control of binding may find many applications in biotechnology and biomedicine, such as the control of enzyme reaction rates and of biosensor activity, and the controlled release of drugs.
C1 UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT CHEM,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35899.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Huntsville
RP STAYTON, PS (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON,CTR BIOENGN,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA.
NR 30
TC 605
Z9 678
U1 3
U2 238
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6556
BP 472
EP 474
DI 10.1038/378472a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TH054
UT WOS:A1995TH05400064
PM 7477401
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BROWN, EJ
   BEAL, PA
   KEITH, CT
   CHEN, J
   SHIN, TB
   SCHREIBER, SL
AF BROWN, EJ
   BEAL, PA
   KEITH, CT
   CHEN, J
   SHIN, TB
   SCHREIBER, SL
TI CONTROL OF P70 S6 KINASE BY KINASE-ACTIVITY OF FRAP IN-VIVO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rapamycin-induced inhibition; protein-kinase; lymphocytes-t; rat-liver; activation; identification; enzyme; vps34
AB WHEN complexed with the inh acellular protein FKBP12, rapamycin is a potent immunosuppressant(1,2) and an inhibitor of a mitogen-stimulated signalling pathway that leads to activation of p70 S6 kinase(3-6) (p70(S6k)) and cyclin-dependent kinases(7-10) (CDKs). A recently cloned FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein (FRAP/RAFT) is the likely mediator of these effects(11,12). Using FRAP variants that do not bind FKBP12-rapamycin, we demonstrate here that FRAP is a rapamycin-sensitive regulator of p70(S6k) in vivo and that the kinase activity of FRAP is required for this regulation. In addition, we show that FRAP autophosphorylates in vitro. Consistent with an essential role for FRAP kinase activity in vivo, autophosphorylation of FRAP is inhibited by FKBP12-rapamycin. Deletion studies indicate that the kinase activity of FRAP alone is not sufficient for control of p70(S6k) and that an amino-terminal domain in FRAP is also required.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DEPT CHEM, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, PROGRAM IMMUNOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University
NR 26
TC 617
Z9 705
U1 3
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6548
BP 441
EP 446
DI 10.1038/377441a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RY190
UT WOS:A1995RY19000053
PM 7566123
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MUTHUSAMY, N
   BARTON, K
   LEIDEN, JM
AF MUTHUSAMY, N
   BARTON, K
   LEIDEN, JM
TI DEFECTIVE ACTIVATION AND SURVIVAL OF T-CELLS LACKING THE ETS-1 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene promoter; expression; binding; protooncogene; proteins; oncogene; family; domain; mice
AB THE Ets-1 proto-oncogene(1) is a member of the Ets family of eukaryotic transcription factors(2-7). Members of this family play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to multiple developmental and mitogenic signals(4,5,8,9) Ets-1 is preferentially expressed at high levels in B and T cells of adult mice(10,11) and is regulated during both thymocyte development(11) and T-cell activation(12,13), To study the role of Ets-1 in T-cell development and function we have used the RAG-2(-/-) complementation system(14) and murine embryonic stem (ES) cells containing homozygous deletions in the Ets-1 gene (Ets-1(-/-)). Ets-1(-/-)-RAG-2(-/-) chimaeric mice displayed markedly decreased numbers of mature thymocytes and peripheral T cells. Ets-1(-/-) T cells expressed normal levels of CD3 and T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-alpha/beta. However, they displayed a severe proliferative defect in response to multiple activational signals and demonstrated increased rates of spontaneous apoptosis in vitro. These findings demonstrate that Ets-1 is required for the normal survival and activation of murine T cells.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT MED,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT PATHOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago
NR 25
TC 308
Z9 354
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6550
BP 639
EP 642
DI 10.1038/377639a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TA275
UT WOS:A1995TA27500055
PM 7566177
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LU, ZL
   SPERLING, G
AF LU, ZL
   SPERLING, G
TI ATTENTION-GENERATED APPARENT MOTION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID perception; mechanisms; information; movement; vision; search
AB MOTION perception mechanisms have recently been divided into three categories(1). First-order mechanisms(2-4) primarily extract motion from moving objects or features that differ from the background in luminance. Second-order mechanism(5,6) extract motion from moving properties, such as a moving area of flicker in which there is no difference in mean luminance between target and background. These first- and second-order motion mechanisms are primarily monocular. The existence of purely binocular, interocular and various other unusual kinds of apparent motion(7-13) has promoted conjectures of a third-order mechanism(1,14,15), but there has been no clear suggestion as to the actual computations that such a mechanism might perform. Here we demonstrate 'alternating feature' stimuli that produce apparent motion only when the observer selectively attends to one of the embedded features in the display. The latent motion in the alternating feature stimuli is invisible to first-or second-order motion mechanisms, and the direction of apparent motion depends on the particular feature attended. These findings suggest the mechanism of third-order motion: the locations of the most significant features are registered in a salience map, and motion is computed directly from this map.
C1 UNIV CALIF IRVINE,INST MATH BEHAV SCI,IRVINE,CA 92717.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP LU, ZL (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF IRVINE,DEPT COGNIT SCI,HUMAN INFORMAT PROC LAB,IRVINE,CA 92717, USA.
NR 28
TC 163
Z9 171
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 237
EP 239
DI 10.1038/377237a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200041
PM 7675109
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HARDER, LD
   BARRETT, SCH
AF HARDER, LD
   BARRETT, SCH
TI MATING COST OF LARGE FLORAL DISPLAYS IN HERMAPHRODITE PLANTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-fertilization; angiosperms; populations; dichogamy; evolution; pollen; model
AB HERMAPHRODITISM comprises outcrossing whenever the proximity of male and female organs allows self-fertilization(1) and interference between sexual functions(2). Many floral traits of animal-pollinated angiosperms encourage cross-fertilization(3), as recognized by Darwin(4-6); however, these characteristics may also allow pollination between flowers on the same individual (geitonogamous self-pollination)(7,8). Simultaneous display of many flowers exemplifies this conflict. Although large floral displays promote outcrossing through enhanced pollinator attraction(9), they could be costly in terms of lost mating opportunities(10,11) if geitonogamy decreased outcrossed siring success by reducing pollen transfer between plants (pollen discounting(12)). We report here that, after manipulating the flower number of bee-pollinated Eichhornia paniculata plants, we observed the predicted higher selfing and lower outcrossed siring success for larger inflorescences. Given the reduced fitness resulting when pollen receipt by one flower interferes with pollen export by another, we propose broadening traditional interpretations of floral design and display to recognize their roles in reducing geitonogamous pollen discounting.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,DEPT BOT,TORONTO,ON M5S 3B2,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto
RP HARDER, LD (corresponding author), UNIV CALGARY,DEPT BIOL SCI,CALGARY,AB T2N 1N4,CANADA.
NR 28
TC 473
Z9 578
U1 4
U2 134
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6514
BP 512
EP 515
DI 10.1038/373512a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QF724
UT WOS:A1995QF72400056
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LIN, LH
   EDMONDS, DT
   VOLLRATH, F
AF LIN, LH
   EDMONDS, DT
   VOLLRATH, F
TI STRUCTURAL-ENGINEERING OF AN ORB-SPIDERS WEB
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID weaving spiders; silk; water
AB THE silk of spiders first evolved 400 million years ago and orb webs emerged 180 million years ago(1,2); present-day spiders' webs are structures efficiently engineered by nature. The planar orb web of the garden spider Araneus diadematus has evolved with the prime function of capturing fast-moving and, on a relative scale, massive insects. We have now analysed the structural engineering of a complete web, using computer modelling, to incorporate the measured time-dependent stress-strain characteristics of the two chief types of web silk. With this model we unexpectedly discovered that aerodynamic damping plays a crucial role in prey capture, an observation that we confirmed in laboratory experiments on real webs.
C1 OVE ARUP & PARTNERS,LONDON W1P 6BQ,ENGLAND.
   AARHUS UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,DK-8000 AARHUS C,DENMARK.
   UNIV OXFORD,DEPT ZOOL,OXFORD OX1 3PS,ENGLAND.
C3 Aarhus University; University of Oxford
RP LIN, LH (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,CLARENDON LAB,OXFORD OX1 3PS,ENGLAND.
NR 17
TC 124
Z9 143
U1 1
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6510
BP 146
EP 148
DI 10.1038/373146a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QB063
UT WOS:A1995QB06300057
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WHITFIELD, LS
   SULSTON, JE
   GOODFELLOW, PN
AF WHITFIELD, LS
   SULSTON, JE
   GOODFELLOW, PN
TI SEQUENCE VARIATION OF THE HUMAN Y-CHROMOSOME
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna polymorphism
AB WE have generated over 100 kilobases of sequence from the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosomes from five humans and one common chimpanzee. The human subjects were chosen to match the earliest branches of the human mitochondrial tree. The survey of 18.3 kilobases from each human detected only three sites at which substitutions were present, whereas the human and chimpanzee sequences showed 1.3% divergence. The coalescence time estimated from our Y chromosome sample is more recent than that of the mitochondrial genome. A recent coalescence time for the Y chromosome could have been caused by the selected sweep of an advantageous Y chromosome or extensive migration of human males.
C1 SANGER CTR, HINXTON CB10 1RQ, CAMBS, ENGLAND.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
RP WHITFIELD, LS (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE, DEPT GENET, CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EH, ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 16
TC 210
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6555
BP 379
EP 380
DI 10.1038/378379a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TF893
UT WOS:A1995TF89300056
PM 7477372
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CHEN, JJ
   JACKSON, PK
   KIRSCHNER, MW
   DUTTA, A
AF CHEN, JJ
   JACKSON, PK
   KIRSCHNER, MW
   DUTTA, A
TI SEPARATE DOMAINS OF P21 INVOLVED IN THE INHIBITION OF CDK KINASE AND PCNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-replication; p53
AB THE protein p21 (WAF1, CIP1 or sdi1), induced by the tumour-suppressor protein p53, interacts with and inhibits two different targets essential for cell-cycle progression(1-8). One of these is the cyclin-Cdk family of kinases and the other is the essential DNA replication factor, proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). We report here that separate domains of p21 are responsible for interacting with and inhibiting the two targets. An amino-terminal domain inhibits cyclin-Cdk kinases and a carboxy-terminal domain inhibits PCNA. Using these separated domains, we have determined that p21 inhibits different biological systems through different targets. The PCNA-binding domain is sufficient for inhibition of DNA replication based on sinian virus 40, whereas the Cdk2-binding domain is sufficient for inhibition of DNA replication based on Xenopus egg extract and for growth suppression in transformed human cells.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,DIV MOLEC ONCOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
NR 16
TC 533
Z9 589
U1 1
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6520
BP 386
EP 388
DI 10.1038/374386a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QN630
UT WOS:A1995QN63000067
PM 7885482
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SCHEFFZEK, K
   KLEBE, C
   FRITZWOLF, K
   KABSCH, W
   WITTINGHOFER, A
AF SCHEFFZEK, K
   KLEBE, C
   FRITZWOLF, K
   KABSCH, W
   WITTINGHOFER, A
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEAR RAS-RELATED PROTEIN RAN IN ITS GDP-BOUND FORM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID elongation-factor tu; escherichia-coli; amino-acids; regulator; binding; domain; location; ran/tc4; rcc1
AB THE Ran proteins constitute a distinct branch of the superfamily of Ras-related GTP-binding proteins(1) which function as molecular switches cycling between GTP-bound 'on' and GDP-bound 'off' states(2). Ran is located predominantly in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells(3) and is involved in the nuclear import of proteins(4,5) as well as in control of DNA synthesis and of cell-cycle progression(6-8). We report here the crystal structure at 2.3 Angstrom resolution of human Ran (M(r) 24K) complexed with GDP and Mg2+. This structure reveals a similarity with the Ras core (G-domain) but with significant variations in regions involved in GDP and Mg2+ coordination (switch I and switch II regions in Ras)(9,10), suggesting that there could be major conformational changes upon GTP binding. In addition to the G-domain, an extended chain and an alpha-helix were identified at the carboxy terminus. The amino-terminal (amino-acid residues (1)MAAQGEP(7)) stretch and the acidic tail ((211)DEDDDL(216)) appear to be flexible in the crystal structure.
C1 MAX PLANK INST MOLEK PHYSIOL, STRUKT BIOL ABT, D-44139 DORTMUND, GERMANY.
   MAX PLANCK INST MED RES, BIOPHYS ABT, D-69120 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
NR 30
TC 187
Z9 206
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6520
BP 378
EP 381
DI 10.1038/374378a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QN630
UT WOS:A1995QN63000065
PM 7885480
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OYAMA, N
   TATSUMA, T
   SATO, T
   SOTOMURA, T
AF OYAMA, N
   TATSUMA, T
   SATO, T
   SOTOMURA, T
TI DIMERCAPTAN-POLYANILINE COMPOSITE ELECTRODES FOR LITHIUM BATTERIES WITH HIGH-ENERGY DENSITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE development of low-cost, solid-state rechargeable batteries is of considerable technological importance. A key requirement of such batteries is that the density of energy stored electrochemically in the electrodes is high. In this context, the use of organic materials has attracted interest; they combine high theoretical energy storage capability with low weight and good mechanical strength. Here we report the development of a rechargeable lithium battery with a composite organic cathode based on a mixture of a dimercaptan and polyaniline. The redox behaviour of the dimercaptan, which is normally too slow for practical applications(1,2), is accelerated when coupled to that of the polyaniline(3-5) (which itself functions as an active cathode material). Intimate mixing of the two materials is achieved by casting them jointly from solution. The resulting electrode can be repeatedly charged to near its theoretical limit and discharged. The gravimetric energy density of our materials exceeds that of the oxide electrodes in commercially available lithium-ion batteries(6), a feature that is likely to prove advantageous in applications where weight, rather than volume, is a critical factor.
C1 MATSUSHITA ELECT IND CO LTD,ENERGY RES LAB,MORIGUCHI,OSAKA 570,JAPAN.
C3 Panasonic
RP OYAMA, N (corresponding author), TOKYO UNIV AGR & TECHNOL,FAC TECHNOL,DEPT APPL CHEM,NAKA CHO,KOGANEI,TOKYO 184,JAPAN.
NR 6
TC 513
Z9 567
U1 4
U2 223
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 598
EP 600
DI 10.1038/373598a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700049
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HUIZINGA, JD
   THUNEBERG, L
   KLUPPEL, M
   MALYSZ, J
   MIKKELSEN, HB
   BERNSTEIN, A
AF HUIZINGA, JD
   THUNEBERG, L
   KLUPPEL, M
   MALYSZ, J
   MIKKELSEN, HB
   BERNSTEIN, A
TI W/KIT GENE REQUIRED FOR INTERSTITIAL-CELLS OF CAJAL AND FOR INTESTINAL PACEMAKER ACTIVITY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-kit; canine colon; w-locus; proto-oncogene; protooncogene; expression; muscle
AB THE pacemaker activity in the mammalian gut is responsible for generating anally propagating phasic contractions, The cellular basis for this intrinsic activity is unknown. The smooth muscle cells of the external muscle layers and the innervated cellular network of interstitial cells of Cajal, which is closely associated with the external muscle layers of the mammalian gut, have both been proposed to stimulate pacemaker activity(1-5). The interstitial cells of Cajal were identified in the last century but their developmental origin and function have remained unclear. Here we show that the interstitial cells of Cajal express the Kit receptor tyrosine kinase. Furthermore, mice with mutations in the dominant white spotting (W) locus, which have cellular defects in haematopoiesis, melanogenesis and gametogenesis(6) as a result of mutations in the Kit gene(7,8) also lack the network of intestitial cells of Cajal associated with Auerbach's nerve plexus and intestinal pacemaker activity.
C1 UNIV COPENHAGEN,DEPT ANAT,COPENHAGEN,DENMARK.
   MT SINAI HOSP,SAMUEL LUNENFELD RES INST,TORONTO,ON M5G 1X5,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MOLEC & MED GENET,TORONTO,ON,CANADA.
C3 University of Copenhagen; University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Toronto
RP HUIZINGA, JD (corresponding author), MCMASTER UNIV,DEPT BIOMED SCI,INTESTINAL DIS RES UNIT,1200 MAIN ST W,HAMILTON,ON L8N 3Z5,CANADA.
NR 21
TC 1179
Z9 1287
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 347
EP 349
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400061
PM 7530333
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WANG, XQ
   MERZENICH, MM
   SAMESHIMA, K
   JENKINS, WM
AF WANG, XQ
   MERZENICH, MM
   SAMESHIMA, K
   JENKINS, WM
TI REMODELING OF HAND REPRESENTATION IN ADULT CORTEX DETERMINED BY TIMING OF TACTILE STIMULATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID somatosensory cortex; owl monkeys; topographic reorganization; functional reorganization; squirrel-monkeys; digit amputation; area-3b; plasticity; deafferentation; denervation
AB THE primate somatosensory cortex, which processes tactile stimuli, contains a topographic representation of the signals it receives, but the way in which such maps are maintained is poorly understood. Previous studies of cortical plasticity(1-20) indicated that changes in cortical representation during learning arise largely as a result of hebbian synaptic change mechanisms. Here we show, using adult owl monkeys trained to respond to specific stimulus sequence events, that serial application of stimuli to the fingers results in changes to the neuronal response specificity and maps of the hand surfaces in the true primary somatosensory cortical field (S1 area 3b). In this representational remodelling stimuli applied sychronously to the fingers resulted in these fingers being integrated in their representation, whereas fingers to which stimuli were applied asynchronously were segregated in their representation. Ventroposterior thalamus response maps derived in these monkeys were not equivalently reorganized. This representational plasticity appears to be cortical in origin.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,COLEMAN LAB,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,KECK CTR INTEGRAT NEUROSCI,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 27
TC 357
Z9 383
U1 2
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6552
BP 71
EP 75
DI 10.1038/378071a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TC469
UT WOS:A1995TC46900052
PM 7477291
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WOOSTER, R
   BIGNELL, G
   LANCASTER, J
   SWIFT, S
   SEAL, S
   MANGION, J
   COLLINS, N
   GREGORY, S
   GUMBS, C
   MICKLEM, G
   BARFOOT, R
   HAMOUDI, R
   PATEL, S
   RICE, C
   BIGGS, P
   HASHIM, Y
   SMITH, A
   CONNOR, F
   ARASON, A
   GUDMUNDSSON, J
   FICENEC, D
   KELSELL, D
   FORD, D
   TONIN, P
   BISHOP, DT
   SPURR, NK
   PONDER, BAJ
   EELES, R
   PETO, J
   DEVILEE, P
   CORNELISSE, C
   LYNCH, H
   NAROD, S
   LENOIR, G
   EGILSSON, V
   BARKADOTTIR, RB
   EASTON, DF
   BENTLEY, DR
   FUTREAL, PA
   ASHWORTH, A
   STRATTON, MR
AF WOOSTER, R
   BIGNELL, G
   LANCASTER, J
   SWIFT, S
   SEAL, S
   MANGION, J
   COLLINS, N
   GREGORY, S
   GUMBS, C
   MICKLEM, G
   BARFOOT, R
   HAMOUDI, R
   PATEL, S
   RICE, C
   BIGGS, P
   HASHIM, Y
   SMITH, A
   CONNOR, F
   ARASON, A
   GUDMUNDSSON, J
   FICENEC, D
   KELSELL, D
   FORD, D
   TONIN, P
   BISHOP, DT
   SPURR, NK
   PONDER, BAJ
   EELES, R
   PETO, J
   DEVILEE, P
   CORNELISSE, C
   LYNCH, H
   NAROD, S
   LENOIR, G
   EGILSSON, V
   BARKADOTTIR, RB
   EASTON, DF
   BENTLEY, DR
   FUTREAL, PA
   ASHWORTH, A
   STRATTON, MR
TI IDENTIFICATION OF THE BREAST-CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY GENE BRCA2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB IN Western Europe and the United States approximately 1 in 12 women develop breast cancer. A small proportion of breast cancer cases, in particular those arising at a young age, are attributable to a highly penetrant, autosomal dominant predisposition to the disease. The breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA2, was recently localized to chromosome 13q12-q13. Here we report the identification of a gene in which we have detected six different germline mutations in breast cancer families that are likely to be due to BRCA2. Each mutation causes serious disruption to the open reading frame of the transcriptional unit. The results indicate that this is the BRCA2 gene.
C1 INST CANC RES,HADDOW LABS,EPIDEMIOL SECT,SUTTON SM2 5NG,SURREY,ENGLAND.
   INST CANC RES,HADDOW LABS,CRC CTR CELL & MOLEC BIOL,SUTTON SM2 5NG,SURREY,ENGLAND.
   INST CANC RES,CHESTER BEATTY LABS,LONDON SW3 6JB,ENGLAND.
   NIEHS,MOLEC CARCINOGENESIS LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709.
   SANGER CTR,HINXTON CB10 1RQ,CAMBS,ENGLAND.
   DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT SURG,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT GENET,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DIV GYNECOL ONCOL,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   UNIV HOSP ICELAND,CELL BIOL LAB,IS-121 REYKJAVIK,ICELAND.
   IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,CLARE HALL LABS,POTTERS BAR EN6 3LD,HERTS,ENGLAND.
   MCGILL UNIV,DEPT MED,DIV MED GENET,MONTREAL,PQ H3G 1A4,CANADA.
   MCGILL UNIV,DEPT MED,DIV HUMAN GENET,MONTREAL,PQ H3G 1A4,CANADA.
   IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,GENET EPIDEMIOL LAB,LEEDS LS2 9LU,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
   ADDENBROOKES HOSP,CRC HUMAN CANC GENET RES GRP,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QQ,ENGLAND.
   LEIDEN UNIV,DEPT HUMAN GENET & PATHOL,2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
   CREIGHTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PREVENT MED & PUBL HLTH,OMAHA,NE 68178.
   INT AGCY RES CANC,F-69372 LYON 08,FRANCE.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,INST PUBL HLTH,DEPT COMMUNITY MED,CRC GENET EPIDEMIOL GRP,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2SR,ENGLAND.
   WOMENS COLL HOSP,TORONTO,ON M5S 1B2,CANADA.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,CTR GENOME SEQUENCING,ST LOUIS,MO.
C3 University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Landspitali National University Hospital; McGill University; McGill University; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; University of Cambridge; Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Creighton University; World Health Organization; International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); University of Cambridge; University of Toronto; Womens College Hospital; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP WOOSTER, R (corresponding author), INST CANC RES,HADDOW LABS,MOLEC CARCINOGENESIS SECT,15 COTSWOLD RD,SUTTON SM2 5NG,SURREY,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 13
TC 2795
Z9 3147
U1 2
U2 180
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6559
BP 789
EP 792
DI 10.1038/378789a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TL419
UT WOS:A1995TL41900029
PM 8524414
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROSE, WI
   DELENE, DJ
   SCHNELDER, DJ
   BLUTH, GJS
   KRUEGER, AJ
   SPROD, I
   MCKEE, C
   DAVIES, HL
   ERNST, GGJ
AF ROSE, WI
   DELENE, DJ
   SCHNELDER, DJ
   BLUTH, GJS
   KRUEGER, AJ
   SPROD, I
   MCKEE, C
   DAVIES, HL
   ERNST, GGJ
TI ICE IN THE 1994 RABAUL ERUPTION CLOUD - IMPLICATIONS FOR VOLCANO HAZARD AND ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB VOLCANIC clouds are an important natural hazard to aircraft(1), and host chemical reactions that interest both volcanologists(2,3) and atmospheric scientists(4-6). Ice has been suggested as a possible component of eruption clouds', but there has been no direct evidence for its presence. Here we report the detection, using a satellite-borne infrared sensor, of greater than or similar to 2 million tonnes of ice in the cloud produced by the September 1994 eruption of Rabaul volcano, in Papua New Guinea. The cloud also contained relatively low levels of sulphur dioxide (80+/-50 kilotonnes), compared with other stratospheric eruption clouds. The unusual aspects of this cloud may be related to the entry of sea water into the volcanic vent, and its participation in the eruption column. Past eruptions that occurred in similar (coastal) settings, such as those of Krakatau and Santorini, might have had less effect on the atmosphere than their volume alone would suggest, because the presence of ice may decrease the residence time of ash and sulphur in the atmosphere. In addition, the ability of ice to mask the characteristic spectral signature of volcanic ash will increase the difficulty of designing airborne ash detection systems for aviation safety.
C1 NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,GREENBELT,MD 20771.
   RABAUL VOLCANO OBSERV,RABAUL,PAPUA N GUINEA.
   UNIV PAPUA NEW GUINEA,WAIGANI,PAPUA N GUINEA.
   UNIV BRISTOL,DEPT GEOL,BRISTOL BS8 1RJ,AVON,ENGLAND.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; University of Papua New Guinea; University of Bristol
RP ROSE, WI (corresponding author), MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,HOUGHTON,MI 49931, USA.
NR 28
TC 144
Z9 153
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6531
BP 477
EP 479
DI 10.1038/375477a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RC188
UT WOS:A1995RC18800044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HE, ZG
   HENRICKSEN, LA
   WOLD, MS
   INGLES, CJ
AF HE, ZG
   HENRICKSEN, LA
   WOLD, MS
   INGLES, CJ
TI RPA INVOLVEMENT IN THE DAMAGE-RECOGNITION AND INCISION STEPS OF NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION-REPAIR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID replication protein-a; dna binding-protein; simian virus-40 dna; pigmentosum group-g; xeroderma-pigmentosum; invitro; complementation; subunit; vp16; p53
AB HUMAN replication protein (RPA) functions in DNA replication(1-4), homologous recombination(5) and nucleotide excision repair(6). This multisubunit single-stranded DNA-binding protein(1,2) may be required to make unique protein-protein contacts because heterologous single-stranded binding proteins cannot substitute for RPA in these diverse DNA transactions(5-7). We report here that, by using affinity chromatography and immunoprecipitation, we found that human RPA bound specifically and directly to two excision repair proteins, the xeroderma pigmentosum damage-recognition protein XPA (refs 8, 9) and the endonuclease XPG (refs 10-13). Although it had been suggested that RPA might function before the DNA synthesis repair stage(14.15), our finding that a complex of RPA and XPA showed a striking cooperativity in binding to DNA lesions indicates that RPA may function at the very earliest stage of excision repair. In addition, by binding XPG, RPA may target this endonuclease to damaged DNA.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,BANTING & BEST DEPT MED RES,TORONTO,ON M5G 1L6,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MOLEC & MED GENET,TORONTO,ON M5G 1L6,CANADA.
   UNIV IOWA,DEPT BIOCHEM,IOWA CITY,IA 52242.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Iowa
NR 30
TC 384
Z9 433
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6522
BP 566
EP 569
DI 10.1038/374566a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QR069
UT WOS:A1995QR06900059
PM 7700386
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EILERS, J
   AUGUSTINE, GJ
   KONNERTH, A
AF EILERS, J
   AUGUSTINE, GJ
   KONNERTH, A
TI SUBTHRESHOLD SYNAPTIC CA2+ SIGNALING IN FINE DENDRITES AND SPINES OF CEREBELLAR PURKINJE NEURONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glutamate-receptor channels; central-nervous-system; calcium transients; cells; currents; invitro; activation; slices
AB THE conventional view of synaptic integration is that it results from the simple summation of electrical signals produced by each active synapse innervating a given neuron(1). However, because synaptic action can go beyond the production of postsynaptic electrical signals, to include intracellular biochemical events such as the generation of second messengers, it is possible that synaptic integration could occur at another level(2). We have considered this possibility by examining changes in the dendritic concentration of the second messenger, calcium, resulting from subthreshold excitatory synaptic activity in cerebellar Purkinje neurons. We report here clear evidence that such non-electrical synaptic integration occurs and that it takes place in restricted dendritic compartments consisting of spines and adjacent fine dendrites.
C1 UNIV SAARLAND,INST PHYSIOL 1,D-66421 HOMBURG,GERMANY.
   DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT NEUROBIOL,DURHAM,NC 27710.
C3 Saarland University; Duke University
NR 29
TC 241
Z9 262
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6510
BP 155
EP 158
DI 10.1038/373155a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QB063
UT WOS:A1995QB06300060
PM 7816097
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HEY, RN
   JOHNSON, PD
   MARTINEZ, F
   KORENAGA, J
   SOMERS, ML
   HUGGETT, QJ
   LEBAS, TP
   RUSBY, RI
   NAAR, DF
AF HEY, RN
   JOHNSON, PD
   MARTINEZ, F
   KORENAGA, J
   SOMERS, ML
   HUGGETT, QJ
   LEBAS, TP
   RUSBY, RI
   NAAR, DF
TI PLATE BOUNDARY REORGANIZATION AT A LARGE-OFFSET, RAPIDLY PROPAGATING RIFT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; tectonic evolution; spreading system; deep-tow; sea beam; microplate; ridge; kinematics; bearing; faults
AB THE existence of rapidly spinning microplates along the southern East Pacific Rise has been documented by geophysical swath-mapping surveys(1-6), and their evolution has been successfully described by an edge-driven kinematic model(7). But the mechanism by which such microplates originate remains unknown. Proposed mechanisms(1-10) have generally involved rift propagation(11), possibly driven by hotspots or changes in direction of sea-floor spreading. Here we present geophysical data collected over the Earth's fastest spreading centre, the Pacific-Nazca ridge between the Easter and Juan Fernandez microplates (Fig. 1), which reveal a large-offset propagating rift presently reorganizing the plate boundary geometry. A recent episode of rapid 'duelling' propagation of the historically failing spreading centre in this system has created a 120 x 120 km overlap zone between dual active spreading centres, which may be the initial stage of formation of a new microplate.
C1 MIT,WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,JOINT PROGRAM,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
   INST OCEANOG SCI,GODALMING GU8 5UB,SURREY,ENGLAND.
   UNIV S FLORIDA,DEPT MARINE SCI,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; NERC National Oceanography Centre; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida
RP HEY, RN (corresponding author), UNIV HAWAII,SCH OCEAN & EARTH SCI & TECHNOL,HAWAII INST GEOPHYS & PLANETOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA.
NR 32
TC 75
Z9 83
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 167
EP 170
DI 10.1038/378167a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU UNGEWICKELL, E
   UNGEWICKELL, H
   HOLSTEIN, SEH
   LINDNER, R
   PRASAD, K
   BAROUCH, W
   MARTIN, B
   GREENE, LE
   EISENBERG, E
AF UNGEWICKELL, E
   UNGEWICKELL, H
   HOLSTEIN, SEH
   LINDNER, R
   PRASAD, K
   BAROUCH, W
   MARTIN, B
   GREENE, LE
   EISENBERG, E
TI ROLE OF AUXILIN IN UNCOATING CLATHRIN-COATED VESICLES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli dnaj; heat-shock proteins; bovine brain; atpase; binding; dissociation; hydrolysis; homologs; baskets; domain
AB CLATHRIN-coated vesicles transport selected integral membrane proteins from the cell surface and the a trans-Golgi network to the endosomal system(1,2). Before fusing with their target the vesicles must be stripped of their coats, This process is effected by the chaperone protein hsp70c together with a 100K cofactor(3) which we here identify as the coat protein auxilin. Auxilin binds with high affinity to assembled clathrin lattices and, in the presence of ATP, recruits hsp70c. Dissociation of the lattice does not depend as previously supposed on clathrin light chains or on the aminoterminal domain of the heavy chain4,5. The presence of a J-domain at its carboxy terminus now defines auxilin as a member of the DnaJ protein family. In conjunction with hsp70, DnaJ proteins catalyse protein folding, protein transport across membranes and the selective disruption of protein-protein interactions(6-8). We show that deletion of the J-domain of auxilin results in the loss of cofactor activity.
C1 NCI,CELL BIOL LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   NCI,CLIN NEUROSCI BRANCH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP UNGEWICKELL, E (corresponding author), WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,CTR IMMUNOL,660 S EUCLID AVE,ST LOUIS,MO 63110, USA.
NR 30
TC 411
Z9 464
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 632
EP 635
DI 10.1038/378632a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100082
PM 8524399
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LIU, D
   BIENKOWSKA, J
   PETOSA, C
   COLLIER, RJ
   FU, H
   LIDDINGTON, R
AF LIU, D
   BIENKOWSKA, J
   PETOSA, C
   COLLIER, RJ
   FU, H
   LIDDINGTON, R
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF THE ZETA-ISOFORM OF THE 14-3-3 PROTEIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE 14-3-3 family of proteins have recently been identified as regulatory elements in intracellular signalling pathways(1): 14-3-3 proteins bind to oncogene and proto-oncogene products, including c-Raf-1 (refs 2-5), c-Bcr (ref. 6) and polyomavirus middle-T antigen(7); overexpression of 14-3-3 activates Raf kinase in yeast(2,3) and induces meiotic maturation in Xenopus oocytes(5). Here we report the crystal structure of the major isoform of mammalian 14-3-3 proteins at 2.9 Angstrom resolution. Each subunit of the dimeric protein consists of a bundle of nine antiparallel helices that form a palisade around an amphipathic groove. The groove is large enough to accommodate a tenth helix, and we propose that binding to an amphipathic helix represents a general mechanism for the interaction of 14-3-3 with diverse cellular proteins. The residues in the dimer interface and the putative ligand-binding surface are invariant among vertebrates, yeast and plants, suggesting a conservation of structure and function throughout the 14-3-3 family.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOL CHEM & MOLEC PHARMACOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & MOLEC GENET,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Emory University
RP LIU, D (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DANA FARBER CANC INST,44 BINNEY ST,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 21
TC 464
Z9 523
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6536
BP 191
EP 194
DI 10.1038/376191a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RJ028
UT WOS:A1995RJ02800066
PM 7603574
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU EILER, JM
   FARLEY, KA
   VALLEY, JW
   STOLPER, EM
   HAURI, EH
   CRAIG, H
AF EILER, JM
   FARLEY, KA
   VALLEY, JW
   STOLPER, EM
   HAURI, EH
   CRAIG, H
TI OXYGEN-ISOTOPE EVIDENCE AGAINST BULK RECYCLED SEDIMENT IN THE MANTLE SOURCES OF PITCAIRN ISLAND LAVAS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal fractionation; volcanic-rocks; oceanic-crust; geochemistry; origin; sr; thermometry; hydrogen; genesis; basalts
AB THE hypothesis that subducted sediments survive dehydration and/or melting in subduction zones to become long-lived geochemical reservoirs in the mantle has gained support in recent years(1,3). Evidence for such reservoirs is found in the geochemistry of ocean island basalts (OIBs), some of which have isotopic and trace-element characteristics plausibly associated with ancient sedimentary components. In particular, the EM1 mantle end-member has been identified, principally on the basis of strontium, neodymium and lead isotopes, and has been proposed to carry a large sediment fraction(3,5). Oxygen isotopes should be sensitive indicators of subducted sediment in the sources of OIBs because minerals that interact with water at low temperatures near the Earth's surface (during weathering, for example) become enriched in O-18 relative to O-16 (ref. 6). We report here the O-18:O-16 ratios of phenocrysts from basalts from Pitcairn Island (southeast Pacific Ocean), which, together with the nearby Pitcairn seamounts, contain among the most extreme EM1 signatures known, We find the oxygen isotope ratios of the phenocrysts to be indistinguishable from the average for mantle peridotite, These results show that the end-member EM1 signature can be produced in the absence of substantial (>1-2%) recycled sediment in the mantle.
C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,MADISON,WI 53706.
   CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,DEPT TERR MAGNETISM,WASHINGTON,DC 20015.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Carnegie Institution for Science; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP EILER, JM (corresponding author), CALTECH,DIV GEOL & PLANETARY SCI,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 29
TC 131
Z9 138
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6545
BP 138
EP 141
DI 10.1038/377138a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RU754
UT WOS:A1995RU75400044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TURNER, M
   MEE, PJ
   COSTELLO, PS
   WILLIAMS, O
   PRICE, AA
   DUDDY, LP
   FURLONG, MT
   GEAHLEN, RL
   TYBULEWICZ, VLJ
AF TURNER, M
   MEE, PJ
   COSTELLO, PS
   WILLIAMS, O
   PRICE, AA
   DUDDY, LP
   FURLONG, MT
   GEAHLEN, RL
   TYBULEWICZ, VLJ
TI PERINATAL LETHALITY AND BLOCKED B-CELL DEVELOPMENT IN MICE LACKING THE TYROSINE KINASE SYK
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID precursors; disruption; culture; protein
AB The tyrosine kinase Syk (relative molecular mass 72,000), which is widely expressed in haematopoietic cells, becomes associated with and activated by engagement of the B-cell antigen receptor(1,2). Furthermore, it has been implicated in signalling through the receptors for interleukin-2 (IL-2)(3), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)(4) and Fc(5), the T cell receptor, as well as through receptors for several platelet agonists(7). A homologous kinase, ZAP-70, is crucial in signalling through the T-cell receptor and in T-cell development(8,9). Using homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, we created mice null for the syk gene which showed petechiae in utero and died shortly after birth. Irradiated mice reconstituted with Syk-deficient fetal liver showed a block in B-cell development at the pro-B to pre-B cell transition, consistent with a key role for Syk in pre-B-cell receptor signalling. Despite the production of small numbers of immature B cells, Syk-deficient radiation chimaeras failed to accumulate mature B cells, indicating a possible role for this protein in the production or maintenance of mature B cells. In addition, whereas the development of alpha beta T cells proceeded normally, Syk-deficient mice showed impaired development of thymocytes using the V gamma 3 variable region gene (V gamma 3(+) thymocytes). Finally, we show that Syk is not required for signalling through the IL-2 and G-CSF receptors.
C1 NATL INST MED RES,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
   PURDUE UNIV,DEPT MED CHEM & PHARMACOGNOSY,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Purdue University System; Purdue University
NR 30
TC 650
Z9 749
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6554
BP 298
EP 302
DI 10.1038/378298a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TE858
UT WOS:A1995TE85800054
PM 7477352
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU OLTMANS, SJ
   HOFMANN, DJ
AF OLTMANS, SJ
   HOFMANN, DJ
TI INCREASE IN LOWER-STRATOSPHERIC WATER-VAPOR AT A MID-LATITUDE NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE SITE FROM 1981 TO 1994
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trace gases; humidity; variability; methane
AB WATER vapour in the atmosphere is the key trace gas controlling weather and climate, and plays a central role in atmospheric chemistry, influencing the heterogeneous chemical reactions that destroy stratospheric ozone, Although in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere the radiative(1) and chemical(2) effects of water vapour are large, there are few measurements of water-vapour concentration(3-10) and its long-term variation(11-13) in this region, Here we present is set of water-vapour profiles for altitudes from 9 to 27 km, obtained at Boulder, Colorado, during 1981-94, which show a significant increase in water-vapour concentration in the lower stratosphere over this time. The increase is larger, at least below about 20-25 km, than might be expected from the stratospheric oxidation of increasing concentrations of atmospheric methane(14,15). The additional increase in water vapour may be linked to other climate variations, such as the observed global temperature rise in recent decades(16).
RP OLTMANS, SJ (corresponding author), NOAA,CLIMATE MONITORING & DIAGNOST LAB,325 BROADWAY,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA.
NR 37
TC 196
Z9 212
U1 1
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6518
BP 146
EP 149
DI 10.1038/374146a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QL397
UT WOS:A1995QL39700053
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WHITTINGTON, MA
   TRAUB, RD
   JEFFERYS, JGR
AF WHITTINGTON, MA
   TRAUB, RD
   JEFFERYS, JGR
TI SYNCHRONIZED OSCILLATIONS IN INTERNEURON NETWORKS DRIVEN BY METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE-RECEPTOR ACTIVATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cat visual-cortex; rat hippocampus; pyramidal neurons; inhibitory neurons; olfactory system; responses; frequency; invitro; humans; eeg
AB PARTIALLY synchronous 40-Hz oscillations of cortical neurons have been implicated in cognitive function. Specifically, coherence of these oscillations between different parts of the cortex may provide conjunctive properties(1,2) to solve the 'binding problem': associating features detected by the cortex into unified perceived objects. Here we report an emergent 40-Hz oscillation in networks of inhibitory neurons connected by synapses using GABA(A) (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptors in slices of rat hippocampus and neocortex. These network inhibitory postsynaptic potential oscillations occur in response to the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors. The oscillations can entrain pyramidal cell discharges. The oscillation frequency is determined both by the net excitation of interneurons and by the kinetics of the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials between them. We propose that interneuron network oscillations, in conjunction with intrinsic membrane resonances and long-loop (such as thalamocortical) interactions, contribute to 40-Hz rhythms in vivo.
C1 UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED,ST MARYS HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,LONDON W2 1PG,ENGLAND.
   IBM CORP,DIV RES,TJ WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598.
   COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT NEUROL,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
C3 Imperial College London; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; Columbia University
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 1276
Z9 1426
U1 1
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 612
EP 615
DI 10.1038/373612a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700054
PM 7854418
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BOORE, JL
   COLLINS, TM
   STANTON, D
   DAEHLER, LL
   BROWN, WM
AF BOORE, JL
   COLLINS, TM
   STANTON, D
   DAEHLER, LL
   BROWN, WM
TI DEDUCING THE PATTERN OF ARTHROPOD PHYLOGENY FROM MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA REARRANGEMENTS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribosomal-rna; gene; evolution; sequence; origin; genome
AB THE origins of arthropods and the phylogenetic relationships among their three major living groups (atdocerates, crustaceans and chelicerates) are vigorously contended. To help resolve this, we determined mitochondrial gene arrangements for a chelicerate, a myriapod, two crustaceans, an onychophoran, a mollusc and an annelid, and compared them with published gene orders of other species. The result strongly supports the monophyly of Arthropoda and of Mandibulata (atelocerates plus crustaceans) and refutes the Uniramia (atelocerates plus onychophorans). Gene arrangement comparisons are emerging as a powerful new tool for resolving ancient phylogenetic relationships.
C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT BIOL,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
NR 30
TC 355
Z9 379
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6536
BP 163
EP 165
DI 10.1038/376163a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RJ028
UT WOS:A1995RJ02800057
PM 7603565
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RICKERT, RC
   RAJEWSKY, K
   ROES, J
AF RICKERT, RC
   RAJEWSKY, K
   ROES, J
TI IMPAIRMENT OF T-CELL-DEPENDENT B-CELL RESPONSES AND B-1 CELL-DEVELOPMENT IN CD19-DEFICIENT MICE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complement receptor type-2; human lymphocytes-b; antigen receptor; immune-response; antibody; invivo; cd19; ligands; growth; igm
AB CD19 is the hallmark differentiation antigen of the B lineage. Its early expression has implicated a role for CD19 during the antigen-independent phases of B-cell development, whereas in mature B cells CD19 can act synergistically with surface immunoglobulin to induce activation(1). We have generated CD19-deficient mice and found that development of conventional B cells is unperturbed. However, mature CD19(-/-) B cells show a profound deficiency in responding to protein antigens that require T-cell help. This is accompanied by a lack of germinal centre formation and affinity maturation of serum antibodies. Thus CD19 is crucial for both initial B-cell activation by T-cell-dependent antigens and the maturation and/or selection of the activated cells into the memory compartment. An impairment in ligand-driven selection may also be responsible for the observation of a striking reduction in the B-1 (formerly Ly-1) B-cell subset, thought to develop under the control of self-antigens and bacterial antigens (reviewed in ref. 2).
RP RICKERT, RC (corresponding author), UNIV COLOGNE,INST GENET,WEYERTAL 121,D-50931 COLOGNE,GERMANY.
NR 29
TC 601
Z9 681
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6538
BP 352
EP 355
DI 10.1038/376352a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RL443
UT WOS:A1995RL44300050
PM 7543183
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU PICCIOTTO, MR
   ZOLL, M
   LENA, C
   BESSIS, A
   LALLEMAND, Y
   LENOVERE, N
   VINCENT, P
   PICH, EM
   BRULET, P
   CHANGEUX, JP
AF PICCIOTTO, MR
   ZOLL, M
   LENA, C
   BESSIS, A
   LALLEMAND, Y
   LENOVERE, N
   VINCENT, P
   PICH, EM
   BRULET, P
   CHANGEUX, JP
TI ABNORMAL AVOIDANCE-LEARNING IN MICE LACKING FUNCTIONAL HIGH-AFFINITY NICOTINE RECEPTOR IN THE BRAIN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat-brain; acetylcholine-receptors; alpha-bungarotoxin; gene; beta-2-subunit; localization; behavior; binding; system
AB NICOTINE affects many aspects of behaviour including learning and memory(1,2) through its interaction with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Functional nAChRs are pentameric proteins containing at least one type of alpha-subunit and one type of beta-subunit(3-5). The involvement of a particular neuronal nicotinic subunit in pharmacology and behaviour was examined using gene targeting to mutate beta 2, the most widely expressed nAChR subunit in the central nervous system(6-8). We report here that high-affinity binding sites for nicotine are absent from the brains of mice homozygous for the beta 2-subunit mutation. Further, electrophysiological recording from brain slices reveals that thalamic neurons from these mice do not respond to nicotine application. Finally, bebavioural tests demonstrate that nicotine no longer augments the performance of beta 2(-/-) mice on passive avoidance, a test of associative memory. Paradoxically, mutant mice are able to perform better than their non-mutant siblings on this task.
C1 INST PASTEUR,UNITE EMBRYOL MOLEC,ERS 67,PARIS,FRANCE.
   GLAXO INST MOLEC BIOL SA,DEPT NEUROBIOL,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; GlaxoSmithKline; GlaxoSmithKline Switzerland
RP PICCIOTTO, MR (corresponding author), INST PASTEUR,CNRS,UNITE NEUROBIOL MOLEC D1284,28 RUE DR ROUX,F-75724 PARIS 15,FRANCE.
NR 28
TC 551
Z9 614
U1 3
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 65
EP 67
DI 10.1038/374065a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900053
PM 7870173
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MANJUNATH, N
   CORREA, M
   ARDMAN, M
   ARDMAN, B
AF MANJUNATH, N
   CORREA, M
   ARDMAN, M
   ARDMAN, B
TI NEGATIVE REGULATION OF T-CELL ADHESION AND ACTIVATION BY CD43
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wiskott-aldrich syndrome; lymphocyte surface sialoglycoprotein; monoclonal-antibody; expression; differentiation; molecule; identification; leukosialin; sialophorin; enhancement
AB CD43 is a cell-surface sialoglycoprotein expressed by a variety of haematopoietically derived cells, including T lymphocytes(1-9). Earlier observations of defective CD43 expression by T lymphocytes from boys with the X-chromosome-linked Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome suggested the importance of CD43 in lymphocyte function(10,11). Subsequent studies have suggested that CD43 facilitates leukocyte adhesion(12-14) and has a co-stimulatory role during T-cell activation(15). To define the physiologically relevant functions(s) of CD43, we have generated CD43-knockout mice. We report here that CD43-deficient T cells from such mice show a marked increase in their in vitro proliferative response to concanavalin A, anti-CD3, the superantigen SEB and allostimulation. Additionally, CD43-deficient T cells show a substantial enhancement in homotypic adhesion and in their ability to bind different ligands, including fibronectin and the intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1. Vaccinia-virus-infected CD43-knockout mice mounted an augmented anti-vaccinia, cytotoxic T-cell response compared with their wild-type littermates, yet developed an increased virus load. We conclude that CD43 negatively regulates T-cell activation and adhesion and is important for viral clearance.
RP MANJUNATH, N (corresponding author), TUFTS UNIV,NEW ENGLAND MED CTR HOSP,DEPT MED,DIV HAEMATOL ONCOL,750 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA.
NR 30
TC 194
Z9 212
U1 1
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6549
BP 535
EP 538
DI 10.1038/377535a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RZ336
UT WOS:A1995RZ33600065
PM 7566153
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU YOKOYAMA, T
   SHIBATA, K
AF YOKOYAMA, T
   SHIBATA, K
TI MAGNETIC RECONNECTION AS THE ORIGIN OF X-RAY JETS AND H-ALPHA SURGES ON THE SUN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID parker instability; solar atmosphere; flux; telescope; yohkoh; nanoflares; fields; flares; model
AB THE solar corona (the outermost portion of the Sun's atmosphere) is far hotter than the 'surface' (the photosphere). Recent observations of X-ray jets(1-4) (collimated flows of plasma at temperatures of a few million degrees) suggest that magnetic reconnection-the cutting of stressed magnetic field lines, which is associated with a violent release of energy, and their subsequent reconnection-may be responsible for heating the corona(5). But the physical relationship between the X-ray jets, microflares (localized impulsive bursts whose total energy is below the level of the standard flares) and cooler H alpha surges(6) (jets of gas at a temperature of about 10,000 K) has been unclear, In particular, it has been thought(7) that H alpha surges and X-ray jets must arise from independent processes, on the grounds that reconnection would heat any plasma to X-ray-emitting temperatures, Here we present the results of magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the reconnection process, which show that X-ray jets and H alpha surges can be ejected simultaneously from microflares(8,9). This suggests that the total energy associated with the microflares is much greater than previously thought, and may be significant in heating the corona.
RP YOKOYAMA, T (corresponding author), NATL ASTRON OBSERV,MITAKA,TOKYO 181,JAPAN.
NR 24
TC 494
Z9 512
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6526
BP 42
EP 44
DI 10.1038/375042a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QW604
UT WOS:A1995QW60400048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LOS, M
   VANDECRAEN, M
   PENNING, LC
   SCHENK, H
   WESTENDORP, M
   BAEUERLE, PA
   DROGE, W
   KRAMMER, PH
   FIERS, W
   SCHULZEOSTHOFF, K
AF LOS, M
   VANDECRAEN, M
   PENNING, LC
   SCHENK, H
   WESTENDORP, M
   BAEUERLE, PA
   DROGE, W
   KRAMMER, PH
   FIERS, W
   SCHULZEOSTHOFF, K
TI REQUIREMENT OF AN ICE/CED-3 PROTEASE FOR FAS/APO-1-MEDIATED APOPTOSIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; cell-surface antigen; interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme; death gene ced-3; molecular-cloning; monoclonal-antibody; virus encodes; fas; induction; receptor
AB THE Fas/APO-1 receptor is one of the major regulators of apoptosis(1-7). We report here that Fas/APO-1-mediated apoptosis requires the activation of a new class of cysteine proteases, including interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE)(8-10) which are homologous to the product of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell-death gene ced-3 (refs 11, 12). Triggering of Fas/APO-1 rapidly stimulated the proteolytic activity of ICE. Overexpression of ICE, achieved by electroporation and microinjection, strongly potentiated Fas/APO-1-mediated cell death. In addition, inhibition of ICE activity by protease inhibitors, as well as by transient expression of the pox virus-derived serpin inhibitor CrmA or an antisense ICE construct, substantially suppressed Fas/APO-1-triggered cell death. We conclude that activation of ICE or an ICE-related protease is a critical event in Fas/APO-1-mediated cell death.
C1 GERMAN CANC RES CTR,DIV IMMUNOCHEM,W-6900 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   GERMAN CANC RES CTR,IMMUNOGENET TUMOIMMUNOL PROGRAM,W-6900 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   UNIV FREIBURG,INST BIOCHEM,D-79104 FREIBURG,GERMANY.
   STATE UNIV GHENT,MOLEC BIOL LAB,B-9000 GHENT,BELGIUM.
C3 Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); University of Freiburg; Ghent University
NR 26
TC 661
Z9 706
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6526
BP 81
EP 83
DI 10.1038/375081a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QW604
UT WOS:A1995QW60400060
PM 7536901
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU NADEAU, JH
   GRANT, PL
   MANKALA, S
   REINER, AH
   RICHARDSON, JE
   EPPIG, JT
AF NADEAU, JH
   GRANT, PL
   MANKALA, S
   REINER, AH
   RICHARDSON, JE
   EPPIG, JT
TI A ROSETTA-STONE OF MAMMALIAN GENETICS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID map
AB Mammalian Comparative Database provides genetic maps of mammalian species. Comparative maps are valuable aids for predicting linkages, developing animal models and studying genome organization and evolution.
C1 LINNEAN TECHNOL,ENFIELD,NH 03748.
RP NADEAU, JH (corresponding author), JACKSON LAB,BAR HARBOR,ME 04609, USA.
NR 11
TC 25
Z9 25
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 363
EP 365
DI 10.1038/373363a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400066
PM 7830773
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GONZALEZREYES, A
   ELLIOTT, H
   STJOHNSTON, D
AF GONZALEZREYES, A
   ELLIOTT, H
   STJOHNSTON, D
TI POLARIZATION OF BOTH MAJOR BODY AXES IN DROSOPHILA BY GURKEN-TORPEDO SIGNALING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID egf receptor homolog; faint-little-ball; bicoid rna; oogenesis; gene; melanogaster; oocyte; axis; localization; encodes
AB Anterior-posterior polarity in Drosophila arises from the movement of the oocyte to the posterior of the egg chamber, and the subsequent acquisition of posterior fate by the adjacent somatic follicle cells. We demonstrate that gurken is necessary in the oocyte and torpedo/DER in the follicle cells for the induction of posterior fate. As the gurken-torpedo/DER pathway also establishes dorsoventral polarity later in oogenesis, Drosophila uses the same germline to soma signalling pathway to determine both embryonic axes.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT GENET,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QR,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP GONZALEZREYES, A (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,CRC INST,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QR,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 43
TC 433
Z9 515
U1 1
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6533
BP 654
EP 658
DI 10.1038/375654a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RE576
UT WOS:A1995RE57600051
PM 7791898
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU DEBAAR, HJW
   DEJONG, JTM
   BAKKER, DCE
   LOSCHER, BM
   VETH, C
   BATHMANN, U
   SMETACEK, V
AF DEBAAR, HJW
   DEJONG, JTM
   BAKKER, DCE
   LOSCHER, BM
   VETH, C
   BATHMANN, U
   SMETACEK, V
TI IMPORTANCE OF IRON FOR PLANKTON BLOOMS AND CARBON-DIOXIDE DRAWDOWN IN THE SOUTHERN-OCEAN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sub-arctic pacific; weddell sea; phytoplankton; growth; productivity; copper; field
AB THE iron hypothesis(1-3)-the suggestion that iron is a limiting nutrient for plankton productivity and consequent CO2 drawdown-has been tested by small-scale experiments in incubation bottles in the subarctic Pacific(2,4) and Southern(5-7) Oceans, and by a recent large-scale experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean(8,9). Here we test the idea by looking at natural levels of productivity in regions of the Southern Ocean with differing iron abundance, In the southerly branch of the Antarctic circumpolar current (ACC), upwelling of deep waters supplies sufficient iron to the surface to sustain moderate primary production but not to permit blooms to develop, In contrast, within the fast-flowing, iron-rich jet of the polar front (PF), spring blooms produced phytoplankton biomass an order of magnitude greater than that in southern ACC waters, leading to CO2 undersaturation. The plankton-rich PF waters were sharply delineated from adjacent iron-poor waters, indicating that iron availability was the critical factor in allowing blooms to occur.
C1 ALFRED WEGENER INST POLAR & MARINE RES, D-27570 BREMERHAVEN, GERMANY.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research
RP DEBAAR, HJW (corresponding author), NETHERLANDS INST SEA RES, POB 59, 1790 AB DEN BURG, NETHERLANDS.
NR 42
TC 729
Z9 765
U1 3
U2 152
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6513
BP 412
EP 415
DI 10.1038/373412a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QE670
UT WOS:A1995QE67000051
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU CARRERA, MRA
   ASHLEY, JA
   PARSONS, LH
   WIRSCHING, P
   KOOB, GF
   JANDA, KD
AF CARRERA, MRA
   ASHLEY, JA
   PARSONS, LH
   WIRSCHING, P
   KOOB, GF
   JANDA, KD
TI SUPPRESSION OF PSYCHOACTIVE EFFECTS OF COCAINE BY ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amphetamine; apomorphine; metabolism; serotonin; morphine; neurons; humans; mice; rats
AB COCAINE is a powerfully addictive substance and new strategies are needed to treat its abuse. Generating an active immunization(1,2) to cocaine offers a means of blocking the actions of the drug by preventing it from entering the central nervous system, and should have fewer side effects than treatments based on manipulation of central neurotransmitter function. The design and preparation of a cocaine immunogen requires special regard for the stability of cocaine both free and as a haptenic determinant. Immunochemistry and a well defined behavioural model were brought together to address the problem of inactivation of the psychostimulant actions of cocaine. We report here that active immunization with a new, stable cocaine conjugate suppressed locomotor activity and stereotyped behaviour in rats induced by cocaine but not by amphetamine, Moreover, following acute injection of cocaine, levels of cocaine in the striatum and cerebellum of the immunized animals were lower than those of control animals, These results suggest that immunopharmacotherapy may be a promising means by which to explore new treatments for cocaine abuse.
C1 SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT NEUROPHARMACOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CHEM, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
NR 26
TC 179
Z9 205
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6558
BP 727
EP 730
DI 10.1038/378727a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TK379
UT WOS:A1995TK37900055
PM 7501020
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LECKBAND, D
AF LECKBAND, D
TI THE SURFACE FORCE APPARATUS - A TOOL FOR PROBING MOLECULAR PROTEIN INTERACTIONS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adhesion; liquids
AB Force measurements can probe directly the molecular impact of proteins' electrostatic surface properties, specific bond strengths, membrane composition, and membrane fluidity on biological recognition events.
RP LECKBAND, D (corresponding author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CHEM ENGN,URBANA,IL 61801, USA.
NR 23
TC 52
Z9 61
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 1995
VL 376
IS 6541
BP 617
EP 618
DI 10.1038/376617a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RP756
UT WOS:A1995RP75600059
PM 7637815
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU TOOTELL, RBH
   REPPAS, JB
   DALE, AM
   LOOK, RB
   SERENO, MI
   MALACH, R
   BRADY, TJ
   ROSEN, BR
AF TOOTELL, RBH
   REPPAS, JB
   DALE, AM
   LOOK, RB
   SERENO, MI
   MALACH, R
   BRADY, TJ
   ROSEN, BR
TI VISUAL-MOTION AFTEREFFECT IN HUMAN CORTICAL AREA MT REVEALED BY FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC-RESONANCE-IMAGING
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human brain; sensory stimulation; cortex; information; activation; adaptation; movement
AB FUNCTIONAL magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)(1-3) was used to measure local haemodynamic changes (reflecting electrical activity) in human visual cortex during production of the visual motion aftereffect, also known as the waterfall illusion(4,5). As in previous studies(6-9), human cortical area MT (V5) responded much better to moving than to stationary visual stimuli. Here we demonstrate a clear increase in activity in MT when subjects viewed a stationary stimulus undergoing illusory motion, following adaptation to stimuli moving in a single local direction. Control stimuli moving in reversing, opposed directions produced neither a perceptual motion aftereffect nor elevated fMRI levels postadaptation. The time course of the motion aftereffect (measured in parallel psychophysical tests) was essentially identical to the time course of the fMRI motion aftereffect. Because the motion aftereffect is direction specific, this indicates that cells in human area MT are also direction specific. In five other retinotopically defined cortical areas, similar motion-specific aftereffects were smaller than those in MT or absent.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT COGNIT SCI, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV OSLO, DEPT NEUROPHYSIOL, OSLO, NORWAY.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Oslo
RP TOOTELL, RBH (corresponding author), MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, NUCL MAGNET RESONANCE CTR, 149 13TH ST, BOSTON, MA 02129 USA.
NR 30
TC 472
Z9 541
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6527
BP 139
EP 141
DI 10.1038/375139a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QX741
UT WOS:A1995QX74100049
PM 7753168
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
AF MADDOX, J
   SWINBANKS, D
TI SOURCES OF ERROR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 546
EP 546
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100032
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU HUANG, PL
   HUANG, ZH
   MASHIMO, H
   BLOCH, KD
   MOSKOWITZ, MA
   BEVAN, JA
   FISHMAN, MC
AF HUANG, PL
   HUANG, ZH
   MASHIMO, H
   BLOCH, KD
   MOSKOWITZ, MA
   BEVAN, JA
   FISHMAN, MC
TI HYPERTENSION IN MICE LACKING THE GENE FOR ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nadph diaphorase; relaxing factor; blood-pressure; l-arginine; inhibitors; neurons; invivo; nerve
AB NITRIC oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator produced by endothelial cells, is thought to be the endothelium-dependent relaxing factor (EDRF) which mediates vascular relaxation in response to acetylcholine, bradykinin and substance P in many vascular besds(1-6). NO has been implicated in the regulation of blood pressure and regional blood flow(4-6), and also affects vascular smooth-muscle proliferation and inhibits platelet aggregation and leukocyte adhesion. Abnormalities in endothelial production of NO occur in atherosclerosis, diabetes and hypertension(7). Pharmacological blockade of NO production with arginine analogues such as L-nitroarginine (L-NA) or L-N-arginine methyl ester affects multiple isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and so cannot distinguish their physiological roles(8,9). To study the role of endothelial NOS (eNOS) in vascular function, we disrupted the gene encoding eNOS in mice. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor activity, as assayed by acetylcholine-induced relaxation, is absent, and the eNOS mutant mice are hypertensive. Thus eNOS mediates basal vasodilation. Responses to NOS blockade in the mutant mice suggest that non-endothelial isoforms of NOS mag be involved in maintaining blood pressure.
C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,CARDIOVASC RES CTR,MED SERV,BOSTON,MA 02129.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02129.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,DEPT NEUROL,STROKE RES LAB,BOSTON,MA 02129.
   UNIV VERMONT,COLL MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,BURLINGTON,VT 05405.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; University of Vermont
NR 27
TC 1751
Z9 1933
U1 0
U2 75
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 1995
VL 377
IS 6546
BP 239
EP 242
DI 10.1038/377239a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RV872
UT WOS:A1995RV87200042
PM 7545787
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU MIYOSHI, M
   MORAN, J
   HERRNSTEIN, J
   GREENHILL, L
   NAKAI, N
   DIAMOND, P
   INOUE, M
AF MIYOSHI, M
   MORAN, J
   HERRNSTEIN, J
   GREENHILL, L
   NAKAI, N
   DIAMOND, P
   INOUE, M
TI EVIDENCE FOR A BLACK-HOLE FROM HIGH ROTATION VELOCITIES IN A SUB-PARSEC REGION OF NGC4258
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h2o maser emission; water-vapor maser; ngc-4258; ngc-3079
AB MANY galaxies are thought to contain massive black holes-exceeding ten million solar masses-at their centres(1,2), but firm observational evidence has proved to be surprisingly elusive. The best evidence comes from observing gas or stars rotating rapidly within a small region around a central body. If the observed velocities are due solely to the gravitational force of the central body-as in the Solar System-then the mass of the central body can be readily calculated. Here we present observations of rotating gas near the centre of the galaxy NGC4258 (M106), which indicate the presence of a mass of 3.6 x 10(7) solar masses in a region less than 0.13 pc in radius. The volume-averaged mass density in this region exceeds by a factor of at least 40 that for any other black-hole candidate observed previously. These observations provide compelling evidence that a massive black hole exists at the centre of NGC4258.
C1 HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CTR ASTROPHYS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   NATL ASTRON OBSERV,NOBEYAMA RADIO OBSERV,MINAMISA KU,NAGANO 38413,JAPAN.
   NATL RADIO ASTRON OBSERV,SOCORRO,NM 87801.
C3 Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
RP MIYOSHI, M (corresponding author), NATL ASTRON OBSERV,MIZUSAWA ASTROGEODYNAM OBSERV,2-12 HOSHIGAOKA,MIZUSAWA,IWATE 023,JAPAN.
NR 26
TC 962
Z9 1018
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6510
BP 127
EP 129
DI 10.1038/373127a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QB063
UT WOS:A1995QB06300050
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ALBEROLAILA, J
   FORBUSH, KA
   SEGER, R
   KREBS, EG
   PERLMUTTER, RM
AF ALBEROLAILA, J
   FORBUSH, KA
   SEGER, R
   KREBS, EG
   PERLMUTTER, RM
TI SELECTIVE REQUIREMENT FOR MAP KINASE ACTIVATION IN THYMOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell activation; expression; invivo; mice
AB ENGAGEMENT of the T-cell receptor (TCR) with cognate ligands provokes different outcomes depending on the developmental stage of the T cell and on the properties of the ligand. In immature thymocytes TCR stimulation may result in maturation (positive selection) or death (negative selection), whereas in mature T cells it may induce proliferation, death or unresponsiveness(1-5). To investigate the different signals involved in these processes, we have analysed the role of the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade, which is required for growth-factor-stimulated replication and for differentiation in other cell types(6-9), by expressing a catalytically inactive form of MAPK kinase (MEK-1) in thymocytes, thereby blocking MAPK activation, We find that positive selection of these cells is inhibited but that negative selection and TCR-induced proliferation are unaffected. Our results indicate that the intracellular signals regulating lineage commitment in T cells parallel those in photoreceptor cell specification in Drosophila(10) and vulval cell differentiation in Caenorhabditis elegans(11), suggesting that general rules for cell-type specification could apply among all metazoans.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT PHARMACOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT BIOCHEM,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT MED MED GENET,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP ALBEROLAILA, J (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT IMMUNOL,SL-15,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA.
NR 29
TC 361
Z9 394
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6515
BP 620
EP 623
DI 10.1038/373620a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QG997
UT WOS:A1995QG99700056
PM 7854419
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU RYE, R
   KUO, PH
   HOLLAND, HD
AF RYE, R
   KUO, PH
   HOLLAND, HD
TI ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS BEFORE 2.2-BILLION YEARS AGO
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface temperatures; early earth; dissolution; evolution; sediment; feedback
AB THE composition of the Earth's early atmosphere is a subject of continuing debate(1-4). In particular, it has been suggested that elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide would have been necessary to maintain normal surface temperatures in the face of lower solar luminosity in early Earth history(5,6). Fossil weathering profiles, known as palaeosols, have provided semiquantitative constraints on atmospheric oxygen partial pressure (pO(2)) before 2.2 Gyr ago(36,37). Here we use the same well studied palaeosols to constrain atmospheric p(CO2) between 2.75 and 2.2 Gyr ago, The observation that iron lost from the tops of these profiles was reprecipitated lower down as iron silicate minerals(7-9), rather than as iron carbonate, indicates that atmospheric p(CO2) must have been less than 10(-1.4) atm-about 100 times today's level of 360 p.p.m., and at least five times lower than that required in one-dimensional climate models to compensate for lower solar luminosity at 2.75 Gyr. Our results suggest that either the Earth's early climate was much more sensitive to increases in p(CO2) than has been thought, or that one or more greenhouse gases other than CO2 contributed significantly to the atmosphere's radiative balance during the late Archaean and early Proterozoic eons.
RP RYE, R (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,20 OXFORD ST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 38
TC 281
Z9 310
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6557
BP 603
EP 605
DI 10.1038/378603a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TJ221
UT WOS:A1995TJ22100072
PM 11536713
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU WEBSTER, MA
   MOLLON, JD
AF WEBSTER, MA
   MOLLON, JD
TI COLOR CONSTANCY INFLUENCED BY CONTRAST ADAPTATION
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mechanisms; illuminant
AB VISUAL sensitivity is controlled by at least two distinct types of adaptation: light adaptation adjusts sensitivity to the mean luminance and colour in the stimulus(1), and contrast adaptation adjusts sensitivity to the variations in luminance and colour(2-5). Light adaptation is thought to be important in maintaining the perceived colour of objects despite changes in illumination ('colour constancy'), compensating for the mean changes in the light reflected from scenes under different illuminants(6). But for naturalistic colour signals, we show here that changes in an illuminant can also alter colour contrasts in images (how colours are distributed around the mean) enough to alter the state of contrast adaptation. Thus perceived colour under different illuminants may also be noticeably influenced by contrast adaptation.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT EXPTL PSYCHOL,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EB,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP WEBSTER, MA (corresponding author), UNIV NEVADA,DEPT PSYCHOL,RENO,NV 89557, USA.
NR 24
TC 105
Z9 115
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6516
BP 694
EP 698
DI 10.1038/373694a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QH928
UT WOS:A1995QH92800053
PM 7854451
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU BAILYN, CD
   OROSZ, JA
   MCCLINTOCK, JE
   REMILLARD, RA
AF BAILYN, CD
   OROSZ, JA
   MCCLINTOCK, JE
   REMILLARD, RA
TI DYNAMICAL EVIDENCE FOR A BLACK-HOLE IN THE ECLIPSING X-RAY NOVA GRO-J1655-40
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binary
AB X-RAY novae are binary systems in which a compact object accretes gas from a companion star. In several cases there is good evidence that the compact object is a black hole(1-5). The best evidence for the presence of a black hole comes from measuring the orbital velocity of the companion star and thereby determining the minimum mass of the compact object; when this mass exceeds the maximum mass for a neutron star (less than or similar to 3 solar masses(6)), a black hole seems the only remaining possibility. The unusual X-ray nova GRO J1655 - 40 (refs 7-10) is unique because it emits superluminal radio jets, suggesting that it is a low-luminosity counterpart to active galactic nuclei(7,9), which are thought to be powered by accretion onto a massive black hole. Here we report observations of the optical counterpart(10) of GRO J1655 - 40, which show that the system undergoes periodic eclipses; the edge-on geometry thus implied allows a determination of the companion star's true velocity. The mass of the compact object derived from the velocity curve is at least 3.16+/-0.15 solar masses, which strongly supports its identification as a black hole.
C1 HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CTR ASTROPHYS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   MIT,CTR SPACE RES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP BAILYN, CD (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,DEPT ASTRON,POB 208101,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520, USA.
NR 22
TC 111
Z9 113
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6553
BP 157
EP 159
DI 10.1038/378157a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TD759
UT WOS:A1995TD75900044
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU SOAI, K
   SHIBATA, T
   MORIOKA, H
   CHOJI, K
AF SOAI, K
   SHIBATA, T
   MORIOKA, H
   CHOJI, K
TI ASYMMETRIC AUTOCATALYSIS AND AMPLIFICATION OF ENANTIOMERIC EXCESS OF A CHIRAL MOLECULE
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID enantioselective addition; biomolecular chirality; origin; reagents; aldehydes
AB THE homochirality of natural amino acids and sugars remains a puzzle for theories of the chemical origin of life(1-18). In 1953 Frank(7) proposed a reaction scheme by which a combination of autocatalysis and inhibition in a system of replicating chiral molecules can allow small random fluctuations in an initially racemic mixture to tip the balance to yield almost exclusively one enantiomer. Here we show experimentally that autocatalysis in a chemical reaction can indeed enhance a small initial enantiomeric excess of a chiral molecule. When a 5-pyrimidyl alkanol with a small (2%) enantiomeric excess is treated with diisopropylzinc and pyrimidine-5-carboxaldehyde, it undergoes an autocatalytic reaction to generate more of the alkanol. Because the reaction involves a chiral catalyst generated from the initial alkanol, and because the catalytic step is enantioselective, the enantiomeric excess of the product is enhanced, This process provides a mechanism by which a small initial imbalance in chirality can become overwhelming.
RP SOAI, K (corresponding author), SCI UNIV TOKYO,FAC SCI,DEPT APPL CHEM,SHINJUKU KU,TOKYO 162,JAPAN.
NR 27
TC 913
Z9 955
U1 8
U2 274
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 1995
VL 378
IS 6559
BP 767
EP 768
DI 10.1038/378767a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TL419
UT WOS:A1995TL41900021
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU LUESCHER, IF
   VIVIER, E
   LAYER, A
   MAHIOU, J
   GODEAU, F
   MALISSEN, B
   ROMERO, P
AF LUESCHER, IF
   VIVIER, E
   LAYER, A
   MAHIOU, J
   GODEAU, F
   MALISSEN, B
   ROMERO, P
TI CD8 MODULATION OF T-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR-LIGAND INTERACTIONS ON LIVING CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID physical association; beta-chain; molecules; binding; activation; expression; complex; kinase; cd45
AB THYMOCYTES and class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes express predominantly heterodimeric alpha/beta CD8(1,2). By interacting with non-polymorphic regions of MHC class I molecules CD8 can mediate adhesion(3-6) or by binding the same MHC molecules that interact with the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) function as coreceptor in TCR-ligand binding and T-cell activation(1,2). Using TCR photoaffinity labelling with a soluble, monomeric photoreactive H-2K(d)-peptide derivative complex(7), we report here that the avidity of TCR-ligand interactions on cloned cytotoxic T cells is very greatly strengthened by CD8. This is primarily explained by coordinate binding of ligand molecules by CD8 and TCR, because substitution of Asp 227 of K-d with LYS severely impaired the TCR-ligand binding on CD8(+), but not CD8(-) cells. Kinetic studies on CD8(+) and CD8(-) cells further showed that CD8 imposes distinct dynamics and a remarkable temperature dependence on TCR-ligand interactions. We propose that the ability of CD8 to act as coreceptor can be modulated by CD8-TCR interactions.
C1 CTR IMMUNOL,INSERM CNRS MARSEILLE LUMINY,F-13288 MARSEILLE 9,FRANCE.
   FAC MED NECKER ENFANTS MALAD,INSERM,U373,F-75730 PARIS 15,FRANCE.
C3 Aix-Marseille Universite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Paris Cite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP LUESCHER, IF (corresponding author), UNIV LAUSANNE,LUDWIG INST CANC RES,LAUSANNE BRANCH,CH-1066 EPALINGES,SWITZERLAND.
NR 30
TC 211
Z9 233
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 1995
VL 373
IS 6512
BP 353
EP 356
DI 10.1038/373353a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QD404
UT WOS:A1995QD40400063
PM 7830771
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ENARI, M
   HUG, H
   NAGATA, S
AF ENARI, M
   HUG, H
   NAGATA, S
TI INVOLVEMENT OF AN ICE-LIKE PROTEASE IN FAS-MEDIATED APOPTOSIS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; death gene ced-3; cell-death; cowpox virus; anti-fas; expression; enzyme; inhibitor; receptor; encodes
AB FAS is a type-I membrane protein that transduces an apoptotic signal(1,2). Binding of Fas ligand or agonistic anti-Fas antibody to Fas kills the cells by apoptosis(3). Studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have suggested that proteases such as interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE) or the product of the C. elegans cell-death gene ced-3 are involved in apoptotic signal transduction(4). The activity of ICE can be inhibited by the product of crmA, a cytokine-response modifier gene encoded by cowpox virus(5-7). We report here that expression of crmA inhibits cytotoxicity induced by anti-pas antibody or tumour necrosis factor (TNF). We have found a specific ICE inhibitor tetrapeptide (acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-chloromethylketone)(8,9) that also prevents apoptosis induced by anti-Fas antibody. These results suggest an involvement of an ICE-like protease in Fas-mediated apoptosis and TNF-induced cytotoxicity.
C1 YOKOHAMA CITY UNIV,GRAD SCH INTEGRATED SCI,YOKOHAMA,KANAGAWA 236,JAPAN.
C3 Yokohama City University
RP ENARI, M (corresponding author), OSAKA BIOSCI INST,6-2-4 FURUEDAI,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
NR 30
TC 802
Z9 856
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6526
BP 78
EP 81
DI 10.1038/375078a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QW604
UT WOS:A1995QW60400059
PM 7536900
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU GUSTAFSSON, L
   QVARNSTROM, A
   SHELDON, BC
AF GUSTAFSSON, L
   QVARNSTROM, A
   SHELDON, BC
TI TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS AND A SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTER IN MALE COLLARED FLYCATCHERS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ficedula-albicollis; costs; success; birds
AB IT has often been suggested that sexual selection may have important consequences for life-history evolution and vice versa(1-5). We manipulated the parental effort of male collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) by changing the number of offspring in their nests and found a trade-off between parental effort and the size of the male's forehead patch (a secondary sexual character) in the following year. We report here that, in addition to this intra-generational trade-off, we found an inter-generational trade-off: the size of the forehead patch in first-year males was negatively related to the change in brood size of the nest in which they were raised. This has consequences for reproductive success because males with large patches mate with more females and have higher lifetime reproductive success. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration that life-history traits and secondary sexual characters trade off against each other. Our results support the suggestion that the life-history consequences of sexual ornaments are important in their evolution(2-4).
RP GUSTAFSSON, L (corresponding author), UNIV UPPSALA, DEPT ZOOL, ANIM ECOL SECT, VILLAVAGEN 9, S-75236 UPPSALA, SWEDEN.
NR 22
TC 302
Z9 322
U1 2
U2 103
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6529
BP 311
EP 313
DI 10.1038/375311a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RA030
UT WOS:A1995RA03000048
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU KAWAI, K
   OHASHI, PS
AF KAWAI, K
   OHASHI, PS
TI IMMUNOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF A DEFINED T-CELL POPULATION TOLERIZED TO LOW-AFFINITY SELF-ANTIGENS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; major histocompatibility complex; clonal deletion; positive selection; transgenic mice; receptor; tolerance; anergy; induction; antibody
AB IN the thymus there are two major mechanisms of T-lymphocyte tolerance: clonal deletion and clonal inactivation(1-3). One important problem underlying the mechanism of clonal inactivation is why unresponsive cells are maintained in the mature peripheral T-cell repertoire. Here we report that transgenic alpha beta T-cells may be tolerized to a self antigen Mls-1(a), but still retain proliferative responses for alternative peptide antigens and superantigens. These self-tolerant T cells can also provide immunopathological and memory cytotoxic function in vivo. We propose that high-affinity/avidity self-reactive T cells are deleted in the thymus, whereas lower-affinity/avidity interactions lead to unresponsiveness and define the 'resting threshold' for a given T cell. These low-affinity self-tolerant T cells remain functionally competent for high-affinity foreign antigens, and efficiently eliminate natural pathogens in vivo.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,ONTARIO CANC INST,DEPT MED BIOPHYS,TORONTO,ON M4X 1K9,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,ONTARIO CANC INST,DEPT IMMUNOL,TORONTO,ON M4X 1K9,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto
NR 22
TC 78
Z9 82
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 1995
VL 374
IS 6517
BP 68
EP 69
DI 10.1038/374068a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA QK079
UT WOS:A1995QK07900054
PM 7870174
DA 2026-03-10
ER

PT J
AU ROACH, PL
   CLIFTON, IJ
   FULOP, V
   HARLOS, K
   BARTON, GJ
   HAJDU, J
   ANDERSSON, I
   SCHOFIELD, CJ
   BALDWIN, JE
AF ROACH, PL
   CLIFTON, IJ
   FULOP, V
   HARLOS, K
   BARTON, GJ
   HAJDU, J
   ANDERSSON, I
   SCHOFIELD, CJ
   BALDWIN, JE
TI CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF ISOPENICILLIN N-SYNTHASE IS THE FIRST FROM A NEW STRUCTURAL FAMILY OF ENZYMES
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-absorption; active-site; substrate; isozymes; errors; maps
AB PENICILLIN antibiotics are all produced from fermentation-derived penicillins because their chemical synthesis is not commercially viable. The key step in penicillin biosynthesis, in which both the beta-lactam and thiazolidine rings of the nucleus are created, is mediated by isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS), which binds ferrous iron-and uses dioxygen as a cosubstrate, In a unique enzymatic step, with no chemical precedent, IPNS catalyses the transfer of four hydrogen atoms from its tripeptide substrate to dioxygen forming, in a single reaction, the complete bicyclic nucleus of the penicillins(1). We now report the structure of IPNS complexed with manganese, which reveals the active site is unusually buried within a 'jelly-roll' motif and lined by hydrophobic residues, and suggest hem this structure permits the process of penicillin formation. Sequence analyses indicate IPNS, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase and many of the 2-oxo-acid-dependent oxygenases contain a conserved jelly-roll motif, forming a new structural family of enzymes.
C1 UNIV OXFORD, DYSON PERRINS LAB, OXFORD OX1 3QY, ENGLAND.
   SWEDISH UNIV AGR SCI, UPPSALA BIOMED CTR, DEPT BIOL MOLEC, S-75124 UPPSALA, SWEDEN.
   UNIV OXFORD, OXFORD CTR MOLEC SCI, OXFORD OX1 3QY, ENGLAND.
   UNIV OXFORD, LAB MOLEC BIOPHYS, OXFORD OX1 3QY, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; University of Oxford; University of Oxford
NR 30
TC 382
Z9 434
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 1995
VL 375
IS 6533
BP 700
EP 704
DI 10.1038/375700a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA RE576
UT WOS:A1995RE57600066
PM 7791906
DA 2026-03-10
ER

